NEWS RELEASE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

TRANSMISSION OF MATERIAL IN THIS RELEASE IS EMBARGOED UNTIL                                      USDL-19-0139
8:30 a.m. (EST) Thursday, January 31, 2019


Technical information:  (202) 691-6199  •  ncsinfo@bls.gov  • www.bls.gov/ect 
Media contact:			(202) 691-5902  •  pressoffice@bls.gov


					  EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX – December 2018

Compensation costs for civilian workers increased 0.7 percent, seasonally adjusted, for the 3-month period
ending in December 2018, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Wages and salaries (which make 
up about 70 percent of compensation costs) increased 0.6 percent and benefit costs (which make up the
remaining 30 percent of compensation) increased 0.7 percent from September 2018. 
(See tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Civilian Workers 

Compensation costs for civilian workers increased 2.9 percent for the 12-month period ending in 
December 2018 compared with a compensation costs increase of 2.6 percent in December 2017. Wages and 
salaries increased 3.1 percent for the 12-month period ending in December 2018 and increased 2.5 percent
for the 12-month period ending in December 2017. Benefit costs increased 2.8 percent for the 12-month 
period ending in December 2018. In December 2017, the increase was 2.5 percent. 
(See tables A, 4, 8, and 12.)

Private Industry Workers

Compensation costs for private industry workers increased 3.0 percent over the year compared with an increase 
of 2.6 percent in December 2017. Wages and salaries increased 3.1 percent for the 12-month period ending in 
December 2018 and increased 2.8 percent in December 2017. The cost of benefits rose 2.6 percent for the 12-month
period ending in December 2018 and increased 2.3 percent in December 2017. 
(See tables A, 5, 9, and 12.)

Employer costs for health benefits increased 1.8 percent for the 12-month period ending in December 2018. 
(For further information, see www.bls.gov/web/eci/echealth.pdf.)

Among occupational groups, compensation cost increases for private industry workers for the 12-month period 
ending in December 2018 ranged from 2.5 percent for both management, professional, and related occupations and 
natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations to 3.8 percent for sales and office occupations. 
(See table 5.)

Among industry supersectors, compensation cost increases for private industry workers for the 12-month period 
ending in December 2018 ranged from 2.1 percent for manufacturing to 4.6 percent for information. (See table 5.)


State and Local Government Workers

Compensation costs for state and local government workers increased 2.6 percent for the 12-month period ending 
in December 2018. In December 2017, the increase was 2.5 percent. Wages and salaries increased 2.4 percent 
for the 12-month period ending in December 2018, compared with 2.1 percent a year ago. Benefit costs increased 
3.1 percent for the 12-month period ending in December 2018. The prior year increase was 3.2 percent. 
(See tables A, 7, 11, and 12.)


Area Definitions and Seasonal Factors

Area definitions have been updated with this release based on Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 13-01, 
dated February 28, 2013. For more information on metropolitan area definitions, see 
www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro.html.

The 2019 seasonal factors for directly adjusted series and revised seasonally adjusted series for the past five years
are scheduled for release with the March 2019 Employment Cost Index (ECI) on April 30, 2019 at 8:30 a.m. (EDT), see 
www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/ectsfact.htm.

Table A. Major series of the Employment Cost Index [Percent change]

Category	3-month, seasonally adjusted		12-month, not seasonally adjusted
	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Mar. 2018	Jun. 2018	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
Civilian workers(1)
Compensation(2)	0.8	0.7	2.6	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.9
Wages and salaries	0.9	0.6	2.5	2.7	2.8	2.9	3.1
Benefits	0.4	0.7	2.5	2.6	2.9	2.6	2.8
Private industry
Compensation(2)	0.8	0.6	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.9	3.0
Wages and salaries	0.8	0.7	2.8	2.9	2.9	3.1	3.1
Benefits	0.4	0.5	2.3	2.5	2.8	2.5	2.6
State and local government
Compensation(2)	0.8	0.8	2.5	2.2	2.3	2.5	2.6
Wages and salaries	0.9	0.6	2.1	1.8	1.9	2.3	2.4
Benefits	0.8	1.0	3.2	3.0	3.1	3.1	3.1
Footnotes (1) Includes private industry and state and local government. (2) Includes wages and salaries and benefits.

  
The Employment Cost Index for March 2019 is scheduled for release on April 30, 2019, at 8:30 a.m. (EDT).

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request— 
Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

BLS news releases, including the Employment Cost Index, are available through an email subscription service 
at www.bls.gov/bls/list.htm.

For videos and information graphics explaining the Employment Cost Index and how it is used, 
see www.bls.gov/eci/videos.htm. 

For highlights of recent National Compensation Survey data that you might otherwise have missed, 
see The Economics Daily at www.bls.gov/opub/ted/national-compensation-survey.htm.

For links to an overview of available BLS compensation measures and an interactive guide on choosing among 
them, see the BLS Commissioner’s Corner on “Making it Easier to Find Data on Pay and Benefits” at 
blogs.bls.gov/blog/2018/10/24/making-it-easier-to-find-data-on-pay-and-benefits.
 

									TECHNICAL NOTE

The Employment Cost Index (ECI) measures the change in the cost of labor, free from the influence of employment 
shifts among occupations and industries. For information on survey concepts, coverage, methods, nonresponse 
adjustment, and imputation see National Compensation Measures Handbook of Methods at 
www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm.

Sample size

Data for the December 2018 reference period were collected from a probability sample of approximately 27,000 
occupational observations selected from a sample of about 6,500 private industry establishments and 
approximately 8,000 occupational observations selected from a sample of about 1,400 state and local government 
establishments that provided data at the initial interview. Beginning with this release, a new private industry 
replacement rotation group has been added to the survey to replace the outgoing group. The private industry 
sample group is rotated every 3 years, except during years when state and local government establishments 
are rotated.

Standard errors

To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of Employment Cost Index (ECI) series, standard errors of all 
current quarter not seasonally adjusted 3- and 12-month percent change series are also available, see 
www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/ectvar.htm and the public data query tools at www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/data.htm. Standard errors 
provide users a measure of the precision of an estimate to ensure that it is within an acceptable range for 
their intended purpose. 

Historical listings

Historical listings are available at www.bls.gov/ect/#tables. The continuous occupational and industry series 
listing uses the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and Occupational Classification System series from 
1975 through 2005 and the North American Industry Classification System and Standard Occupational 
Classification from 2006 to the present. It provides the official series deemed continuous after the change 
in classification systems. For more information on the criteria used in defining continuous series, see the 
article published in the Monthly Labor Review at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/04/art2full.pdf.

