Bureau of Labor Statistics
Occupational DescriptionsThe primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau's occupational pay surveys is to assist its field economists in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on comparability of occupational content, the Bureau's job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau's field economists are instructed to exclude working supervisors; apprentices; learners, beginners, and trainees; and part-time, temporary, and probationary workers, unless specifically included in the job description. Handicapped workers whose pay are reduced because of their handicap are also excluded. The titles and numeric codes below the job titles in this appendix are taken from the 1980 edition of the Standard Occupational Classification Manual (SOC), issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards. In general, the occupational descriptions of the Bureau of Labor Statistics are much more specific than those found in the SOC manual. The BLS occupation, "Attorney," for example, excludes workers engaged in patent work; the SOC occupation (code 211) includes patent lawyers. Thus, in comparing the results of this survey with other sources, factors such as differences in occupational definitions and survey scope should be taken into consideration. Professional (1412: Accountant and auditor) Performs professional operating or cost accounting work requiring knowledge of the theory and practice of recording, classifying, examining, and analyzing the data and records of financial transactions. The work generally requires a bachelor's degree in accounting or, in rare instances, equivalent experience and education combined. Positions covered by this definition are characterized by the inclusion of work that is analytical, creative, evaluative, and advisory in nature. The work draws upon and requires a thorough knowledge of the fundamental doctrines, theories, principles, and terminology of accountancy, and often entails some understanding of such related fields as business law, statistics, and general management. Professional responsibilities in accountant positions above levels 1 and 2 include several such duties as: 1. Analyzing the effects of transactions upon account relationships; 2. Evaluating alternative means of treating transactions; 3. Planning the manner in which account structures should be developed or modified; 4. Assuring the adequacy of the accounting system as the basis for reporting to management; 5. Considering the need for new or changed controls; 6. Projecting accounting data to show the effects of proposed plans on capital investments, income, cash position, and overall financial condition; 7. Interpreting the meaning of accounting records, reports, and statements; 8. Advising operating officials on accounting matters; and 9. Recommending improvements, adaptations, or revisions in the accounting system and procedures. Accountant 1 and 2 positions provide opportunity to develop ability to perform professional duties such as those enumerated above. In addition to such professional work, most accountants are also responsible for assuring the proper recording and documentation of transactions in the accounts. They, therefore, frequently direct nonprofessional personnel in the actual day-to-day maintenance of books of accounts, the accumulation of cost or other comparable data, the preparation of standard reports and statements, and similar work. (Positions involving such supervisory work but not including professional duties as described above are not included in this description.) Some accountants use electronic data processing equipment to process, record, and report accounting data. In some such cases the machine unit is a subordinate segment of the accounting system; in others it is a separate entity or is attached to some other organization. In either instance, provided that the primary responsibility of the position is professional accounting work of the type otherwise included, the use of data processing equipment of any type does not of itself exclude a position from the accountant description nor does it change its level. Excluded are: a. Top technical experts in accounting, for an organization, who are responsible for the overall direction of an entire accounting program which includes general accounting and at least one other major accounting activity such as cost, property, sales, or tax accounting; b. Accountants above level 6 who are more concerned with administrative, budgetary, and policy matters than the day-to-day supervision of an operating accounting program; and c. Accountants primarily responsible for 1) designing and improving accounting systems or 2) performing nonoperating staff work such as budget or financial analysis, financial analysis, or tax advising. Accountant 1 General characteristics. As an entry-level accountant, learns to apply the principles, theories, and concepts of accounting to a specific system. The position is distinguishable from nonprofessional positions by the variety of assignments; rate and scope of development expected; and the existence, implicit or explicit, of a planned training program designed to give the entering accountant practical experience. (Terminal positions are excluded.) Direction received. Works under close supervision of an experienced accountant whose guidance is directed primarily to the development of the trainee's professional ability and to the evaluation of advancement potential. Limits of assignments are clearly defined, methods of procedure are specified, and kinds of items to be noted and referred to supervisor are identified. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs a variety of accounting tasks such as: examining a variety of financial statements for completeness, internal accuracy, and conformance with uniform accounting classifications or other specific accounting requirements; reconciling reports and financial data with financial statements already on file, and pointing out apparent inconsistencies or errors; carrying out assigned steps in an accounting analysis, such as computing standard ratios; assembling and summarizing accounting literature on a given subject; preparing relatively simple financial statements not involving problems of analysis or presentation; and preparing charts, tables, and other exhibits to be used in reports. In addition, may also perform some nonprofessional tasks for training purposes. Responsibility for the direction of others. Usually none. Accountant 2 General characteristics. At this level, the accountant makes practical application of technical accounting practices and concepts beyond the mere application of detailed rules and instructions. Initial assignments are designed to expand practical experience and to develop professional judgment in the application of basic accounting techniques to simple problems. Is expected to be competent in the application of standard procedures and requirements to routine transactions, to raise questions about unusual or questionable items, and to suggest solutions. Direction received. Work is reviewed to verify general accuracy and coverage of unusual problems, and to insure conformance with required procedures and special instructions. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs a variety of accounting tasks, e.g., prepares routine working papers, schedules, exhibits, and summaries indicating the extent of the examination and presenting and supporting findings and recommendations. Examines a variety of accounting documents to verify accuracy of computations and to ascertain that all transactions are properly supported, are in accordance with pertinent policies and procedures, and are classified and recorded according to acceptable accounting standards. Responsibility for the direction of others. Usually none, although sometimes responsible for supervision of a few clerks. Accountant 3 General characteristics. The accountant at this level applies well established accounting principles, theories, concepts, and practices to moderately difficult problems. Receives detailed instructions concerning the overall accounting system and its objectives, the policies and procedures under which it is operated, and the nature of changes in the system or its operation. Characteristically, the accounting system or assigned segment is stable and well established (i.e., the basic chart of accounts, classifications, the nature of the cost accounting system, the report requirements, and the procedures are changed infrequently). Depending upon the work load involved, the accountant may have such assignments as supervision of the day-to-day operation of: (a) the entire system of a relatively small organization; (b) a major segment (e.g., general accounting, cost accounting, financial statements and reports) of a somewhat larger system; or (c) in a complex system, may be assigned to a relatively narrow and specialized segment dealing with some problem, function, or portion of work which is appropriate for this level. Direction received. A higher level professional accountant normally is available to furnish advice and assistance as needed. Work is reviewed for technical accuracy, adequacy of professional judgment, and compliance with instructions through spot checks, appraisal of results, subsequent processing, analysis of reports and statements, and other appropriate means. Typical duties and responsibilities. The primary responsibility of most positions at this level is to assure that the assigned day-to-day operations are carried out in accordance with established accounting principles, policies, and objectives. The accountant performs such professional work as: developing nonstandard reports and statements (e.g., those containing cash forecasts reflecting the interrelations of accounting, cost budgeting, or comparable information); interpreting and pointing out trends or deviations from standards; projecting data into the future; predicting the effects of changes in operating programs; or identifying management informational needs, and refining account structures or reports accordingly. Within the limits of delegated responsibility, makes day-to-day decisions concerning the accounting treatment of financial transactions. In expected to recommend solutions to moderately difficult problems and propose changes in the accounting system for approval at higher levels. Such recommendations are derived from personal knowledge of the application of well-established principles and practices. Responsibility for the direction of others. In most instances is responsible for supervision of a subordinate nonprofessional staff; may coordinate the work of lower level professional accountants. Accountant 4 General characteristics. Applies well-established accounting principles, theories, concepts, and practices to a wide variety of difficult problems. Receives instructions concerning the objectives and operation of the overall accounting system. Compared with level 3, the accounting system or assigned segment is more complex, i.e., (a) is relatively unstable, (b) must adjust to new or changing operational environments, (c) is substantially larger or(d) is complicated by the need to provide and coordinate separate or specialized accounting treatment and reporting (e.g., cost accounting using standard cost, process cost, and job order techniques) for different internal operations or divisions. Depending upon the work load and degree of coordination involved, the accountant 4 may have such assignments as the supervision of the day-to-day operation of: (a) an entire accounting system which has a few relatively stable accounting segments; (b) a major segment (e.g., general accounting, cost accounting, or financial statements and reports) of an accounting system serving a larger and more complex organization; or (c) in a complex system, may be assigned to a relatively narrow and specialized segment dealing with some problem, function, or portion of work which is of the level of difficulty characteristic of this level. Direction received. A higher level accountant normally is available to furnish advice and assistance as needed. Work is reviewed by spot checks and appraisal of results for adequacy of professional judgment, compliance with instructions, and overall accuracy and quality. Typical duties and responsibilities. As at level 3, a primary characteristic of most positions at this level is the responsibility of operating an accounting system or major segment of a system in the intended manner. The accountant 4 exercises professional judgment in making frequent, appropriate recommendations for: new accounts; revisions in the account structure; new types of ledgers; revisions in the reporting system or subsidiary records; changes in instructions regarding the use of accounts, new or refined account classifications or definitions; etc. Also makes day-to-day decisions concerning the accounting treatment of financial transactions and is expected to recommend solutions to complex problems