Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until	                 USDL-24-1091
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, June 7, 2024

Technical information: 
 Household data:     (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:	     (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                        THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- MAY 2024


Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 272,000 in May, and the unemployment rate changed 
little at 4.0 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment continued
to trend up in several industries, led by health care; government; leisure and hospitality; and 
professional, scientific, and technical services.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures 
labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment 
survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about 
the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 4.0 percent, and the number of unemployed people, at 6.6 million, 
changed little in May. A year earlier, the jobless rate was 3.7 percent, and the number of 
unemployed people was 6.1 million. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.8 percent), adult women 
(3.4 percent), teenagers (12.3 percent), Whites (3.5 percent), Blacks (6.1 percent), Asians 
(3.1 percent), and Hispanics (5.0 percent) showed little or no change in May. (See tables A-1, 
A-2, and A-3.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.4 million, 
changed little in May. The long-term unemployed accounted for 20.7 percent of all unemployed
people. (See table A-12.)

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.5 percent, and the employment-population ratio, 
at 60.1 percent, were little changed in May. These measures showed little change over the year. 
(See table A-1.)

The number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.4 million, changed little 
in May. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part 
time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. 
(See table A-8.)

In May, the number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.7 million, 
was little changed. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not 
actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take 
a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached 
to the labor force, at 1.5 million, was little changed in May. These individuals wanted and 
were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not 
looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a 
subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, edged up 
to 462,000 over the month. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 272,000 in May, higher than the average monthly 
gain of 232,000 over the prior 12 months. In May, employment continued to trend up in several 
industries, led by health care; government; leisure and hospitality; and professional, 
scientific, and technical services. (See table B-1.)

Health care added 68,000 jobs in May, in line with the average monthly gain of 64,000 over 
the prior 12 months. In May, employment growth continued in ambulatory health care services 
(+43,000), hospitals (+15,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+11,000).

Government employment continued to trend up in May (+43,000), in line with the average 
monthly growth over the prior 12 months (+52,000).

Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to trend up in May (+42,000), similar to the 
average monthly gain over the prior 12 months (+35,000). Employment in food services and 
drinking places continued to trend up over the month (+25,000).

Professional, scientific, and technical services added 32,000 jobs in May, higher than the 
average monthly gain of 19,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment increased 
in management, scientific, and technical consulting services (+14,000) and in architectural, 
engineering, and related services (+10,000). Specialized design services lost 3,000 jobs.

Social assistance employment continued to trend up in May (+15,000), primarily in individual 
and family services (+11,000). Over the prior 12 months, social assistance had added an average 
of 22,000 jobs per month.

In May, employment in retail trade continued to trend up (+13,000), about in line with the 
average monthly gain over the prior 12 months (+8,000). Building material and garden equipment 
and supplies dealers added 12,000 jobs in May, while job losses occurred in department stores 
(-5,000) and furniture and home furnishings retailers (-4,000).

Employment showed little or no change over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; transportation 
and warehousing; information; financial activities; and other services.

In May, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 14 cents,
or 0.4 percent, to $34.91. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.1 
percent. In May, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees 
increased by 14 cents, or 0.5 percent, to $29.99. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained at 34.3 hours in May. 
In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.1 hours, while overtime edged up to 3.0 
hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls 
edged up by 0.1 hour to 33.8 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for March was revised down by 5,000, from +315,000 
to +310,000, and the change for April was revised down by 10,000, from +175,000 to +165,000. With 
these revisions, employment in March and April combined is 15,000 lower than previously reported. 
(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies 
since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for June is scheduled to be released on Friday, July 5, 2024, 
at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024	Change from: Apr. 2024- May 2024
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	266,618	267,884	268,066	268,248	182
Civilian labor force	166,823	167,895	167,982	167,732	-250
Participation rate	62.6	62.7	62.7	62.5	-0.2
Employed	160,707	161,466	161,491	161,083	-408
Employment-population ratio	60.3	60.3	60.2	60.1	-0.1
Unemployed	6,117	6,429	6,492	6,649	157
Unemployment rate	3.7	3.8	3.9	4.0	0.1
Not in labor force	99,795	99,989	100,083	100,516	433
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.7	3.8	3.9	4.0	0.1
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.5	3.3	3.6	3.8	0.2
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.3	3.6	3.5	3.4	-0.1
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	10.3	12.6	11.7	12.3	0.6
White	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.5	0.0
Black or African American	5.7	6.4	5.6	6.1	0.5
Asian	3.0	2.5	2.8	3.1	0.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4.1	4.5	4.8	5.0	0.2
Total, 25 years and over	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.2	0.0
Less than a high school diploma	5.7	4.9	6.0	5.9	-0.1
High school graduates, no college	3.9	4.1	4.0	4.3	0.3
Some college or associate degree	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.1	-0.2
Bachelor's degree and higher	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.1	-0.1
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,999	3,042	3,241	3,220	-21
Job leavers	764	823	785	717	-68
Reentrants	1,851	1,920	1,929	2,046	117
New entrants	527	678	574	630	56
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,080	2,189	2,262	2,309	47
5 to 14 weeks	1,863	1,979	1,987	1,918	-69
15 to 26 weeks	911	982	869	955	86
27 weeks and over	1,132	1,246	1,250	1,350	100
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	3,737	4,308	4,469	4,419	-50
Slack work or business conditions	2,588	2,972	3,058	3,086	28
Could only find part-time work	847	999	1,134	1,042	-92
Part time for noneconomic reasons	21,831	22,902	22,253	22,662	409
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,512	1,595	1,565	1,525	-40
Discouraged workers	425	337	362	462	100
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	303	310	165	272
Total private	254	232	158	229
Goods-producing	14	33	0	25
Mining and logging	3	2	-6	-4
Construction	16	37	0	21
Manufacturing	-5	-6	6	8
Durable goods(1)	1	-1	2	-2
Motor vehicles and parts	5.7	5.1	-0.3	3.1
Nondurable goods	-6	-5	4	10
Private service-providing	240	199	158	204
Wholesale trade	7.2	9.7	1.4	3.1
Retail trade	13.3	19.3	22.6	12.6
Transportation and warehousing	19.9	5.3	19.5	10.6
Utilities	0.8	-0.9	-0.5	1.3
Information	-3	2	-5	0
Financial activities	13	4	-2	10
Professional and business services(1)	49	17	-1	33
Temporary help services	-3.7	-0.8	-12.3	-14.1
Private education and health services(1)	91	76	106	86
Health care and social assistance	75.9	79.6	100.5	83.5
Leisure and hospitality	39	54	12	42
Other services	10	12	5	6
Government	49	78	7	43
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	242	267	237	249
Total private	192	203	190	206
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.8
Total private women employees	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.3
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.4	81.4	81.4	81.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.4	34.4	34.3	34.3
Average hourly earnings	$33.54	$34.69	$34.77	$34.91
Average weekly earnings	$1,153.78	$1,193.34	$1,192.61	$1,197.41
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	114.9	116.4	116.2	116.4
Over-the-month percent change	0.4	0.4	-0.2	0.2
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	184.3	193.1	193.2	194.3
Over-the-month percent change	0.8	0.8	0.1	0.6
DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	58.8	55.4	56.6	63.4
Manufacturing (72 industries)	41.0	34.0	51.4	59.0
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

   The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
   of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
   employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
   month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
   over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
   the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
   in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
   expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
   workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
   workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
   The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
   For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

   It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
   neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
   status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
   either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
   workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
   native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
   born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
   The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

   The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
   incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
   initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
   monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
   additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
   adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

   On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
   re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
   insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
   in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

   Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
   establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
   designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
   estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
   sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

   Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
   the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
   comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
   business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
   can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
   establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
   the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
   is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
   sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
   twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
   insurance benefits?

   No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
   All people who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
   included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
   they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
   unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
   looking for work?

   Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who
   want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
   jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
   underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
   officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
   Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
   measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

   In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
   the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
   average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
   time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
   The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
   a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
   part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
   such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
   
   Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on 
   payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
   employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
   period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
   counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
   are paid, please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

   In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
   includes the 12th of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-
   related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
   off. The household survey collects data on the number of people who had a job but
   were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
   people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
   
   Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
   statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 629,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and unemployed.
Those people not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including people on paid leave. People are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable. The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries
when necessary. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	266,618	268,066	268,248	266,618	267,540	267,711	267,884	268,066	268,248
Civilian labor force	166,702	167,484	167,576	166,823	167,276	167,426	167,895	167,982	167,732
Participation rate	62.5	62.5	62.5	62.6	62.5	62.5	62.7	62.7	62.5
Employed	161,002	161,590	161,341	160,707	161,152	160,968	161,466	161,491	161,083
Employment-population ratio	60.4	60.3	60.1	60.3	60.2	60.1	60.3	60.2	60.1
Unemployed	5,700	5,894	6,235	6,117	6,124	6,458	6,429	6,492	6,649
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.5	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.9	4.0
Not in labor force	99,916	100,582	100,672	99,795	100,265	100,285	99,989	100,083	100,516
Persons who currently want a job	6,004	5,502	6,259	5,472	5,793	5,672	5,443	5,637	5,717
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	130,319	130,694	130,782	130,319	130,436	130,520	130,605	130,694	130,782
Civilian labor force	88,701	88,472	88,591	88,689	88,507	88,391	88,812	88,708	88,619
Participation rate	68.1	67.7	67.7	68.1	67.9	67.7	68.0	67.9	67.8
Employed	85,626	85,187	85,076	85,385	85,034	84,993	85,490	85,208	84,882
Employment-population ratio	65.7	65.2	65.1	65.5	65.2	65.1	65.5	65.2	64.9
Unemployed	3,075	3,285	3,515	3,305	3,473	3,398	3,323	3,500	3,737
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.7	4.0	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.9	4.2
Not in labor force	41,618	42,222	42,191	41,630	41,929	42,129	41,793	41,986	42,163
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	121,565	121,763	121,844	121,565	121,539	121,611	121,685	121,763	121,844
Civilian labor force	85,576	85,347	85,283	85,481	85,364	85,180	85,398	85,382	85,229
Participation rate	70.4	70.1	70.0	70.3	70.2	70.0	70.2	70.1	69.9
Employed	82,810	82,424	82,225	82,520	82,304	82,178	82,543	82,318	81,986
Employment-population ratio	68.1	67.7	67.5	67.9	67.7	67.6	67.8	67.6	67.3
Unemployed	2,765	2,923	3,057	2,962	3,060	3,002	2,855	3,064	3,243
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.4	3.6	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.3	3.6	3.8
Not in labor force	35,989	36,416	36,561	36,084	36,175	36,431	36,287	36,381	36,615
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	136,299	137,372	137,465	136,299	137,104	137,191	137,279	137,372	137,465
Civilian labor force	78,001	79,011	78,985	78,134	78,768	79,035	79,083	79,274	79,113
Participation rate	57.2	57.5	57.5	57.3	57.5	57.6	57.6	57.7	57.6
Employed	75,376	76,403	76,265	75,322	76,118	75,975	75,976	76,283	76,201
Employment-population ratio	55.3	55.6	55.5	55.3	55.5	55.4	55.3	55.5	55.4
Unemployed	2,625	2,609	2,720	2,812	2,650	3,060	3,106	2,991	2,912
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7
Not in labor force	58,298	58,361	58,481	58,165	58,336	58,156	58,197	58,098	58,353
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	127,845	128,742	128,830	127,845	128,503	128,581	128,659	128,742	128,830
Civilian labor force	74,941	75,901	75,723	75,030	75,529	75,835	75,792	75,989	75,812
Participation rate	58.6	59.0	58.8	58.7	58.8	59.0	58.9	59.0	58.8
Employed	72,634	73,579	73,338	72,527	73,144	73,182	73,061	73,334	73,226
Employment-population ratio	56.8	57.2	56.9	56.7	56.9	56.9	56.8	57.0	56.8
Unemployed	2,307	2,322	2,385	2,503	2,385	2,653	2,731	2,655	2,586
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.4
Not in labor force	52,904	52,841	53,106	52,815	52,974	52,746	52,867	52,753	53,018
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,208	17,561	17,574	17,208	17,498	17,519	17,540	17,561	17,574
Civilian labor force	6,185	6,236	6,570	6,312	6,383	6,411	6,704	6,611	6,692
Participation rate	35.9	35.5	37.4	36.7	36.5	36.6	38.2	37.6	38.1
Employed	5,558	5,587	5,777	5,660	5,704	5,608	5,862	5,839	5,871
Employment-population ratio	32.3	31.8	32.9	32.9	32.6	32.0	33.4	33.2	33.4
Unemployed	628	649	793	652	679	803	842	772	821
Unemployment rate	10.1	10.4	12.1	10.3	10.6	12.5	12.6	11.7	12.3
Not in labor force	11,023	11,326	11,004	10,896	11,115	11,108	10,835	10,950	10,882
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	204,345	204,831	204,917	204,345	204,608	204,677	204,752	204,831	204,917
Civilian labor force	127,111	127,369	127,207	127,282	126,962	127,040	127,596	127,708	127,384
Participation rate	62.2	62.2	62.1	62.3	62.1	62.1	62.3	62.3	62.2
Employed	123,247	123,298	123,061	123,103	122,663	122,685	123,286	123,229	122,922
Employment-population ratio	60.3	60.2	60.1	60.2	60.0	59.9	60.2	60.2	60.0
Unemployed	3,864	4,071	4,145	4,179	4,299	4,356	4,310	4,479	4,462
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.5
Not in labor force	77,233	77,463	77,711	77,062	77,646	77,637	77,156	77,123	77,533
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	66,450	65,960	65,804	66,430	65,869	65,685	65,963	65,982	65,797
Participation rate	70.3	69.8	69.6	70.2	69.8	69.6	69.8	69.8	69.6
Employed	64,521	63,887	63,762	64,330	63,674	63,658	64,029	63,801	63,588
Employment-population ratio	68.2	67.6	67.5	68.0	67.5	67.4	67.8	67.5	67.3
Unemployed	1,928	2,073	2,042	2,100	2,195	2,027	1,933	2,181	2,208
Unemployment rate	2.9	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.1	2.9	3.3	3.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,878	56,561	56,340	55,979	56,219	56,454	56,489	56,622	56,441
Participation rate	57.5	57.9	57.7	57.6	57.6	57.9	57.9	58.0	57.8
Employed	54,379	54,995	54,787	54,349	54,615	54,646	54,677	54,843	54,752
Employment-population ratio	55.9	56.3	56.1	55.9	56.0	56.0	56.0	56.2	56.0
Unemployed	1,499	1,565	1,553	1,629	1,604	1,808	1,811	1,779	1,689
Unemployment rate	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.9	2.9	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,784	4,848	5,062	4,873	4,874	4,902	5,145	5,103	5,146
Participation rate	38.2	38.2	39.8	39.0	38.4	38.6	40.5	40.2	40.5
Employed	4,347	4,416	4,512	4,424	4,374	4,381	4,580	4,584	4,582
Employment-population ratio	34.7	34.8	35.5	35.4	34.5	34.5	36.1	36.1	36.1
Unemployed	437	433	550	450	500	520	565	519	564
Unemployment rate	9.1	8.9	10.9	9.2	10.3	10.6	11.0	10.2	11.0
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,613	34,918	34,949	34,613	34,813	34,849	34,883	34,918	34,949
Civilian labor force	21,878	22,021	21,999	21,856	22,051	22,190	22,170	22,051	21,986
Participation rate	63.2	63.1	62.9	63.1	63.3	63.7	63.6	63.2	62.9
Employed	20,662	20,892	20,672	20,613	20,887	20,950	20,746	20,812	20,643
Employment-population ratio	59.7	59.8	59.1	59.6	60.0	60.1	59.5	59.6	59.1
Unemployed	1,216	1,128	1,327	1,243	1,164	1,240	1,424	1,239	1,343
Unemployment rate	5.6	5.1	6.0	5.7	5.3	5.6	6.4	5.6	6.1
Not in labor force	12,735	12,897	12,950	12,757	12,762	12,659	12,713	12,867	12,963
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,103	10,187	10,164	10,081	10,266	10,344	10,317	10,194	10,150
Participation rate	68.4	68.6	68.4	68.2	69.4	69.8	69.6	68.7	68.3
Employed	9,536	9,670	9,506	9,511	9,717	9,709	9,677	9,661	9,497
Employment-population ratio	64.5	65.2	64.0	64.4	65.7	65.5	65.3	65.1	63.9
Unemployed	567	517	658	570	548	636	640	533	654
Unemployment rate	5.6	5.1	6.5	5.7	5.3	6.1	6.2	5.2	6.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	11,058	11,012	11,016	11,035	10,967	11,050	10,999	10,991	10,994
Participation rate	63.9	63.0	63.0	63.8	62.9	63.4	63.0	62.9	62.9
Employed	10,491	10,538	10,459	10,449	10,445	10,568	10,387	10,442	10,421
Employment-population ratio	60.6	60.3	59.8	60.4	59.9	60.6	59.5	59.8	59.6
Unemployed	567	474	557	587	521	482	612	548	572
Unemployment rate	5.1	4.3	5.1	5.3	4.8	4.4	5.6	5.0	5.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	717	822	818	740	819	796	854	867	842
Participation rate	28.3	31.5	31.3	29.2	31.6	30.7	32.8	33.2	32.2
Employed	635	684	706	654	724	673	682	709	725
Employment-population ratio	25.1	26.2	27.0	25.8	27.9	25.9	26.2	27.2	27.7
Unemployed	82	138	112	86	95	122	171	158	117
Unemployment rate	11.4	16.8	13.6	11.6	11.6	15.4	20.1	18.2	13.9
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,511	17,816	17,993	17,511	17,930	17,784	17,781	17,816	17,993
Civilian labor force	11,348	11,485	11,734	11,382	11,559	11,472	11,403	11,536	11,754
Participation rate	64.8	64.5	65.2	65.0	64.5	64.5	64.1	64.7	65.3
Employed	11,034	11,182	11,395	11,043	11,223	11,081	11,113	11,214	11,393
Employment-population ratio	63.0	62.8	63.3	63.1	62.6	62.3	62.5	62.9	63.3
Unemployed	315	302	339	338	336	390	290	322	361