Employer Costs for Employee Compensation data

The costs per hour worked of compensation components are published as part of the Employer Costs for Employee 
Compensation news release (ECEC). The ECEC release dates are available at 
www.bls.gov/schedule/2019/home.htm. Historical ECEC data are available in summary documents at 
www.bls.gov/ect/#tables. Since the ECEC is calculated with current employment weights rather than the fixed 
weights used in computing the ECI, year-to-year changes in the cost levels usually differ from those in the ECI.

Fixed Employment Weights

For additional information on the use of fixed employment weights in computing the ECI, see 
www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2016/article/introducing-2012-fixed-employment-weights-for-the-employment-cost-index.htm.

Table 1. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), by occupational group and industry [Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry	Indexes (Dec.2005=100)		Percent changes for 3-months ended-
	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2016	Mar. 2017	Jun. 2017	Sep. 2017	Dec. 2017	Mar. 2018	Jun. 2018	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
Civilian workers
All workers(2)	134.3	135.2	0.5	0.8	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.8	0.7
Industry
Goods-producing industries(3)	131.2	131.9	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.9	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.3	0.5
Manufacturing	130.9	131.7	0.5	0.5	0.6	1.0	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.2	0.6
Service-providing industries(4)	135.1	136.0	0.5	0.8	0.5	0.7	0.5	0.9	0.6	0.9	0.7
Education and health services	134.3	135.2	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.7
Educational services	134.8	135.8	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.7
Elementary and secondary schools	134.8	135.8	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.7
Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools	134.5	135.6	0.6	0.8	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.5	0.8
Health care and social assistance(5)	133.8	134.7	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.6	0.8	0.5	0.8	0.7
Hospitals	133.8	135.0	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.9
Nursing and residential care facilities	130.8	131.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.7
Public administration	138.3	139.4	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.5	0.9	0.2	0.7	0.9	0.8
Private industry workers
All workers	133.7	134.5	0.5	0.8	0.5	0.8	0.5	1.0	0.6	0.8	0.6
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	133.2	134.0	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.8	0.5	0.5	0.6
Management, business, and financial	134.5	135.4	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.5	0.5	1.1	0.5	0.4	0.7
Professional and related	132.3	133.1	0.2	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.6
Sales and office	134.3	135.4	0.5	0.8	0.2	1.0	0.5	1.2	0.7	1.1	0.8
Sales and related	130.0	131.2	0.1	1.1	-0.2	1.4	0.4	1.7	0.0	1.5	0.9
Office and administrative support	137.4	138.3	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.9	1.2	0.7	0.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	133.7	134.6	0.8	0.5	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.3	1.1	0.3	0.7
Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	133.7	134.5	0.9	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.4	0.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair	133.8	134.8	0.5	0.3	1.1	0.7	0.8	0.2	1.5	0.4	0.7
Production, transportation, and material moving	134.0	134.9	0.7	0.8	0.6	1.1	0.6	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.7
Production	131.5	132.4	0.5	0.6	0.6	1.0	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.3	0.7
Transportation and material moving	137.2	138.1	0.9	0.9	0.5	1.1	0.7	1.2	0.4	1.0	0.7
Service occupations	134.5	135.8	0.6	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.8	1.1	0.7	0.8	1.0
Industry
Goods-producing industries(3)	131.1	131.9	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.9	0.5	0.9	0.6	0.2	0.6
Construction	131.6	132.3	0.8	0.9	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.9	1.0	0.3	0.5
Manufacturing	130.9	131.7	0.5	0.5	0.6	1.0	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.2	0.6
Aircraft manufacturing	120.1	120.5	1.2	1.5	0.7	8.4	0.5	1.6	0.2	-6.7	0.3
Service-providing industries(5)	134.5	135.3	0.4	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.5	1.0	0.7	0.8	0.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	136.4	137.1	0.5	1.0	0.5	0.8	0.6	1.1	0.6	1.2	0.5
Wholesale trade(6)	132.2	133.1	-0.1	1.5	0.3	0.8	0.4	1.0	-0.1	1.8	0.7
Retail trade	137.0	137.6	0.7	1.0	0.4	0.8	0.6	1.1	1.0	0.8	0.4
Transportation and warehousing	139.0	139.7	1.1	0.6	0.5	1.0	0.8	1.3	0.4	1.2	0.5
Utilities	144.8	145.6	0.8	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.6	1.1	0.3	0.6	0.6
Information	134.4	134.8	0.6	0.4	1.0	0.7	0.3	0.6	3.0	0.8	0.3
Financial activities	133.7	134.4	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.4	0.2	1.7	0.9	0.1	0.5
Finance and insurance	134.1	134.7	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.4	0.2	1.8	1.1	0.1	0.4
Credit intermediation and related activities	132.2	132.9	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.4	-0.1	1.2	0.8	0.3	0.5
Insurance carriers and related activities	135.8	136.1	0.3	0.8	1.1	0.0	0.5	0.9	1.3	-0.1	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	132.0	133.1	0.7	0.3	0.9	0.7	0.2	1.2	0.3	0.6	0.8
Professional and business services	134.8	135.5	0.2	0.7	0.7	1.1	0.5	0.8	0.4	0.9	0.5
Professional, scientific, and technical services	137.4	138.0	0.4	0.8	0.8	1.1	0.4	0.7	0.0	1.3	0.4
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	131.2	132.1	-0.6	0.6	0.6	1.3	0.6	0.5	0.9	0.6	0.7
Education and health services	133.2	134.1	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.6	0.8	0.5	0.8	0.7
Educational services	133.5	134.2	0.7	0.6	0.3	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.5
Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools	135.1	136.0	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.7
Health care and social assistance	133.1	134.1	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.2	0.6	0.9	0.5	0.8	0.8
Hospitals	133.5	134.7	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.9
Nursing and residential care facilities	129.0	130.0	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.5	0.8
Leisure and hospitality	134.1	136.0	0.6	1.7	0.5	0.6	0.7	1.4	0.4	0.9	1.4
Accommodations and food services	134.9	136.6	0.5	1.8	0.6	0.5	0.7	1.4	0.5	0.7	1.3
Other services, except public administration	133.7	135.2	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	1.1	0.6	0.0	1.1
State and local government workers
All workers	136.8	137.9	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.4	0.7	0.8	0.8
Industry
Education and health services	135.5	136.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.7
Educational services	135.1	136.2	0.5	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.8
Schools	135.0	136.1	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.8
Elementary and secondary schools	135.3	136.3	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.7
Health care and social assistance	138.3	139.4	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.9	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8
Hospitals	135.2	136.5	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.9	0.7	0.3	0.5	0.5	1.0
Public administration	138.3	139.4	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.5	0.9	0.2	0.7	0.9	0.8
Footnotes (1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. (2) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government. (3) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (4) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration; and public administration. (5) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. (6) The private wholesale trade industry compensation series is seasonal as of the 2018 seasonal adjustment revision. Historical data for this series are published beginning with 2002.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 2. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, by occupational group and industry [Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry	Indexes (Dec. 2005=100)		Percent changes for 3-months ended-
	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2016	Mar. 2017	Jun. 2017	Sep. 2017	Dec. 2017	Mar. 2018	Jun. 2018	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