beyond incumbent's scope of responsibility. Responsibility for the direction of others. Accounting staff supervised, if any, may include professional accountants. Accountant 5 General characteristics. Applies accounting principles, theories, concepts, and practices to the solution of problems for which no clear precedent exists or performs work which is of greater than average responsibility due to the nature or magnitude of the assigned work. Responsibilities at this level, in contrast to accountants at level 4, extend beyond accounting system maintenance to the solution of more complex technical and managerial problems. Work of accountants 5 is more directly concerned with what the accounting system (or segment) should be, what operating policies and procedures should be established or revised, and what is the managerial as well as the accounting meaning of the data included in the reports and statements for which they are responsible. Examples of assignments characteristic of this level are supervision of the day-to-day operation of: (a) an entire accounting system which has a few relatively complex accounting segments; (b) a major segment of a larger and more complex accounting system; (c) an entire accounting system (or major segment) that is relatively stable and conventional when the work includes significant responsibility for accounting system design and development; or (d) in a complex system, may be assigned to a relatively narrow and specialized segment dealing with some problem, function, or portion of work which is itself of the level of difficulty characteristic of this level. Direction received. An accountant of higher level normally is available to furnish advice and assistance as needed. Work is reviewed for adequacy of professional judgment, compliance with instructions, and overall quality. Typical duties and responsibilities. The accountant 5 performs such professional work as: participating in the development and coordinating the implementation of new or revised accounting systems, and initiating necessary instructions and procedures; assuring that accounting reporting systems and procedures are in compliance with established administrative policies, regulations, and acceptable accounting practices; providing technical advice and services to operating managers, interpreting accounting reports and statements, and identifying problem areas; and evaluating complete assignments for conformance with applicable policies, regulations, and tax laws. Responsibility for the direction of others. Accounting staff supervised generally includes professional accountants. Accountant 6 General characteristics. At this level, the accountant applies accounting principles, theories, concepts, and practices to specialized, unique, or nonrecurring complex problems (e.g., implementation of specialized automated accounting systems). The work is substantially more difficult and of greater responsibility than level 5 because of the unusual nature, magnitude, importance, or overall impact of the work on the accounting program. At this level the accounting system or segment is usually complex, i.e., (a) is generally unstable, (b) must adjust to the frequent changing needs of the organization, or (c) is complicated by the need to provide specialized or individualized reports. Examples of assignments at this level are the supervision of the day-to-day operation of: (a) a large and complex accounting system; or (b) a major segment (e.g., general accounting, property accounting, etc.) of an unusually complex accounting system requiring technical expertise in a particular accounting field (e.g., cost accounting, tax accounting, etc.). Direction received. A higher level professional accountant is normally available to furnish advice as needed. Work is reviewed for adequacy of professional judgment, compliance with instructions and policies, and overall quality. Typical duties and responsibilities. Accountants at this level are delegated complete responsibility from higher authority to establish and implement new or revised accounting policies and procedures. Typically, accountants 6 participate in decision-making sessions with operating managers who have policy-making authority for their subordinate organizations or establishments; recommend management actions or alternatives which can be taken when accounting data disclose unfavorable trends, situations, or deviations; and assist management officials in applying financial data and information to the solution of administrative and operating problems. Responsibility for the direction of others. Accounting staff supervised generally includes professional accountants. Accountant not classifiable by level. Workers in positions with work characteristics as described, and within the range of defined levels, should be reported under this classification when the information needed to classify them according to the level definitions is not available. (1412: Accountant and auditor) Performs professional auditing work in a public accounting firm. Work requires at least a bachelor's degree in accounting. Participates in or conducts audits to ascertain the fairness of financial representations made by client companies. May also assist the client in improving accounting procedures and operations. Examines financial reports, accounting records, and related documents and practices of clients. Determines whether all important matters have been disclosed and whether procedures are consistent and conform to acceptable practices. Samples and tests transactions, internal controls, and other elements of the accounting system(s) as needed to render the accounting firm's final written opinion. Excluded are positions which do not require full professional accounting training. Also excluded are specialist positions in tax or management advisory services. Accountant, Public 1 General characteristics. As an entry level public accountant, serves as a junior member of an audit team. Receives classroom and on-the-job training to provide practical experience in applying the principles, theories, and concepts of accounting and auditing to specific situations. (Positions held by trainee public accountants with advanced degrees, such as MBA's are excluded at this level.) Direction received. Complete instructions are furnished and work is reviewed to verify its accuracy, conformance with required procedures and instructions, and usefulness in facilitating the accountant's professional growth. Any technical problems not covered by instructions are brought to the attention of a superior. Typical duties and responsibilities. Carries out basic audit tests and procedures, such as: verifying reports against source accounts and records; reconciling bank and other accounts; and examining cash receipts and disbursements, payroll records, requisitions, receiving reports, and other accounting documents in detail to ascertain that transactions are properly supported and recorded. Prepares selected portions of audit working papers. Accountant, Public 2 General characteristics. At this level, the public accountant carries out routine audit functions and detail work with relative independence. Serves as a member of an audit team on assignments planned to provide exposure to a variety of client organizations and audit situations. Specific assignments depend upon the difficulty and complexity of the audit and whether the client has been previously audited by the firm. On moderately complex audits where there is previous audit experience by the firm, accomplishes complete segments of the audit (i.e., functional work areas such as cash, receivables, etc.). When assigned to more complicated audits, carries out activities similar to public accountant 1. Direction received. Works under the supervision of a higher level public accountant who provides instructions and continuing direction as necessary. Work is spot checked in progress and reviewed upon completion to determine the adequacy of procedures, soundness of judgment, compliance with professional standards, and adherence to clearly established methods and techniques. All interpretations are subject to close professional review. Typical duties and responsibilities. Carries out a variety of sampling and testing procedures in accordance with the prescribed audit program, including the examination of transactions and verification of accounts, the analysis and evaluation of accounting practices and internal controls, and other detail work. Prepares a share of the audit working papers and participates in drafting reports. In moderately complex audits, may assist in selecting appropriate tests, samples, and methods commonly applied by the firm and may serve as primary assistant to the accountant in charge. In more complicated audits concentrates on detail work. Occasionally may be in charge of small, uncomplicated audits which require only one or two other subordinate accountants. Personal contacts usually involve only the exchange of factual technical information and are usually limited to the client's operating accounting staff and department heads. Accountant, Public 3 General characteristics. At this level the public accountant is in charge of a complete audit and may lead a team of several subordinates. Audits are usually accomplished one at a time and are typically carried out at a single location. The firms audited are typically moderately complex, and there is usually previous audit experience by the firm. The audit conforms to standard procedural guidelines, but is often tailored to fit the client's business activities. Routine procedures and techniques are sometimes inadequate and require adaptation. Necessary data are not always readily available. When assigned to more difficult and complex audits (see level 4), the accountant may run the audit of a major component or serve as the primary assistant to the accountant in charge. Direction received. Works under the general supervision of a higher level public accountant who oversees the operation of the audit. Work is performed independently, applying generally accepted accounting principles and auditing standards, but assistance on difficult technical matters is available. Work may be checked occasionally during progress for appropriateness and adherence to time requirements, but routine analyses, methods, techniques, and procedures applied at the work site are expected to be correct. Typical duties and responsibilities. Is responsible for carrying out the technical features of the audit, leading team members and personally performing the most difficult work. Carries out field work in accordance with the general format prescribed in the audit program, but selects specific methods and types and sizes of samples and tests. Assigns work to team members, furnishes guidance, and adjusts work loads to accommodate daily priorities. Thoroughly reviews work performed for technical accuracy and adequacy. Resolves anticipated problems with established guidelines and priorities but refers problems of unusual difficulty to superiors for discussion and advice. Drafts financial statements, final reports, management letters, and other closing memoranda. Discusses significant recommendations with superiors and may serve as technical resource at "closing" meetings with clients. Personal contacts are usually with accounting directors and assistant controllers of medium size companies and divisions of large corporations to explain and interpret policies and procedures governing the audit process. Accountant, Public 4 General characteristics. At this level, the public accountant directs field work including difficult audits—e.g., those involving initial audits of new clients, acquisitions, or stock registration—and may oversee a large audit team split between several locations. The audit team usually includes one or more level 3 public accountants who handle major components of the audit. The audits are complex and clients typically include those engaged in projects which span accounting periods; highly regulated industries which have various external reporting requirements; publicly held corporations; or businesses with very high dollar or transaction volume. Clients are frequently large with a variety of operations which may have different accounting systems. Guidelines may be general or lacking and audit programs are intricate, often requiring extensive tailoring to meet atypical or novel situations. Direction received. Works under general supervision. The supervisor sets overall objectives and resource limits but relies on the accountant to fully plan and direct all technical phases of the audit. Issues not covered by guidelines or known precedents are discussed with the supervisor, but the accountant's recommended approaches and courses of action are normally approved. Work is reviewed for soundness of approach, completeness, and conformance with established policies of the firm. Typical duties and responsibilities. Is responsible for carrying out the operational and technical features of the audit, directing