For release 10:00 a.m. (ET), Wednesday, October 28, 2020 USDL-20-1996
Technical Information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMInfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2020
From December 2019 to March 2020, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector
establishments were 7.0 million, a decrease of 901,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting
private-sector establishments were 7.7 million, an increase of 685,000 jobs from the previous quarter.
The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net
employment loss of 773,000 jobs in the private sector during the first quarter of 2020. (See tables A
and 1.)
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| |
| Coronavirus (COVID-19) Effect on First Quarter 2020 Business Employment Dynamics |
| |
| Data collection and processing methods have been impacted because of the COVID-19 pandemic. More |
| detail can be found at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-business-employment |
| -dynamics.htm |
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The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the
third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross
job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job
gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
Gross Job Gains
In the first quarter of 2020, gross job gains represented 5.5 percent of private-sector employment. Gross
job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the
addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 5.7
million in the first quarter of 2020, a decrease of 689,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter.
Opening establishments accounted for 1.3 million of the jobs gained in the first quarter of 2020, a
decrease of 212,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)
Gross Job Losses
In the first quarter of 2020, gross job losses represented 6.1 percent of private-sector employment.
Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of
jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 6.3 million jobs in the first quarter of
2020, an increase of 563,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the first quarter of 2020, closing
establishments lost 1.4 million jobs, an increase of 122,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See tables A,
1, 2, and 3.)
Establishment Births and Deaths
In the first quarter of 2020, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data)
increased by 12,000, to a total of 280,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for
800,000 jobs, a decrease of 107,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a
subset of the closings data) are available through the second quarter of 2019, when 810,000 jobs were
lost at 241,000 establishments, an increase of 116,000 jobs from the first quarter of 2019. (See Technical
Note and table 8.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 3 months ended
Category | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | Mar.
| 2019 | 2019 | 2019 | 2019 | 2020
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 7,460 | 7,637 | 7,404 | 7,864 | 6,963
At expanding establishments...... | 6,102 | 6,253 | 6,022 | 6,364 | 5,675
At opening establishments........ | 1,358 | 1,384 | 1,382 | 1,500 | 1,288
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 6,927 | 7,466 | 7,351 | 7,051 | 7,736
At contracting establishments.... | 5,682 | 6,105 | 6,077 | 5,725 | 6,288
At closing establishments........ | 1,245 | 1,361 | 1,274 | 1,326 | 1,448
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 533 | 171 | 53 | 813 | -773
| | | | |
|--------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------
Gross job gains......................... | 6.0 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 5.5
At expanding establishments...... | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.5
At opening establishments........ | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.0
| | | | |
Gross job losses........................ | 5.5 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 6.1
At contracting establishments.... | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 5.0
At closing establishments........ | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1
| | | | |
Net employment change (1)............... | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | -0.6
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(1) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross
job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.
Industries
Gross job losses exceeded gross job gains in 9 of 13 industries in the first quarter of 2020. The service-
providing industries experienced a net job decline of 764,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2020. Within
the service-providing industries, the leisure and hospitality sector had the largest over-the-quarter
net job decrease, losing 544,000 jobs. This was the result of 1,116,000 gross job gains and 1,660,000 gross
job losses. The professional and business services sector also experienced a net decrease in the first
quarter of 2020, with 107,000 net jobs lost. The goods-producing industries realized a net job decrease
of 9,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2020. Of the goods-producing industries, the manufacturing sector
had a net decrease of 54,000 jobs, and the natural resources and mining sector showed a net loss of 12,000
jobs. However, the construction sector produced a net gain of 57,000 jobs. (See table 3.)
Firm Size
In the first quarter of 2020, firms with 1-49 employees had a net employment loss of 346,000. Firms
with 50-249 employees had a net employment loss of 95,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a
net employment decline of 140,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)
States
Gross job losses exceeded gross job gains in 46 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands in the first quarter of 2020. (See tables 6 and 7.)
For More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm.
This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm
size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked
questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found
in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
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| |
| Annual Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data |
| |
| Data in this release incorporate regular annual revisions to the BED series. These revisions cover |
| the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted data. |
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_____________
The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2020 are scheduled to be released on
Wednesday, January 27, 2021 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
Technical Note
Special technical note: The following technical note details procedures regularly adhered
to for tabulating the quarterly Business Employment Dynamics series on private-sector
gross job gains and gross job losses. Data collection and processing methods have been
impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. More detail can be found at
www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-business-employment-dynamics.htm
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative
program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are
compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most
employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW
is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to
render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and
form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.
These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and
the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment
benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to
the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.