Civilian workers
All workers(1)	133.0	133.8	0.5	0.8	0.5	0.7	0.5	0.9	0.5	0.9	0.6
Industry
Goods-producing industries(2)	132.1	133.0	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.7
Manufacturing	132.0	133.1	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.8
Service-providing industries(3)	133.2	134.0	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.9	0.5	1.0	0.6
Education and health services	130.6	131.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.8	0.7
Educational services	128.1	128.8	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.9	0.5
Elementary and secondary schools	126.9	127.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	1.0	0.5
Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools	130.0	131.0	0.6	0.8	0.2	0.5	0.6	0.2	0.5	0.7	0.8
Health care and social assistance	133.4	134.4	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.3	0.6	1.0	0.5	0.9	0.7
Hospitals	132.9	134.2	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	1.0
Nursing and residential care facilities	130.3	131.5	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.9
Public administration	129.9	130.8	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.6	0.7	0.7
Private industry workers
All workers	133.9	134.8	0.5	0.9	0.5	0.8	0.5	1.0	0.6	0.8	0.7
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	133.9	134.7	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.4	0.6	0.9	0.4	0.8	0.6
Management, business, and financial	135.0	135.9	0.9	0.6	0.7	0.4	0.7	1.1	0.3	0.5	0.6
Professional and related	133.2	133.9	0.2	0.6	0.7	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.5	1.0	0.5
Sales and office	134.2	135.3	0.3	1.0	0.1	1.2	0.5	1.4	0.5	1.3	0.8
Sales and related	130.7	131.9	0.0	1.4	-0.5	1.7	0.5	1.9	-0.2	1.8	0.9
Office and administrative support	136.9	137.8	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.9	1.1	0.8	0.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	132.4	133.5	0.8	0.6	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.7	0.3	0.8
Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	132.8	133.7	1.2	0.8	0.5	0.9	0.5	0.5	0.8	0.4	0.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair	132.2	133.2	0.4	0.6	1.0	0.6	0.8	0.3	0.6	0.4	0.8
Production, transportation, and material moving	134.3	135.4	0.8	0.9	0.6	1.0	0.8	1.0	0.6	0.9	0.8
Production	132.1	133.2	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.9
Transportation and material moving	136.8	137.9	1.1	0.9	0.5	1.2	0.8	1.3	0.4	1.2	0.8
Service occupations(4)	135.2	136.6	0.6	0.9	0.7	0.7	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.9	1.0
Industry
Goods-producing industries(2)	132.1	133.1	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.9	0.7	0.5	0.8
Construction	131.6	132.3	1.0	0.9	0.5	0.6	0.5	1.1	1.0	0.4	0.5
Manufacturing	132.0	133.1	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.8
Aircraft manufacturing	141.3	142.5	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.3	0.3	0.9
Service-providing industries(4)	134.5	135.3	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.6	1.1	0.5	1.0	0.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	135.3	135.9	0.6	1.3	0.4	0.8	0.6	1.2	0.4	1.3	0.4
Retail trade	137.2	137.7	0.8	1.3	0.5	0.8	0.8	1.2	0.8	0.8	0.4
Transportation and warehousing	138.2	138.9	1.3	0.8	0.5	1.0	0.8	1.4	0.6	1.4	0.5
Utilities	141.2	142.0	0.9	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.7	0.9	0.5	0.3	0.6
Information	131.2	131.6	0.6	0.1	1.0	0.7	0.3	0.7	1.0	1.0	0.3
Financial activities	134.6	135.1	0.6	0.2	0.9	0.5	0.5	1.8	0.7	0.1	0.4
Finance and insurance	135.5	135.9	0.5	0.2	1.0	0.4	0.5	2.0	0.9	0.0	0.3
Credit intermediation and related activities	131.4	131.9	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.3	1.3	0.7	0.4	0.4
Insurance carriers and related activities	134.8	135.0	0.3	0.5	1.3	-0.3	0.5	0.9	1.3	-0.4	0.1
Professional and business services	135.3	136.0	0.2	0.6	0.6	1.2	0.5	0.8	0.3	1.2	0.5
Professional, scientific, and technical services	138.0	138.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	1.3	0.4	0.8	0.0	1.7	0.4
Education and health services	133.3	134.2	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.2	0.7	0.9	0.5	1.0	0.7
Educational services	132.2	132.7	0.8	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.8	0.4
Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools	132.9	133.7	0.8	0.6	0.4	0.8	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.6
Health care and social assistance	133.5	134.5	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.2	0.7	1.0	0.5	1.0	0.7
Hospitals	133.3	134.7	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	1.0
Nursing and residential care facilities	130.3	131.4	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.9
Leisure and hospitality	136.5	138.8	0.6	1.7	0.5	0.7	0.9	1.3	0.5	1.0	1.7
Accommodations and food service	137.2	139.1	0.5	1.6	0.7	0.5	0.8	1.4	0.6	1.0	1.4
Other services, except public administration	134.0	135.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.9	0.6	-0.2	1.2
State and local government workers
All workers	128.8	129.6	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.9	0.6
Industry
Education and health services	127.9	128.6	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.9	0.5
Educational services	127.3	128.1	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.9	0.6
Schools	127.3	128.1	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.9	0.6
Elementary and secondary schools	126.8	127.4	0.2	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.5
Health care and social assistance	132.5	133.3	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.6	0.6
Hospitals	131.1	131.9	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.6
Public administration	129.9	130.8	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.6	0.7	0.7
Footnotes (1) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government. (2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration; and public administration. (4) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 3. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by occupational group and industry [Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry	Indexes (Dec. 2005=100)		Percent changes for 3-months ended-
	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2016	Mar. 2017	Jun. 2017	Sep. 2017	Dec. 2017	Mar. 2018	Jun. 2018	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
Civilian workers
All workers(1)	137.5	138.4	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.4	0.7
Private industry workers
All workers	133.2	133.9	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.4	0.8	0.8	0.4	0.5
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	131.7	132.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.2	0.6
Sales and office	134.7	135.7	0.5	0.3	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.8	1.2	0.6	0.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	136.5	137.1	0.5	0.2	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.2	2.0	0.3	0.4
Production, transportation, and material moving	133.4	134.0	0.5	0.6	0.5	1.2	0.5	0.8	0.5	0.2	0.4
Service occupations	132.4	133.0	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.3	0.6	0.5
Industry
Goods-producing industries(2)	129.2	129.5	0.3	0.4	0.5	1.2	0.4	0.8	0.5	-0.4	0.2
Manufacturing	128.8	129.2	0.2	0.5	0.5	1.7	0.3	0.8	0.5	-0.7	0.3
Service-providing industries(3)	134.6	135.4	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.8	1.0	0.5	0.6
State and local government workers
All workers(1)	152.8	154.3	0.6	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.5	0.9	0.8	1.0
Footnotes (1) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government. (2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 4. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for civilian workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry	Indexes (Dec. 2005=100)			Percent changes for
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	3-months ended-			12-months ended-
				Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
All workers(2)	131.2	134.4	135.0	0.4	0.8	0.4	2.6	2.8	2.9
Excluding incentive paid occupations(3)	131.5	134.5	135.2	0.5	0.7	0.5	2.6	2.8	2.8
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	131.2	133.9	134.5	0.4	0.8	0.4	2.4	2.4	2.5
Management, business, and financial	131.9	135.0	135.5	0.2	0.7	0.4	2.5	2.6	2.7
Professional and related	130.8	133.4	134.0	0.5	0.8	0.4	2.3	2.5	2.4
Sales and office	130.6	134.9	135.5	0.2	1.0	0.4	2.5	3.5	3.8
Sales and related	125.7	130.5	131.0	-0.1	1.5	0.4	2.8	3.7	4.2