the work of team members, and personally performing the most difficult work. Often participates in the development of the audit scope, and drafts complicated audit programs with a large number of concurrently executed phases. Independently develops audit steps and detailed procedures, deviating from traditional methods to the extent required. Makes program adjustments as necessary once an audit has begun; selects specific methods, types and sizes of samples, the extent to which discrepancies need to be investigated, and the depth of required analyses. Resolves most operational difficulties and unanticipated problems. Assigns work to team members; reviews work for appropriateness, conformance to time requirements, and adherence to generally accepted accounting principles and auditing standards. Consolidates working papers, draft reports, and findings; and prepares financial statements, management letters, and other closing memoranda for management approval. Participates in "closing" meetings as a technical resource and may be called upon to sell or defend controversial and critical observations and recommendations. Personal contacts are extensive and typically include top executives of smaller clients and mid- to upper-level financial and management officers of large corporations, e.g., assistant controllers and controllers. Such contacts involve coordinating and advising on work efforts and resolving operating problems. Note: Excluded from this level are public accountants who direct field work associated with the complete range of audits undertaken by the firm, lead the largest and most difficult audits, and who frequently oversee teams performing concurrent audits. This type of work requires extensive knowledge of one or more industries to make subjective determinations on questions of tax, law, accounting, and business practices. Audits may be complicated by such factors as: the size and diversity of the client organizations (e.g., multinational corporations and conglomerates with a large number of separate and distinct subsidiaries); accounting issues where precedents are lacking or in conflict; and, in some cases, clients who are encountering substantial financial difficulties. They perform most work without technical supervision and completed audits are reviewed mainly for propriety of recommendations and conformance with general policies of the firm. Also excluded are public accountants whose principal function is to manage, rather than perform accounting work, and the equity owners of the firm who have final approval authority. (211: Lawyer) Performs consultation, advisory and/or trail work and carries out the legal processes necessary to effect the rights, privileges, and obligations of the organization. The work performed requires completion of law school with an L.L.B. degree or J.D. degree and admission to the bar. Responsibilities or functions include one or more of the following or comparable duties: 1. Preparing and reviewing various legal instruments and documents, such as contracts, leases, licenses, purchases, sales, real estate, etc.; 2. Acting as agent of the organization in its transactions; 3. Examining material (e.g., advertisements, publications, etc.) for legal implications; advising officials of proposed legislation which might affect the organization; 4. Applying for patents, copyrights, or registration of the organization's products, processes, devices, and trademarks; advising whether to initiate or defend law suits; 5. Conducting pretrial preparations; defending the organization in lawsuits; 6. Prosecuting criminal cases for a local or state government or defending the general public (for example, public defenders and attorneys rendering legal services to students); or 7. Advising officials on tax matters, government regulations, and/or legal rights. Excluded are: a. Patent work which requires professional training in addition to legal training (typically, a degree in engineering or in a science); b. Claims examining, claims investigating, or similar work for which professional legal training and bar membership is not essential; c. Attorneys, frequently titled "general counsel" or "attorney general" (and their immediate full associates or deputies), who are responsible for participating in the management and formulation of policy for the overall organization in addition to directing its legal work. (The duties and responsibilities of such positions exceed level 6 as described below); d. Attorneys in legal firms; and, e. Attorneys primarily responsible for drafting legislation; or planning and producing legal publications. Classification by level Attorney jobs are matched at one of six levels according to two factors: 1. Difficulty level of legal work; and 2. Responsibility level of job. Attorney jobs which meet the above definitions are to be classified and coded in accordance with a chartavailable apon request. Difficulty D-1 Legal questions are characterized by: facts that are well-established; clearly applicable legal precedents; and matters not of substantial importance to the organization. (Usually relatively limited sums of money, e.g., a few thousand dollars, are involved.) Examples of D-1 work are: a. legal investigation, negotiation, and research preparatory to defending the organization in potential or actual lawsuits involving alleged negligence where the facts can be firmly established and there are precedent cases directly applicable to the situation; b. searching case reports, legal documents, periodicals, textbooks, and other legal references, and preparing draft opinions on employee compensation or benefit questions where there is a substantial amount of clearly applicable statutory, regulatory, and case material; c. drawing up contracts and other legal documents in connection with real property transactions requiring the development of detailed information but not involving serious questions regarding titles to property or other major factual or legal issues. d. preparing routine criminal cases for trial when the legal or factual issues are relatively straight forward and the impact of the case is limited; and e. advising public defendants in regard to routine criminal charges or complaints and representing such defendants in court when legal alternatives and facts are relatively clear and the impact of the outcome is limited primarily to the defendant. D-2 Legal work is regularly difficult by reason of one or more of the following: the absence of clear and directly applicable legal precedents; the different possible interpretations that can be placed on the facts, the laws, or the precedents involved; the substantial importance of the legal matters to the organization (e.g., sums as large as $100,000 are generally directly or indirectly involved); or the matter is being strongly pressed or contested in formal proceedings or in negotiations by the individuals, corporations, or government agencies involved. Examples of D-2 work are: a. advising on the legal implications of advertising representations when the facts supporting the representations and the applicable precedent cases are subject to different interpretations; b. reviewing and advising on the implications of new or revised laws affecting the organization; c. presenting the organization's defense in court in a negligence lawsuit which is strongly pressed by counsel for an organized group; d. providing legal counsel on tax questions complicated by the absence of precedent decisions that are directly applicable to the organization's situation; e. preparing and prosecuting criminal cases when the facts of the cases are complex or difficult to determine or the outcome will have a significant impact within the jurisdiction; and f. advising and representing public defendants in all phases of criminal proceedings when the facts of the case are complex or difficult to determine, complex or unsettled legal issues are involved, or the prosecutorial jurisdiction devotes substantial resources to obtaining a conviction. D-3 Legal work is typically complex and difficult because of one or more of the following: the questions are unique and require a high order of original and creative legal endeavor for their solution; the questions require extensive research and analysis and the obtaining and evaluation of expert testimony regarding controversial issues in a scientific, financial, corporate organization, engineering, or other highly technical area; the legal matter is of critical importance to the organization and is being vigorously pressed or contested (e.g., sums such as $1 million or more are generally directly or indirectly involved.) Examples of D-3 work are: a. advising on the legal aspects and implications of Federal antitrust laws to projected greatly expanded marketing operations involving joint ventures with several other organizations; b. planning legal strategy and representing a utility company in rate or government franchise cases involving a geographic area including parts or all of several States; c. preparing and presenting a case before an appellate court where the case is highly important to the future operation of the organization and is vigorously contested by very distinguished (e.g., having a broad regional or national reputation) legal talent; d. serving as the principal counsel to the officers and staff of an insurance company on the legal problems in the sale, underwriting, and administration of group contracts involving nationwide or multi-state coverages and laws; e. performing the principal legal work in nonroutine, major revision of a company's charter or in effectuating new major financing steps; and f. serving as lead prosecutor in major felony trials, when legal issues involve balancing conflicting laws or principles or factual issues require extensive research and expert testimony in highly technical subjects or the case is vigorously contested for the defendant by very distinguished legal talent. Responsibility R-1 Responsibility for final action is usually limited to matters covered by legal precedents and in which little deviation from standard practice is involved. Any decisions or actions having a significant bearing on the organization's business are reviewed. Is given guidance in the initial states of assignment, e.g., in planning and organizing level research and studies. Assignments are then carried out with moderate independence, although guidance is generally available and is sought from time to time on problem points. R-2 Usually works independently in investigating the facts, searching legal precedents, defining the legal and factual issues, drafting the necessary legal documents, and developing conclusions and recommendations. Decisions having an important bearing on the organization's business are reviewed. Receives information from supervisor regarding unusual circumstances or important policy considerations pertaining to a legal problem. If trials are involved, may receive guidance from a supervisor regarding presentation, line of approach, possible line of opposition to be encountered, etc. In the case of nonroutine written presentations, the final product is reviewed carefully, but primarily for overall soundness of legal reasoning and consistency with organization policy. May assign work to lower level attorneys, aides, or clerks. R-3 Carries out assignments independently and makes final legal determination in matters of substantial importance to the organization. Such determinations are subject to review only for consistency with organization policy, possible precedent effect, and overall effectiveness. To carry out assignments, deals regularly with officers of the organization and top level management officials and confers or negotiates regularly with senior attorneys and officials in other organizations on various aspects of assigned work. Receives little or no preliminary instruction on legal problems and a minimum of technical legal supervision. May assign and review work of a few attorneys, but this is not a primary responsibility. R-4 Carries out assignments which entail independently planning investigations and negotiations on legal problems of the highest importance to the organization and developing completed brief, opinions, contracts, or other legal products. To carry out assignments, represents the organization at conferences, hearings, or trials, and personally confers and negotiates with top attorneys and top-ranking officials in other organizations. On various aspects of assigned work, may give advice directly and personally to organization officials and top level managers, or (in extremely large and complex organizations) may work through a higher level attorney in advising officials. Generally receives no preliminary instructions on legal problems. On matters requiring the concentrated efforts of several attorneys or other specialists, is responsible for directing, coordinating, and reviewing the work of the attorneys involved. OR As a primary responsibility, directs the work of a staff of attorneys, one, but