In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a
longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained
at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given
quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business
Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the
quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat
different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of
employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended
uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program websites shown in the table.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for
Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the
SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate
multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite
Report,” which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports
are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad
and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most
agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most
states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and
employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 8.3
million private-sector employer reports out of 10.4 million total reports of employment and wages
submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2020. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in
this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS
814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current
quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data.
The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2020.
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................................10.4
Excluded: Public sector............................................................ 0.3
Private households......................................................... 0.2
Zero employment............................................................ 1.6
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data............................................................. 8.3
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
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| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 697,000 establish-
| submitted by 10.4 | ministrative records| ments
| million establish- | submitted by 8.3 |
| ments in first qu- | million private-sec-|
| arter of 2020 | tor establishments |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and salary
| age, including all | ing government, pri-| jobs:
| employers subject | vate households, and|--UI coverage, exclud-
| to state and feder-| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| ral UI Laws | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment,
| | | including railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -6 months after the| -7 months after the | -Usually the 3rd Fri-
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| day after the end of
| ter | | the week including
| | | the 12th of the month
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and to ann-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ually realign sample-
| data | directly summarizes | based estimates to pop-
| | gross job gains and | ulation counts (bench-
| | losses | marking)
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, met-| and contractions at | industry
| ropolitan statisti-| the national level |
| cal area (MSA), st-| by NAICS super- |
| ate, and national | sectors, 3-digit |
| levels by detailed | NAICS, and by size |
| industry | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include |
| | data with greater |
| | industry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal federal
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew |--www.bls.gov/bdm |--www.bls.gov/ces
Web sites | | |
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Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry and firms are used in the
tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or
predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may
consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of corporations as the
economic decision makers are used for the measurement of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size
class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment
gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally
adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the
establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all
jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference
between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the
current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the
current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter, with
no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and
current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current
quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the
current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of
four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset
of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the
quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing
or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of
death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third
month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels.
Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for
levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average
of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The
rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For
instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the
longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or
showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as
establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or an establishment that had
positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of
showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and
deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not
mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an
opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since
openings include seasonal and other re-openings and closings include temporary shutdowns, the
not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and
closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary
shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former
is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across
two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers
(SWA-ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to
quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different
SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of
reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a
match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines
unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year
cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved
employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic
sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class
in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size
class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects
which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the
establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the
same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March
changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-
the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and
methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come
about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the
establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not
equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year,
however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp
fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can
be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make
nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For
example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous
years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change.
The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are
independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and
closing establishments. Additionally establishment and employment levels are independently
seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-13 ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of
seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately
published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from
the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series
from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market
changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested
particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change
should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than
sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when
providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can
result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The
BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records,
updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions
cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program
provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed
industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also
are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover
(Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), telephone (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/);
(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its
net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment
Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides monthly measures of
job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request.
Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1 (800) 877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2010 March -247 6,325 5,108 1,217 6,572 5,324 1,248
June 698 6,995 5,674 1,321 6,297 5,090 1,207
September 237 6,741 5,438 1,303 6,504 5,231 1,273
December 566 7,052 5,639 1,413 6,486 5,219 1,267
2011 March 334 6,540 5,322 1,218 6,206 5,025 1,181
June 582 6,966 5,625 1,341 6,384 5,115 1,269
September 841 7,205 5,810 1,395 6,364 5,172 1,192
December 335 6,865 5,503 1,362 6,530 5,273 1,257
2012 March 948 7,080 5,746 1,334 6,132 5,005 1,127
June 616 7,051 5,724 1,327 6,435 5,266 1,169
September 252 6,881 5,571 1,310 6,629 5,430 1,199
December 695 7,110 5,753 1,357 6,415 5,225 1,190
2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182
June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207
September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143
December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202
2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154
June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217
September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183
December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233
2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204
June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191
September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212
December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266
2016 March 243 7,149 5,864 1,285 6,906 5,702 1,204
June 310 7,446 6,074 1,372 7,136 5,829 1,307
September 750 7,717 6,253 1,464 6,967 5,722 1,245
December 329 7,423 6,012 1,411 7,094 5,795 1,299
2017 March 654 7,428 6,091 1,337 6,774 5,591 1,183
June 480 7,621 6,252 1,369 7,141 5,873 1,268
September -55 7,324 5,970 1,354 7,379 6,080 1,299
December 933 7,801 6,366 1,435 6,868 5,571 1,297
2018 March 717 7,494 6,141 1,353 6,777 5,587 1,190
June 407 7,652 6,254 1,398 7,245 5,960 1,285
September 79 7,506 6,126 1,380 7,427 6,104 1,323
December 790 7,756 6,309 1,447 6,966 5,634 1,332
2019 March 533 7,460 6,102 1,358 6,927 5,682 1,245
June 171 7,637 6,253 1,384 7,466 6,105 1,361
September 53 7,404 6,022 1,382 7,351 6,077 1,274
December 813 7,864 6,364 1,500 7,051 5,725 1,326