Office and administrative support	133.7	137.6	138.3	0.5	0.7	0.5	2.5	3.4	3.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	131.6	134.3	135.0	0.5	0.4	0.5	2.7	2.5	2.6
Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	131.8	134.2	134.8	0.4	0.4	0.4	2.5	2.2	2.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair	131.4	134.5	135.1	0.5	0.5	0.4	2.9	2.8	2.8
Production, transportation, and material moving	131.4	134.5	135.1	0.4	0.7	0.4	3.1	2.8	2.8
Production	129.4	131.8	132.5	0.5	0.4	0.5	2.9	2.3	2.4
Transportation and material moving	133.9	137.8	138.3	0.4	1.0	0.4	3.3	3.3	3.3
Service occupations	132.7	136.2	137.2	0.7	1.0	0.7	2.8	3.3	3.4
Industry
Goods-producing industries(4)	128.9	131.3	131.9	0.4	0.3	0.5	2.5	2.3	2.3
Manufacturing	128.9	130.9	131.6	0.4	0.1	0.5	2.7	1.9	2.1
Service-providing industries(5)	131.6	135.0	135.6	0.4	0.9	0.4	2.6	3.0	3.0
Education and health services	131.5	134.3	135.2	0.5	1.1	0.7	2.2	2.7	2.8
Educational services	132.2	134.9	135.7	0.5	1.4	0.6	2.3	2.5	2.6
Elementary and secondary schools	132.1	134.9	135.8	0.5	1.5	0.7	2.4	2.7	2.8
Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools	132.4	134.7	135.7	0.5	1.1	0.7	2.2	2.2	2.5
Health care and social assistance	130.9	133.8	134.7	0.6	0.8	0.7	2.0	2.8	2.9
Hospitals	131.7	133.8	135.0	0.5	0.5	0.9	2.0	2.1	2.5
Nursing and residential care facilities	127.9	130.7	131.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	2.4	2.8	2.9
Public administration	135.7	138.3	139.2	0.7	1.2	0.7	2.8	2.7	2.6
Footnotes (1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. (2) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government. (3) The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table. (4) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (5) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration; and public administration.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 5. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for private industry workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry	Indexes (Dec. 2005=100)			Percent changes for
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	3-months ended-			12-months ended-
				Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
All workers	130.5	133.8	134.4	0.4	0.7	0.4	2.6	2.9	3.0
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	130.8	133.9	134.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	2.6	2.8	2.8
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	130.5	133.3	133.8	0.4	0.5	0.4	2.4	2.5	2.5
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	129.9	132.6	133.1	0.4	0.5	0.4	2.4	2.5	2.5
Management, business, and financial	131.7	134.7	135.2	0.3	0.6	0.4	2.6	2.6	2.7
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	130.9	133.7	134.2	0.3	0.3	0.4	2.4	2.5	2.5
Professional and related	129.6	132.3	132.8	0.4	0.5	0.4	2.3	2.5	2.5
Sales and office	130.1	134.4	135.0	0.2	0.9	0.4	2.6	3.5	3.8
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	132.4	136.5	137.1	0.4	0.6	0.4	2.5	3.5	3.5
Sales and related	125.5	130.4	130.8	-0.2	1.5	0.3	2.7	3.7	4.2
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	130.5	134.7	135.2	0.4	0.7	0.4	2.8	3.6	3.6
Office and administrative support	133.3	137.3	138.0	0.4	0.6	0.5	2.4	3.4	3.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	131.2	133.9	134.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	2.7	2.5	2.5
Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	131.6	133.8	134.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	2.5	2.1	2.1
Installation, maintenance, and repair	130.9	133.9	134.6	0.5	0.4	0.5	3.0	2.8	2.8
Production, transportation, and material moving	131.0	134.1	134.7	0.5	0.7	0.4	3.1	2.8	2.8
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	131.0	133.9	134.7	0.5	0.5	0.6	3.0	2.7	2.8
Production	129.2	131.5	132.3	0.5	0.3	0.6	2.9	2.3	2.4
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	129.5	131.8	132.6	0.5	0.3	0.6	2.9	2.3	2.4
Transportation and material moving	133.4	137.4	137.8	0.3	1.0	0.3	3.3	3.3	3.3
Service occupations	130.9	134.5	135.6	0.7	0.7	0.8	2.9	3.5	3.6
Industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries(3)	128.9	131.2	131.9	0.4	0.2	0.5	2.5	2.2	2.3
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	129.3	131.6	132.2	0.5	0.2	0.5	2.5	2.3	2.2
Management, professional, and related	127.1	129.4	130.0	0.4	-0.1	0.5	2.3	2.2	2.3
Sales and office	129.4	133.5	134.2	-0.2	1.1	0.5	1.6	2.9	3.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	131.1	133.3	133.8	0.6	0.3	0.4	2.7	2.3	2.1
Production, transportation, and material moving	128.7	130.5	131.2	0.5	0.3	0.5	2.9	1.9	1.9
Construction	128.8	131.8	132.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	2.4	2.7	2.8
Manufacturing	128.9	130.9	131.6	0.4	0.1	0.5	2.7	1.9	2.1
Management, professional, and related	128.5	130.5	131.1	0.3	-0.3	0.5	2.6	1.9	2.0
Sales and office occupations	131.3	134.7	135.4	0.3	0.9	0.5	2.2	2.9	3.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	130.7	131.7	132.1	0.8	-0.1	0.3	2.8	1.6	1.1
Production, transportation, and material moving	128.3	130.1	130.8	0.4	0.2	0.5	2.8	1.8	1.9
Aircraft manufacturing	128.9	120.6	120.3	0.0	-8.8	-0.2	14.2	-6.4	-6.7
Service-providing industries(4)	131.0	134.6	135.2	0.3	0.8	0.4	2.6	3.1	3.2
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	131.3	134.7	135.3	0.4	0.6	0.4	2.6	3.0	3.0
Management, professional, and related	131.1	134.1	134.6	0.3	0.7	0.4	2.4	2.6	2.7
Sales and office	130.1	134.5	135.1	0.2	0.9	0.4	2.6	3.5	3.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	131.4	134.8	135.5	0.2	0.5	0.5	2.8	2.8	3.1
Production, transportation, and material moving	133.8	138.2	138.7	0.4	1.0	0.4	3.3	3.7	3.7
Service occupations	130.9	134.5	135.6	0.7	0.8	0.8	2.9	3.5	3.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	132.3	136.5	136.8	0.3	1.1	0.2	3.0	3.5	3.4
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	132.9	136.8	137.3	0.5	0.7	0.4	2.7	3.4	3.3
Wholesale trade	128.6	132.2	133.0	0.3	1.7	0.6	3.0	3.1	3.4
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	131.6	135.1	135.4	0.5	0.6	0.2	2.7	3.2	2.9
Retail trade	132.8	137.1	137.3	0.4	0.7	0.1	2.9	3.6	3.4
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	131.5	135.6	136.2	0.4	0.7	0.4	2.7	3.5	3.6
Transportation and warehousing	134.6	139.3	139.3	0.3	1.3	0.0	3.0	3.8	3.5
Utilities	141.2	144.8	145.0	0.2	0.3	0.1	2.5	2.8	2.7
Information	128.4	134.4	134.3	0.1	0.7	-0.1	2.4	4.8	4.6
Financial activities	129.9	133.9	134.2	0.0	0.1	0.2	2.0	3.1	3.3
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	130.5	134.3	134.8	-0.1	0.3	0.4	2.1	2.8	3.3
Finance and insurance	130.1	134.3	134.5	0.0	0.0	0.1	2.0	3.2	3.4
Credit intermediation and related activities	128.8	132.3	132.5	-0.5	0.0	0.2	1.6	2.2	2.9
Excluding incentive paid	132.8	136.7	136.9	-0.4	0.3	0.1	2.0	2.5	3.1
Insurance carriers and related activities	132.6	135.9	135.7	0.1	-0.3	-0.1	2.4	2.6	2.3
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	131.5	135.0	135.2	0.2	0.4	0.1	2.4	2.8	2.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	129.3	132.1	133.1	0.1	0.6	0.8	2.1	2.2	2.9
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	132.3	135.5	136.7	0.1	0.6	0.9	1.9	2.5	3.3
Professional and business services	131.9	134.8	135.2	0.3	0.7	0.3	3.0	2.5	2.5
Professional, scientific, and technical services	134.1	137.3	137.5	0.1	1.1	0.1	3.0	2.5	2.5
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	128.5	131.2	132.0	0.5	0.5	0.6	3.1	2.7	2.7
Education and health services	130.4	133.3	134.1	0.6	0.9	0.6	2.0	2.9	2.8
Educational services	131.1	133.8	134.4	0.5	1.3	0.4	1.9	2.5	2.5
Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools	132.5	135.5	136.2	0.4	1.3	0.5	2.2	2.7	2.8
Health care and social assistance	130.2	133.2	134.1	0.5	0.8	0.7	2.0	2.9	3.0
Hospitals	131.3	133.4	134.7	0.5	0.5	1.0	2.0	2.1	2.6
Nursing and residential care facilities	126.5	129.0	129.9	0.6	0.5	0.7	2.4	2.6	2.7
Nursing care facilities(2)	126.3	128.6	129.7	0.6	0.6	0.9	2.2	2.4	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	130.3	134.0	135.7	0.5	0.8	1.3	3.6	3.4	4.1
Accommodations and food service	131.2	134.8	136.3	0.6	0.6	1.1	3.6	3.4	3.9
Other services, except public administration	131.3	134.0	135.0	0.2	0.2	0.7	2.4	2.2	2.8
Footnotes (1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. (2) The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table. (3) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (4) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 6. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for private workers, by bargaining status and Census region and division [Not seasonally adjusted]