usually more, of who regularly perform either D-3 or R-3 legal work. With respect to the work directed, gives advice directly to organization officials and top managers, or (in extremely large and complex organizations) may give such advice through counsel. Receives guidance as to organization policy but not technical supervision or assistance except when requesting advice from or briefing by a higher level attorney on the overall approach to the most difficult, novel, or important legal questions. (162-3: Engineer) Performs professional work in research, development, design, testing, analysis, production, construction, maintenance, operation, planning, survey, estimating, application, or standardization of engineering facilities, systems, structures, processes, equipment, devices, or materials, requiring knowledge of the science and art by which materials, natural resources, and power are made useful. Work typically requires a B.S. degree in engineering or, in rare instances, equivalent education and experience combined. Excluded are: a. safety engineers; b. sales engineers; c. engineers whose primary responsibility is to be in charge of nonprofessional maintenance work; d. engineers in charge of programs so extensive and complex (for example, consisting of research and development on a variety of complex products or systems with numerous novel components) that one or more subordinate supervisory engineers are performing at level 8; e. individuals whose decisions have direct and substantial effect on setting policy for the organization (included, however, are supervisors deciding the "kind and extent of engineering and related programs" within broad guidelines set at higher levels); and f. individual researchers and consultants who are recognized as national and/or international authorities and scientific leaders in very broad areas of scientific interest and investigation. Engineer 1 General characteristics. Entry-level engineers perform assignments designed to develop professional work knowledge and abilities. May also receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. (Terminal positions are excluded.) Direction received. Works under close supervision. Receives specific and detailed instructions as to required tasks and results expected. Work is checked during progress and is reviewed for accuracy upon completion. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs a variety of routine tasks that are planned to provide experience and familiarization with the engineering staff, methods, practices, and programs of the employer. Responsibility for the direction of others. Usually none. Engineer 2 General characteristics. Performs routine engineering work requiring application of standard techniques, procedures, and criteria in carrying out a sequence of related engineering tasks. Limited exercise of judgment is required on details of work and in making preliminary selections and adaptations of engineering alternatives. Requires work experience acquired in an entry-level position, or appropriate graduate-level study. For training and developmental purposes, assignments may include some work that is typical of a higher level. Direction received. Supervisor screens assignments for unusual or difficult problems and selects techniques and procedures to be applied on non-routine work. Receives close supervision on new aspects of assignments. Typical duties and responsibilities. Using prescribed methods, performs specific and limited portions of a broader assignment of an experienced engineer. Applies standard practices and techniques in specific situations, adjusts and correlates data, recognizes discrepancies in results, and follows operations through a series of related detailed steps or processes. Responsibility for the direction of others. May be assisted by a few aids or technicians. Engineer 3 General characteristics. Independently evaluates, selects, and applies standard engineering techniques, procedures, and criteria, using judgment in making minor adaptations and modifications. Assignments have clear and specified objectives and require the investigation of a limited number of variables. Performance at this level requires developmental experience in a professional position, or equivalent graduate-level education. Direction received. Receives instructions on specific assignment objectives, complex features, and possible solutions. Assistance is furnished on unusual problems and work is reviewed for application of sound professional judgment. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs work which involves conventional types of plans, investigations, surveys, structures, or equipment with relatively few complex features for which there are precedents. Assignments usually include one or more of the following: equipment design and development, test of materials, preparation of specifications, process study, research investigations, report preparation, and other activities of limited scope requiring knowledge of principles and techniques commonly employed in the specific narrow area of assignments. Responsibility for the direction of others. May supervise or coordinate the work of drafters, technicians, and others who assist in specific assignments. Engineer 4 General characteristics. As a fully competent engineer in all conventional aspects of the subject matter or the functional area of the assignments, plans and conducts work requiring judgment in the independent evaluation, selection, and substantial adaptation and modification of standard techniques, procedures, and criteria. Devises new approaches to problems encountered. Requires sufficient professional experience to assure competence as a fully trained worker; or, for positions primarily of a research nature, completion of all requirements for a doctoral degree may be substituted for experience. Direction received. Independently performs most assignments with instructions as to the general results expected. Receives technical guidance on unusual or complex problems and supervisory approval on proposed plans for projects. Typical duties and responsibilities. Plans, schedules, conducts, or coordinates detailed phases of the engineering work in a part of a major project or in a total project of moderate scope. Performs work which involves conventional engineering practice but may include a variety of complex features such as conflicting design requirements, unsuitability of standard materials, and difficult coordination requirements. Work requires a broad knowledge of precedents in the specialty area and a good knowledge of principles and practices of related specialties. Responsibility for the direction of others. May supervise a few engineers or technicians on assigned work. Engineer 5 General characteristics. Applies intensive and diversified knowledge of engineering principles and practices in broad areas of assignments and related fields. Makes decisions independently on engineering problems and methods and represents the organization in conferences to resolve important questions and to plan and coordinate work. Requires the use of advanced techniques and the modification and extension of theories, precepts, and practices of the field and related sciences and disciplines. The knowledge and expertise required for this level of work usually result from progressive experience, including work comparable to engineer 4. Direction received. Supervision and guidance relate largely to overall objectives, critical issues, new concepts, and policy matters. Consults with supervisor concerning unusual problems and developments. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or more of the following: 1. In a supervisory capacity, plans, develops, coordinates, and directs a large and important engineering project or a number of small projects with many complex features. A substantial portion of the work supervised is comparable to that described for engineer 4. 2. As individual researcher or worker, carries out complex or novel assignments requiring the development of new or improved techniques and procedures. Work is expected to result in the development of new or refined equipment, materials, processes, products, and/or scientific methods. 3. As staff specialist, develops and evaluates plans and criteria for a variety of projects and activities to be carried out by others. Assesses the feasibility and soundness of proposed engineering evaluation tests, products, or equipment when necessary data are insufficient or confirmation by testing is advisable. Usually performs as a staff advisor and consultant in a technical specialty, a type of facility or equipment, or a program function. Responsibility for the direction of others. Supervises, coordinates, and reviews the work of a small staff of engineers and technicians; estimates personnel needs and schedules and assigns work to meet completion date. Or, as individual researcher or staff specialist, may be assisted on projects by other engineers or technicians. Engineer 6 General characteristics. Has full technical responsibility for interpreting, organizing, executing, and coordinating assignments. Plans and develops engineering projects concerned with unique or controversial problems which have an important effect on major programs. This involves exploration of subject area, definition of scope and selection of problems for investigation, and development of novel concepts and approaches. Maintains liaison with individuals and units within or outside the organization with responsibility for acting independently on technical matters pertaining to the field. Work at this level usually requires extensive progressive experience including work comparable to engineer 5. Direction received. Supervision received is essentially administrative, with assignments given in terms of broad general objectives and limits. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or more of the following: 1. In a supervisory capacity, plans, develops, coordinates, and directs a number of large and important projects or a project of major scope and importance, or is responsible for the entire engineering program of a company or government agency when the program is of limited complexity and scope. Extent of responsibilities generally requires a few (3 to 5) subordinate supervisors or team leaders with at least one in a position comparable to level 5. 2. As individual researcher or worker, conceives, plans, and conducts research in problem areas of considerable scope and complexity. The problems must be approached through a series of complete and conceptually related studies, are difficult to define, require unconventional or novel approaches, and require sophisticated research techniques. Available guides and precedents contain critical gaps, are only partially related to the problem, or may be largely lacking due to the novel character of the project. At this level, the individual researcher generally will have contributed inventions, new designs, or techniques which are of material significance in the solution of important problems. 3. As a staff specialist, serves as the technical specialist for the organization in the application of advanced theories, concepts, principles, and processes for an assigned area of responsibility (i.e., subject matter, function, type of facility or equipment, or product). Keeps abreast of new scientific methods and developments affecting the organization for the purpose of recommending changes in emphasis of programs or new programs warranted by such developments. Responsibility for the direction of others. Plans, organizes, and supervises the work of a staff of engineers and technicians. Evaluates progress of the staff and results obtained, and recommends major changes to achieve overall objectives. Or, as individual researcher or staff specialist, may be assisted on individual projects by other engineers or technicians. Engineer 7 General characteristics. Makes decisions and recommendations that are recognized as authoritative and have an important impact on extensive engineering activities. Initiates and maintains extensive contacts with key engineers and officials of other organizations, requiring skill in persuasion and negotiation of critical issues. At this level, individuals will have demonstrated creativity, foresight, and mature engineering judgment in anticipating and solving unprecedented engineering problems, determining program objectives and requirements, organizing programs and projects, and developing standards and guides for diverse engineering activities. Direction received. Receives general administrative direction. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or both of the following: 1. In a supervisory capacity, is responsible for a) an important segment of the engineering program of a company or government agency with extensive and diversified engineering requirements, or b) the entire engineering program of a company or agency when it is more limited in scope. The overall engineering program contains critical problems the solution of which requires major technological advances and opens the way for extensive related development. Extent of responsibilities generally requires several subordinate organizational segments or teams. Recommends facilities, personnel, and funds required to carry out programs which are directly related to and directed toward fulfillment of overall objectives. 