2020 March -773 6,963 5,675 1,288 7,736 6,288 1,448
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2010 March -0.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.2 5.0 1.2
June 0.7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2
December 0.5 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.1 4.9 1.2
2011 March 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1
June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2
September 0.8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1
December 0.4 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.0 4.8 1.2
2012 March 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1
June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1
2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0
September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1
2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0
June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
December 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1
December 0.7 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1
2019 March 0.5 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0
June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1
September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0
December 0.7 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.5 4.5 1.0
2020 March -0.6 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.1 5.0 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous
and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 7,460 7,637 7,404 7,864 6,963 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.2 5.5
At expanding establishments 6,102 6,253 6,022 6,364 5,675 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.5
At opening establishments 1,358 1,384 1,382 1,500 1,288 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0
Gross job losses 6,927 7,466 7,351 7,051 7,736 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.5 6.1
At contracting establishments 5,682 6,105 6,077 5,725 6,288 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.5 5.0
At closing establishments 1,245 1,361 1,274 1,326 1,448 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1
Net employment change 533 171 53 813 -773 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.7 -0.6
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,359 1,372 1,254 1,319 1,286 6.1 6.2 5.7 5.9 5.7
At expanding establishments 1,154 1,172 1,059 1,114 1,098 5.2 5.3 4.8 5.0 4.9
At opening establishments 205 200 195 205 188 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8
Gross job losses 1,255 1,351 1,331 1,329 1,295 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.8
At contracting establishments 1,063 1,138 1,139 1,126 1,098 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.1 4.9
At closing establishments 192 213 192 203 197 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9
Net employment change 104 21 -77 -10 -9 0.4 0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 244 266 228 234 239 12.5 13.7 11.9 12.2 12.4
At expanding establishments 213 233 197 201 208 10.9 12.0 10.3 10.5 10.8
At opening establishments 31 33 31 33 31 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6
Gross job losses 250 250 243 273 251 12.7 12.9 12.7 14.2 13.1
At contracting establishments 218 217 215 242 220 11.1 11.2 11.2 12.6 11.5
At closing establishments 32 33 28 31 31 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6
Net employment change -6 16 -15 -39 -12 -0.2 0.8 -0.8 -2.0 -0.7
Construction
Gross job gains 711 690 649 676 683 9.5 9.2 8.8 9.1 9.0
At expanding establishments 574 563 523 545 560 7.7 7.5 7.1 7.3 7.4
At opening establishments 137 127 126 131 123 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6
Gross job losses 623 673 647 649 626 8.4 9.0 8.7 8.7 8.3
At contracting establishments 505 543 526 523 506 6.8 7.3 7.1 7.0 6.7
At closing establishments 118 130 121 126 120 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6
Net employment change 88 17 2 27 57 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.7
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 404 416 377 409 364 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 2.9
At expanding establishments 367 376 339 368 330 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.6
At opening establishments 37 40 38 41 34 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Gross job losses 382 428 441 407 418 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.3
At contracting establishments 340 378 398 361 372 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.9
At closing establishments 42 50 43 46 46 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4
Net employment change 22 -12 -64 2 -54 0.2 -0.1 -0.4 0.0 -0.4
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 6,101 6,265 6,150 6,545 5,677 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.5
At expanding establishments 4,948 5,081 4,963 5,250 4,577 4.8 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.4
At opening establishments 1,153 1,184 1,187 1,295 1,100 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1
Gross job losses 5,672 6,115 6,020 5,722 6,441 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.5 6.2
At contracting establishments 4,619 4,967 4,938 4,599 5,190 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.4 5.0
At closing establishments 1,053 1,148 1,082 1,123 1,251 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2
Net employment change 429 150 130 823 -764 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.7 -0.7
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 264 270 256 267 250 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.3
At expanding establishments 217 223 208 216 209 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.6
At opening establishments 47 47 48 51 41 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7
Gross job losses 246 264 266 249 258 4.2 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.4
At contracting establishments 194 206 212 194 200 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.4