Bargaining status and Census region and division	Indexes (Dec. 2005=100)			Percent changes for
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	3-months ended-			12-months ended-
				Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
Bargaining status
Union	134.5	137.8	138.8	0.6	0.3	0.7	3.0	3.1	3.2
Goods-producing industries(2)	131.8	132.7	133.2	0.5	-0.5	0.4	3.0	1.1	1.1
Manufacturing	127.2	126.5	126.9	0.3	-1.3	0.3	3.6	-0.2	-0.2
Service-providing industries(3)	137.1	141.6	142.8	0.7	0.6	0.8	3.0	4.0	4.2
Nonunion	129.9	133.2	133.7	0.3	0.8	0.4	2.6	2.9	2.9
Goods-producing industries(2)	128.1	130.7	131.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	2.4	2.4	2.6
Manufacturing	129.5	132.0	132.7	0.4	0.4	0.5	2.5	2.3	2.5
Service-providing industries(3)	130.4	133.8	134.4	0.3	0.8	0.4	2.6	2.9	3.1
Census region and division(4)
Northeast	132.0	135.9	136.5	0.2	0.9	0.4	2.6	3.1	3.4
New England	135.3	139.7	139.9	0.3	2.3	0.1	3.2	3.6	3.4
Middle Atlantic	130.9	134.5	135.4	0.2	0.4	0.7	2.4	2.9	3.4
South	129.2	132.0	132.5	0.4	0.5	0.4	2.4	2.6	2.6
South Atlantic	131.1	134.0	134.8	0.5	0.4	0.6	2.6	2.8	2.8
East South Central	128.4	131.1	131.3	-0.3	0.7	0.2	2.3	1.8	2.3
West South Central	126.4	129.0	129.2	0.4	0.5	0.2	2.1	2.5	2.2
Midwest	128.5	131.6	132.3	0.4	0.8	0.5	2.2	2.8	3.0
East North Central	127.0	130.2	130.9	0.4	0.9	0.5	2.3	2.9	3.1
West North Central	132.1	135.2	135.8	0.3	0.6	0.4	1.8	2.7	2.8
West	132.9	136.6	137.2	0.5	0.7	0.4	3.3	3.3	3.2
Mountain	130.0	133.2	134.1	0.5	0.5	0.7	2.8	2.9	3.2
Pacific	134.2	138.0	138.5	0.4	0.7	0.4	3.5	3.3	3.2
Footnotes (1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. (2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. (4) The Census divisions are defined as follows: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.
NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 7. Employment Cost Index for total compensation(1), for state and local government workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry	Indexes (Dec. 2005=100)			Percent changes for
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	3-months ended-			12-months ended-
				Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
All workers	134.2	136.8	137.7	0.6	1.3	0.7	2.5	2.5	2.6
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	133.0	135.5	136.4	0.5	1.3	0.7	2.5	2.4	2.6
Professional and related	132.8	135.2	136.1	0.5	1.2	0.7	2.4	2.3	2.5
Sales and office	135.7	139.1	140.0	0.7	1.5	0.6	2.5	3.2	3.2
Office and administrative support	135.7	139.2	140.1	0.6	1.5	0.6	2.5	3.2	3.2
Service occupations	137.0	139.9	140.8	0.7	1.2	0.6	2.6	2.8	2.8
Industry
Education and health services	132.9	135.6	136.5	0.5	1.4	0.7	2.4	2.6	2.7
Educational services	132.5	135.2	136.1	0.5	1.4	0.7	2.4	2.5	2.7
Schools	132.4	135.1	136.0	0.5	1.4	0.7	2.3	2.5	2.7
Elementary and secondary schools	132.5	135.3	136.2	0.5	1.5	0.7	2.5	2.7	2.8
Health care and social assistance	135.8	138.2	139.3	0.6	0.8	0.8	2.3	2.4	2.6
Hospitals	133.4	135.2	136.5	0.6	0.7	1.0	2.2	2.0	2.3
Public administration	135.7	138.3	139.2	0.7	1.2	0.7	2.8	2.7	2.6
Footnotes (1) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 8. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for civilian workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry	Indexes (Dec. 2005=100)			Percent changes for
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	3-months ended-			12-months ended-
				Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
All workers(1)	129.8	133.1	133.8	0.4	0.9	0.5	2.5	2.9	3.1
Excluding incentive paid occupations(2)	129.9	132.9	133.6	0.5	0.8	0.5	2.5	2.9	2.8
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	129.6	132.4	133.0	0.4	0.9	0.5	2.2	2.6	2.6
Management, business, and financial	131.7	134.6	135.2	0.4	0.8	0.4	2.3	2.6	2.7
Professional and related	128.5	131.2	131.7	0.4	0.9	0.4	2.2	2.5	2.5
Sales and office	129.5	133.9	134.5	0.2	1.1	0.4	2.8	3.6	3.9
Sales and related	125.8	130.9	131.4	-0.2	1.7	0.4	3.0	3.9	4.5
Office and administrative support	132.0	135.8	136.6	0.5	0.7	0.6	2.5	3.3	3.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	130.3	132.5	133.2	0.5	0.5	0.5	2.9	2.2	2.2
Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	130.2	132.6	133.4	0.5	0.5	0.6	2.8	2.3	2.5
Installation, maintenance, and repair	130.5	132.4	133.2	0.5	0.5	0.6	3.0	2.0	2.1
Production, transportation, and material moving	130.8	134.4	135.1	0.5	0.9	0.5	3.2	3.2	3.3
Production	129.5	132.4	133.3	0.5	0.6	0.7	3.0	2.8	2.9
Transportation and material moving	132.3	136.6	137.1	0.4	1.2	0.4	3.4	3.6	3.6
Service occupations	130.8	134.4	135.6	0.8	0.9	0.9	3.0	3.5	3.7
Industry
Goods-producing industries(3)	129.3	132.2	132.9	0.5	0.6	0.5	2.5	2.7	2.8
Manufacturing	129.3	132.0	132.9	0.5	0.5	0.7	2.5	2.6	2.8
Service-providing industries(4)	129.9	133.2	133.9	0.4	1.0	0.5	2.6	2.9	3.1
Education and health services	128.0	130.8	131.6	0.5	1.2	0.6	2.1	2.7	2.8
Educational services	126.0	128.4	129.0	0.3	1.3	0.5	1.9	2.2	2.4
Elementary and secondary schools	124.6	127.2	127.7	0.2	1.5	0.4	1.8	2.3	2.5
Junior colleges, colleges, and universities	128.2	130.2	131.1	0.5	1.2	0.7	2.2	2.0	2.3
Health care and social assistance	130.2	133.4	134.4	0.6	0.9	0.7	2.2	3.1	3.2
Hospitals	130.9	132.8	134.2	0.6	0.4	1.1	2.3	2.1	2.5
Nursing and residential care facilities	127.3	130.3	131.4	0.6	0.7	0.8	2.7	3.0	3.2
Public administration	127.7	129.9	130.8	0.6	0.9	0.7	2.2	2.3	2.4
Footnotes (1) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government. (2) The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table. (3) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (4) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services, except public administration; and public administration.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 9. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry	Index value (Dec. 2005=100)			Percent changes for
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	3-months ended-			12-months ended-
				Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
All workers	130.6	134.0	134.7	0.5	0.8	0.5	2.8	3.1	3.1