Unemployment rate	2.8	2.6	2.9	3.0	2.9	3.4	2.5	2.8	3.1
Not in labor force	6,163	6,331	6,259	6,130	6,372	6,312	6,379	6,280	6,239
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	47,380	48,667	48,764	47,380	48,364	48,467	48,565	48,667	48,764
Civilian labor force	31,612	32,757	32,750	31,657	32,318	32,499	32,442	32,777	32,815
Participation rate	66.7	67.3	67.2	66.8	66.8	67.1	66.8	67.3	67.3
Employed	30,471	31,296	31,259	30,374	30,700	30,883	30,994	31,187	31,185
Employment-population ratio	64.3	64.3	64.1	64.1	63.5	63.7	63.8	64.1	64.0
Unemployed	1,140	1,462	1,492	1,283	1,618	1,616	1,448	1,589	1,630
Unemployment rate	3.6	4.5	4.6	4.1	5.0	5.0	4.5	4.8	5.0
Not in labor force	15,768	15,910	16,014	15,722	16,046	15,967	16,123	15,890	15,949
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	17,113	17,548	17,597	17,118	17,372	17,415	17,455	17,532	17,592
Participation rate	79.5	79.8	79.8	79.5	79.5	79.5	79.5	79.7	79.8
Employed	16,512	16,821	16,847	16,436	16,519	16,720	16,800	16,765	16,767
Employment-population ratio	76.7	76.5	76.4	76.3	75.6	76.3	76.5	76.2	76.1
Unemployed	601	727	750	682	852	695	654	766	826
Unemployment rate	3.5	4.1	4.3	4.0	4.9	4.0	3.7	4.4	4.7
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	13,120	13,655	13,549	13,117	13,336	13,535	13,483	13,638	13,582
Participation rate	61.1	61.8	61.2	61.1	60.7	61.5	61.1	61.7	61.3
Employed	12,707	13,078	13,046	12,661	12,759	12,860	12,870	13,016	13,032
Employment-population ratio	59.2	59.2	58.9	59.0	58.1	58.4	58.4	58.9	58.9
Unemployed	413	577	503	456	577	675	612	623	550
Unemployment rate	3.1	4.2	3.7	3.5	4.3	5.0	4.5	4.6	4.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,379	1,554	1,604	1,422	1,610	1,549	1,504	1,607	1,641
Participation rate	31.5	34.0	35.0	32.5	35.5	34.0	33.0	35.1	35.8
Employed	1,253	1,397	1,366	1,277	1,422	1,304	1,323	1,406	1,386
Employment-population ratio	28.6	30.5	29.8	29.2	31.3	28.6	29.0	30.7	30.2
Unemployed	126	157	238	146	188	246	181	200	254
Unemployment rate	9.2	10.1	14.9	10.2	11.7	15.9	12.0	12.5	15.5
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,381	9,117	9,285	9,148	9,271	9,192	8,916	8,990	9,046
Participation rate	46.9	47.5	47.2	45.8	47.1	48.3	46.3	46.8	46.0
Employed	8,907	8,578	8,801	8,625	8,715	8,626	8,483	8,451	8,515
Employment-population ratio	44.6	44.6	44.8	43.1	44.3	45.4	44.1	44.0	43.3
Unemployed	474	539	484	523	556	565	433	539	531
Unemployment rate	5.1	5.9	5.2	5.7	6.0	6.1	4.9	6.0	5.9
High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	36,087	36,273	36,391	36,041	35,927	36,474	36,364	36,208	36,340
Participation rate	56.9	56.8	56.9	56.9	57.0	57.0	57.3	56.7	56.8
Employed	34,767	34,890	34,934	34,628	34,385	34,948	34,866	34,757	34,785
Employment-population ratio	54.9	54.6	54.6	54.6	54.6	54.7	54.9	54.4	54.4
Unemployed	1,320	1,383	1,456	1,413	1,543	1,526	1,498	1,451	1,555
Unemployment rate	3.7	3.8	4.0	3.9	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.0	4.3
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	35,277	36,251	35,360	35,457	36,205	36,322	36,147	36,225	35,610
Participation rate	62.9	63.0	62.6	63.2	62.6	63.5	63.2	62.9	63.1
Employed	34,203	35,114	34,328	34,329	35,020	35,178	34,918	35,017	34,517
Employment-population ratio	61.0	61.0	60.8	61.2	60.6	61.5	61.1	60.8	61.1
Unemployed	1,073	1,137	1,032	1,128	1,184	1,144	1,229	1,208	1,092
Unemployment rate	3.0	3.1	2.9	3.2	3.3	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.1
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	64,067	64,406	64,934	64,162	64,195	63,965	64,478	64,449	64,994
Participation rate	73.0	72.8	72.8	73.1	72.7	72.1	72.4	72.8	72.8
Employed	62,857	63,127	63,667	62,849	62,836	62,527	63,095	63,047	63,622
Employment-population ratio	71.6	71.3	71.3	71.6	71.2	70.5	70.8	71.2	71.3
Unemployed	1,210	1,279	1,267	1,313	1,359	1,438	1,383	1,402	1,372
Unemployment rate	1.9	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.1
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,940	17,606	15,901	15,558	2,039	2,048
Civilian labor force	8,653	8,260	7,525	7,068	1,128	1,192
Participation rate	48.2	46.9	47.3	45.4	55.3	58.2
Employed	8,437	8,030	7,327	6,863	1,111	1,167
Employment-population ratio	47.0	45.6	46.1	44.1	54.5	57.0
Unemployed	215	230	198	205	17	25
Unemployment rate	2.5	2.8	2.6	2.9	1.5	2.1
Not in labor force	9,287	9,346	8,376	8,490	911	856
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,048	5,380	4,132	4,443	915	937
Civilian labor force	3,992	4,204	3,349	3,499	643	706
Participation rate	79.1	78.1	81.0	78.7	70.2	75.3
Employed	3,924	4,071	3,285	3,373	639	698
Employment-population ratio	77.7	75.7	79.5	75.9	69.8	74.5
Unemployed	68	133	64	125	4	8
Unemployment rate	1.7	3.2	1.9	3.6	0.7	1.1
Not in labor force	1,056	1,176	783	944	272	231
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	2,929	2,743	2,481	2,285	449	458
Civilian labor force	2,119	1,842	1,815	1,557	304	285
Participation rate	72.3	67.1	73.2	68.1	67.8	62.2
Employed	2,050	1,816	1,753	1,541	297	275
Employment-population ratio	70.0	66.2	70.7	67.4	66.2	60.1
Unemployed	69	25	62	16	7	10
Unemployment rate	3.3	1.4	3.4	1.0	2.2	3.3
Not in labor force	810	901	665	728	145	173
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,009	5,679	5,754	5,439	255	240
Civilian labor force	828	708	807	672	21	37
Participation rate	13.8	12.5	14.0	12.3	8.4	15.3
Employed	790	684	769	651	21	33
Employment-population ratio	13.1	12.0	13.4	12.0	8.4	13.6
Unemployed	38	24	38	21	0	4
Unemployment rate	4.6	3.5	4.7	3.1	-	-
Not in labor force	5,181	4,971	4,947	4,767	234	203
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,954	3,804	3,534	3,391	420	413
Civilian labor force	1,714	1,506	1,554	1,341	160	165
Participation rate	43.3	39.6	44.0	39.5	38.0	39.9
Employed	1,674	1,459	1,520	1,298	153	161
Employment-population ratio	42.3	38.3	43.0	38.3	36.5	38.9
Unemployed	40	47	34	43	6	4
Unemployment rate	2.3	3.1	2.2	3.2	3.8	2.5
Not in labor force	2,240	2,298	1,980	2,050	260	248
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	239,361	241,504	109,797	110,732	129,564	130,772
Civilian labor force	155,701	156,949	80,099	80,388	75,602	76,561
Participation rate	65.0	65.0	73.0	72.6	58.4	58.5
Employed	150,450	151,271	77,309	77,265	73,141	74,006
Employment-population ratio	62.9	62.6	70.4	69.8	56.5	56.6
Unemployed	5,251	5,678	2,790	3,123	2,461	2,555
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.6	3.5	3.9	3.3	3.3
Not in labor force	83,660	84,555	29,698	30,344	53,962	54,211
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	33,295	34,058	233,323	234,190
Civilian labor force	8,098	8,517	158,604	159,059
Participation rate	24.3	25.0	68.0	67.9
Employed	7,463	7,878	153,540	153,463
Employment-population ratio	22.4	23.1	65.8	65.5
Unemployed	635	639	5,064	5,595
Unemployment rate	7.8	7.5	3.2	3.5
Not in labor force	25,197	25,541	74,719	75,131
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,330	3,643	79,343	78,725
Participation rate	41.0	42.7	82.7	82.7
Employed	3,075	3,312	76,703	75,676
Employment-population ratio	37.9	38.9	80.0	79.5
Unemployed	255	331	2,640	3,048
Unemployment rate	7.7	9.1	3.3	3.9
Not in labor force	4,785	4,880	16,586	16,457
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,320	3,432	69,631	70,285
Participation rate	39.4	40.7	72.4	72.8
Employed	3,022	3,178	67,444	67,973
Employment-population ratio	35.9	37.7	70.2	70.4
Unemployed	299	253	2,187	2,312
Unemployment rate	9.0	7.4	3.1	3.3
Not in labor force	5,105	5,001	26,510	26,315
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,448	1,442	9,631	10,049
Participation rate	8.6	8.4	23.3	23.7
Employed	1,366	1,388	9,393	9,813
Employment-population ratio	8.2	8.1	22.8	23.1
Unemployed	82	55	238	235
Unemployment rate	5.6	3.8	2.5	2.3
Not in labor force	15,307	15,659	31,623	32,360
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	46,769	48,311	22,952	23,616	23,818	24,695
Civilian labor force	31,249	31,989	17,763	18,238	13,486	13,751
Participation rate	66.8	66.2	77.4	77.2	56.6	55.7
Employed	30,259	30,896	17,216	17,581	13,043	13,315
Employment-population ratio	64.7	64.0	75.0	74.4	54.8	53.9
Unemployed	990	1,093	547	657	443	436
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.4	3.1	3.6	3.3	3.2
Not in labor force	15,520	16,322	5,188	5,377	10,332	10,945
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	219,849	219,937	107,368	107,167	112,481	112,770
Civilian labor force	135,453	135,587	70,938	70,353	64,516	65,234
Participation rate	61.6	61.6	66.1	65.6	57.4	57.8
Employed	130,744	130,445	68,410	67,495	62,333	62,950
Employment-population ratio	59.5	59.3	63.7	63.0	55.4	55.8
Unemployed	4,710	5,141	2,527	2,857	2,182	2,284
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.8	3.6	4.1	3.4	3.5
Not in labor force	84,396	84,350	36,430	36,814	47,966	47,536
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]

Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,358	2,187	2,283	2,293	2,184	2,201	2,217	2,246	2,221
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,615	1,496	1,545	1,567	1,489	1,524	1,507	1,555	1,504
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	694	657	680	670	687	649	654	657	657
Unpaid family workers	50	34	59	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	158,644	159,403	159,058	158,491	158,735	158,601	158,970	159,161	158,919
Wage and salary workers(1)	149,753	150,119	149,507	149,626	149,741	149,321	149,513	149,831	149,413
Government	21,487	21,883	21,710	21,404	21,490	21,142	21,436	21,616	21,613
Private industries	128,266	128,236	127,797	128,149	128,407	128,256	128,092	128,170	127,746
Private households	643	620	617	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	127,624	127,616	127,180	127,458	127,521	127,392	127,331	127,493	127,072
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	8,820	9,241	9,502	8,737	9,087	9,377	9,522	9,295	9,408
Unpaid family workers	71	43	49	-	-	-	-	-	-
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,535	4,267	4,217	3,737	4,422	4,376	4,308	4,469	4,419
Slack work or business conditions	2,435	2,910	2,937	2,588	2,994	2,863	2,972	3,058	3,086
Could only find part-time work	835	1,146	1,025	847	1,026	1,104	999	1,134	1,042
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,884	22,913	22,754	21,831	22,156	22,309	22,902	22,253	22,662
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,518	4,200	4,152	3,706	4,371	4,300	4,255	4,404	4,340
Slack work or business conditions	2,428	2,856	2,892	2,574	2,959	2,803	2,949	3,010	3,036
Could only find part-time work	835	1,146	1,014	844	1,018	1,098	980	1,132	1,028
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,515	22,575	22,382	21,456	21,793	21,951	22,523	21,906	22,285
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	161,002	161,590	161,341	160,707	161,152	160,968	161,466	161,491	161,083
16 to 19 years	5,558	5,587	5,777	5,660	5,704	5,608	5,862	5,839	5,871
16 to 17 years	2,115	1,949	2,040	2,231	2,292	2,035	2,146	2,116	2,153
18 to 19 years	3,443	3,637	3,738	3,448	3,428	3,595	3,756	3,727	3,733
20 years and over	155,445	156,003	155,564	155,047	155,448	155,360	155,604	155,652	155,212
20 to 24 years	14,711	14,295	13,833	14,798	14,562	14,192	14,287	14,419	13,945
25 years and over	140,734	141,709	141,730	140,369	140,972	141,300	141,485	141,328	141,385
25 to 54 years	103,443	104,119	104,148	103,209	103,489	103,717	103,669	103,832	103,919
25 to 34 years	35,897	35,732	35,767	35,813	35,700	35,672	35,667	35,638	35,694
35 to 44 years	35,343	36,319	36,207	35,261	35,818	36,117	36,123	36,197	36,121
45 to 54 years	32,202	32,069	32,174	32,136	31,970	31,928	31,879	31,997	32,105
55 years and over	37,291	37,589	37,582	37,160	37,484	37,582	37,816	37,497	37,466
Men, 16 years and over	85,626	85,187	85,076	85,385	85,034	84,993	85,490	85,208	84,882
16 to 19 years	2,816	2,763	2,851	2,865	2,730	2,815	2,947	2,890	2,896
16 to 17 years	991	942	948	1,038	1,063	939	1,022	1,000	996
18 to 19 years	1,825	1,822	1,903	1,838	1,679	1,900	1,964	1,901	1,915
20 years and over	82,810	82,424	82,225	82,520	82,304	82,178	82,543	82,318	81,986
20 to 24 years	7,489	7,315	7,088	7,502	7,320	7,107	7,222	7,381	7,110
25 years and over	75,321	75,109	75,137	75,091	75,093	75,239	75,496	75,012	74,943
25 to 54 years	55,321	55,093	55,106	55,167	55,008	55,126	55,179	55,027	54,970
25 to 34 years	19,184	18,914	18,903	19,139	18,948	18,945	18,957	18,893	18,872
35 to 44 years	19,060	19,271	19,267	19,000	19,109	19,266	19,332	19,234	19,210
45 to 54 years	17,078	16,908	16,935	17,027	16,951	16,916	16,890	16,900	16,888
55 years and over	20,000	20,016	20,032	19,924	20,085	20,112	20,316	19,985	19,973
Women, 16 years and over	75,376	76,403	76,265	75,322	76,118	75,975	75,976	76,283	76,201
16 to 19 years	2,742	2,823	2,926	2,795	2,974	2,793	2,915	2,949	2,975
16 to 17 years	1,124	1,008	1,091	1,193	1,229	1,096	1,124	1,116	1,158
18 to 19 years	1,618	1,815	1,835	1,610	1,749	1,694	1,793	1,827	1,818
20 years and over	72,634	73,579	73,338	72,527	73,144	73,182	73,061	73,334	73,226
20 to 24 years	7,222	6,980	6,746	7,296	7,241	7,085	7,065	7,038	6,835
25 years and over	65,413	66,599	66,593	65,278	65,879	66,061	65,989	66,316	66,442
25 to 54 years	48,121	49,026	49,042	48,042	48,480	48,591	48,490	48,805	48,950
25 to 34 years	16,714	16,818	16,864	16,674	16,752	16,727	16,710	16,745	16,822
35 to 44 years	16,283	17,048	16,940	16,260	16,709	16,851	16,791	16,963	16,910
45 to 54 years	15,124	15,161	15,238	15,108	15,019	15,013	14,989	15,096	15,217
55 years and over	17,291	17,573	17,551	17,236	17,399	17,470	17,500	17,511	17,492
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	45,758	45,700	45,752	45,719	45,672	45,387	45,962	45,547	45,712
Married women, spouse present(1)	37,072	37,117	37,123	36,973	37,033	36,822	37,069	36,906	37,020
Women who maintain families(2)	9,683	9,935	9,950	-	-	-	-	-	-
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	134,581	133,351	133,402	134,427	133,133	132,946	132,940	133,889	133,264
Part-time workers(4)	26,421	28,239	27,939	26,493	27,890	27,941	28,632	27,718	28,004
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	7,718	8,349	8,352	7,770	8,272	8,259	8,476	8,383	8,399
Percent of total employed	4.8	5.2	5.2	4.8	5.1	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.2
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,706	6,686	6,787	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,514	9,897	10,181	9,408	9,774	10,026	10,176	9,952	10,065
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	6,117	6,492	6,649	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.9	4.0
16 to 19 years	652	772	821	10.3	10.6	12.5	12.6	11.7	12.3
16 to 17 years	240	306	338	9.7	10.0	12.5	14.1	12.6	13.6
18 to 19 years	410	474	481	10.6	10.8	12.2	11.5	11.3	11.4
20 years and over	5,465	5,720	5,828	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.6
20 to 24 years	996	1,033	1,189	6.3	5.9	7.2	7.1	6.7	7.9
25 years and over	4,438	4,630	4,605	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.2	3.2
25 to 54 years	3,382	3,462	3,568	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.3
25 to 34 years	1,462	1,424	1,511	3.9	3.9	4.3	4.1	3.8	4.1
35 to 44 years	1,054	1,104	1,225	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.6	3.0	3.3
45 to 54 years	866	935	833	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.9	2.8	2.5
55 years and over	1,059	1,163	1,044	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.6	3.0	2.7
Men, 16 years and over	3,305	3,500	3,737	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.9	4.2
16 to 19 years	343	436	495	10.7	13.2	12.3	13.7	13.1	14.6
16 to 17 years	94	159	198	8.3	15.1	11.6	14.1	13.8	16.6
18 to 19 years	240	279	286	11.5	12.1	12.5	13.2	12.8	13.0
20 years and over	2,962	3,064	3,243	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.3	3.6	3.8
20 to 24 years	576	524	646	7.1	7.0	7.9	7.1	6.6	8.3
25 years and over	2,363	2,516	2,570	3.1	3.3	3.2	3.0	3.2	3.3
25 to 54 years	1,771	1,882	2,013	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.1	3.3	3.5
25 to 34 years	767	785	858	3.9	4.0	4.2	4.1	4.0	4.3
35 to 44 years	537	598	683	2.7	3.3	3.0	2.2	3.0	3.4
45 to 54 years	468	499	472	2.7	2.7	2.6	3.0	2.9	2.7
55 years and over	591	633	556	2.9	3.2	2.8	2.6	3.1	2.7
Women, 16 years and over	2,812	2,991	2,912	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7
16 to 19 years	309	336	326	10.0	8.2	12.7	11.4	10.2	9.9
16 to 17 years	147	147	140	10.9	5.0	13.1	14.2	11.6	10.8
18 to 19 years	170	195	195	9.6	9.6	11.8	9.7	9.6	9.7
20 years and over	2,503	2,655	2,586	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.4
20 to 24 years	421	509	543	5.5	4.9	6.4	7.1	6.7	7.4
25 years and over	2,075	2,114	2,035	3.1	3.0	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.0
25 to 54 years	1,611	1,580	1,555	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.4	3.1	3.1
25 to 34 years	695	639	653	4.0	3.9	4.4	4.0	3.7	3.7
35 to 44 years	517	505	542	3.1	2.7	2.8	3.1	2.9	3.1
45 to 54 years	398	436	361	2.6	2.8	2.6	2.8	2.8	2.3
55 years and over	465	524	481	2.6	2.5	2.9	2.6	2.9	2.7
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	949	979	880	2.0	2.1	1.9	1.8	2.1	1.9
Married women, spouse present(1)	881	890	808	2.3	2.0	2.0	2.3	2.4	2.1
Women who maintain families(2)	468	506	454	4.6	5.4	5.5	5.3	4.8	4.4
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	5,000	5,257	5,439	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.7	3.8	3.9
Part-time workers(4)	1,099	1,222	1,178	4.0	4.2	3.9	4.4	4.2	4.0
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,610	2,973	2,836	2,999	3,028	3,216	3,042	3,241	3,220
On temporary layoff	503	688	556	782	876	827	779	871	836
Not on temporary layoff	2,107	2,286	2,279	2,218	2,151	2,389	2,263	2,370	2,384
Permanent job losers	1,567	1,728	1,724	1,612	1,556	1,730	1,655	1,756	1,764
Persons who completed temporary jobs	540	558	555	605	595	659	607	615	620
Job leavers	715	744	670	764	794	711	823	785	717
Reentrants	1,880	1,723	2,105	1,851	1,834	1,946	1,920	1,929	2,046
New entrants	495	453	624	527	550	611	678	574	630
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	45.8	50.5	45.5	48.8	48.8	49.6	47.1	49.6	48.7
On temporary layoff	8.8	11.7	8.9	12.7	14.1	12.8	12.1	13.3	12.6
Not on temporary layoff	37.0	38.8	36.6	36.1	34.7	36.8	35.0	36.3	36.0
Job leavers	12.5	12.6	10.7	12.4	12.8	11.0	12.7	12.0	10.8
Reentrants	33.0	29.2	33.8	30.1	29.5	30.0	29.7	29.5	30.9
New entrants	8.7	7.7	10.0	8.6	8.9	9.4	10.5	8.8	9.5
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.9	1.9
Job leavers	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4
Reentrants	1.1	1.0	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2
New entrants	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.4
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,044	1,888	2,275	2,080	2,140	2,326	2,189	2,262	2,309
5 to 14 weeks	1,536	1,670	1,578	1,863	1,848	1,933	1,979	1,987	1,918
15 weeks and over	2,120	2,336	2,382	2,043	2,144	2,176	2,228	2,119	2,305
15 to 26 weeks	992	1,064	1,049	911	867	974	982	869	955
27 weeks and over	1,127	1,271	1,333	1,132	1,277	1,203	1,246	1,250	1,350
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	21.9	21.4	22.0	21.2	20.8	20.9	21.6	19.9	21.2
Median duration, in weeks	9.4	10.5	9.3	8.9	9.6	9.3	9.5	8.7	8.9
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	35.9	32.0	36.5	34.7	34.9	36.1	34.2	35.5	35.3
5 to 14 weeks	27.0	28.3	25.3	31.1	30.1	30.0	30.9	31.2	29.4
15 weeks and over	37.2	39.6	38.2	34.1	35.0	33.8	34.8	33.3	35.3
15 to 26 weeks	17.4	18.1	16.8	15.2	14.1	15.1	15.3	13.6	14.6
27 weeks and over	19.8	21.6	21.4	18.9	20.8	18.7	19.5	19.6	20.7
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	161,002	161,341	5,700	6,235	3.4	3.7
Management, professional, and related occupations	70,388	70,897	1,281	1,423	1.8	2.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	30,830	30,910	616	631	2.0	2.0
Professional and related occupations	39,557	39,987	665	792	1.7	1.9
Service occupations	26,426	26,837	1,264	1,405	4.6	5.0
Sales and office occupations	30,205	29,579	1,102	1,048	3.5	3.4
Sales and related occupations	14,202	14,129	598	566	4.0	3.8
Office and administrative support occupations	16,002	15,451	504	482	3.1	3.0
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,363	14,235	516	656	3.5	4.4
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	984	916	51	110	4.9	10.7
Construction and extraction occupations	8,437	8,382	337	415	3.8	4.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,942	4,937	127	131	2.5	2.6
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	19,621	19,792	1,025	1,057	5.0	5.1
Production occupations	8,024	8,080	341	352	4.1	4.2
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,597	11,712	684	705	5.6	5.7
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	5,700	6,235	3.4	3.7
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	4,483	4,872	3.4	3.7
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	10	19	1.8	3.1
Construction	355	406	3.5	3.9
Manufacturing	409	398	2.7	2.7
Durable goods	245	188	2.5	2.0
Nondurable goods	164	210	3.0	3.9
Wholesale and retail trade	855	718	4.4	3.7
Transportation and utilities	282	413	3.3	5.0
Information	73	119	2.5	4.7
Financial activities	240	286	2.3	2.8
Professional and business services	750	726	3.9	3.7
Education and health services	595	745	2.3	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	717	824	5.2	5.9
Other services	195	219	2.9	3.4
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	75	116	4.6	7.3
Government workers	386	410	1.8	1.8
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	261	212	2.6	2.0
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]

Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	May 2023	Apr. 2024	May 2024	May 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	May 2024
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.4
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.9	1.9
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.4	3.5	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.9	4.0
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	3.6	3.7	4.0	3.9	3.9	4.1	4.0	4.1	4.2
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	4.3	4.4	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.8
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	6.4	6.9	7.1	6.8	7.2	7.3	7.3	7.4	7.4
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Total		Men		Women
	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024	May 2023	May 2024
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	99,916	100,672	41,618	42,191	58,298	58,481
Persons who currently want a job	6,004	6,259	2,902	3,096	3,101	3,163
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,477	1,481	766	796	711	685
Discouraged workers(2)	396	445	232	273	165	172
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,080	1,036	534	523	547	513
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	7,718	8,352	3,740	4,144	3,978	4,208
Percent of total employed	4.8	5.2	4.4	4.9	5.3	5.5
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,480	4,736	2,326	2,570	2,154	2,165
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,898	2,058	717	758	1,181	1,300
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	375	395	204	195	171	200
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	932	1,080	482	586	451	494
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]

Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)	Change from: Apr.2024 - May2024(p)
Total nonfarm	156,132	157,210	158,001	158,918	155,787	158,106	158,271	158,543	272
Total private	133,170	133,630	134,405	135,315	133,085	134,837	134,995	135,224	229
Goods-producing	21,574	21,515	21,656	21,851	21,555	21,801	21,801	21,826	25
Mining and logging	640	640	633	633	642	643	637	633	-4
Logging	42.7	41.4	38.8	37.9	44.9	42.2	41.6	40.8	-0.8
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	597.7	598.2	594.3	594.8	597.3	601.2	595.7	592.3	-3.4
Oil and gas extraction	116.5	118.6	117.7	119.1	117.7	119.4	118.9	119.9	1.0
Mining (except oil and gas)	188.6	186.2	188.7	190.7	186.7	189.9	190.1	190.1	0.0
Coal mining	42.8	42.9	44.1	43.9	42.7	42.8	43.9	43.8	-0.1
Metal ore mining	43.6	42.9	42.9	43.2	43.5	43.2	43.1	43.2	0.1
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	102.2	100.4	101.7	103.6	100.5	103.8	103.0	103.1	0.1
Support activities for mining	292.6	293.4	287.9	285.0	292.9	291.9	286.7	282.3	-4.4
Construction	8,024	7,971	8,116	8,278	7,977	8,207	8,207	8,228	21
Construction of buildings	1,796.8	1,830.5	1,843.7	1,867.1	1,797.7	1,862.5	1,863.8	1,870.3	6.5
Residential building construction	925.1	929.2	935.2	949.3	922.6	946.3	946.2	949.7	3.5
Nonresidential building construction	871.7	901.3	908.5	917.8	875.1	916.2	917.6	920.6	3.0
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,130.6	1,082.8	1,131.8	1,173.6	1,100.9	1,145.2	1,143.9	1,145.0	1.1
Specialty trade contractors	5,096.4	5,057.2	5,140.6	5,237.4	5,078.2	5,199.1	5,199.4	5,212.4	13.0
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,374.5	2,342.6	2,382.9	2,421.7	2,363.9	2,409.2	2,408.7	2,408.7	0.0
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,721.9	2,714.6	2,757.7	2,815.7	2,714.3	2,789.9	2,790.7	2,803.7	13.0
Manufacturing	12,910	12,904	12,907	12,940	12,936	12,951	12,957	12,965	8
Durable goods	8,072	8,119	8,119	8,125	8,085	8,140	8,142	8,140	-2
Wood product manufacturing	419.0	413.0	413.4	415.1	418.3	414.5	415.0	416.2	1.2
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	418.3	414.1	418.6	423.0	417.7	420.7	422.0	421.0	-1.0
Primary metal manufacturing	372.5	370.0	370.3	370.7	374.4	370.5	371.3	370.9	-0.4
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,448.9	1,467.2	1,464.7	1,466.4	1,450.5	1,468.3	1,467.7	1,466.7	-1.0
Machinery manufacturing	1,130.6	1,132.7	1,135.0	1,137.6	1,132.1	1,136.2	1,138.4	1,138.6	0.2
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	1,105.9	1,099.4	1,097.7	1,098.5	1,108.3	1,103.2	1,101.8	1,102.8	1.0
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	162.8	159.6	160.2	160.0	163.6	160.8	161.1	161.5	0.4
Communications equipment manufacturing	85.8	85.4	85.3	85.7	86.0	85.5	85.6	86.4	0.8
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	394.5	390.7	389.7	390.9	395.6	391.5	391.0	391.7	0.7
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	431.3	433.2	431.9	431.1	431.3	434.4	433.1	432.4	-0.7
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	31.5	30.5	30.6	30.8	31.8	30.9	31.0	30.8	-0.2
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	415.2	411.5	411.3	409.0	416.1	412.2	412.4	410.9	-1.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,777.7	1,839.4	1,840.2	1,839.2	1,785.6	1,841.1	1,843.5	1,848.2	4.7
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,036.5	1,068.8	1,068.0	1,066.0	1,039.7	1,067.3	1,067.0	1,070.1	3.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	358.3	347.6	344.1	343.3	356.6	347.3	344.5	342.3	-2.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing	625.2	624.4	623.9	622.1	625.8	626.1	625.0	622.1	-2.9
Nondurable goods	4,838	4,785	4,788	4,815	4,851	4,811	4,815	4,825	10
Food manufacturing	1,712.4	1,720.8	1,720.8	1,728.1	1,726.6	1,732.0	1,735.5	1,738.9	3.4
Textile mills	90.5	89.2	89.4	89.5	90.7	89.5	89.3	89.8	0.5
Textile product mills	99.8	94.9	95.1	95.1	99.5	94.7	95.1	95.4	0.3
Apparel manufacturing	91.0	83.5	83.7	84.7	90.6	84.2	83.8	84.2	0.4
Paper manufacturing	357.0	349.6	348.0	347.9	357.5	349.2	348.8	348.3	-0.5
Printing and related support activities	371.1	363.9	364.6	363.5	371.9	365.1	365.3	364.5	-0.8
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	109.8	108.1	108.9	110.8	108.3	110.6	109.5	109.5	0.0
Chemical manufacturing	903.6	900.1	896.7	903.9	905.1	899.7	899.0	903.1	4.1
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	740.0	724.9	725.4	727.8	738.8	726.1	727.2	727.6	0.4
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	362.9	349.9	354.9	364.1	361.5	359.8	361.9	363.8	1.9
Private service-providing	111,596	112,115	112,749	113,464	111,530	113,036	113,194	113,398	204
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,699	28,702	28,735	28,892	28,875	28,962	29,005	29,032	27
Wholesale trade	6,106.8	6,134.1	6,142.2	6,167.9	6,102.4	6,158.9	6,160.3	6,163.4	3.1
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,387.5	3,413.9	3,416.5	3,433.9	3,386.1	3,423.6	3,426.9	3,432.6	5.7
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,210.9	2,209.4	2,213.8	2,223.9	2,207.0	2,221.9	2,219.6	2,218.2	-1.4
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	508.4	510.8	511.9	510.1	509.3	513.4	513.8	512.6	-1.2
Retail trade	15,514.8	15,492.6	15,534.1	15,617.8	15,599.3	15,662.0	15,684.6	15,697.2	12.6
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,041.2	2,065.0	2,073.5	2,076.5	2,035.5	2,072.7	2,075.5	2,075.4	-0.1
Automobile dealers	1,272.1	1,294.9	1,298.2	1,299.9	1,271.2	1,296.4	1,298.9	1,300.5	1.6
Other motor vehicle dealers	184.4	168.6	170.9	173.0	179.2	172.3	170.9	168.5	-2.4
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	584.7	601.5	604.4	603.6	585.0	604.0	605.8	606.4	0.6
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,457.5	1,359.9	1,399.9	1,444.3	1,401.6	1,373.1	1,379.6	1,391.7	12.1
Food and beverage retailers	3,218.7	3,243.1	3,238.4	3,251.9	3,234.8	3,262.9	3,264.9	3,270.9	6.0
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	842.6	819.0	812.1	804.7	851.8	822.6	821.4	816.5	-4.9
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	427.2	422.4	420.0	414.7	432.4	422.5	423.9	420.0	-3.9
Electronics and appliance retailers	415.4	396.6	392.1	390.0	419.4	400.0	397.5	396.5	-1.0
General merchandise retailers	3,170.1	3,223.2	3,226.6	3,225.5	3,241.8	3,268.9	3,277.3	3,271.3	-6.0
Department stores	939.2	941.5	942.1	938.0	980.3	968.2	972.9	968.1	-4.8