At closing establishments 52 58 54 55 58 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0
Net employment change 18 6 -10 18 -8 0.3 0.1 -0.2 0.4 -0.1
Retail trade
Gross job gains 914 876 858 891 906 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.8
At expanding establishments 792 753 739 775 808 5.0 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.2
At opening establishments 122 123 119 116 98 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6
Gross job losses 872 976 943 887 874 5.5 6.2 6.1 5.8 5.6
At contracting establishments 758 833 821 769 754 4.8 5.3 5.3 5.0 4.8
At closing establishments 114 143 122 118 120 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
Net employment change 42 -100 -85 4 32 0.3 -0.6 -0.6 -0.1 0.2
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 290 312 343 508 278 5.4 5.8 6.3 8.9 4.9
At expanding establishments 247 265 290 443 240 4.6 4.9 5.3 7.8 4.2
At opening establishments 43 47 53 65 38 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.7
Gross job losses 348 269 255 254 416 6.4 5.0 4.7 4.4 7.2
At contracting establishments 310 227 217 212 369 5.7 4.2 4.0 3.7 6.4
At closing establishments 38 42 38 42 47 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8
Net employment change -58 43 88 254 -138 -1.0 0.8 1.6 4.5 -2.3
Utilities
Gross job gains 14 14 14 13 10 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.8
At expanding establishments 12 12 12 12 9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.6
At opening establishments 2 2 2 1 1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2
Gross job losses 13 14 14 12 9 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.2 1.7
At contracting establishments 12 12 13 10 8 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.8 1.5
At closing establishments 1 2 1 2 1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2
Net employment change 1 0 0 1 1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1
Information
Gross job gains 162 164 162 155 152 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.3
At expanding establishments 138 138 129 124 130 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.5
At opening establishments 24 26 33 31 22 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.8
Gross job losses 133 163 154 161 139 4.8 5.7 5.4 5.6 4.9
At contracting establishments 106 135 127 134 111 3.8 4.7 4.5 4.7 3.9
At closing establishments 27 28 27 27 28 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0
Net employment change 29 1 8 -6 13 0.9 0.1 0.3 -0.2 0.4
Financial activities
Gross job gains 373 410 386 406 356 4.5 4.9 4.6 4.9 4.2
At expanding establishments 296 324 301 308 285 3.6 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.4
At opening establishments 77 86 85 98 71 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.8
Gross job losses 351 364 364 362 363 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3
At contracting establishments 266 279 282 276 276 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3
At closing establishments 85 85 82 86 87 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Net employment change 22 46 22 44 -7 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.6 -0.1
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,347 1,490 1,408 1,506 1,270 6.4 7.0 6.6 7.0 5.9
At expanding establishments 1,089 1,210 1,130 1,202 1,032 5.2 5.7 5.3 5.6 4.8
At opening establishments 258 280 278 304 238 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.1
Gross job losses 1,333 1,370 1,375 1,378 1,377 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5
At contracting establishments 1,071 1,090 1,111 1,083 1,105 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.2
At closing establishments 262 280 264 295 272 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3
Net employment change 14 120 33 128 -107 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.5 -0.6
Education and health services
Gross job gains 1,036 1,020 1,052 1,034 976 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.2
At expanding establishments 846 835 868 824 771 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.3
At opening establishments 190 185 184 210 205 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9
Gross job losses 863 977 921 904 983 3.8 4.2 4.0 3.8 4.2
At contracting establishments 681 787 739 707 767 3.0 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.3
At closing establishments 182 190 182 197 216 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9
Net employment change 173 43 131 130 -7 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.0
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,354 1,353 1,337 1,407 1,116 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.5 6.8
At expanding establishments 1,069 1,067 1,047 1,102 864 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.7 5.3
At opening establishments 285 286 290 305 252 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.5
Gross job losses 1,215 1,407 1,409 1,218 1,660 7.4 8.6 8.6 7.4 10.1
At contracting establishments 999 1,168 1,175 995 1,344 6.1 7.1 7.2 6.0 8.2
At closing establishments 216 239 234 223 316 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.9
Net employment change 139 -54 -72 189 -544 0.8 -0.4 -0.4 1.1 -3.3
Other services
Gross job gains 305 314 299 307 283 7.2 7.4 7.0 7.1 6.6
At expanding establishments 237 247 233 237 218 5.6 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.1
At opening establishments 68 67 66 70 65 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5
Gross job losses 279 293 300 279 336 6.5 6.9 7.0 6.5 7.9
At contracting establishments 218 225 236 214 250 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.0 5.9
At closing establishments 61 68 64 65 86 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5 2.0
Net employment change 26 21 -1 28 -53 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.6 -1.3
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total private by firm(1) Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more employees
Year 3 months Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job Net Gross job
ended change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses change gains losses
2010 March -234 5,115 5,349 -195 2,863 3,058 -2 914 916 -37 1,338 1,375
June 664 5,805 5,141 235 3,093 2,858 204 1,071 867 225 1,641 1,416
September 226 5,525 5,299 26 2,946 2,920 87 998 911 113 1,581 1,468
December 502 5,781 5,279 92 3,051 2,959 92 1,034 942 318 1,696 1,378
2011 March 340 5,375 5,035 99 2,983 2,884 122 971 849 119 1,421 1,302
June 537 5,746 5,209 190 3,073 2,883 169 1,063 894 178 1,610 1,432
September 852 5,974 5,122 272 3,137 2,865 171 1,066 895 409 1,771 1,362
December 297 5,585 5,288 45 2,970 2,925 44 981 937 208 1,634 1,426
2012 March 972 5,904 4,932 388 3,173 2,785 220 1,054 834 364 1,677 1,313
June 612 5,828 5,216 174 3,039 2,865 158 1,074 916 280 1,715 1,435
September 226 5,581 5,355 55 2,963 2,908 54 1,006 952 117 1,612 1,495
December 637 5,779 5,142 180 3,025 2,845 94 1,014 920 363 1,740 1,377
2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429
June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461
September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501
December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427
2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498
June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460
September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489
December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376
2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571
June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583
September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581
December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486
2016 March 260 5,755 5,495 206 3,119 2,913 56 1,019 963 -2 1,617 1,619
June 320 6,039 5,719 71 3,122 3,051 115 1,102 987 134 1,815 1,681
September 743 6,259 5,516 185 3,155 2,970 99 1,088 989 459 2,016 1,557
December 260 5,898 5,638 64 3,065 3,001 42 1,029 987 154 1,804 1,650
2017 March 667 6,002 5,335 360 3,240 2,880 186 1,080 894 121 1,682 1,561
June 527 6,191 5,664 145 3,157 3,012 146 1,125 979 236 1,909 1,673
September -104 5,829 5,933 -115 2,997 3,112 -46 1,014 1,060 57 1,818 1,761
December 845 6,211 5,366 233 3,188 2,955 154 1,090 936 458 1,933 1,475
2018 March 741 6,067 5,326 311 3,215 2,904 160 1,067 907 270 1,785 1,515
June 439 6,178 5,739 132 3,190 3,058 151 1,130 979 156 1,858 1,702
September 25 5,979 5,954 -97 3,023 3,120 -29 1,028 1,057 151 1,928 1,777
December 712 6,119 5,407 202 3,176 2,974 146 1,083 937 364 1,860 1,496
2019 March 577 6,004 5,427 274 3,196 2,922 149 1,060 911 154 1,748 1,594
June 188 6,132 5,944 54 3,155 3,101 94 1,120 1,026 40 1,857 1,817
September -9 5,867 5,876 -20 3,041 3,061 -30 1,017 1,047 41 1,809 1,768
December 700 6,227 5,527 210 3,191 2,981 103 1,070 967 387 1,966 1,579
2020 March -581 5,593 6,174 -346 2,964 3,310 -95 966 1,061 -140 1,663 1,803
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from
the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail.
See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020
Total private by firm(1)
Gross job gains 6,004 6,132 5,867 6,227 5,593 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.4
At expanding firms 5,054 5,226 4,965 5,221 4,713 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.1 3.7
At opening firms 950 906 902 1,006 880 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7
Gross job losses 5,427 5,944 5,876 5,527 6,174 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.9
At contracting firms 4,549 5,038 5,020 4,643 5,134 3.6 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.1
At closing firms 878 906 856 884 1,040 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8
Net employment change 577 188 -9 700 -581 0.5 0.1 -0.1 0.5 -0.5
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains 3,196 3,155 3,041 3,191 2,964 9.3 9.1 8.8 9.2 8.6
At expanding firms 2,272 2,286 2,173 2,223 2,115 6.6 6.6 6.3 6.4 6.1
At opening firms 924 869 868 968 849 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.5
Gross job losses 2,922 3,101 3,061 2,981 3,310 8.4 9.0 8.9 8.6 9.5
At contracting firms 2,080 2,235 2,232 2,137 2,327 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.2 6.7
At closing firms 842 866 829 844 983 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.8
Net employment change 274 54 -20 210 -346 0.9 0.1 -0.1 0.6 -0.9
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains 1,060 1,120 1,017 1,070 966 4.7 4.9 4.5 4.8 4.2
At expanding firms 1,035 1,088 986 1,036 938 4.6 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.1
At opening firms 25 32 31 34 28 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Gross job losses 911 1,026 1,047 967 1,061 4.0 4.5 4.6 4.2 4.6
At contracting firms 884 998 1,023 934 1,030 3.9 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.5
At closing firms 27 28 24 33 31 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Net employment change 149 94 -30 103 -95 0.7 0.4 -0.1 0.6 -0.4
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains 1,748 1,857 1,809 1,966 1,663 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.4
At expanding firms 1,747 1,852 1,806 1,962 1,660 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.4
At opening firms 1 5 3 4 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gross job losses 1,594 1,817 1,768 1,579 1,803 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.6
At contracting firms 1,585 1,805 1,765 1,572 1,777 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.6
At closing firms 9 12 3 7 26 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net employment change 154 40 41 387 -140 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 -0.2
(1) Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for
the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of
analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more
detailed firm size class data.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020
United States(1).... 7,460,000 7,637,000 7,404,000 7,864,000 6,963,000 6,927,000 7,466,000 7,351,000 7,051,000 7,736,000