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	130.7	133.9	134.6	0.5	0.7	0.5	2.7	3.0	3.0
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	131.1	134.1	134.6	0.5	0.8	0.4	2.3	2.8	2.7
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	130.1	132.8	133.4	0.5	0.6	0.5	2.3	2.5	2.5
Management, business, and financial	132.3	135.3	135.8	0.4	0.8	0.4	2.4	2.7	2.6
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	130.8	133.5	134.0	0.4	0.5	0.4	2.2	2.5	2.4
Professional and related	130.2	133.2	133.7	0.5	0.8	0.4	2.4	2.8	2.7
Sales and office	129.8	134.3	135.0	0.2	1.1	0.5	2.9	3.7	4.0
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	132.2	136.3	136.9	0.5	0.7	0.4	2.9	3.7	3.6
Sales and related	125.9	131.0	131.5	-0.1	1.7	0.4	3.0	4.0	4.4
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	131.0	135.3	135.8	0.4	0.7	0.4	3.1	3.7	3.7
Office and administrative support	132.9	136.8	137.6	0.5	0.7	0.6	2.6	3.5	3.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	130.4	132.6	133.4	0.5	0.5	0.6	2.9	2.2	2.3
Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	130.4	132.9	133.6	0.4	0.5	0.5	2.8	2.3	2.5
Installation, maintenance, and repair	130.5	132.4	133.1	0.6	0.5	0.5	3.1	2.1	2.0
Production, transportation, and material moving	130.7	134.4	135.1	0.5	0.9	0.5	3.2	3.3	3.4
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	130.8	134.2	135.2	0.5	0.6	0.7	3.1	3.1	3.4
Production	129.3	132.2	133.1	0.5	0.6	0.7	3.1	2.8	2.9
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	129.5	132.5	133.4	0.5	0.6	0.7	3.1	2.9	3.0
Transportation and material moving	132.6	137.0	137.5	0.4	1.3	0.4	3.5	3.7	3.7
Service occupations	131.3	135.2	136.4	0.8	0.9	0.9	3.3	3.8	3.9
Industry and occupational group
Goods-producing industries(2)	129.3	132.2	133.0	0.4	0.6	0.6	2.5	2.6	2.9
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	129.8	132.6	133.3	0.5	0.5	0.5	2.5	2.6	2.7
Management, professional, and related	129.0	132.1	132.7	0.4	0.5	0.5	1.8	2.8	2.9
Sales and office	129.9	134.3	135.3	-0.2	1.3	0.7	1.9	3.1	4.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	130.4	132.9	133.6	0.7	0.4	0.5	3.0	2.6	2.5
Production, transportation, and material moving	128.8	131.3	132.2	0.5	0.6	0.7	3.0	2.5	2.6
Construction	128.4	131.8	132.4	0.4	0.7	0.5	2.5	3.0	3.1
Manufacturing	129.3	132.0	132.9	0.5	0.5	0.7	2.5	2.6	2.8
Management, professional, and related	129.6	132.4	133.1	0.3	0.4	0.5	1.8	2.5	2.7
Sales and office	131.6	135.0	136.0	0.6	0.9	0.7	2.7	3.2	3.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	131.0	132.9	133.6	0.9	0.4	0.5	2.7	2.4	2.0
Production, transportation, and material moving	128.5	130.9	131.9	0.5	0.5	0.8	3.0	2.4	2.6
Aircraft manufacturing	138.4	141.2	141.5	-0.1	0.0	0.2	2.7	1.9	2.2
Service-providing industries(3)	131.0	134.5	135.2	0.5	0.9	0.5	2.8	3.1	3.2
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	131.0	134.3	135.0	0.5	0.7	0.5	2.7	3.1	3.1
Management, professional, and related	131.4	134.4	134.9	0.4	0.8	0.4	2.4	2.7	2.7
Sales and office	129.8	134.3	134.9	0.3	1.1	0.4	2.9	3.8	3.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	130.5	132.3	133.1	0.2	0.5	0.6	2.9	1.6	2.0
Production, transportation, and material moving	132.9	137.6	138.1	0.5	1.2	0.4	3.6	4.0	3.9
Service occupations	131.2	135.1	136.4	0.8	0.9	1.0	3.2	3.8	4.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	131.2	135.4	135.7	0.3	1.3	0.2	3.2	3.5	3.4
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	131.4	135.3	135.7	0.5	0.8	0.3	2.9	3.4	3.3
Wholesale trade	126.0	129.5	130.4	0.2	2.2	0.7	3.4	3.0	3.5
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	128.2	131.6	131.8	0.5	0.7	0.2	2.9	3.1	2.8
Retail trade	133.2	137.4	137.5	0.5	0.7	0.1	3.3	3.6	3.2
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	131.4	135.3	135.9	0.5	0.8	0.4	3.1	3.4	3.4
Transportation and warehousing	133.1	138.5	138.4	0.2	1.6	-0.1	3.1	4.3	4.0
Utilities	138.2	141.2	141.4	0.2	0.1	0.1	2.4	2.4	2.3
Information	127.5	131.3	131.3	0.1	0.8	0.0	2.1	3.1	3.0
Financial activities	130.9	134.7	135.0	0.3	0.0	0.2	2.1	3.2	3.1
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	130.9	134.5	135.0	0.2	0.4	0.4	2.1	2.9	3.1
Finance and insurance	131.6	135.6	135.8	0.4	-0.2	0.1	2.2	3.4	3.2
Credit intermediation and related activities	128.0	131.4	131.6	0.1	0.0	0.2	2.2	2.7	2.8
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	132.0	135.8	135.9	0.2	0.4	0.1	2.6	3.0	3.0
Insurance carriers and related activities	132.1	134.9	134.7	0.2	-0.7	-0.1	2.1	2.4	2.0
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	129.8	133.0	133.2	0.2	0.5	0.2	1.9	2.6	2.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	128.2	131.0	131.9	0.2	0.7	0.7	2.2	2.3	2.9
Excluding incentive paid occupations(1)	131.3	134.6	135.7	0.2	0.7	0.8	2.1	2.7	3.4
Professional and business services	132.0	135.2	135.8	0.3	1.0	0.4	2.9	2.7	2.9
Professional, scientific, and technical services	134.2	137.9	138.1	0.1	1.5	0.1	2.9	2.8	2.9
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	129.6	132.4	133.4	0.7	0.7	0.8	3.4	2.9	2.9
Education and health services	130.1	133.3	134.2	0.6	1.0	0.7	2.2	3.1	3.2
Educational services	130.0	132.6	133.0	0.5	1.5	0.3	2.0	2.5	2.3
Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools	130.7	133.3	134.0	0.5	1.4	0.5	2.3	2.5	2.5
Health care and social assistance	130.2	133.5	134.5	0.7	0.9	0.7	2.3	3.2	3.3
Hospitals	131.1	133.2	134.7	0.6	0.4	1.1	2.2	2.2	2.7
Nursing and residential care facilities	127.3	130.3	131.4	0.7	0.7	0.8	2.8	3.1	3.2
Nursing care facilities(1)	127.0	129.6	131.0	0.6	0.7	1.1	2.5	2.7	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	132.3	136.4	138.4	0.7	0.9	1.5	3.8	3.8	4.6
Accommodation and food service	133.0	137.1	138.8	0.7	0.8	1.2	3.7	3.8	4.4
Other services, except public administration	131.8	134.3	135.4	0.2	0.1	0.8	2.4	2.1	2.7
Footnotes (1) The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table. (2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 10. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by bargaining status and Census region and division [Not seasonally adjusted]