2. As individual researcher and consultant, is a recognized leader and authority in the company or government agency in a broad area of specialization or in a narrow but intensely specialized field. Selects research problems to further program objectives. Conceives and plans investigations of broad areas of considerable novelty and importance, for which engineering precedents are lacking in areas critical to the overall engineering program. Is consulted extensively by associates and others, with a high degree of reliance placed on incumbent's scientific interpretations and advice. Typically, will have contributed inventions, new designs, or techniques which are regarded as major advances in the field. Responsibility for the direction of others. Directs several subordinate supervisors or team leaders, some of who are in positions comparable to engineer 6; or as individual researcher and consultant, may be assisted on individual projects by other engineers and technicians. Engineer 8 General characteristics. Makes decisions and recommendations that are recognized as authoritative and have a far-reaching impact on extensive engineering and related activities of the company or government agency. Negotiates critical and controversial issues with top level engineers and officers of other organizations. Individuals at this level demonstrate a high degree of creativity, foresight, and mature judgment in planning, organizing, and guiding extensive engineering programs and activities of outstanding novelty and importance. Direction received. Receives general administrative direction. Typical duties and responsibilities include one or both of the following: 1. In supervisory capacity, is responsible for a) an important segment of a very extensive and highly diversified engineering program of a company or government agency, or b) the entire engineering program of a company or agency when the program is of moderate scope. The programs are of such complexity and scope that they are of critical importance to overall objectives, include problems of extraordinary difficulty that often have resisted solution, and consist of several segments requiring subordinate supervisors. Decides the kind and extent of engineering and related programs needed to accomplish the objectives of the company or agency, chooses scientific approaches, plans and organizes facilities and programs, and interprets results. 2. As individual researcher and consultant, formulates and guides the attack on problems of exceptional difficulty and marked importance to the company, industry, or government. Problems are characterized by their lack of scientific precedents and source material, or lack of success of prior research and analysis so that their solution would represent an advance of great significance and importance. Performs advisory and consulting work as a recognized authority for broad program areas or in an intensely specialized area of considerable novelty and importance. Responsibility for the direction of others. Supervises several subordinate supervisors or team leaders, some of whose positions are comparable to engineer 7, or individual researchers some of whose positions are comparable to engineer 7 and sometimes engineer 8. As an individual researcher and consultant may be assisted on individual projects by other engineers or technicians. Individuals in charge of an engineering program may match any of several of the survey job levels, depending on the program's size and complexity. (29: Registered nurse) Provides professional nursing care to patients in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, health units, private residences, and community health organizations. (Visiting nurses are included.) Assists physicians with treatment; assesses patient health problems and needs; develops and implements nursing care plans; maintains medical records; and assists patients in complying with prescribed medical regimen. May specialize, e.g., operating room nurse, psychiatric nurse, nurse anesthetist, industrial nurse, nurse practitioner, and clinical nurse specialist. May supervise LPN's and nursing assistants. Excluded are: a. Nurse midwives; b. Nursing instructors, researchers, and consultants who do not provide nursing care to patients; c. Nursing supervisors and managers, e.g., head nurses, nursing coordinators, directors of nursing; and d. RN trainees primarily performing such entry level nursing care as: recording case histories; measuring temperature, pulse, respiration, height, weight, and blood pressure; and testing vision and hearing. Registered Nurse 1 Provides comprehensive general nursing care to patients whose conditions and treatment are normally uncomplicated. Follows established procedures, standing orders, and doctor's instructions. Uses judgment in selecting guidelines appropriate to changing patient conditions. Routine duties are performed independently; variations from established routines are performed under specific instructions. Typical assignments include: Staff. Prepares hospital or nursing home patients for tests, examinations, or treatment; assists in responding to emergencies; records vital signs and effects of medication and treatment in patient charts; and administers prescribed medications and intravenous feedings. Operating Room. Assists in surgical procedures by preparing patients for less complex operations (e.g., appendectomies); sterilizes instruments and other supplies; handles instruments; and assists in operating room, recovery room, and intensive care ward. Psychiatric. Provides routine nursing care to psychiatric patients. May observe and record patient behavior. Health Unit/Clinic. Administers immunizations, inoculations, allergy treatments, and medications in a clinic or employer health unit; performs first aid for minor burns, cuts, bruises, and sprains; obtains patient histories; and keeps records, writes reports, and maintains supplies and equipment. Registered Nurse 2 Plans and provides comprehensive nursing care in accordance with professional nursing standards. Uses judgment in assessing patient conditions, interprets guidelines, and modifies patient care as necessary. Recognizes and determines proper action for medical emergencies, e.g., calls physician or takes preplanned emergency measures. Typical duties and responsibilities include: Staff. In addition to the duties described at level 1, usually performs more complex procedures, such as: administering blood transfusions; managing nasal-pharyngeal, gastric suction, and other drainage tubes; using special equipment such as ventilator devices, resuscitators, and hypothermic units; or closely monitoring postoperative and seriously ill patients. Operating Room. Provides nursing service for surgical operations, including those involving complex and extensive surgical procedures. Confers with surgeons concerning instruments, sutures, prosthesis, and special equipment; cares for physical and psychological needs of patients; assists in the care and handling of supplies and equipment; assures accurate care and handling of specimens; and assumes responsibility for aseptic technique maintenance and adequacy of supplies during surgery. Psychiatric. Provides comprehensive nursing care for psychiatric patients. In addition to observing patients, evaluates and records significant behavior and reaction patterns and participates in group therapy sessions. Health Unit/Clinical. Provides a range of nursing services, including preventive health care counseling. Coordinates health care needs and makes referrals to medical specialists; assesses and treats minor health problems; advises whether employees should return to work, or be referred to physician; administers emergency treatment; performs limited portions of physical examinations; manages the stable phases of common chronic illnesses; and provides individual and family counseling. Community Health. Provides a broad range of nursing services including adult and child health care, chronic and communicable disease control, health teaching, counseling, referrals, and follow-up. Registered Nurse 2 Specialist Plans and provides highly specialized patient care in a difficult specialty area, such as intensive care or critical care. In comparison with registered nurse 2, pay typically reflects advanced specialized training, experience, and certification. May assist higher level nurses in developing, evaluating, and revising nursing plans. May provide advice to lower level nursing staff in area of specialty. Registered Nurse 3 Plans and performs specialized and advanced nursing assignments of considerable difficulty. Uses expertise in assessing patient conditions and develops nursing plans which serve as a role model for others. Evaluation and observation skills are relied upon by physicians in developing and modifying treatment. Work extends beyond patient care to the evaluation of concepts, procedures, and program effectiveness. Typical assignments include: Specialists. Provides specialized hospital nursing care to patients having illnesses and injuries that require adaptation of established nursing procedures. Renders expertise in caring for patients who are seriously ill; are not responding to normal treatment; have undergone unique surgical operations; or are receiving infrequently used medication. Duties may require knowledge of special drugs or the ability to provide pulmonary ventilation. Psychiatric Specialist. Provides nursing expertise on an interdisciplinary treatment team which defines policies and develops total care programs for psychiatric patients. Practitioner. Provides primary health care and nursing services in clinics, schools, employer health units, or community health organizations. Assesses, diagnoses, and treats minor illnesses and manages chronic health problems. Other services may include: providing primary care for trauma cases, including suturing; planning and conducting a clinic, school, or employer health program; or studying and appraising community health services. Registered Nurse 3 Anesthetist Recommends and administers general anesthetics intravenously, topically, by inhalation, or by endotracheal intubation; induces patient anesthesia, and manages proper states of patient narcosis throughout prolonged surgeries. Determines the need for and administers parenteral fluids, including plasma and blood; administers stimulants as directed. May also administer local anesthetics, as needed. Registered Nurse 4 Plans, researches, develops, and implements new or modified techniques, methods, practices, and approaches in nursing care. Acts as consultant in area of specialization and is considered an expert or leader within specialty area. Consults with supervisor to develop decisions and coordinates with other medical staff and community. Typical assignments include: Specialist/Consultant. Provides expert and complex hospital nursing and health care to a specialized group of patients. Develops and monitors the implementation of new nursing techniques, policies, procedures and programs; instructs nursing and medical staff in specialty; represents the specialty to outside organizations; and evaluates, interprets, and integrates research findings into nursing practices. Practitioner. Serves as primary health advisor in clinics and community health organizations and provides full range of health care services. Manages clinic and is responsible for formulating nursing and health care standards and policies, including developing and teaching new techniques or practices and establishing or revising criteria for care. Collaborates with physician in planning, evaluating, coordinating, and revising program and determines conditions, resources and policies essential to delivery of health care services. (18: Natural Scientists) This generic level guide is to be used for evaluating professional work in one or more of the fields of engineering and science. Work typically requires a B.S. degree in a specialty field of engineering or science, or, in rare instances, equivalent education and experience combined. Positions covered include the following: Computer Scientists. Work involves developing new methods and techniques to store, manipulate, transform, or present information by means of digital computer systems. Examples of studies undertaken may include: developing criteria for the development of improved electronic computer devices; developing advanced concepts of automation and information processing display, control, and transfer; and researching computational complexity and analyzing algorithms to explore data structures that lead to highly efficient combinatorial algorithms. Engineers. Work involves performing work in research, development, design, testing, analysis, production, construction, maintenance, operation, planning, survey, estimating, application, or standardization of engineering facilities, systems, structures, processes, equipment, devices, or materials, requiring knowledge of the science and art by which materials, natural resources, and power are made useful. Physical Scientists. Work involves the study of matter, energy, physical space, time, nature of physical measurement, and fundamental structural particles; and the nature of the physical environment. Performs work in any of the fields of physical sciences, including chemistry, physics, geophysics, hydrology, metallurgy, astronomy, cartography, geodesy, meteorology, geology, oceanography, space science, food technology, and land surveying. Biologists. Work involves the study of living organisms, their distribution, characteristics, life processes, and their adaptations and relations to the environment; the soil, its properties and distribution, and the living organisms growing in or on the soil; and the management, conservation, or utilization of the biological properties for particular purposes. Performs work in any of the fields of biological sciences, including microbiology, ecology, zoology, physiology, horticulture, forestry, soil science and conservation, agronomy, animal science, fishery biology, and wildlife biology. Excluded are: a. Technicians (for examples, physical science, biology, and chemistry technicians) performing work in support of professional scientists. Typically, these jobs do not require a four-year college degree; b. Positions requiring a Doctor of Medicine Degree or any other position primarily concerned with the treatment of patients (for example, Dentists, Osteopaths, Chiropractors, Veterinarians, etc.); c. Positions requiring a degree in one or more of the social or behavioral sciences; d. Positions primarily teaching, directing research programs of students, or conducting research in colleges and universities; e. Scientists supervising operating or maintenance staff working in areas other than their scientific discipline (for example, engineers supervising construction or managing a production of operating activity); f. Scientists or engineers in charge of programs so extensive and complex (for example, consisting of highly diversified or unusually novel products or procedures) that one or more subordinate supervisory engineers or scientists are comparable to level 8; g. Individuals whose decisions have direct and substantial effect on setting policy for the organization (included, however, are supervisors deciding the "kind and extent of engineering or scientific programs" within broad guidelines set by management officials); and h. Individual researchers and consultants who are recognized as national and/or international authorities and scientific leaders in very broad areas of scientific interest and investigation. Scientist 1 General characteristics. At this entry level, performs assignments designed to develop professional knowledge and abilities. Formal classroom/seminar-type training may be provided. (Terminal positions are excluded.) Direction received. Work under close supervision. Receives detailed instructions on what is required and work is reviewed in progress and upon completion. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs a variety of routine tasks that are planned to provided practical work experience and familiarization with the engineering of scientific staff, methods, practices, and programs of the employer. Responsibility for the direction of others. Usually none. Scientists 2 General characteristics. Applies standard tests, experiments, or procedures. Following specific instructions, may carry out proposed and less common procedures. Exercises limited judgment to recommend adaptations of procedures, for example, using alternative methods and extending or curtailing analysis. Work requires experience acquired in an entry level position, or appropriate graduate level study. For developmental purposes, assignments may include some higher level duties. Direction received. Routine assignments are performed independently an results are reviewed for accuracy. For non-routine work or to resolve difficult problems, the supervisor provides techniques and procedures to be applied. Receives close supervision on new aspects of assignments. Typical duties and responsibilities. Conducts a variety of common tests, experiments, or procedures; performs specific and limited potions of a broader assignment; or applies standard practices and techniques in specific situations, adjusts and correlates data, recognizes discrepancies in results and follows operations or tests through a series of related detailed steps or processes. Responsibility for the direction of other. May be assisted by a few aides or technicians. Scientist 3 General characteristics. Performs assignments of fairly limited scope and complexity with increased independence. Implements the fundamental concepts, practices, and procedures of a particular field of specialization. The objectives of the assignments are clearly defined and require the investigation of a limited number of variables. Work requires developmental experience in a professional position, or equivalent graduate level education. Direction received. Receives instructions on assignment objectives, complex features, and possible solutions. Assistance is furnished on unusual problems, and work is reviewed for application of sound professional judgment. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs work which involves conventional types of plans, investigations, surveys, structures, tests, experiments, or equipment. There are precedents for the relatively few complex features present. Examples of work assignments include: performs equipment design and development, test of materials, preparation of specifications, process study, research investigations, reports preparation, and other activities of limited scope; performs varied tests, experiments, and procedures, using judgment to evaluate, select, and adapt standard methods and techniques; or assists higher level scientist in research by analyzing samples or testing new procedures that require specialized training because: (a) standard methods are inapplicable; (b) analytical findings must be interpreted in terms of compliance or noncompliance with standards; or (c) specialized and advanced equipment and techniques must be adapted. Responsibility for the direction of others. May supervise or coordinate the work of few technicians or aides, and be assisted by entry level engineers or scientists. Scientist 4 General characteristics. As fully competent engineer or scientist in all conventional aspects of the subject matter or the functional area of the assignments, plans and conducts work requiring judgment in the independent evaluation, selection, and substantial adaptation and modification of standard techniques, procedures, and criteria. Devises new approaches to satisfy unusual or specialized requirements. Requires sufficient approaches to satisfy unusual or specialized requirements. Requires sufficient professional experience to assure competence as a fully trained worker; or, for positions primarily of a research nature, completion of all requirements for a doctoral degree may be substituted for experience. Direction received. Independently performs most assignments with instruction as to the general results expected. Refers unusual or complex problems to supervisor, with recommendations. Receives supervisory approval on proposed plans for projects. Typical duties and responsibilities. Performs the full range of moderately difficult assignments requiring a broad knowledge of precedents in the specialty area and good knowledge of principles and practices of related specialties. Examples of work assignments include: plans, schedules, conducts, or coordinates detailed phases of the engineering work in a part of a major project or in a total project of moderate scope. Applies conventional practices but work may include a variety of complex features such as conflicting design requirements, unsuitability of standard materials, and difficult coordination requirements; or conducts research assignments requiring the determination and evaluation of alternative procedures and the sequence of performing them. Performs complex, exacting, or unusual analytical assignments requiring specialized knowledge of techniques or products. Interprets results, prepares reports, and may provide technical advice in specialized area. Responsibility for the direction of others. May supervise a small staff of engineers, scientists and technicians. Scientists 5 General characteristics. Applies intensive and comprehensive knowledge of engineering or scientific principles and practices in broad areas of assignments and related fields. Makes decisions independently on problems and methods and represents the organization in conferences to resolve important issues and to plan and coordinate work. The difficulty of the projects/programs requires the use of advanced techniques and the modification and extension of theories, precepts, and practices of the field and related sciences and disciplines. The knowledge and expertise required for this work usually reflects progressive experience through level 4. Direction received. Supervision and guidance relate largely to overall objective, critical issues, new concepts, and policy matters. Consults with supervisor on unusual problems or developments. Typical duties and responsibilities: 1. As a supervisor, plans, organizes, and directs a large and important engineering or scientific project, or a number of sum all projects with many complex features; or is responsible for an important research laboratory program. Independently defines scope and critical elements of projects and selects approaches to be taken. A substantial portion of the work supervised is comparable to level 4. 2. As an individual researcher, completes complex projects requiring development of new or highly modified engineering or scientific techniques and procedures, extensive knowledge of specialty, and knowledge of related scientific fields. Interprets and evaluates results to determine their validity and scientific significance. Work results in the development of new or refined equipment, materials, processes, products, and/or scientific methods. 3. As a staff specialist, develops and evaluates plans and criteria for a variety of projects and activities. Assesses the feasibility and soundness of proposed evaluation tests, products, experiments, or equipment when necessary data are insufficient or confirmation by testing is advisable. Usually performs as a staff advisor or consultant in a technical specialty, a type of facility or equipment, or a program function. Responsibility for the direction of others. Supervises, coordinates, and reviews the work of a small staff of engineers, scientists, and technicians. Or, as an individual researcher or staff specialist, may be assisted on projects by other engineers, scientists, or technicians. Scientist 6 General characteristics. Has full technical responsibility for interpreting, organizing, executing, and coordinating assignments. Plans and conducts projects concerned with unique or controversial problems requiring unconventional or novel approaches and which have an important effect on major programs. Maintains contact with individuals and units within and outside the organization, acting independently on technical matters pertaining to the field. Work requires extensive progressive experience, including work comparable to level 5. Direction received. Receives assignments in terms of broad functional responsibilities, overall objectives and resource availability. Keeps supervisor informed or progress. Typical duties and responsibilities: 1. As a supervisor, plans, organizes, and directs a number of large and important projects, a project of major scope and importance, or a large number of small projects with many complex features; or is responsible for the entire chemical or engineering program of a company or government agency when the program is of limited complexity and scope. Activities supervised are of such scope that they require a few (three to five) subordinate supervisors or team leaders with at least one comparable to level 5. 2. As an individual researcher or specialist, determines, conceives, plans, and conducts projects of considerable scope and complexity and of major importance to the employer. Problems are difficult to define, require unconventional and novel approaches and sophisticated research techniques to resolve, and must be approached through a series of complete and conceptually related studies. May serve as a consultant to other engineers and scientists. 3. As a staff specialist, serves as the technical expert for applying advanced theories, concepts, principles, and processes for an assigned area of responsibility (that is, subject matter, function, type of facility or equipment, or product). Keeps abreast of new scientific methods and developments affecting the organization for the purpose of recommending changes in emphasis of programs or new programs warranted by such developments. Responsibility for the direction of others. Plans, organizes, and supervises the work of a staff or engineers, scientists, and technicians. Evaluates progress of the study and the results obtained, and recommends major changes to achieve overall objectives. Or, as an individual researcher or staff specialist, may be assisted on projects by other engineers, scientists or technicians. Scientist 7 General characteristics. Makes decisions and recommendations that are recognized as authoritative and have an important impact on extensive activities. Typically, has achieved recognized standing in a professional field for scientific or engineering contributions. Initiates and maintains contact with key scientists and officials of other organizations requiring skill to persuade and negotiate mutually satisfactory solutions to critical issues. At this level, engineers and scientists have demonstrated creativity, foresight, and mature judgment in anticipating and solving unprecedented problems, determining program objectives and requirements, organizing programs and projects, and developing standards and guides for diverse activities. Direction received. Receives general administrative direction. Typical duties and responsibilities: 1. As a supervisor, Is responsible for an important segment of a company's or government agency's engineering or scientific program with extensive and diversified requirements; or the entire engineering or scientific program of a company or agency when the program is more limited in scope. Resolves critical problems which require major technological advances and opens the way for extensive related development. Recommends the most profitable scientific objectives and levels of work taking into consideration the organization's program requirements and scientific and industrial trends and developments. Extent of responsibilities generally requires several subordinate organizational segments or teams. Recommends facilities, personnel, and funds required to carry out programs which are directly related to and directed toward fulfillment of overall objectives. 2. As an individual researcher or consultant, is recognized as a leader and authority in the company or government agency in a broad area of specialization or in a narrow but intensely specialized field. Advises officials on complex aspects of extremely broad and important programs. Selects research problems to further program objectives. Conceives and plans investigations of broad areas of considerable novelty and importance, for which precedents are lacking in areas critical to the overall engineering or scientific program. Is consulted extensively by associates and others, with a high degree of reliance placed on the professional's scientific interpretations and advice. Typically, will have contributed inventions, new designs, or techniques which are regarded as major advances in the field. Responsibility for the direction of others. Directs several subordinate supervisors or team leaders, some of whom are in positions comparable to level 6; or as an individual researcher and consultant, may be assisted on projects by other engineers, scientists, and technicians. Scientist 8 General characteristics. Makes decisions and recommendations that are authoritative and have far-reaching impact on extensive engineering and scientific programs and related activities. Negotiates critical and controversial issues with top level scientists and officials of other organizations, who are themselves regarded as authorities in the specialized scientific field, and represents the organization in professional forums. Scientists and engineers have demonstrated a high degree of creativity, foresight, and mature judgment in planning, organizing and guiding extensive engineering and scientific programs and activities of outstanding novelty and importance. Direction received. Receives general administrative direction. Typical duties and responsibilities: 1. As a supervisor, is responsible for an important segment of very extensive and highly diversified engineering or scientific program of a company or government agency; or the entire engineering or scientific program of a company or agency when the program is of moderate scope. The programs are of such complexity and scope that they are of critical importance to overall objectives, include problems of extraordinary difficulty that have resisted solution, and consist of several segments requiring subordinate supervisors. Decides the kind and extent of programs needed to accomplish the objectives of the company or agency, chooses scientific approaches, plans and organizes facilities and programs, and interprets results. 2. As an individual researcher and consultant, formulates and guides the plan for resolving problems of exceptional difficulty and marked importance to the company, industry, or government. Problems are characterized by their lack of scientific precedent and source material, or the lack of success of prior research and analysis so that their solution would represent an advance of great significance and importance. Serves as the authority and consultant for broad program areas or for an intensely specialized area considerable novelty and importance. Responsibility for the direction of others. Supervises several subordinate supervisors or team leaders some of whom are comparable to level 7, or individual researches some of whom are comparable to level 7 and sometimes 8. As an individual researcher and consultant, may be assisted on projects by other engineers, scientists, or technicians. Administrative (141: Accountant, auditor, and other financial specialist) Formulates and analyzes and/or administers and monitors an organization's budget. Typical duties include: Preparing budget estimates to support programs; presenting and justifying budget estimates; administering approved budgets and determining funding requirements within authorized limits; evaluating and administering requests for funds and monitoring and controlling obligations and expenditures; and developing and interpreting budget policies. In addition to the technical responsibilities described in levels 1 through 4, budget analysts may also supervise subordinate staff members. At levels 1 and 2, the subordinate staff typically consists of clerical and paraprofessional employees; level 3 may also coordinate the work of lower level analysts; and level 4 may supervise one or two analysts. Positions responsible for supervising three or more budget analysts and support staff should typically be matched to the budget analyst supervisor definition. Excluded are: a. Budget clerks and assistants performing clerical work in support of budget analysts; b. Program analysts evaluating the success of an organization's operating programs; c. Financial analysts evaluating the financial operations, transactions, practices and structure of an organization; and d. Budget analysts (above level 4) responsible for analyzing and administering highly complex budgets requiring frequent reprogramming and evaluating the impact of complicated legislation or policy decisions on the organization's budget; and e. Positions responsible for supervising three or more budget analysts and support staff. Budget Analyst 1 As a trainee, performs a variety of clearly-defined tasks assigned to increase the employee's knowledge and understanding of budget concepts, principles, practices, and procedures. Assists in the development of budgets by comparing projected costs to schedules; or assists in budget administration by examining and highlighting obvious deviations in reports listing the status of financial obligations and expenditures. (Terminal positions are excluded.) Work is performed under close supervision. Assignments are clearly defined, methods are specified, and items to be noted and referred to supervisor are identified. Budget Analyst 2 Performs routine and recurring budget analysis duties which typically facilitate more complex review and analysis performed by supervisors or higher-level budget analysts. Initial assignments are designed to expand practical experience and to develop judgment in applying basic budget analysis techniques. Follows specific guidelines and previous budget reports in analyzing budgets for operating programs which are uniform and repetitive. Typical duties include: Budget development: Assisting operating officials in preparing budget requests and justifications by gathering, extracting, reviewing, verifying, and consolidating a variety of narrative and statistical data; examining budget requests for accuracy and conformance with procedures and regulations; and comparing budget requests with prior year estimates and current operating reports; and/or Budget administration: Screening requests for allocations of approved budgets and recommending approval, disapproval, or modification based on availability of funds and conformance with regulations; analyzing operating reports to monitor program expenditures and obligations; and summarizing narrative and statistical data in budget forms and reports. Applies previously learned skills to perform routine work independently. Supervisor provides information regarding budgetary actions to be performed, organizational functions to be covered, and specific instructions for unfamiliar work or complex problems. Budget Analyst 3 Uses a knowledge of commonly used budgetary procedures and practices, regulations, and organizational policies to analyze budgets for relatively stable operations (e.g., minor budget reprogramming is required two or three times a year). Forecasts funding needs for operating programs with varying annual requirements for goods, services, equipment, and personnel. Typical duties include: Budget development: Reviews and verifies budget data for consistency with financial and program objectives; formulates and revises budget estimates; validates justifications through comparisons with operating reports; and explores funding alternatives based on precedents and guidelines; and/or Budget administration: Certifies obligations and expenditures, monitors trends in spending, and anticipates funding and reprogramming needs; within established limits, recommends transfer of funds within accounts to cover increased expenditures; assembles data for use in preparing budget and program evaluations; and recommends the approval of or revises requests for allotments. Carries out assignments independently in accordance with standard procedures and practices. Supervisor provides assistance on unfamiliar or unusual problems. May perform more complex assignments to assist supervisor or higher level analyst. Budget Analyst 4 Provides analytical support for budgets which require annual modifications due to changing work processes, resource needs, funding requirements, or fluctuating revenue. Interprets guidelines and precedents and advises operating managers concerning budgeting policies. May recommend new budgeting techniques. Typical duties include: Budget development: Performs in-depth analysis of budget requests using techniques such as cost-benefit analysis and program trade-offs, and by exploring alternative methods of funding; writes and edits justifications for higher level approval; coordinates the compilation and evaluation of information required for executive level budget meetings; confers on modifications to budget requests; and interprets, revises, and develops procedures and instructions for preparing and presenting budget requests; and/or Budget administration: Prepares a variety of reports detailing the status of funds, expenses, and obligations; identifies trends and recommends adjustments in program spending; advises management on budgeting deadlines and alternative means of accomplishing budgetary objectives; and serves as budgeting liaison between managers and staff of various organizational programs. Participates with supervisor in determining deadlines for assigned projects, which are linked to the budget cycle and typically require more than a year for completion. Works independently for several months at a time, with little review, while work progresses. (1449: Purchasing agent and buyer, not elsewhere classified) Purchases materials, supplies, equipment, and services (e.g., utilities, maintenance, and repair) and/or administers purchase contracts (assuring compliance after contract is awarded). In some instances items purchased are of types that must be specially designed, produced, or modified by the vendor in accordance with drawings or engineering specifications. Solicits bids, analyzes quotations received, and selects or recommends suppliers. At levels 3 and higher, formal contract negotiation methods are typically used where knowledge of market trends and conditions is required. May interview prospective vendors. Purchases items and services or negotiates contracts at the most favorable price consistent with quality, quantity, specification requirements, and other factors. Prepares or supervises preparation of purchase orders from requisitions. May expedite delivery and visit vendors' offices and plants. Normally, purchases are unreviewed when they are consistent with past experience and are in conformance with established rules and policies. Proposed purchase transactions that deviate from the usual or from past experience in terms of prices, quality of items, quantities, etc., or that may set precedents for future purchases, are reviewed by higher authority prior to final action. Contract administration includes determining allowable costs, monitoring contractor compliance with contract terms, resolving problems concerning obligations of the parties, explaining and renegotiating contract terms, and ensuring satisfactory contract completion. In addition to work described above, some (but not all) buyers or contracting specialists direct the work of one or a few clerks who perform routine aspects of the work. As a secondary and subsidiary duty, some buyers may also sell or dispose of surplus, salvage, or used materials, equipment, or supplies. Note: Some buyers or contracting specialists are responsible for the purchasing or contract administration of a variety of items and materials. When the variety includes items and work described at more than one of the following levels, the position should be considered to equal the highest level that characterizes at least a substantial portion of the buyer's time. Excluded are: a. Buyers of items for direct sale, either wholesale or retail; b. Brokers and dealers buying for clients or for investment purposes; c. Positions that specifically require professional education and qualifications in a physical science or in engineering (e.g., chemist, mechanical engineer); d. Buyers who specialize in purchasing a single or a few related items of highly variable quality such as raw cotton or wool, tobacco, cattle, or leather for shoe uppers, etc. Expert personal knowledge of the item is required to judge the relative value of the goods offered, and to decide the quantity, quality, and price of each purchase in terms of its probable effect on the organization's profit and competitive status; e. Buyers or contracting specialists whose principal responsibility is the supervision of a purchasing or contracting program; f. Persons whose major duties consist of ordering, reordering, or requisitioning items under existing contracts; g. Positions restricted to clerical functions or to purchase expediting work; h. Positions not requiring: 1) three years of administrative, technical, or substantive clerical experience; 2) a bachelor's degree in any field; or 3) any equivalent combination of experience and education yielding basic skills in problem analysis and communication; and i. Contracting specialists above level 5 having broad responsibilities for resolving critical problems on major long-term purchases, developing new approaches or innovative acquisition plans, and/or developing procurement policies and procedures. These specialists use extensive judgment and originality to plan procurement strategies for large scale acquisition programs or systems. Buyer/Contracting Specialist 1 Purchases "off-the-shelf" types of readily available, commonly used materials, supplies, tools, furniture, services, etc. Transactions usually involve local retailers, wholesalers, jobbers, and manufacturers' sales representatives. Quantities purchased are generally small amounts, e.g., those available from local sources. Examples of items purchased include: common stationery and office supplies; standard types of office furniture and fixtures; standard nuts, bolts, screws; janitorial and common building maintenance supplies; or common utility services or office machine repair services. OR As a trainee, performs various clearly defined procurement tasks designed to increase the employee's knowledge and understanding of procurement and contracting concepts, principles, practices, and procedures. Examples of duties include: assisting in the preparation of solicitation documents; analyzing prices, discounts, and delivery dates; making procurement recommendations; and drafting simple contract provisions and supporting documentation. Work is performed under close supervision. Buyer/Contracting Specialist 2 Purchases "off-the-shelf" types of standard, generally available technical items, materials, and services. Transactions may involve occasional modification of standard and common usage items, materials, and services, and include a few stipulations about unusual packing, marking, shipping, etc. Transactions usually involve dealing directly with manufacturers, distributors, jobbers, etc. Limited contract negotiation techniques may be used, primarily for developmental purposes to increase employee's skill and knowledge. Quantities of items and materials purchased may be relatively large, particularly in the case of contracts for continuing supply over a period of time. May be responsible for locating or promoting possible new sources of supply. Usually is expected to keep abreast of market trends, changes in business practices in the assigned markets, new or altered types of materials entering the market, etc. Examples of items purchased or under contract include : standard industrial types of hand tools, gloves, and safety equipment; standard electronic parts, components, and component test instruments; electric motors; gasoline service station equipment; PBX or other specialized telephone services; special purpose printing services; custodial services for a large building; and routine purchases of common raw materials such as standard grades and sizes of steel bars, rods, and angles. Also included at this level are buyers of materials of the types described for Buyer 1 when the quantities purchased are large, so that local sources of supply are generally inadequate and the buyer must deal directly with manufacturers on a broader than local scale. OR In a developmental position, assists higher level buyers or contracting specialists in purchasing, and/or negotiating contracts for items, materials, or services of a technical and specialized nature. Assigned work is designed to provide diversified experience, as a background for future higher level work. Examples of duties include: reviewing requisitions and drafting solicitations; evaluating bids and the dependability of suppliers; meeting with commercial representatives; and monitoring the progress of contractors. Supervisor provides general instructions, monitors work, and reviews recommendations. Standard or routine aspects of work are performed with greater independence. Buyer/Contracting Specialist 3 Purchases items, materials, or services of a technical and specialized nature, usually by negotiating a standard contract based on reimbursement of costs and expenses or a fixed price ceiling. May be responsible for overseeing the post award (contract administration) functions (e.g., monitoring contract compliance, recommending action on problem situations, and negotiating extensions of delivery schedules) of such contracts. The items, while of a common general type, are usually made, altered, or customized to meet the user's specific needs and specifications. The number of potential vendors is likely to be small and price differentials often reflect important factors (quality, delivery dates and places, etc.) that are difficult to evaluate. The quantities purchased of any item or service may be large. Many of the purchases involve one or more such complications as: specifications that detail, in technical terms, the required physical, chemical, electrical, or other comparable properties; special testing prior to acceptance; grouping of items for lot bidding and awards; specialized processing, packing, or packaging requirements; export packs; overseas port differentials; etc. Is expected to keep abreast of market and product developments. May be required to locate new sources of supply. Some positions may involve assisting in the training or supervision of lower level buyers or clerks. Examples of items purchased include: castings; special extruded shapes of normal size and material; special formula paints; electric motors of special shape or speeds; production equipment; special packaging of items; raw materials in substantial quantities or with special characteristics; and protective services where security presents an especially significant problem. Buyer/Contracting Specialist 4 Negotiates and/or administers purchase contracts for complex and highly technical items, materials, or services, frequently specially designed and manufactured exclusively for the purchaser. Transactions require dealing with manufacturers and often involve persuading potential vendors to undertake the manufacture of custom designed items according to complex and rigid specifications. Negotiation techniques are also frequently involved with convincing the vendor to reduce costs. Quantities of items and materials purchased are often large in order to satisfy the requirements for an entire large organization for an extended period of time. Complex schedules of delivery are often involved. Contracting specialists determine appropriate quantities to be contracted for at any given period of time and negotiate with vendors to establish or adjust delivery schedules. Negotiations and contract administration are often complicated by the following: requirements for spare parts, preproduction samples and testing, or technical literature; patent and royalty provisions; or renegotiation of contract terms. In reviewing contract proposals, extensive cost analysis is required to evaluate the cost of such factors as 1) numerous technical specifications, and 2) potential changes in manufacturing processes that might affect projected cost figures. These complications result in the incorporation of numerous special provisions and incentives in renegotiated contracts. In addition to the work described above, a few positions may also require supervision of a few lower level buyers, contracting specialists or clerks. (No position is included in this level solely because supervisory duties are performed.) Examples of items purchased include: special purpose high-cost machine tools and production facilities; specialized condensers, boilers, and turbines; raw materials of critically important characteristics or quality; and parts, subassemblies, components, etc., specially designed and made to order (e.g., communications equipment for installation in aircraft being manufactured; component assemblies for missiles and rockets; and motor vehicle frames). Buyer/Contracting Specialist 5 Performs one of the following: 1. Serves as lead negotiator or contract administrator for: new or unique equipment; extensive technical or professional services; or complex construction projects where there is a lack of previous experience or competition, extensive subcontracting, or similar complications. Examples of contracts include prototype development of sophisticated research and testing equipment, software systems development, scientific studies involving waste and transportation systems, facilities for production of weapons systems, and research laboratories requiring special equipment. 2. Performs large-scale centralized purchasing or contract administration for a multi-unit organization or large establishment that requires either items with unique requirements as to construction, testing, durability, or quality characteristics, or organization-wide services. Examples of contracts include organization-wide software or communication systems, and industry-specific testing equipment with unique specifications. May persuade suppliers to expand their plants or convert facilities to the production of new items or services. Transactions are often complicated by technological changes, urgent needs to override normal production, great volume of production, commodity shortages, and lack of competition among vendors. Frequent technological changes require delays or modifications to contract proposals or to existing contracts. In-depth cost analysis is required, often with little pricing precedent due to the unique aspects of the products. Contracts are usually long-term (exceeding 2 years) and involve numerous subcontracts and special provisions that must be changed and renegotiated throughout the duration of the contract. (397: Programmer) Performs programming services for establishments or for outside organizations who may contract for services. Converts specifications (precise descriptions) about business or scientific problems into a sequence of detailed instructions to solve problems by electronic data processing (EDP) equipment, i.e., digital computers. Draws program flow charts to describe the processing of data and develops the precise steps and processing logic which, when enter |