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,230.9	2,281.7	2,284.5	2,287.5	2,261.5	2,300.7	2,304.4	2,303.2	-1.2
Health and personal care retailers	1,089.4	1,090.4	1,087.9	1,086.6	1,097.9	1,093.7	1,096.8	1,097.5	0.7
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,055.7	1,066.8	1,073.8	1,080.7	1,057.1	1,077.7	1,081.1	1,081.7	0.6
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,115.9	1,109.8	1,103.0	1,111.1	1,146.0	1,145.2	1,143.0	1,147.2	4.2
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,523.7	1,515.4	1,518.9	1,536.5	1,532.8	1,545.2	1,545.0	1,545.0	0.0
Transportation and warehousing	6,504.2	6,489.0	6,473.2	6,519.3	6,599.0	6,553.4	6,572.9	6,583.5	10.6
Air transportation	547.6	571.7	571.8	575.6	546.5	572.6	573.8	576.4	2.6
Rail transportation	153.0	153.2	153.2	153.2	152.8	153.0	153.0	152.9	-0.1
Water transportation	71.5	71.8	73.4	76.4	71.2	73.9	74.5	75.0	0.5
Truck transportation	1,576.2	1,531.6	1,538.6	1,548.0	1,579.7	1,556.4	1,555.5	1,550.1	-5.4
Transit and ground passenger transportation	443.6	447.6	450.0	452.3	429.4	433.9	436.5	437.7	1.2
Pipeline transportation	51.5	53.0	53.3	53.8	51.5	53.0	53.2	53.5	0.3
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	29.7	27.2	28.7	36.8	29.7	33.3	33.4	35.9	2.5
Support activities for transportation	816.9	837.1	837.1	846.1	821.8	838.9	842.7	847.6	4.9
Couriers and messengers	1,020.6	1,031.2	1,010.9	1,024.9	1,093.6	1,072.5	1,078.9	1,082.3	3.4
Warehousing and storage	1,793.6	1,764.6	1,756.2	1,752.2	1,822.8	1,765.9	1,771.4	1,772.1	0.7
Utilities	573.3	586.6	585.4	587.2	574.3	587.4	586.9	588.2	1.3
Information	3,039	3,003	2,996	2,995	3,050	3,019	3,014	3,014	0
Motion picture and sound recording industries	442.0	433.7	435.9	445.1	438.4	443.7	440.3	441.9	1.6
Publishing industries	939.9	922.4	923.8	922.1	946.1	929.9	932.6	933.0	0.4
Broadcasting and content providers	349.2	341.2	340.3	339.4	349.6	341.1	340.9	340.4	-0.5
Telecommunications	645.7	632.7	625.0	618.9	649.5	630.3	627.3	624.7	-2.6
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	486.2	495.4	495.2	495.0	488.0	497.0	497.0	498.3	1.3
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	176.3	177.2	176.2	174.4	177.9	177.2	176.3	176.1	-0.2
Financial activities	9,164	9,170	9,174	9,200	9,192	9,226	9,224	9,234	10
Finance and insurance	6,715.0	6,709.8	6,707.7	6,711.1	6,736.5	6,726.9	6,731.4	6,735.9	4.5
Monetary authorities-central bank	22.5	22.5	22.5	22.5	22.7	22.6	22.7	22.7	0.0
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,635.7	2,591.0	2,584.5	2,584.1	2,639.3	2,592.8	2,590.4	2,590.1	-0.3
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,798.5	1,781.4	1,775.6	1,772.5	1,802.3	1,780.5	1,778.9	1,777.6	-1.3
Commercial banking	1,393.7	1,371.8	1,365.8	1,362.6	1,395.4	1,370.2	1,367.6	1,365.8	-1.8
Nondepository credit intermediation	539.8	524.5	524.7	526.6	539.9	527.0	526.6	526.8	0.2
Activities related to credit intermediation	297.4	285.1	284.2	285.0	297.1	285.4	284.8	285.7	0.9
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,092.4	1,101.4	1,103.0	1,101.2	1,099.4	1,109.6	1,110.2	1,110.2	0.0
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,964.4	2,994.9	2,997.7	3,003.3	2,975.1	3,001.9	3,008.1	3,012.9	4.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,449.2	2,460.4	2,466.3	2,488.7	2,455.9	2,499.4	2,492.1	2,497.8	5.7
Real estate	1,844.1	1,857.5	1,862.8	1,876.9	1,852.6	1,880.2	1,875.8	1,884.1	8.3
Rental and leasing services	582.2	579.8	580.2	588.4	580.3	595.7	592.8	590.2	-2.6
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	22.9	23.1	23.3	23.4	23.0	23.5	23.5	23.5	0.0
Professional and business services	22,872	22,727	22,907	22,987	22,876	22,953	22,952	22,985	33
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,756.8	10,963.4	11,010.3	10,972.3	10,810.4	10,977.6	10,990.5	11,022.9	32.4
Legal services	1,173.1	1,176.4	1,179.5	1,181.2	1,178.4	1,186.4	1,188.6	1,189.0	0.4
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,129.8	1,241.9	1,236.9	1,154.3	1,152.9	1,163.9	1,165.3	1,172.9	7.6
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,652.1	1,665.8	1,673.5	1,696.6	1,658.3	1,690.3	1,690.9	1,700.8	9.9
Specialized design services	152.1	152.0	153.3	150.2	152.0	153.9	153.6	150.8	-2.8
Computer systems design and related services	2,492.4	2,515.2	2,538.9	2,539.7	2,494.3	2,536.6	2,539.1	2,541.5	2.4
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,855.9	1,877.9	1,883.9	1,900.7	1,862.1	1,895.7	1,896.1	1,910.0	13.9
Scientific research and development services	929.3	949.4	951.2	953.5	933.5	955.7	957.1	957.2	0.1
Advertising, public relations, and related services	503.1	517.2	523.0	521.0	504.6	519.5	524.0	521.8	-2.2
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	869.0	867.6	870.1	875.1	874.2	875.6	875.8	879.0	3.2
Management of companies and enterprises	2,550.5	2,549.2	2,547.1	2,550.2	2,560.5	2,557.8	2,556.6	2,557.6	1.0
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,565.1	9,214.3	9,349.6	9,464.0	9,504.7	9,417.7	9,404.5	9,404.5	0.0
Administrative and support services	9,066.7	8,705.9	8,835.3	8,946.3	9,004.8	8,902.7	8,886.8	8,884.3	-2.5
Office administrative services	617.1	628.6	629.6	630.0	616.1	634.2	632.2	634.1	1.9
Facilities support services	166.0	176.1	180.0	182.1	169.2	177.1	179.9	182.2	2.3
Employment services(1)	3,682.7	3,484.2	3,477.5	3,503.9	3,689.7	3,533.0	3,522.8	3,506.2	-16.6
Temporary help services	2,914.3	2,716.2	2,705.7	2,723.9	2,918.4	2,755.0	2,742.7	2,728.6	-14.1
Business support services	744.4	710.3	704.6	699.8	749.6	715.5	709.6	710.0	0.4
Travel arrangement and reservation services	189.6	194.7	192.9	195.0	188.5	196.4	193.9	194.0	0.1
Investigation and security services	1,002.8	1,012.7	1,012.3	1,019.7	1,002.6	1,018.1	1,014.2	1,020.5	6.3
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,324.9	2,158.9	2,291.3	2,367.2	2,251.5	2,283.6	2,287.1	2,292.3	5.2
Other support services	339.2	340.4	347.1	348.6	337.6	344.8	347.1	345.0	-2.1
Waste management and remediation services	498.4	508.4	514.3	517.7	499.9	515.0	517.7	520.2	2.5
Private education and health services	25,210	26,182	26,297	26,269	25,200	26,087	26,193	26,279	86
Private educational services	3,856.9	3,992.7	4,018.2	3,888.4	3,822.0	3,856.7	3,862.8	3,864.8	2.0
Health care and social assistance	21,353.3	22,188.8	22,279.2	22,380.1	21,378.4	22,230.0	22,330.5	22,414.0	83.5
Health care(3)	16,792.4	17,451.2	17,501.3	17,571.6	16,836.7	17,490.0	17,550.3	17,618.6	68.3
Ambulatory health care services	8,391.8	8,699.6	8,729.7	8,780.7	8,404.6	8,719.6	8,749.6	8,792.3	42.7
Offices of physicians	2,892.1	2,997.9	3,003.6	3,018.6	2,897.2	3,007.0	3,012.2	3,025.6	13.4
Offices of dentists	1,028.5	1,026.6	1,026.6	1,034.9	1,027.8	1,031.5	1,031.3	1,034.9	3.6
Offices of other health practitioners	1,146.9	1,190.6	1,198.0	1,204.9	1,146.9	1,195.4	1,200.9	1,206.1	5.2
Outpatient care centers	1,049.7	1,081.3	1,081.8	1,083.4	1,053.5	1,079.8	1,083.8	1,086.5	2.7
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	319.1	322.7	323.9	321.2	319.4	323.2	322.6	322.1	-0.5
Home health care services	1,609.4	1,724.8	1,739.3	1,763.5	1,613.4	1,727.7	1,741.9	1,761.5	19.6
Other ambulatory health care services	346.1	355.7	356.5	354.2	346.5	355.1	357.0	355.6	-1.4
Hospitals	5,282.0	5,506.6	5,514.8	5,520.8	5,304.8	5,512.4	5,530.8	5,545.8	15.0
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,118.6	3,245.0	3,256.8	3,270.1	3,127.3	3,258.0	3,269.9	3,280.5	10.6
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,398.7	1,454.3	1,458.4	1,457.6	1,405.5	1,462.3	1,466.5	1,466.4	-0.1
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	631.3	660.3	663.8	668.9	631.6	662.9	666.4	670.0	3.6
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	932.8	969.1	972.7	981.4	933.3	971.5	974.1	981.8	7.7
Other residential care facilities	155.8	161.3	161.9	162.2	156.9	161.3	162.9	162.3	-0.6
Social assistance	4,560.9	4,737.6	4,777.9	4,808.5	4,541.7	4,740.0	4,780.2	4,795.4	15.2
Individual and family services	3,012.1	3,161.4	3,196.3	3,211.8	3,007.2	3,166.0	3,198.4	3,209.5	11.1
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	217.7	225.1	227.8	228.7	218.3	224.1	227.7	228.7	1.0
Vocational rehabilitation services	279.0	287.2	288.5	290.9	279.1	288.0	289.2	289.7	0.5
Child care services	1,052.1	1,063.9	1,065.3	1,077.1	1,037.1	1,061.9	1,064.9	1,067.5	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	16,782	16,478	16,750	17,194	16,528	16,893	16,905	16,947	42
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,571.0	2,483.3	2,579.8	2,722.0	2,510.4	2,645.1	2,645.0	2,661.6	16.6
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	599.9	592.7	641.2	665.1	573.4	626.8	624.6	631.2	6.6
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	174.2	168.6	174.7	181.8	171.8	177.3	178.1	177.9	-0.2
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,796.9	1,722.0	1,763.9	1,875.1	1,765.2	1,841.0	1,842.3	1,852.5	10.2
Accommodation and food services	14,210.5	13,994.5	14,169.8	14,471.8	14,017.1	14,247.7	14,260.2	14,285.5	25.3
Accommodation	1,881.7	1,848.5	1,879.9	1,944.6	1,874.3	1,922.0	1,925.3	1,926.0	0.7
Food services and drinking places	12,328.8	12,146.0	12,289.9	12,527.2	12,142.8	12,325.7	12,334.9	12,359.5	24.6
Other services	5,830	5,853	5,890	5,927	5,809	5,896	5,901	5,907	6
Repair and maintenance	1,454.5	1,473.8	1,481.4	1,487.4	1,447.6	1,481.2	1,481.8	1,482.8	1.0
Personal and laundry services	1,539.9	1,535.8	1,552.0	1,567.0	1,526.5	1,549.8	1,551.7	1,553.2	1.5
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,835.1	2,843.6	2,856.2	2,872.5	2,835.2	2,864.5	2,867.8	2,871.0	3.2
Government	22,962	23,580	23,596	23,603	22,702	23,269	23,276	23,319	43
Federal	2,915	2,981	2,986	2,996	2,914	2,993	2,995	2,999	4
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,310.7	2,372.6	2,375.1	2,389.4	2,307.9	2,385.9	2,388.6	2,392.0	3.4
U.S. Postal Service	603.8	608.2	610.8	606.4	606.3	607.0	606.3	607.0	0.7
State government	5,286	5,588	5,605	5,478	5,280	5,444	5,450	5,455	5
State government education	2,576.1	2,810.3	2,821.3	2,679.9	2,568.9	2,658.6	2,663.2	2,662.5	-0.7
State government, excluding education	2,709.8	2,778.1	2,783.4	2,797.8	2,711.3	2,785.8	2,787.0	2,792.4	5.4
Local government	14,761	15,011	15,005	15,129	14,508	14,832	14,831	14,865	34
Local government education	8,212.8	8,358.8	8,336.7	8,356.1	7,945.8	8,075.9	8,080.0	8,089.8	9.8
Local government, excluding education	6,548.6	6,651.8	6,668.1	6,772.9	6,561.7	6,756.5	6,751.0	6,774.7	23.7
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.4	34.4	34.3	34.3
Goods-producing	39.9	39.9	39.7	39.8
Mining and logging	45.7	45.3	44.3	44.3
Construction	38.9	39.3	38.7	39.0
Manufacturing	40.1	40.0	40.1	40.1
Durable goods	40.7	40.5	40.5	40.5
Nondurable goods	39.3	39.2	39.3	39.4
Private service-providing	33.3	33.3	33.2	33.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.8	33.9	33.7	33.8
Wholesale trade	38.9	39.2	39.2	39.3
Retail trade	29.9	29.7	29.5	29.6
Transportation and warehousing	37.8	38.3	37.9	37.8
Utilities	42.0	42.0	42.1	42.3
Information	36.2	36.5	36.3	36.3
Financial activities	37.4	37.5	37.5	37.5
Professional and business services	36.5	36.5	36.5	36.5
Private education and health services	33.4	33.2	33.2	33.2
Leisure and hospitality	25.3	25.5	25.4	25.4
Other services	32.3	32.4	32.3	32.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.0	2.9	2.9	3.0
Durable goods	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.0
Nondurable goods	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.9
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)
Total private	$33.54	$34.69	$34.77	$34.91	$1,153.78	$1,193.34	$1,192.61	$1,197.41
Goods-producing	33.85	35.37	35.45	35.58	1,350.62	1,411.26	1,407.37	1,416.08
Mining and logging	38.05	39.24	39.67	39.62	1,738.89	1,777.57	1,757.38	1,755.17
Construction	36.26	37.79	37.99	38.06	1,410.51	1,485.15	1,470.21	1,484.34
Manufacturing	32.18	33.65	33.67	33.83	1,290.42	1,346.00	1,350.17	1,356.58
Durable goods	33.78	35.54	35.54	35.75	1,374.85	1,439.37	1,439.37	1,447.88
Nondurable goods	29.42	30.36	30.39	30.49	1,156.21	1,190.11	1,194.33	1,201.31
Private service-providing	33.47	34.53	34.61	34.76	1,114.55	1,149.85	1,149.05	1,154.03
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28.89	29.83	29.86	29.97	976.48	1,011.24	1,006.28	1,012.99
Wholesale trade	36.54	37.57	37.62	37.81	1,421.41	1,472.74	1,474.70	1,485.93
Retail trade	23.78	24.33	24.32	24.42	711.02	722.60	717.44	722.83
Transportation and warehousing	29.14	30.51	30.55	30.60	1,101.49	1,168.53	1,157.85	1,156.68
Utilities	49.72	50.83	50.98	51.08	2,088.24	2,134.86	2,146.26	2,160.68
Information	48.22	49.33	49.27	49.41	1,745.56	1,800.55	1,788.50	1,793.58
Financial activities	43.00	45.10	45.29	45.47	1,608.20	1,691.25	1,698.38	1,705.13
Professional and business services	40.28	41.67	41.81	42.01	1,470.22	1,520.96	1,526.07	1,533.37
Private education and health services	33.04	33.88	33.93	34.09	1,103.54	1,124.82	1,126.48	1,131.79
Leisure and hospitality	21.16	21.90	21.92	22.02	535.35	558.45	556.77	559.31
Other services	30.17	31.07	31.19	31.38	974.49	1,006.67	1,007.44	1,013.57
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)	Percent change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)	Percent change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)
Total private	114.9	116.4	116.2	116.4	0.2	184.3	193.1	193.2	194.3	0.6
Goods-producing	98.0	99.1	98.6	99.0	0.4	149.9	158.4	158.0	159.2	0.8
Mining and logging	92.2	91.5	88.7	88.1	-0.7	140.8	144.2	141.2	140.2	-0.7
Construction	107.0	111.2	109.5	110.6	1.0	168.5	182.6	180.7	182.9	1.2
Manufacturing	93.3	93.2	93.5	93.5	0.0	139.7	145.8	146.4	147.1	0.5
Durable goods	92.6	92.8	92.8	92.8	0.0	139.0	146.5	146.5	147.4	0.6
Nondurable goods	95.2	94.1	94.5	94.9	0.4	142.1	145.0	145.6	146.8	0.8
Private service-providing	119.6	121.2	121.0	121.2	0.2	194.5	203.4	203.5	204.8	0.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	106.6	107.3	106.8	107.2	0.4	166.1	172.6	172.0	173.3	0.8
Wholesale trade	104.7	106.5	106.5	106.8	0.3	160.0	167.4	167.6	169.0	0.8
Retail trade	94.9	94.7	94.2	94.6	0.4	149.3	152.3	151.4	152.7	0.9
Transportation and warehousing	143.3	144.2	143.1	143.0	-0.1	212.5	223.8	222.5	222.6	0.0
Utilities	104.4	106.7	106.9	107.6	0.7	171.4	179.3	180.1	181.7	0.9
Information	100.9	100.7	99.9	99.9	0.0	173.1	176.8	175.3	175.8	0.3
Financial activities	112.6	113.3	113.3	113.4	0.1	188.9	199.4	200.2	201.2	0.5
Professional and business services	130.6	131.1	131.1	131.3	0.2	213.1	221.2	222.0	223.4	0.6
Private education and health services	137.4	141.4	142.0	142.5	0.4	218.5	230.5	231.8	233.6	0.8
Leisure and hospitality	119.3	122.9	122.5	122.8	0.2	203.7	217.2	216.7	218.2	0.7
Other services	108.2	110.1	109.9	110.0	0.1	178.9	187.6	187.9	189.2	0.7
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)
Total nonfarm	77,606	78,808	78,898	78,998	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.8
Total private	64,363	65,230	65,307	65,376	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.3
Goods-producing	4,973	5,013	5,015	5,019	23.1	23.0	23.0	23.0
Mining and logging	82	86	87	88	12.8	13.4	13.7	13.9
Construction	1,125	1,168	1,169	1,172	14.1	14.2	14.2	14.2
Manufacturing	3,766	3,759	3,759	3,759	29.1	29.0	29.0	29.0
Durable goods	2,020	2,021	2,019	2,016	25.0	24.8	24.8	24.8
Nondurable goods	1,746	1,738	1,740	1,743	36.0	36.1	36.1	36.1
Private service-providing	59,390	60,217	60,292	60,357	53.3	53.3	53.3	53.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,344	11,275	11,298	11,292	39.3	38.9	39.0	38.9
Wholesale trade	1,867.4	1,870.0	1,875.6	1,876.1	30.6	30.4	30.4	30.4
Retail trade	7,543.5	7,524.0	7,532.1	7,526.6	48.4	48.0	48.0	47.9
Transportation and warehousing	1,783.1	1,725.9	1,736.3	1,735.4	27.0	26.3	26.4	26.4
Utilities	150.2	155.2	154.0	153.8	26.2	26.4	26.2	26.1
Information	1,232	1,213	1,210	1,204	40.4	40.2	40.1	39.9
Financial activities	5,111	5,133	5,130	5,136	55.6	55.6	55.6	55.6
Professional and business services	10,537	10,561	10,560	10,580	46.1	46.0	46.0	46.0
Private education and health services	19,376	20,046	20,111	20,170	76.9	76.8	76.8	76.8
Leisure and hospitality	8,694	8,844	8,833	8,820	52.6	52.4	52.3	52.0
Other services	3,096	3,145	3,150	3,155	53.3	53.3	53.4	53.4
Government	13,243	13,578	13,591	13,622	58.3	58.4	58.4	58.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]

Industry	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)
Total private	108,310	109,757	109,852	110,009
Goods-producing	15,448	15,529	15,513	15,529
Mining and logging	489	505	497	488
Construction	5,866	5,993	5,997	6,018
Manufacturing	9,093	9,031	9,019	9,023
Durable goods	5,598	5,557	5,549	5,542
Nondurable goods	3,495	3,474	3,470	3,481
Private service-providing	92,862	94,228	94,339	94,480
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,317	24,442	24,476	24,497
Wholesale trade	4,830.6	4,857.3	4,850.7	4,852.6
Retail trade	13,292.0	13,385.8	13,411.9	13,420.3
Transportation and warehousing	5,737.5	5,730.9	5,745.6	5,755.1
Utilities	456.9	468.1	467.8	469.4
Information	2,436	2,423	2,411	2,410
Financial activities	6,902	6,961	6,961	6,968
Professional and business services	18,128	18,110	18,112	18,150
Private education and health services	21,929	22,757	22,848	22,928
Leisure and hospitality	14,423	14,747	14,733	14,723
Other services	4,727	4,788	4,798	4,804
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	33.8	33.8	33.7	33.8
Goods-producing	40.5	40.6	40.3	40.6
Mining and logging	48.0	47.6	47.0	47.4
Construction	39.4	40.0	39.3	39.8
Manufacturing	40.8	40.7	40.6	40.8
Durable goods	41.1	41.0	40.9	41.0
Nondurable goods	40.3	40.2	40.3	40.6
Private service-providing	32.7	32.7	32.6	32.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.9	33.9	33.9	33.9
Wholesale trade	38.8	39.1	39.1	39.2
Retail trade	30.3	30.2	30.1	30.1
Transportation and warehousing	37.6	37.6	37.6	37.6
Utilities	42.5	42.4	42.3	42.5
Information	35.7	35.9	35.8	35.9
Financial activities	37.1	36.9	37.0	37.0
Professional and business services	36.3	36.4	36.4	36.4
Private education and health services	32.6	32.4	32.3	32.3
Leisure and hospitality	24.2	24.3	24.1	24.2
Other services	31.3	31.4	31.3	31.2
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.6	3.5	3.6	3.6
Durable goods	3.8	3.5	3.5	3.5
Nondurable goods	3.4	3.6	3.7	3.8
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)
Total private	$28.79	$29.79	$29.85	$29.99	$973.10	$1,006.90	$1,005.95	$1,013.66
Goods-producing	29.34	30.79	30.82	30.91	1,188.27	1,250.07	1,242.05	1,254.95
Mining and logging	34.26	36.20	36.26	36.12	1,644.48	1,723.12	1,704.22	1,712.09
Construction	33.98	35.35	35.41	35.45	1,338.81	1,414.00	1,391.61	1,410.91
Manufacturing	26.14	27.46	27.53	27.64	1,066.51	1,117.62	1,117.72	1,127.71
Durable goods	27.30	28.88	28.99	29.12	1,122.03	1,184.08	1,185.69	1,193.92
Nondurable goods	24.24	25.13	25.16	25.26	976.87	1,010.23	1,013.95	1,025.56
Private service-providing	28.67	29.58	29.65	29.80	937.51	967.27	966.59	971.48
Trade, transportation, and utilities	25.16	25.95	25.96	26.04	852.92	879.71	880.04	882.76
Wholesale trade	30.28	31.19	31.29	31.37	1,174.86	1,219.53	1,223.44	1,229.70
Retail trade	20.44	20.90	20.84	20.92	619.33	631.18	627.28	629.69
Transportation and warehousing	27.78	29.03	29.08	29.14	1,044.53	1,091.53	1,093.41	1,095.66
Utilities	44.34	45.14	45.29	45.36	1,884.45	1,913.94	1,915.77	1,927.80
Information	39.63	40.74	40.53	40.55	1,414.79	1,462.57	1,450.97	1,455.75
Financial activities	33.57	35.41	35.52	35.75	1,245.45	1,306.63	1,314.24	1,322.75
Professional and business services	34.05	35.09	35.19	35.38	1,236.02	1,277.28	1,280.92	1,287.83
Private education and health services	30.16	30.94	31.00	31.20	983.22	1,002.46	1,001.30	1,007.76
Leisure and hospitality	18.61	19.32	19.41	19.51	450.36	469.48	467.78	472.14
Other services	25.99	26.81	26.97	27.06	813.49	841.83	844.16	844.27
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)	Percent change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)	May 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024(p)	May 2024(p)	Percent change from: Apr. 2024 - May 2024(p)
Total private	122.0	123.6	123.4	123.9	0.4	234.7	246.1	246.1	248.4	0.9
Goods-producing	95.6	96.3	95.5	96.3	0.8	171.8	181.6	180.3	182.3	1.1
Mining and logging	124.7	127.7	124.1	122.9	-1.0	248.5	268.9	261.8	258.2	-1.4
Construction	115.7	120.0	118.0	119.9	1.6	212.3	229.1	225.6	229.6	1.8
Manufacturing	85.2	84.4	84.1	84.5	0.5	145.6	151.5	151.3	152.8	1.0
Durable goods	86.4	85.6	85.3	85.4	0.1	147.3	154.3	154.3	155.2	0.6
Nondurable goods	83.0	82.3	82.4	83.3	1.1	142.1	146.1	146.5	148.6	1.4
Private service-providing	129.4	131.3	131.0	131.2	0.2	254.4	266.4	266.5	268.2	0.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	115.4	116.0	116.1	116.2	0.1	207.5	215.1	215.5	216.3	0.4
Wholesale trade	111.2	112.7	112.6	112.9	0.3	198.8	207.5	207.9	209.0	0.5
Retail trade	102.1	102.5	102.4	102.4	0.0	179.0	183.7	182.9	183.7	0.4
Transportation and warehousing	163.3	163.1	163.5	163.8	0.2	288.7	301.3	302.6	303.8	0.4
Utilities	99.3	101.5	101.2	102.0	0.8	183.8	191.2	191.3	193.2	1.0
Information	99.3	99.3	98.5	98.8	0.3	194.7	200.2	197.7	198.2	0.3
Financial activities	120.5	120.9	121.2	121.3	0.1	248.9	263.4	264.9	266.9	0.8
Professional and business services	146.9	147.2	147.2	147.5	0.2	297.5	307.1	308.0	310.4	0.8
Private education and health services	152.4	157.2	157.3	157.9	0.4	303.4	321.0	322.0	325.2	1.0
Leisure and hospitality	127.9	131.3	130.1	130.5	0.3	270.2	288.0	286.7	289.2	0.9
Other services	103.8	105.4	105.3	105.1	-0.2	196.5	206.0	207.0	207.3	0.1
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.