Bargaining status and Census region and division	Indexes (Dec.2005=100)			Percent changes for-
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	3-months ended-			12-months ended-
				Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
Bargaining status
Union	130.9	133.5	134.6	0.8	0.6	0.8	2.8	2.8	2.8
Goods-producing industries(1)	127.6	129.6	130.2	0.6	0.4	0.5	2.3	2.2	2.0
Manufacturing	125.2	126.9	127.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	2.4	1.9	1.8
Service-providing industries(2)	133.3	136.2	137.5	0.8	0.7	1.0	3.0	3.0	3.2
Nonunion	130.6	134.1	134.7	0.5	0.9	0.4	2.8	3.2	3.1
Goods-producing industries(1)	129.8	132.8	133.6	0.4	0.6	0.6	2.5	2.7	2.9
Manufacturing	130.3	133.1	134.0	0.5	0.5	0.7	2.5	2.6	2.8
Service-providing industries(2)	130.8	134.4	135.0	0.4	1.0	0.4	2.7	3.1	3.2
Census region and division(3)
Northeast	131.7	135.3	136.0	0.2	1.0	0.5	2.7	2.9	3.3
New England	136.8	141.3	141.5	0.3	2.8	0.1	3.6	3.6	3.4
Middle Atlantic	129.8	133.1	134.0	0.2	0.5	0.7	2.3	2.7	3.2
South	130.1	133.0	133.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	2.7	2.7	2.7
South Atlantic	132.0	135.1	135.9	0.7	0.4	0.6	2.9	3.1	3.0
East South Central	128.6	131.5	131.7	-0.4	0.7	0.2	2.5	1.9	2.4
West South Central	127.5	130.2	130.4	0.3	0.6	0.2	2.4	2.4	2.3
Midwest	128.1	131.4	132.3	0.5	1.0	0.7	2.2	3.1	3.3
East North Central	126.5	129.7	130.7	0.5	1.1	0.8	2.5	3.0	3.3
West North Central	132.1	135.4	136.1	0.4	0.7	0.5	1.8	2.9	3.0
West	132.9	137.1	137.8	0.5	1.0	0.5	3.3	3.7	3.7
Mountain	130.8	134.2	135.2	0.6	0.6	0.7	3.0	3.2	3.4
Pacific	133.8	138.4	138.9	0.5	1.2	0.4	3.3	3.9	3.8
Footnotes (1) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (2) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. (3) The Census divisions are defined as follows: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.
NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 11. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for state and local government workers, by occupational group and industry [Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry	Indexes (Dec. 2005=100)			Percent changes for-
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	3-months ended-			12-months ended-
				Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
All workers	126.7	129.0	129.7	0.5	1.3	0.5	2.1	2.3	2.4
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	125.9	128.1	128.7	0.4	1.3	0.5	2.0	2.2	2.2
Professional and related	125.7	127.8	128.5	0.4	1.2	0.5	1.9	2.1	2.2
Sales and office	126.2	128.9	129.7	0.6	1.3	0.6	1.9	2.7	2.8
Office and administrative support	126.6	129.3	130.1	0.6	1.3	0.6	1.9	2.7	2.8
Service occupations	129.3	131.7	132.6	0.5	1.0	0.7	2.2	2.4	2.6
Industry
Education and health services	125.8	128.2	128.8	0.3	1.3	0.5	1.9	2.2	2.4
Educational services	125.2	127.6	128.2	0.2	1.4	0.5	1.9	2.2	2.4
Schools	125.2	127.6	128.2	0.3	1.4	0.5	1.9	2.2	2.4
Elementary and secondary schools	124.6	127.2	127.6	0.2	1.5	0.3	1.9	2.3	2.4
Health care and social assistance	130.6	132.5	133.4	0.7	0.7	0.7	2.4	2.2	2.1
Hospitals	129.7	131.1	132.1	0.7	0.5	0.8	2.4	1.8	1.9
Public administration	127.7	129.9	130.8	0.6	0.9	0.7	2.2	2.3	2.4
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 12. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by occupational group, industry, and bargaining status [Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group, industry, and bargaining status	Indexes (Dec. 2005=100)			Percent changes for-
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	3-months ended-			12-months ended-
				Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
Civilian workers
All workers(1)	134.4	137.5	138.1	0.3	0.5	0.4	2.5	2.6	2.8
Private industry workers
All workers	130.2	133.2	133.6	0.2	0.2	0.3	2.3	2.5	2.6
Occupational group
Management, professional, and related	129.1	131.7	132.1	0.2	0.0	0.3	2.5	2.2	2.3
Sales and office	130.8	134.8	135.3	0.0	0.5	0.4	1.9	3.1	3.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	132.9	136.5	136.9	0.4	0.2	0.3	2.3	3.1	3.0
Production, transportation, and material moving	131.4	133.5	133.8	0.3	0.2	0.2	2.7	1.9	1.8
Service occupations	129.7	132.3	132.8	0.4	0.6	0.4	2.0	2.4	2.4
Industry
Goods-producing industries(2)	128.0	129.3	129.6	0.3	-0.4	0.2	2.5	1.3	1.3
Manufacturing	128.0	128.9	129.1	0.2	-0.7	0.2	3.0	0.9	0.9
Aircraft manufacturing	118.3	98.5	97.7	0.1	-19.5	-0.8	32.0	-16.7	-17.4
Service-providing industries(3)	131.2	134.6	135.1	0.2	0.4	0.4	2.3	2.7	3.0
Bargaining status
Union	140.6	144.9	145.7	0.5	-0.1	0.6	3.3	3.6	3.6
Nonunion	128.2	130.9	131.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	2.2	2.3	2.3
State and local government workers
All workers	149.7	153.2	154.4	0.7	1.5	0.8	3.2	3.1	3.1
Footnotes (1) Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal government. (2) Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. (3) Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