Alabama............. 98,440 94,193 94,423 101,210 88,038 89,875 96,296 94,743 89,724 96,125
Alaska.............. 25,046 26,837 24,031 25,708 22,994 22,341 25,164 25,082 25,494 23,781
Arizona............. 142,509 140,914 158,912 161,684 142,660 136,506 138,413 122,446 131,921 151,494
Arkansas............ 54,288 51,536 56,712 66,058 52,888 52,811 58,717 59,055 49,413 56,439
California.......... 964,053 991,200 957,511 1,033,526 922,323 913,878 972,002 910,802 902,580 1,016,052
Colorado............ 151,438 161,505 151,336 154,775 146,864 142,316 142,271 148,249 143,528 161,908
Connecticut......... 75,200 82,854 79,268 78,282 74,079 82,197 82,692 82,472 79,999 84,157
Delaware............ 25,137 23,284 24,058 25,783 23,973 21,563 25,651 24,066 24,376 25,771
District of Columbia 29,568 29,197 29,652 28,907 28,449 26,336 29,577 28,702 25,084 28,599
Florida............. 476,216 500,015 510,367 518,476 427,989 434,028 485,529 446,393 463,711 482,375
Georgia............. 258,363 238,049 240,087 253,759 217,790 217,934 247,803 231,298 214,268 230,425
Hawaii.............. 29,548 25,534 29,731 30,150 27,999 31,937 31,198 27,699 27,912 31,192
Idaho............... 46,915 45,245 43,568 49,082 49,081 38,324 42,034 42,672 39,995 39,897
Illinois............ 273,223 291,180 258,724 288,093 254,939 270,604 276,155 290,410 268,919 310,548
Indiana............. 156,429 138,368 144,096 160,186 133,045 131,461 157,118 150,279 135,961 160,208
Iowa................ 67,469 76,335 68,869 76,115 68,219 73,171 74,873 73,909 71,270 77,348
Kansas.............. 64,164 65,865 64,305 72,463 62,633 64,879 66,180 64,958 65,013 68,682
Kentucky............ 93,600 92,471 94,832 100,449 85,377 89,014 95,700 91,725 89,006 97,894
Louisiana........... 97,072 100,827 95,554 94,925 84,883 99,012 105,384 98,111 92,085 100,952
Maine............... 38,883 38,753 34,024 38,413 33,604 35,107 38,846 38,081 36,140 36,819
Maryland............ 142,136 140,100 135,677 141,093 124,904 125,430 142,571 139,786 128,868 148,152
Massachusetts....... 193,777 192,844 168,415 187,728 165,169 166,994 177,352 187,880 177,913 193,240
Michigan............ 195,103 210,494 192,884 218,726 189,764 177,223 217,822 221,284 199,952 215,440
Minnesota........... 131,255 147,507 134,330 146,583 125,105 129,687 136,492 143,662 139,721 141,062
Mississippi......... 51,412 52,644 50,622 56,241 49,812 56,110 54,610 52,011 50,181 56,733
Missouri............ 130,095 135,649 139,066 149,173 123,536 125,923 140,017 138,282 126,959 138,015
Montana............. 29,543 30,891 28,367 33,231 29,990 31,111 29,789 29,594 27,933 30,358
Nebraska............ 46,577 47,077 46,815 51,291 47,643 46,116 46,496 45,346 46,946 49,831
Nevada.............. 75,792 74,040 75,765 85,282 67,736 66,925 77,042 69,258 63,901 79,198
New Hampshire....... 37,051 37,172 33,686 38,739 35,160 33,256 36,948 38,396 34,427 37,525
New Jersey.......... 201,917 215,885 211,609 229,606 202,323 201,756 207,181 218,949 204,729 222,150
New Mexico.......... 43,176 41,097 44,494 45,847 40,322 38,087 42,452 39,997 41,643 42,675
New York............ 487,174 489,954 469,675 480,529 442,737 435,506 476,870 482,643 465,753 515,065
North Carolina...... 238,204 229,161 218,043 235,197 223,550 192,337 224,574 224,248 203,674 218,100
North Dakota........ 24,889 23,563 23,085 23,552 24,097 22,444 23,630 24,976 23,417 24,502
Ohio................ 262,791 268,764 253,121 269,713 239,254 245,625 268,195 275,676 249,121 264,866
Oklahoma............ 76,446 77,538 82,603 83,429 69,577 75,769 81,043 80,343 80,887 85,430
Oregon.............. 106,313 104,398 103,032 111,629 104,027 96,277 100,951 102,740 96,963 108,302
Pennsylvania........ 270,548 277,104 275,857 283,898 261,356 250,120 279,063 272,037 255,290 296,782
Rhode Island........ 24,981 26,967 25,104 27,573 25,545 24,396 27,606 26,536 25,146 27,474
South Carolina...... 115,324 113,102 106,943 115,720 97,016 114,382 109,288 103,035 104,081 116,474
South Dakota........ 20,457 22,101 20,692 22,892 21,343 22,278 21,022 21,235 20,534 23,763
Tennessee........... 140,108 142,942 143,410 147,817 128,960 125,770 134,010 134,154 132,149 140,158
Texas............... 593,214 616,107 621,816 646,101 544,673 553,074 570,355 569,866 548,150 598,020
Utah................ 93,282 88,988 87,882 87,902 85,420 79,848 84,678 80,452 81,579 83,326
Vermont............. 17,709 18,167 16,048 17,695 14,932 16,213 18,440 19,565 16,345 19,399
Virginia............ 204,719 195,103 177,767 211,840 181,461 175,869 187,642 200,915 177,757 196,921
Washington.......... 182,351 190,598 174,815 190,519 216,627 171,257 167,681 175,064 167,332 215,647
West Virginia....... 33,843 34,489 32,234 34,064 32,860 37,599 36,536 37,364 39,055 37,162
Wisconsin........... 128,771 139,554 120,219 136,067 126,388 122,544 135,059 146,059 124,896 132,770
Wyoming............. 19,105 18,039 17,931 19,831 18,182 16,664 20,291 18,641 18,365 19,707
Puerto Rico......... 48,574 44,047 40,432 36,994 34,391 34,864 39,887 37,460 33,546 35,428
Virgin Islands...... 3,279 2,357 3,268 2,927 2,087 1,932 1,827 1,754 2,086 2,389
(1) The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.
2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020
United States....... 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.2 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.5 6.1
Alabama............. 6.1 5.9 5.8 6.2 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.5 5.9
Alaska.............. 10.1 10.7 9.6 10.3 9.2 9.0 10.1 10.1 10.2 9.5
Arizona............. 5.7 5.7 6.3 6.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 4.9 5.2 5.9
Arkansas............ 5.3 5.0 5.6 6.5 5.1 5.1 5.7 5.8 4.9 5.5
California.......... 6.4 6.6 6.3 6.8 6.1 6.1 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.7
Colorado............ 6.6 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.2 7.0
Connecticut......... 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.9
Delaware............ 6.5 6.0 6.2 6.7 6.2 5.6 6.6 6.3 6.2 6.6
District of Columbia 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.0 5.5 5.3 4.7 5.3
Florida............. 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.6 5.4 5.6 6.3 5.8 5.9 6.2
Georgia............. 6.7 6.1 6.2 6.5 5.6 5.7 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.9
Hawaii.............. 5.5 4.8 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.9 5.8 5.2 5.2 5.8
Idaho............... 7.5 7.1 7.0 7.7 7.6 6.1 6.7 6.8 6.3 6.1
Illinois............ 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.6 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.2 6.0
Indiana............. 5.8 5.1 5.4 6.0 4.9 4.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 6.0
Iowa................ 5.1 5.8 5.3 5.8 5.2 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.9
Kansas.............. 5.6 5.7 5.6 6.3 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.7 6.0
Kentucky............ 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.2 5.3 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.6 6.1
Louisiana........... 6.1 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.3 6.1 6.5 6.1 5.7 6.3
Maine............... 7.5 7.4 6.5 7.3 6.4 6.7 7.4 7.3 6.9 7.0
Maryland............ 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.4 5.7 5.7 6.5 6.3 5.9 6.7
Massachusetts....... 6.1 6.0 5.3 5.8 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.9 5.6 6.0
Michigan............ 5.2 5.5 5.1 5.8 5.0 4.6 5.7 5.9 5.3 5.7
Minnesota........... 5.2 5.8 5.4 5.8 5.0 5.2 5.5 5.8 5.6 5.6
Mississippi......... 5.7 5.8 5.7 6.2 5.6 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.6 6.2
Missouri............ 5.4 5.7 5.8 6.2 5.2 5.3 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.7
Montana............. 7.6 8.1 7.4 8.6 7.7 8.1 7.7 7.7 7.2 7.7
Nebraska............ 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.8 6.1
Nevada.............. 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.8 5.4 5.4 6.2 5.5 5.0 6.3
New Hampshire....... 6.4 6.4 5.8 6.6 6.0 5.7 6.3 6.6 6.0 6.4
New Jersey.......... 5.7 6.2 6.0 6.5 5.7 5.7 5.9 6.2 5.8 6.3
New Mexico.......... 6.7 6.3 6.8 7.0 6.1 5.8 6.5 6.1 6.3 6.5
New York............ 6.0 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.9 5.9 5.7 6.4
North Carolina...... 6.4 6.0 5.8 6.3 5.8 5.1 5.9 6.0 5.4 5.7
North Dakota........ 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.4 6.7 7.1 6.6 7.0
Ohio................ 5.6 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.1 5.2 5.7 5.9 5.3 5.6
Oklahoma............ 5.9 6.0 6.4 6.5 5.4 5.9 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.7
Oregon.............. 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.7 6.2 5.8 6.1 6.2 5.8 6.5
Pennsylvania........ 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.4 4.9 4.8 5.4 5.1 4.9 5.6
Rhode Island........ 5.9 6.3 6.0 6.5 6.1 5.7 6.5 6.2 5.9 6.5
South Carolina...... 6.6 6.4 6.0 6.5 5.5 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.6
South Dakota........ 5.7 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.0 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.6
Tennessee........... 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.7 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.3
Texas............... 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.5
Utah................ 7.3 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.2 6.6 6.3 6.3 6.4
Vermont............. 6.9 7.1 6.3 6.9 5.8 6.3 7.1 7.6 6.4 7.6
Virginia............ 6.4 6.1 5.5 6.5 5.6 5.5 5.8 6.3 5.5 6.1
Washington.......... 6.4 6.6 6.1 6.6 7.4 6.1 5.8 6.1 5.8 7.4
West Virginia....... 6.1 6.2 5.9 6.2 6.0 6.7 6.6 6.7 7.1 6.8
Wisconsin........... 5.2 5.5 4.8 5.4 5.0 4.9 5.3 5.9 5.0 5.3
Wyoming............. 9.0 8.5 8.6 9.4 8.6 7.8 9.5 8.9 8.7 9.3
Puerto Rico......... 7.2 6.4 5.9 5.4 5.0 5.2 5.8 5.5 4.9 5.2
Virgin Islands...... 12.9 8.9 12.0 10.3 7.2 7.6 6.9 6.4 7.3 8.3
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2010 March 193 2.7 211 3.0 706 0.7 687 0.7
June 193 2.7 202 2.9 730 0.7 665 0.6
September 207 2.9 204 2.9 754 0.7 701 0.7
December 216 3.0 201 2.8 805 0.8 700 0.7
2011 March 204 2.9 200 2.8 715 0.7 632 0.6
June 210 2.9 205 2.9 767 0.7 689 0.6
September 206 2.9 196 2.7 794 0.7 675 0.6
December 214 3.0 198 2.8 800 0.7 700 0.6
2012 March 236 3.3 188 2.6 787 0.7 614 0.6
June 217 3.0 194 2.7 799 0.7 673 0.6
September 210 2.9 196 2.7 804 0.7 692 0.6
December 218 3.0 183 2.5 809 0.7 673 0.6
2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6
June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6
September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6
December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6
2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6
June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6
September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6
December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6
2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6
June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6
September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6
December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6
2016 March 235 3.0 204 2.6 788 0.7 670 0.6
June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 720 0.6
September 240 3.1 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6
December 239 3.0 217 2.8 868 0.7 727 0.6
2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 802 0.7 664 0.5
June 240 3.0 224 2.8 849 0.7 755 0.6
September 243 3.0 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6
December 245 3.1 216 2.7 853 0.7 731 0.6
2018 March 248 3.1 214 2.7 812 0.7 664 0.5
June 264 3.3 231 2.9 879 0.7 772 0.6
September 252 3.1 231 2.8 868 0.7 786 0.6
December 249 3.1 222 2.7 861 0.7 762 0.6
2019 March 260 3.2 219 2.7 806 0.6 694 0.6
June 255 3.1 241 2.9 848 0.7 810 0.6
September 252 3.1 N/A N/A 850 0.7 N/A N/A
December 268 3.2 N/A N/A 907 0.7 N/A N/A
2020 March 280 3.4 N/A N/A 800 0.6 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters by definition. See the
Technical Note for more informations.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current
quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