Table 13. Employment Cost Index for total compensation and wages and salaries, for private industry workers by area [Not seasonally adjusted]

Census region and metropolitan area(1)	12-month percent changes -
	Total compensation(2)			Wages and salaries
	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018	Dec. 2017	Sep. 2018	Dec. 2018
Northeast
Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.0	2.0
New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA	2.4	3.1	3.7	2.4	2.8	3.6
Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD CSA	2.7	2.5	1.9	2.4	2.9	2.0
South
Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA CSA	1.4	1.8	2.0	1.5	2.1	2.2
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK CSA	2.4	2.8	2.3	3.2	2.5	2.0
Houston-The Woodlands, TX CSA	1.7	1.9	1.8	2.0	2.0	1.9
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie, FL CSA	2.2	2.7	2.9	2.3	3.0	3.1
Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA CSA	2.2	2.8	2.6	3.0	3.0	2.6
Midwest
Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI CSA	2.4	3.5	3.2	2.6	3.5	3.0
Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI CSA	2.8	2.8	2.6	3.2	3.2	2.7
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI CSA	1.4	4.5	5.0	1.1	4.7	5.2
West
Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA	3.7	2.4	3.0	3.3	3.0	3.7
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ MSA	2.7	3.0	3.8	3.1	3.4	4.1
San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA	3.4	4.0	3.6	3.6	4.5	3.8
Seattle-Tacoma, WA CSA	6.9	0.7	0.6	3.4	3.7	3.7
Footnotes (1) These areas include Consolidated Statistical Areas (CSAs) and Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Beginning with the December 2018 release, area definitions are based on Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 13-01, dated February 28, 2013. Previous area definitions are based on Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 04-03, dated February 18, 2004. For more information on metropolitan area definitions, see www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro.html. (2) Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey