Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 USDL 08-0130
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 Transmission of material in this release
http://www.bls.gov/ces/ is embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EST),
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Friday, February 1, 2008.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JANUARY 2008
Both nonfarm payroll employment, at 138.1 million, and the unemployment rate,
at 4.9 percent, were essentially unchanged in January, the Bureau of Labor Sta-
tistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The small January move-
ment in nonfarm payroll employment (-17,000) reflected declines in construction
and manufacturing and job growth in health care. Average hourly earnings rose
by 4 cents, or 0.2 percent, over the month.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The number of unemployed persons (7.6 million) and the unemployment rate
(4.9 percent) were essentially unchanged in January. Over the month, the unem-
ployment rates for all major worker groups--adult men (4.4 percent), adult women
(4.2 percent), teenagers (18.0 percent), whites (4.4 percent), blacks (9.2 per-
cent), and Hispanics (6.3 percent)--showed little or no change. The unemployment
rate for Asians was 3.2 percent, not seasonally adjusted. (See tables A-1, A-2,
and A-3.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
Total employment and the employment-population ratio edged up in January after
accounting for the annual adjustment to the population controls. The civilian
labor force also rose when adjustment is made to account for the effect of pop-
ulation control changes. The labor force participation rate (66.1 percent) was
about the same as in December. (See tables A-1 and D.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.7 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to
the labor force in January, up from about 1.6 million a year earlier. These indivi-
duals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the
prior 12 months. They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched
for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Among the marginally attached, there
were 467,000 discouraged workers in January, about the same as a year earlier. Dis-
couraged workers were not currently looking for work specifically because they be-
lieved no jobs were available for them. The other 1.3 million persons marginally
attached to the labor force in January had not searched for work in the 4 weeks pre-
ceding the survey for reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities.
(See table A-13.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Establishment and Household Data Changes |
| |
| The establishment survey data in this release have been revised as a |
|result of the annual benchmarking process, the updating of seasonal adjust-|
|ment factors, and the updating to NAICS 2007 from NAICS 2002. See the note|
|beginning on page 4 for more information on the revisions. |
| In addition, household survey data for January 2008 reflect updated pop-|
|ulation controls. See the note on page 5 for more information. |
| |
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- 2 -
Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
_______________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| Quarterly | |
| averages | Monthly data | Dec.-
Category |_________________|__________________________| Jan.
| | | | | | change
| III | IV | Nov. | Dec. | Jan. |
| 2007 | 2007 | 2007 | 2007 | 2008 |
_________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Civilian labor force ....| 153,191| 153,667| 153,828| 153,866| 153,824| (1)
Employment ............| 146,019| 146,291| 146,647| 146,211| 146,248| (1)
Unemployment ..........| 7,172| 7,375| 7,181| 7,655| 7,576| (1)
Not in labor force ......| 79,019| 79,270| 79,111| 79,290| 78,792| (1)
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Unemployment rates
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
All workers .............| 4.7| 4.8| 4.7| 5.0| 4.9| -0.1
Adult men .............| 4.2| 4.3| 4.1| 4.4| 4.4| .0
Adult women ...........| 4.1| 4.2| 4.1| 4.4| 4.2| -.2
Teenagers .............| 15.8| 16.4| 16.4| 17.1| 18.0| .9
White .................| 4.2| 4.3| 4.2| 4.4| 4.4| .0
Black or African | | | | | |
American ............| 8.0| 8.6| 8.4| 9.0| 9.2| .2
Hispanic or Latino | | | | | |
ethnicity ...........| 5.7| 5.9| 5.7| 6.3| 6.3| .0
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
ESTABLISHMENT DATA (2) | Employment
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Nonfarm employment.......| 137,758|p138,044| 138,037|p138,119|p138,102| p-17
Goods-producing (3)....| 22,185| p22,046| 22,049| p21,988| p21,937| p-51
Construction ........| 7,609| p7,524| 7,520| p7,475| p7,448| p-27
Manufacturing .......| 13,850| p13,788| 13,794| p13,774| p13,746| p-28
Service-providing (3)..| 115,573|p115,998| 115,988|p116,131|p116,165| p34
Retail trade (4)...| 15,493| p15,494| 15,513| p15,501| p15,512| p11
Professional and | | | | | |
business services .| 17,979| p18,099| 18,079| p18,149| p18,138| p-11
Education and health | | | | | |
services ..........| 18,411| p18,530| 18,522| p18,578| p18,625| p47
Leisure and | | | | | |
hospitality .......| 13,507| p13,627| 13,628| p13,650| p13,669| p19
Government ..........| 22,203| p22,282| 22,278| p22,306| p22,288| p-18
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Hours of work (5)
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Total private ...........| 33.8| p33.8| 33.8| p33.8| p33.7| p-0.1
Manufacturing .........| 41.4| p41.2| 41.3| p41.1| p41.1| p.0
Overtime ............| 4.2| p4.1| 4.1| p4.0| p4.0| p.0
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (2002=100)(5)
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Total private ...........| 107.5| p107.7| 107.7| p107.8| p107.5| p-0.3
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Earnings (5)
|_____________________________________________________
Average hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private .........| $17.52| p$17.65| $17.64| p$17.71| p$17.75| p$0.04
Average weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private .........| 592.07| p596.46| 596.23| p598.60| p598.18| p-.42
_________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________
1 Changes in household data levels are not shown due to the introduction of
updated population controls. See the note on page 6 for more information.
2 Establishment data have been revised to reflect March 2007 benchmark
levels , updated seasonal adjustment factors, and conversion to NAICS 2007 from
NAICS 2002. See the note on page 5 for more information.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
4 Quarterly averages and the over-the-month change are calculated using
unrounded data.
5 Data relate to private production and nonsupervisory workers.
p = preliminary.
- 3 -
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
In January, total nonfarm payroll employment was about unchanged (-17,000), after
edging up in November (60,000) and December (82,000). In 2007, payroll employment
increased by an average of 95,000 jobs per month. Both construction and manufac-
turing employment continued to decline in January, and health care employment rose.
(See table B-1.)
Construction employment decreased by 27,000 in January and has fallen by 284,000
since its peak in September 2006. Over-the-month job losses occurred in residential
building (-10,000) and residential specialty trade contractors (-18,000).
Manufacturing lost 28,000 jobs in January. Over the month, small declines occurred
among many durable and nondurable goods industries. Manufacturing has lost 269,000
jobs over the past 12 months.
In the service-providing sector, health care employment continued to grow in
January (27,000), about in line with average monthly gains over the prior 12 months.
Within health care, over-the-month job gains occurred in ambulatory health care ser-
vices (14,000), which includes offices of physicians, and in hospitals (10,000).
Food services employment continued to trend upward in January. From November
through January, food services added an average of 16,000 jobs per month, compared
with an average gain of 28,000 jobs for the 12-month period ending in October.
Employment in professional and technical services was little changed in January
following a large increase (49,000) in the prior month. In 2007, job growth in this
sector totaled 335,000.
In January, employment in financial activities was about unchanged as commercial
banking lost 4,000 jobs, and securities, commodity contracts, and investments added
5,000 jobs. Since reaching a peak in December 2006, employment in financial activi-
ties has declined by 99,000.
In January, employment in both wholesale and retail trade was little changed.
Within retail trade, employment in food and beverage stores was up by 12,000 over
the month.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
In January, the average workweek for production and nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls fell by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours, seasonally adjusted. The
manufacturing workweek was unchanged at 41.1 hours, and factory overtime was un-
changed at 4.0 hours. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers on
nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.3 percent in January to 107.5 (2002=100). The man-
ufacturing index was unchanged at 93.7. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
Average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers on private non-
farm payrolls rose by 4 cents, or 0.2 percent, in January to $17.75, seasonally
adjusted. This followed a gain of 7 cents in December. Average weekly earnings fell
by 0.1 percent in January to $598.18. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by
3.7 percent, and weekly earnings rose by 3.4 percent. (See table B-3.)
______________________________
The Employment Situation for February 2008 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, March 7, at 8:30 A.M. (EST).
- 4 -
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Revisions to Establishment Survey Data |
| |
| In accordance with annual practice, the establishment survey data have |
|been revised to reflect comprehensive universe counts of payroll jobs, or |
|benchmarks. These counts are derived principally from unemployment insur- |
|ance tax records for March 2007. In addition, establishment survey data |
|were updated to the 2007 North American Industry Classification System |
|(NAICS) from the 2002 NAICS basis; this resulted in minor changes to sever- |
|al detailed industry series. Not seasonally adjusted data series affected |
|by the NAICS 2007 update were subject to revision from January 1990 forward. |
|All other not seasonally adjusted data series were subject to revision from |
|April 2006 forward, the time period since the last benchmark was established.|
|In addition, with this release, the seasonally adjusted establishment survey |
|data from January 1990 forward were subject to revision due to the introduc- |
|tion of updated seasonal adjustment factors and NAICS 2007 updates. |
| |
| Table B presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a seasonally ad-|
|justed basis for January through December 2007. The revised data for April |
|2007 forward incorporate the effect of applying the rate of change measured |
|by the sample to the new benchmark level, as well as updated net business |
|birth/death model adjustments and new seasonal adjustment factors. The |
|November and December 2007 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation |
|of additional sample receipts into the November final and December second |
|preliminary estimates. The total nonfarm employment level for March 2007 was|
|revised downward by 293,000 (284,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis). The |
|previously published level for December 2007 was revised downward by 256,000 |
|(376,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis). |
| |
| An article that discusses the benchmark and post-benchmark revisions, as |
|well as all revised historical Current Employment Statistics (CES) data, |
|can be accessed through the CES homepage at http://www.bls.gov/ces/. |
|Information on the revisions released today also may be obtained by calling |
|(202) 691-6555. |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|Table B. Revisions in total nonfarm employment, January-December 2007, |
|seasonally adjusted |
| |
|(In thousands) |
|_______________________________________________________________________ |
| | | |
| | Levels | Over-the-month changes |
| |---------------------|--------------------------------- |
| Year and month| As | | As | | |
| |previously| As |previously| As | Difference |
| |published | revised |published | revised | |
|_______________|__________|__________|__________|__________|___________ |
| | | | | | |
| 2007 | | | | | |
|January........| 137,329 | 137,108 | 162 | 126 | -36 |
|February.......| 137,419 | 137,133 | 90 | 25 | -65 |
|March..........| 137,594 | 137,310 | 175 | 177 | 2 |
|April..........| 137,716 | 137,356 | 122 | 46 | -76 |
|May............| 137,904 | 137,518 | 188 | 162 | -26 |
|June...........| 137,973 | 137,625 | 69 | 107 | 38 |
|July...........| 138,066 | 137,682 | 93 | 57 | -36 |
|August.........| 138,159 | 137,756 | 93 | 74 | -19 |
|September......| 138,203 | 137,837 | 44 | 81 | 37 |
|October........| 138,362 | 137,977 | 159 | 140 | -19 |
|November.......| 138,477 | 138,037 | 115 | 60 | -55 |
|December (p)...| 138,495 | 138,119 | 18 | 82 | 64 |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| p = preliminary. |
| |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 5 -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Adjustments to Population Estimates for the Household Survey |
| |
| Effective with data for January 2008, updated population controls have |
|been used in the household survey. Population controls for the household |
|survey are developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. Each year, the Census |
|Bureau updates the controls to reflect new information and assumptions about |
|the growth of the population during the decade. The change in population |
|reflected in the new controls results primarily from adjustments to the es- |
|timates of net international migration and the institutional population, |
|along with updated vital statistics information. |
| |
| As per usual practice, BLS will not revise the official household survey |
|estimates for December 2007 and earlier months. To show the impact of the |
|updated population controls, however, some December 2007 estimates were re- |
|calculated using the new controls. The differences in selected December |
|estimates based on the old and new controls are shown in table C. The new |
|controls decreased the estimated size of the civilian noninstitutional popu- |
|lation in December by 745,000, the civilian labor force by 637,000, and em- |
|ployment by 598,000; the new population controls had a negligible impact on |
|unemployment rates and other percentage estimates. Table D shows the effect |
|of the introduction of new population controls on the over-the-month changes |
|between December 2007 and January 2008. More detailed information on the |
|population adjustments and their effect on national labor force estimates are|
|available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps08adj.pdf on the Internet. |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|Table C. Effect of the revised population controls on December 2007 esti- |
|mates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, not seasonally adjusted|
| |
|(Numbers in thousands) |
|_____________________________________________________________________________|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Black or | |Hispanic |
| Category |Total| Men| Women | White | African | Asian |or Latino|
| | | | | | Ameri- | |ethnicity|
| | | | | | can | | |
|_____________________|_____|____|_______|_______|__________|_______|_________|
| | | | | | | | |
|Civilian noninstitu- | | | | | | | |
| tional population...|-745 |-467| -278 | -436 | -101 | -176 | -349 |
| Civilian labor | | | | | | | |
| force.............|-637 |-422| -216 | -404 | -83 | -126 | -270 |
| Employed.........|-598 |-394| -204 | -379 | -75 | -121 | -252 |
| Unemployed.......| -40 | -28| -12 | -25 | -8 | -4 | -18 |
| Unemployment | | | | | | | |
| rate........| .0 | .0| .0 | .0 | .0 | .0 | .0 |
|_____________________|_____|____|_______|_______|__________|_______|_________|
| |
| NOTE: Detail for men and women may not sum to totals because of rounding.|
|Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and |
|Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. |
|Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any |
|race. |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|Table D. Effect of the revised population controls on the December 2007- |
|January 2008 over-the-month changes in selected labor force measures |
| |
|(Numbers in thousands) |
| |
|___________________________________________________________________________ |
| | | Population | |
| | Dec.- Jan.| control | Adjusted |
| Category | change, | effect | Dec.- Jan |
| | as | on Dec. | change |
| | published |estimates (1)| |
|______________________________________|___________|_____________|__________ |
| | | | |
|Civilian noninstitutional population..| -540 | -745 | 205 |
| Civilian labor force................| -42 | -637 | 595 |
| Participation rate...........| .1 | -.1 | .2 |
| Employed........................| 37 | -598 | 635 |
| Employment-population ratio..| .2 | -.1 | .3 |
| Unemployed......................| -79 | -40 | -39 |
| Unemployment rate............| -.1 | .0 | -.1 |
| | | | |
|______________________________________|___________|_____________|__________ |
| |
| 1 Differences are calculated from unrounded estimates. |
| |
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- 6 -
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based
estimates of employment and both have strengths and limitations. The estab-
lishment survey employment series has a smaller margin of error on the mea-
surement of month-to-month change than the household survey because of its
much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of 104,000 is
statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for
a statistically significant change in the household survey is about 400,000.
However, the household survey has a more expansive scope than the establish-
ment survey because it includes the self-employed, unpaid family workers,
agricultural workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the
establishment survey. The household survey also provides estimates of
employment for demographic groups.
Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
Neither the establishment nor household survey is designed to identify the
legal status of workers. Thus, while it is likely that both surveys include
at least some undocumented immigrants, it is not possible to determine how
many are counted in either survey. The household survey does include questions
about whether respondents were born outside the United States. Data from these
questions show that foreign-born workers accounted for about 15 percent of the
labor force in 2006 and about 47 percent of the net increase in the labor force
from 2000 to 2006.
Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data
series by incorporating additional information that was not available at the
time of the initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey
revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the
survey. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark
revision that re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts
available from unemployment insurance tax records. The benchmark helps
to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit http://www.bls.
gov/web/cesbmart.htm.
Has the establishment survey understated employment growth because it excludes
the self-employed?
While the establishment survey excludes the self-employed, the household
survey provides monthly estimates of unincorporated self-employment. These
estimates have shown no substantial growth in recent years.
- 7 -
Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of busi-
ness establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sam-
ple is designed to maximize the reliability of the total nonfarm employment esti-
mate; firms from all size classes and industries are appropriately sampled to
achieve that goal.
Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account
for the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The
adjustment comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs
impact of business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net
impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into
the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its
appearance on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new
businesses to the survey twice a year.
Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving
unemployment insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of
households. All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and
available to work are included among the unemployed. (People on temporary
layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There is no
requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the
monthly survey.
Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who have stopped looking for
work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force
who want a job, including those who have stopped looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of
labor underutilization (discouraged workers and other groups not officially
counted as unemployed) are published each month in the Employment Situation news
release.
- 8 -
Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the informa-
tion on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the
A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 house-
holds conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment,
hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the
B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from
payroll records by BLS in cooperation with state agencies. The sample
includes about 160,000 businesses and government agencies covering ap-
proximately 400,000 individual worksites. The active sample includes
about one-third of all nonfarm payroll workers. The sample is drawn
from a sampling frame of unemployment insurance tax accounts.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week
or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally
the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establish-
ment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th,
which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire
civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of
questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over
in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the
labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid
employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, pro-
fession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours
in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they
were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather,
vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following
criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were
available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference
week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be
looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data
derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility
for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force.
The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor
force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent
of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population.
- 9 -
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from pri-
vate nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate
only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory
workers in the service-providing sector. Industries are classified on the
basis of their principal activity in accordance with the 2002 version of
the North American Industry Classification System.
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and method-
ological differences between the household and establishment surveys result
in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the sur-
veys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed,
unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
The establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
The establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because in-
dividuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In
the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus
appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each
appearance.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the
levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to
such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production,
harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The ef-
fect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctua-
tions may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes
in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern
each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by ad-
justing the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make non-
seasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For
example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is
likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May,
making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen
or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in
previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted
to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made
correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
- 10 -
Most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the
household and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many
major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most super-
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating in-
dependently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is
derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-sex components;
this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by di-
rectly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more
detailed age categories.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated
each month, using all relevant data, up to and including the data for the
current month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are used to
adjust only the current month's data. In the establishment survey, however,
new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the three most recent
monthly estimates. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made
once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject
to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the en-
tire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates
may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample
selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the
estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 stand-
ard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error.
BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total
employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus
430,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000
from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the
monthly change would range from -330,000 to 530,000 (100,000 +/- 430,000).
These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these
magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment
rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely
(at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, oc-
curred. At an unemployment rate of around 5.5 percent, the 90-percent con-
fidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is about +/- 280,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about +/- .19
percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have
lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates
which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of esti-
mates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for
quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also im-
prove the stability of the monthly estimates.
- 11 -
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure
to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for
all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent
2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason,
these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after
two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is
the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new
firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth,
an estimation procedure with two components is used to account for business
births. The first component uses business deaths to impute employment for
business births. This is incorporated into the sample-based link relative
estimate procedure by simply not reflecting sample units going out of busi-
ness, but imputing to them the same trend as the other firms in the sample.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation.
The historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was de-
rived from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and
reflects the actual residual net of births and deaths over the past five
years.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted
once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment
obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program.
The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the
March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a
rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the
benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent,
ranging from less than 0.05 percent to 0.6 percent.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral
phone: 1-800-877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 230,650 233,156 232,616 230,650 232,461 232,715 232,939 233,156 232,616
Civilian labor force....................... 151,924 153,705 152,828 152,958 153,506 153,306 153,828 153,866 153,824
Participation rate................... 65.9 65.9 65.7 66.3 66.0 65.9 66.0 66.0 66.1
Employed................................. 144,275 146,334 144,607 145,915 146,260 146,016 146,647 146,211 146,248
Employment-population ratio.......... 62.6 62.8 62.2 63.3 62.9 62.7 63.0 62.7 62.9
Unemployed............................... 7,649 7,371 8,221 7,043 7,246 7,291 7,181 7,655 7,576
Unemployment rate.................... 5.0 4.8 5.4 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.9
Not in labor force......................... 78,726 79,451 79,788 77,692 78,955 79,409 79,111 79,290 78,792
Persons who currently want a job......... 4,633 4,398 4,977 4,562 4,728 4,266 4,655 4,697 4,857
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 111,528 112,852 112,493 111,528 112,486 112,619 112,737 112,852 112,493
Civilian labor force....................... 81,340 82,171 81,656 82,067 82,237 82,210 82,515 82,448 82,355
Participation rate................... 72.9 72.8 72.6 73.6 73.1 73.0 73.2 73.1 73.2
Employed................................. 76,934 77,970 76,860 78,221 78,229 78,177 78,604 78,260 78,157
Employment-population ratio.......... 69.0 69.1 68.3 70.1 69.5 69.4 69.7 69.3 69.5
Unemployed............................... 4,406 4,201 4,796 3,846 4,008 4,032 3,910 4,188 4,197
Unemployment rate.................... 5.4 5.1 5.9 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.7 5.1 5.1
Not in labor force......................... 30,188 30,680 30,837 29,461 30,249 30,409 30,223 30,404 30,139
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 102,956 104,197 103,866 102,956 103,847 103,973 104,087 104,197 103,866
Civilian labor force....................... 77,991 78,893 78,463 78,407 78,689 78,664 79,075 79,004 78,864
Participation rate................... 75.8 75.7 75.5 76.2 75.8 75.7 76.0 75.8 75.9
Employed................................. 74,146 75,296 74,387 75,154 75,332 75,274 75,834 75,499 75,427
Employment-population ratio.......... 72.0 72.3 71.6 73.0 72.5 72.4 72.9 72.5 72.6
Unemployed............................... 3,845 3,597 4,075 3,252 3,357 3,389 3,240 3,505 3,437
Unemployment rate.................... 4.9 4.6 5.2 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.4 4.4
Not in labor force......................... 24,965 25,305 25,403 24,550 25,158 25,309 25,012 25,193 25,002
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 119,122 120,304 120,123 119,122 119,975 120,096 120,202 120,304 120,123
Civilian labor force....................... 70,584 71,534 71,172 70,891 71,269 71,096 71,313 71,418 71,469
Participation rate................... 59.3 59.5 59.2 59.5 59.4 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5
Employed................................. 67,341 68,364 67,747 67,694 68,030 67,838 68,043 67,951 68,091
Employment-population ratio.......... 56.5 56.8 56.4 56.8 56.7 56.5 56.6 56.5 56.7
Unemployed............................... 3,243 3,170 3,425 3,197 3,238 3,258 3,271 3,467 3,378
Unemployment rate.................... 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.9 4.7
Not in labor force......................... 48,538 48,771 48,951 48,231 48,706 49,000 48,889 48,886 48,654
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 110,803 111,903 111,739 110,803 111,590 111,703 111,805 111,903 111,739
Civilian labor force....................... 67,270 68,116 67,913 67,359 67,795 67,623 67,776 67,866 67,982
Participation rate................... 60.7 60.9 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.5 60.6 60.6 60.8
Employed................................. 64,473 65,359 64,943 64,647 65,033 64,827 64,980 64,912 65,098
Employment-population ratio.......... 58.2 58.4 58.1 58.3 58.3 58.0 58.1 58.0 58.3
Unemployed............................... 2,797 2,757 2,970 2,712 2,762 2,796 2,796 2,954 2,885
Unemployment rate.................... 4.2 4.0 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.2
Not in labor force......................... 43,533 43,787 43,826 43,444 43,795 44,080 44,029 44,037 43,756
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 16,891 17,056 17,012 16,891 17,024 17,040 17,048 17,056 17,012
Civilian labor force....................... 6,663 6,696 6,452 7,192 7,021 7,020 6,977 6,996 6,978
Participation rate................... 39.4 39.3 37.9 42.6 41.2 41.2 40.9 41.0 41.0
Employed................................. 5,656 5,679 5,277 6,114 5,895 5,914 5,832 5,801 5,724
Employment-population ratio.......... 33.5 33.3 31.0 36.2 34.6 34.7 34.2 34.0 33.6
Unemployed............................... 1,007 1,017 1,175 1,079 1,126 1,105 1,145 1,196 1,254
Unemployment rate.................... 15.1 15.2 18.2 15.0 16.0 15.7 16.4 17.1 18.0
Not in labor force......................... 10,228 10,359 10,560 9,698 10,003 10,020 10,071 10,059 10,034
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 187,471 189,093 188,787 187,471 188,644 188,813 188,956 189,093 188,787
Civilian labor force....................... 124,106 125,334 124,577 124,896 125,316 125,151 125,430 125,460 125,340
Participation rate..................... 66.2 66.3 66.0 66.6 66.4 66.3 66.4 66.3 66.4
Employed................................. 118,392 120,004 118,505 119,742 119,992 119,883 120,194 119,889 119,858
Employment-population ratio............ 63.2 63.5 62.8 63.9 63.6 63.5 63.6 63.4 63.5
Unemployed............................... 5,714 5,331 6,072 5,154 5,324 5,268 5,235 5,571 5,482
Unemployment rate...................... 4.6 4.3 4.9 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4
Not in labor force......................... 63,365 63,759 64,210 62,574 63,329 63,662 63,526 63,633 63,447
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 64,733 65,462 65,098 65,121 65,257 65,255 65,521 65,506 65,470
Participation rate..................... 76.1 76.2 76.0 76.6 76.2 76.1 76.4 76.3 76.4
Employed................................. 61,806 62,789 62,020 62,690 62,690 62,762 63,111 62,929 62,924
Employment-population ratio............ 72.7 73.1 72.4 73.7 73.2 73.2 73.6 73.3 73.5
Unemployed............................... 2,927 2,674 3,078 2,431 2,567 2,493 2,409 2,577 2,546
Unemployment rate...................... 4.5 4.1 4.7 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 53,829 54,465 54,211 53,799 54,229 54,102 54,206 54,286 54,192
Participation rate..................... 60.2 60.4 60.2 60.1 60.3 60.1 60.2 60.2 60.2
Employed................................. 51,804 52,517 52,081 51,867 52,306 52,136 52,220 52,107 52,143
Employment-population ratio............ 57.9 58.3 57.8 58.0 58.1 57.9 58.0 57.8 57.9
Unemployed............................... 2,025 1,948 2,130 1,931 1,924 1,966 1,986 2,179 2,049
Unemployment rate...................... 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 5,543 5,406 5,268 5,977 5,830 5,795 5,703 5,668 5,678
Participation rate..................... 42.7 41.3 40.4 46.0 44.6 44.3 43.6 43.3 43.5
Employed................................. 4,782 4,698 4,403 5,185 4,996 4,985 4,863 4,853 4,791
Employment-population ratio............ 36.8 35.9 33.7 39.9 38.2 38.1 37.2 37.1 36.7
Unemployed............................... 761 709 864 791 834 810 840 815 887
Unemployment rate...................... 13.7 13.1 16.4 13.2 14.3 14.0 14.7 14.4 15.6
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 27,276 27,704 27,640 27,276 27,584 27,627 27,666 27,704 27,640
Civilian labor force....................... 17,408 17,498 17,501 17,657 17,483 17,430 17,453 17,538 17,713
Participation rate..................... 63.8 63.2 63.3 64.7 63.4 63.1 63.1 63.3 64.1
Employed................................. 15,973 15,999 15,856 16,242 16,046 15,946 15,980 15,961 16,090
Employment-population ratio............ 58.6 57.7 57.4 59.5 58.2 57.7 57.8 57.6 58.2
Unemployed............................... 1,435 1,499 1,645 1,415 1,437 1,483 1,473 1,577 1,623
Unemployment rate...................... 8.2 8.6 9.4 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.4 9.0 9.2
Not in labor force......................... 9,868 10,206 10,139 9,619 10,101 10,197 10,212 10,165 9,927
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 7,839 7,858 7,850 7,911 7,882 7,833 7,889 7,883 7,916
Participation rate..................... 71.5 70.4 70.7 72.1 71.0 70.4 70.8 70.7 71.3
Employed................................. 7,188 7,196 7,129 7,320 7,290 7,194 7,268 7,218 7,259
Employment-population ratio............ 65.5 64.5 64.2 66.7 65.7 64.7 65.3 64.7 65.4
Unemployed............................... 652 662 721 591 592 640 621 665 656
Unemployment rate...................... 8.3 8.4 9.2 7.5 7.5 8.2 7.9 8.4 8.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 8,818 8,814 8,882 8,896 8,839 8,823 8,777 8,803 8,921
Participation rate..................... 64.4 63.5 64.0 65.0 63.9 63.7 63.3 63.4 64.3
Employed................................. 8,244 8,212 8,220 8,319 8,215 8,195 8,159 8,187 8,266
Employment-population ratio............ 60.2 59.1 59.2 60.7 59.4 59.2 58.8 59.0 59.6
Unemployed............................... 574 602 662 577 625 628 618 617 654
Unemployment rate...................... 6.5 6.8 7.4 6.5 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 750 826 769 849 762 773 787 851 876
Participation rate..................... 28.7 31.0 29.0 32.5 28.7 29.1 29.6 32.0 33.0
Employed................................. 541 590 507 603 541 558 553 556 564
Employment-population ratio............ 20.7 22.2 19.1 23.1 20.4 21.0 20.8 20.9 21.2
Unemployed............................... 210 235 262 246 220 215 234 295 313
Unemployment rate...................... 27.9 28.5 34.0 29.0 28.9 27.9 29.7 34.7 35.7
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 10,394 10,801 10,660 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Civilian labor force....................... 6,901 7,225 7,167 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 66.4 66.9 67.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 6,680 6,958 6,935 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 64.3 64.4 65.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 220 267 231 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 3.2 3.7 3.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Not in labor force......................... 3,493 3,577 3,493 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Data not available.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 30,877 31,903 31,643 30,877 31,617 31,714 31,809 31,903 31,643
Civilian labor force....................... 21,253 21,924 21,561 21,428 21,872 21,778 21,872 21,888 21,698
Participation rate..................... 68.8 68.7 68.1 69.4 69.2 68.7 68.8 68.6 68.6
Employed................................. 19,888 20,534 20,011 20,206 20,619 20,554 20,623 20,517 20,320
Employment-population ratio............ 64.4 64.4 63.2 65.4 65.2 64.8 64.8 64.3 64.2
Unemployed............................... 1,365 1,390 1,550 1,222 1,253 1,224 1,249 1,371 1,378
Unemployment rate...................... 6.4 6.3 7.2 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.7 6.3 6.3
Not in labor force......................... 9,624 9,980 10,083 9,450 9,745 9,936 9,938 10,016 9,946
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 12,214 12,654 12,376 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 84.8 85.0 84.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 11,506 11,921 11,606 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 79.9 80.0 78.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 708 733 770 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 5.8 5.8 6.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 7,933 8,206 8,107 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 58.4 58.6 58.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 7,489 7,707 7,531 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 55.1 55.0 54.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 444 498 575 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 5.6 6.1 7.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 1,106 1,064 1,078 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 38.3 35.5 36.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 892 906 874 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 30.9 30.2 29.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 214 158 205 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 19.3 14.9 19.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Data not available.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force......................... 12,841 12,283 12,340 12,838 12,181 12,133 12,228 12,291 12,305
Participation rate....................... 46.9 46.4 46.2 46.9 46.3 47.3 46.8 46.5 46.0
Employed................................... 11,807 11,280 11,228 11,959 11,271 11,238 11,296 11,358 11,362
Employment-population ratio.............. 43.1 42.6 42.0 43.7 42.8 43.8 43.3 42.9 42.5
Unemployed................................. 1,034 1,003 1,112 880 910 895 932 933 943
Unemployment rate........................ 8.1 8.2 9.0 6.9 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.7
High school graduates, no college (1)
Civilian labor force......................... 38,766 38,850 38,390 38,666 38,810 38,625 38,710 38,841 38,364
Participation rate....................... 62.8 62.9 62.9 62.7 62.9 62.8 62.6 62.9 62.9
Employed................................... 36,866 37,036 36,324 37,033 37,036 36,838 36,980 37,034 36,587
Employment-population ratio.............. 59.7 60.0 59.5 60.0 60.1 59.9 59.8 60.0 59.9
Unemployed................................. 1,900 1,814 2,066 1,633 1,774 1,787 1,730 1,807 1,778
Unemployment rate........................ 4.9 4.7 5.4 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.6
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force......................... 34,891 36,269 36,108 35,320 36,045 36,218 36,353 36,279 36,492
Participation rate....................... 71.8 72.0 71.7 72.7 72.0 71.2 71.9 72.0 72.5
Employed................................... 33,481 34,932 34,679 34,016 34,801 34,939 35,156 34,924 35,187
Employment-population ratio.............. 68.9 69.3 68.9 70.0 69.5 68.7 69.6 69.3 69.9
Unemployed................................. 1,409 1,337 1,428 1,305 1,243 1,279 1,197 1,355 1,305
Unemployment rate........................ 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.6
Bachelor's degree and higher (2)
Civilian labor force......................... 43,656 44,620 44,633 43,611 44,117 44,200 44,263 44,448 44,604
Participation rate....................... 78.4 78.2 78.1 78.3 77.5 77.2 77.7 77.9 78.0
Employed................................... 42,713 43,725 43,651 42,701 43,253 43,261 43,296 43,476 43,651
Employment-population ratio.............. 76.7 76.6 76.4 76.6 76.0 75.6 76.0 76.2 76.4
Unemployed................................. 943 895 982 910 863 939 968 972 953
Unemployment rate........................ 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1
1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. See box note in the BLS news release
USDL 07-0486, "The Employment Situation: March 2007," issued on April 6, 2007, for a discussion of technical issues regarding
educational attainment data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries........... 2,026 2,078 2,032 2,225 2,065 2,089 2,148 2,248 2,213
Wage and salary workers.................... 1,189 1,235 1,128 1,322 1,178 1,195 1,237 1,368 1,259
Self-employed workers...................... 828 825 886 884 861 878 895 874 936
Unpaid family workers...................... 9 17 18 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Nonagricultural industries................... 142,249 144,256 142,575 143,691 144,259 143,933 144,503 143,933 144,052
Wage and salary workers.................... 132,730 135,125 133,509 133,973 134,573 134,533 135,109 134,605 134,755
Government............................... 20,964 20,836 20,905 20,965 21,084 20,907 20,943 20,780 20,907
Private industries....................... 111,766 114,289 112,604 112,988 113,502 113,641 114,179 113,872 113,846
Private households..................... 749 803 787 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Other industries....................... 111,017 113,486 111,817 112,233 112,694 112,850 113,377 113,035 113,042
Self-employed workers...................... 9,407 9,049 8,990 9,526 9,534 9,274 9,276 9,242 9,161
Unpaid family workers...................... 111 81 76 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME (2)
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons............. 4,726 4,750 5,340 4,237 4,499 4,401 4,513 4,665 4,769
Slack work or business conditions........ 3,245 3,308 3,857 2,757 2,991 2,788 3,008 3,174 3,247
Could only find part-time work........... 1,137 1,172 1,088 1,190 1,166 1,215 1,223 1,236 1,163
Part time for noneconomic reasons.......... 20,009 20,361 19,804 19,812 19,812 19,337 19,539 19,526 19,613
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons............. 4,620 4,639 5,235 4,142 4,397 4,302 4,453 4,577 4,677
Slack work or business conditions........ 3,177 3,250 3,789 2,686 2,922 2,745 2,981 3,120 3,174
Could only find part-time work........... 1,126 1,153 1,084 1,171 1,153 1,207 1,205 1,219 1,149
Part time for noneconomic reasons.......... 19,676 20,074 19,490 19,477 19,451 19,157 19,224 19,225 19,296
1 Data not available.
2 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as
vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked
only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over..................... 144,275 146,334 144,607 145,915 146,260 146,016 146,647 146,211 146,248
16 to 19 years............................. 5,656 5,679 5,277 6,114 5,895 5,914 5,832 5,801 5,724
16 to 17 years........................... 2,174 2,132 1,908 2,400 2,263 2,324 2,192 2,183 2,121
18 to 19 years........................... 3,482 3,547 3,369 3,724 3,641 3,600 3,625 3,626 3,603
20 years and over.......................... 138,619 140,655 139,330 139,802 140,365 140,101 140,814 140,410 140,524
20 to 24 years........................... 13,752 13,682 13,448 14,109 13,975 13,821 13,965 13,702 13,794
25 years and over........................ 124,868 126,973 125,882 125,638 126,481 126,293 126,779 126,675 126,640
25 to 54 years......................... 100,034 100,653 99,592 100,582 100,475 100,332 100,605 100,496 100,174
25 to 34 years....................... 31,132 31,672 31,221 31,421 31,598 31,612 31,638 31,633 31,530
35 to 44 years....................... 34,486 34,163 33,748 34,666 34,219 34,116 34,173 34,086 33,931
45 to 54 years....................... 34,416 34,818 34,623 34,494 34,659 34,605 34,794 34,777 34,713
55 years and over...................... 24,833 26,320 26,291 25,057 26,006 25,960 26,174 26,179 26,466
Men, 16 years and over....................... 76,934 77,970 76,860 78,221 78,229 78,177 78,604 78,260 78,157
16 to 19 years............................. 2,788 2,674 2,473 3,067 2,897 2,903 2,770 2,761 2,731
16 to 17 years........................... 1,041 932 819 1,196 1,065 1,118 959 986 950
18 to 19 years........................... 1,746 1,742 1,654 1,880 1,833 1,788 1,791 1,766 1,780
20 years and over.......................... 74,146 75,296 74,387 75,154 75,332 75,274 75,834 75,499 75,427
20 to 24 years........................... 7,186 7,180 7,049 7,455 7,294 7,306 7,466 7,244 7,312
25 years and over........................ 66,960 68,116 67,338 67,663 68,029 67,985 68,328 68,264 68,060
25 to 54 years......................... 53,841 54,240 53,459 54,387 54,237 54,258 54,422 54,383 54,041
25 to 34 years....................... 17,103 17,430 17,086 17,344 17,455 17,442 17,466 17,451 17,348
35 to 44 years....................... 18,689 18,433 18,162 18,856 18,567 18,536 18,559 18,507 18,335
45 to 54 years....................... 18,049 18,377 18,211 18,188 18,215 18,280 18,397 18,425 18,357
55 years and over...................... 13,119 13,876 13,879 13,276 13,792 13,727 13,906 13,882 14,020
Women, 16 years and over..................... 67,341 68,364 67,747 67,694 68,030 67,838 68,043 67,951 68,091
16 to 19 years............................. 2,868 3,005 2,804 3,047 2,998 3,011 3,063 3,040 2,993
16 to 17 years........................... 1,132 1,200 1,089 1,204 1,198 1,206 1,233 1,197 1,171
18 to 19 years........................... 1,736 1,805 1,714 1,845 1,807 1,813 1,834 1,860 1,823
20 years and over.......................... 64,473 65,359 64,943 64,647 65,033 64,827 64,980 64,912 65,098
20 to 24 years........................... 6,566 6,502 6,398 6,655 6,680 6,515 6,500 6,458 6,482
25 years and over........................ 57,907 58,857 58,544 57,975 58,452 58,307 58,451 58,411 58,580
25 to 54 years......................... 46,193 46,413 46,132 46,194 46,238 46,074 46,183 46,113 46,133
25 to 34 years....................... 14,030 14,242 14,135 14,077 14,143 14,169 14,172 14,182 14,182
35 to 44 years....................... 15,796 15,729 15,586 15,810 15,652 15,581 15,615 15,579 15,596
45 to 54 years....................... 16,367 16,441 16,412 16,307 16,444 16,324 16,396 16,352 16,355
55 years and over...................... 11,714 12,444 12,412 11,781 12,214 12,233 12,268 12,297 12,447
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present.................. 45,947 46,281 45,831 46,150 46,235 46,189 46,339 46,213 46,063
Married women, spouse present................ 35,808 35,898 35,662 35,664 35,712 35,449 35,689 35,565 35,536
Women who maintain families.................. 9,229 9,049 9,032 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers (2)........................ 119,094 121,042 119,332 120,927 121,387 121,561 122,020 121,428 121,202
Part-time workers (3)........................ 25,181 25,291 25,275 25,048 24,966 24,472 24,631 24,740 25,043
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders.................... 7,527 7,577 7,398 7,702 7,510 7,579 7,640 7,416 7,557
Percent of total employed................ 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.2
1 Data not available.
2 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
3 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates (1)
(in thousands)
Characteristic
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over..................... 7,043 7,655 7,576 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.9
16 to 19 years............................. 1,079 1,196 1,254 15.0 16.0 15.7 16.4 17.1 18.0
16 to 17 years........................... 478 531 543 16.6 18.6 17.5 19.0 19.6 20.4
18 to 19 years........................... 593 660 682 13.7 14.3 14.3 14.4 15.4 15.9
20 years and over.......................... 5,964 6,459 6,322 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.3
20 to 24 years........................... 1,228 1,414 1,321 8.0 8.8 8.6 8.0 9.4 8.7
25 years and over........................ 4,699 5,079 4,995 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8
25 to 54 years......................... 3,840 4,259 4,105 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.1 3.9
25 to 34 years....................... 1,559 1,642 1,640 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.9
35 to 44 years....................... 1,207 1,336 1,252 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.6
45 to 54 years....................... 1,074 1,282 1,213 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.4
55 years and over...................... 851 856 872 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.2
Men, 16 years and over....................... 3,846 4,188 4,197 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.7 5.1 5.1
16 to 19 years............................. 594 683 760 16.2 18.3 18.1 19.5 19.8 21.8
16 to 17 years........................... 240 280 299 16.7 21.9 19.0 21.4 22.1 24.0
18 to 19 years........................... 343 399 431 15.4 16.2 16.8 17.8 18.4 19.5
20 years and over.......................... 3,252 3,505 3,437 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.4 4.4
20 to 24 years........................... 689 791 756 8.5 9.5 9.3 8.6 9.8 9.4
25 years and over........................ 2,551 2,725 2,701 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.8
25 to 54 years......................... 2,082 2,272 2,236 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.7 4.0 4.0
25 to 34 years....................... 878 942 926 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.8 5.1 5.1
35 to 44 years....................... 656 690 675 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.6 3.6
45 to 54 years....................... 548 641 634 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.3
55 years and over...................... 469 453 465 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2
Women, 16 years and over..................... 3,197 3,467 3,378 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.9 4.7
16 to 19 years............................. 485 513 494 13.7 13.7 13.3 13.4 14.4 14.2
16 to 17 years........................... 238 251 244 16.5 15.6 16.1 17.1 17.3 17.2
18 to 19 years........................... 250 261 250 11.9 12.3 11.6 10.7 12.3 12.1
20 years and over.......................... 2,712 2,954 2,885 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.2
20 to 24 years........................... 538 622 565 7.5 7.9 7.7 7.4 8.8 8.0
25 years and over........................ 2,147 2,354 2,293 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.8
25 to 54 years......................... 1,758 1,987 1,869 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.9
25 to 34 years....................... 681 700 714 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8
35 to 44 years....................... 550 646 577 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.6
45 to 54 years....................... 526 640 579 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.4
55 years and over (2).................. 402 366 432 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.4
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present.................. 1,186 1,276 1,276 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7
Married women, spouse present................ 1,003 1,123 1,124 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.1
Women who maintain families (2).............. 652 669 681 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.0
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers (3)........................ 5,730 6,214 6,100 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.8
Part-time workers (4)........................ 1,287 1,458 1,423 4.9 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.6 5.4
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Not seasonally adjusted.
3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on
layoff from full-time jobs.
4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on
layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs.............................. 4,127 4,013 4,608 3,399 3,622 3,731 3,609 3,857 3,796
On temporary layoff........................ 1,556 1,061 1,614 1,017 963 1,064 979 975 1,040
Not on temporary layoff.................... 2,571 2,952 2,994 2,382 2,660 2,668 2,630 2,882 2,756
Permanent job losers..................... 1,699 2,066 2,110 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs..... 872 887 884 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers.................................. 793 724 838 791 839 790 783 798 830
Reentrants................................... 2,192 2,078 2,195 2,195 2,154 2,103 2,160 2,343 2,201
New entrants................................. 537 556 580 615 685 709 669 697 667
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs............................. 54.0 54.4 56.1 48.6 49.6 50.9 50.0 50.1 50.7
On temporary layoff....................... 20.3 14.4 19.6 14.5 13.2 14.5 13.6 12.7 13.9
Not on temporary layoff................... 33.6 40.1 36.4 34.0 36.4 36.4 36.4 37.5 36.8
Job leavers................................. 10.4 9.8 10.2 11.3 11.5 10.8 10.8 10.4 11.1
Reentrants.................................. 28.7 28.2 26.7 31.4 29.5 28.7 29.9 30.4 29.4
New entrants................................ 7.0 7.5 7.1 8.8 9.4 9.7 9.3 9.1 8.9
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABORFORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs............................. 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5
Job leavers................................. .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5
Reentrants.................................. 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4
New entrants................................ .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .4 .5 .4
1 Data not available.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks...................................... 2,912 2,666 2,957 2,596 2,537 2,508 2,633 2,793 2,634
5 to 14 weeks.......................................... 2,529 2,302 2,681 2,298 2,330 2,454 2,157 2,330 2,396
15 weeks and over...................................... 2,208 2,403 2,583 2,133 2,392 2,367 2,398 2,520 2,503
15 to 26 weeks...................................... 1,044 1,128 1,172 995 1,112 1,052 1,014 1,182 1,124
27 weeks and over................................... 1,164 1,275 1,411 1,138 1,280 1,315 1,384 1,338 1,380
Average (mean) duration, in weeks...................... 15.5 16.4 16.6 16.5 16.6 17.0 17.2 16.6 17.5
Median duration, in weeks.............................. 7.9 8.3 8.5 8.2 8.9 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.8
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed....................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.................................... 38.1 36.2 36.0 36.9 34.9 34.2 36.6 36.5 35.0
5 to 14 weeks........................................ 33.1 31.2 32.6 32.7 32.1 33.5 30.0 30.5 31.8
15 weeks and over.................................... 28.9 32.6 31.4 30.4 33.0 32.3 33.4 33.0 33.2
15 to 26 weeks..................................... 13.6 15.3 14.3 14.2 15.3 14.4 14.1 15.5 14.9
27 weeks and over.................................. 15.2 17.3 17.2 16.2 17.6 17.9 19.3 17.5 18.3
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Unemployment
Employed Unemployed rates
Occupation
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
Total, 16 years and over (1)...................... 144,275 144,607 7,649 8,221 5.0 5.4
Management, professional, and related occupations...... 51,761 52,165 1,071 1,164 2.0 2.2
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations......................................... 21,813 21,749 426 509 1.9 2.3
Professional and related occupations................. 29,948 30,416 644 655 2.1 2.1
Service occupations.................................... 23,051 23,366 1,588 1,767 6.4 7.0
Sales and office occupations........................... 36,436 36,187 1,793 1,807 4.7 4.8
Sales and related occupations........................ 17,103 16,594 872 909 4.9 5.2
Office and administrative support occupations........ 19,333 19,592 920 898 4.5 4.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations........................................... 15,300 14,955 1,329 1,453 8.0 8.9
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations........... 894 905 140 111 13.5 11.0
Construction and extraction occupations.............. 9,304 8,939 961 1,154 9.4 11.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.... 5,101 5,112 229 188 4.3 3.5
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations........................................... 17,727 17,934 1,301 1,420 6.8 7.3
Production occupations............................... 9,041 9,155 586 633 6.1 6.5
Transportation and material moving occupations....... 8,686 8,779 715 787 7.6 8.2
1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed Unemployment
persons rates
Industry and class of worker (in thousands)
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2007 2008 2007 2008
Total, 16 years and over (1).................... 7,649 8,221 5.0 5.4
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers........ 6,132 6,720 5.2 5.6
Mining............................................... 35 28 4.7 4.0
Construction......................................... 922 1,099 8.9 11.0
Manufacturing........................................ 752 837 4.6 5.1
Durable goods...................................... 520 454 5.1 4.4
Nondurable goods................................... 232 383 3.9 6.4
Wholesale and retail trade........................... 1,166 1,120 5.5 5.4
Transportation and utilities......................... 248 271 4.2 4.4
Information.......................................... 143 169 4.0 5.1
Financial activities................................. 233 285 2.4 3.0
Professional and business services................... 885 893 6.5 6.4
Education and health services........................ 563 576 2.9 2.9
Leisure and hospitality.............................. 911 1,176 7.8 9.4
Other services....................................... 275 264 4.7 4.4
Agriculture and related private wage and salary
workers............................................... 128 113 10.0 9.5
Government workers..................................... 476 471 2.2 2.2
Self employed and unpaid family workers................ 376 338 3.5 3.3
1 Persons with no previous work experience are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Measure
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent
of the civilian labor force....................... 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.... 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian
labor force (official unemployment rate).......... 5.0 4.8 5.4 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.9
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus
discouraged workers............................... 5.3 5.0 5.7 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.2
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus
all other marginally attached workers, as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers....................... 6.0 5.6 6.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.8 6.0
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached
workers, plus total employed part time for
economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all marginally attached
workers........................................... 9.1 8.7 9.9 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.8 9.0
NOTE: Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached,
have given a job-market related reason for not looking currently for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those
who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For more information, see "BLS intro-
duces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Updated population con-
trols are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
NOT IN THE LABORFORCE
Total not in the labor force........................... 78,726 79,788 30,188 30,837 48,538 48,951
Persons who currently want a job...................... 4,633 4,977 2,172 2,212 2,460 2,765
Searched for work and available to work now (1)..... 1,577 1,729 910 841 668 888
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects (2)........... 442 467 277 277 164 190
Reasons other than discouragement (3)........... 1,136 1,262 632 564 503 698
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders (4).......................... 7,527 7,398 3,743 3,652 3,784 3,746
Percent of total employed.......................... 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.8 5.6 5.5
Primary job full time, secondary job part time..... 4,106 4,126 2,328 2,221 1,779 1,905
Primary and secondary jobs both part time.......... 1,752 1,631 516 496 1,235 1,135
Primary and secondary jobs both full time.......... 273 229 184 163 88 67
Hours vary on primary or secondary job............. 1,342 1,369 689 748 653 621
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of
discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health,
and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. from:
2007 2007 2007p 2008p 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p 2008p Dec. 2007-
Jan. 2008p
Total nonfarm......... 134,952 139,150 138,973 135,929 137,108 137,837 137,977 138,037 138,119 138,102 -17
Total private........... 112,978 116,383 116,264 113,778 115,005 115,610 115,715 115,759 115,813 115,814 1
Goods-producing............. 21,883 22,157 21,878 21,378 22,447 22,138 22,101 22,049 21,988 21,937 -51
Natural resources and mining.... 690 736 735 727 706 727 727 735 739 743 4
Logging...................... 60.6 61.7 61.2 59.4 62.2 59.7 59.1 59.9 60.5 60.5 .0
Mining......................... 629.1 674.7 674.1 667.7 644.2 667.4 667.8 675.0 678.6 682.9 4.3
Oil and gas extraction........ 139.9 151.5 152.4 153.4 141.2 147.3 148.9 152.3 153.1 154.3 1.2
Mining, except oil and
gas (1)...................... 209.9 227.4 222.3 214.4 220.5 226.7 226.9 226.0 225.8 225.8 .0
Coal mining.................. 77.6 78.3 78.6 78.6 77.7 78.0 78.1 78.7 78.4 78.6 .2
Support activities for mining. 279.3 295.8 299.4 299.9 282.5 293.4 292.0 296.7 299.7 302.8 3.1
Construction.................... 7,295 7,615 7,361 7,018 7,726 7,589 7,577 7,520 7,475 7,448 -27
Construction of buildings..... 1,739.9 1,728.6 1,690.6 1,631.5 1,798.6 1,749.4 1,736.6 1,716.4 1,703.0 1,691.8 -11.2
Residential building......... 948.7 919.7 898.3 858.8 982.3 940.6 929.2 913.3 902.3 892.1 -10.2
Nonresidential building...... 791.2 808.9 792.3 772.7 816.3 808.8 807.4 803.1 800.7 799.7 -1.0
Heavy and civil engineering
construction................. 902.8 1,027.2 961.7 880.9 1,007.8 998.8 999.5 999.0 994.1 986.6 -7.5
Specialty trade contractors... 4,652.7 4,859.0 4,709.0 4,505.1 4,919.6 4,840.3 4,841.3 4,804.8 4,777.8 4,769.7 -8.1
Residential specialty trade
contractors................. 2,214.3 2,245.1 2,165.1 2,060.1 2,341.1 2,280.6 2,263.2 2,226.7 2,205.4 2,187.5 -17.9
Nonresidential specialty
trade contractors........... 2,438.4 2,613.9 2,543.9 2,445.0 2,578.5 2,559.7 2,578.1 2,578.1 2,572.4 2,582.2 9.8
Manufacturing................... 13,898 13,806 13,782 13,633 14,015 13,822 13,797 13,794 13,774 13,746 -28
Production workers........... 9,941 9,957 9,945 9,840 10,041 9,958 9,934 9,944 9,937 9,935 -2
Durable goods.................. 8,834 8,763 8,755 8,672 8,897 8,778 8,761 8,763 8,744 8,732 -12
Production workers........... 6,236 6,243 6,239 6,189 6,291 6,245 6,232 6,242 6,230 6,240 10
Wood products................. 525.5 506.1 505.6 498.2 535.2 513.1 511.8 509.0 508.8 507.7 -1.1
Nonmetallic mineral products.. 491.8 503.0 491.3 479.4 508.3 501.0 500.9 499.5 496.9 495.9 -1.0
Primary metals................ 459.1 451.6 451.9 450.7 459.7 451.6 451.5 452.6 452.3 450.9 -1.4
Fabricated metal products..... 1,556.4 1,565.5 1,566.2 1,554.7 1,563.4 1,565.0 1,568.0 1,565.6 1,563.7 1,561.5 -2.2
Machinery..................... 1,184.1 1,186.8 1,190.1 1,191.6 1,186.9 1,186.2 1,189.0 1,189.9 1,190.7 1,194.4 3.7
Computer and electronic
products (1)................. 1,291.8 1,257.1 1,260.5 1,254.8 1,295.4 1,260.5 1,256.5 1,260.5 1,257.9 1,256.7 -1.2
Computer and peripheral
equipment................... 188.7 184.9 186.0 184.5 188.4 185.9 185.1 185.5 185.0 184.0 -1.0
Communications equipment..... 130.5 129.0 129.5 130.6 130.8 128.5 128.1 129.5 129.1 130.9 1.8
Semiconductors and electronic
components.................. 455.4 434.9 435.4 432.6 457.8 437.4 435.8 437.0 435.4 434.0 -1.4
Electronic instruments....... 445.8 441.7 444.4 443.0 447.1 442.0 441.9 443.0 444.0 443.8 -.2
Electrical equipment and
appliances................... 429.0 425.2 424.0 419.7 429.5 426.0 427.2 426.6 423.2 420.6 -2.6
Transportation equipment (1).. 1,718.5 1,698.5 1,697.0 1,671.8 1,730.9 1,706.1 1,689.3 1,693.5 1,684.9 1,684.1 -.8
Motor vehicles and parts (2). 1,008.3 976.3 974.7 950.4 1,021.7 989.6 974.1 972.7 965.3 964.3 -1.0
Furniture and related products 536.6 526.6 524.2 515.6 542.2 530.6 528.3 527.0 524.4 520.9 -3.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing... 641.0 642.2 644.6 635.3 645.2 637.6 638.2 638.8 641.5 639.3 -2.2
Nondurable goods............... 5,064 5,043 5,027 4,961 5,118 5,044 5,036 5,031 5,030 5,014 -16
Production workers........... 3,705 3,714 3,706 3,651 3,750 3,713 3,702 3,702 3,707 3,695 -12
Food manufacturing............ 1,457.5 1,490.4 1,487.9 1,454.8 1,480.7 1,476.0 1,478.6 1,477.9 1,485.4 1,478.2 -7.2
Beverages and tobacco products 191.8 194.3 189.1 186.0 195.8 195.7 195.2 194.3 191.9 190.5 -1.4
Textile mills................. 178.3 164.8 162.4 160.5 180.3 164.8 164.9 164.9 162.9 162.0 -.9
Textile product mills......... 161.6 156.7 155.5 153.8 162.0 156.3 155.9 157.2 155.7 154.5 -1.2
Apparel....................... 216.4 207.0 203.9 196.6 222.5 209.2 206.8 206.4 204.7 202.2 -2.5
Leather and allied products... 34.1 34.4 33.9 34.3 34.6 34.0 33.7 34.1 33.8 34.5 .7
Paper and paper products...... 465.6 458.3 460.2 459.7 465.6 459.0 459.2 458.6 460.2 459.5 -.7
Printing and related support
activities................... 625.2 624.1 621.7 616.7 630.3 623.0 622.2 622.0 619.8 621.3 1.5
Petroleum and coal products... 110.4 111.6 108.6 107.5 114.5 112.9 112.6 112.1 111.2 111.7 .5
Chemicals..................... 860.8 858.2 861.0 855.6 864.3 864.3 860.7 860.5 860.9 859.2 -1.7
Plastics and rubber products.. 762.1 743.0 742.7 735.5 767.2 748.4 745.9 743.0 743.6 740.5 -3.1
Service-providing........... 113,069 116,993 117,095 114,551 114,661 115,699 115,876 115,988 116,131 116,165 34
Private service-providing.. 91,095 94,226 94,386 92,400 92,558 93,472 93,614 93,710 93,825 93,877 52
Trade, transportation, and
utilities...................... 26,299 27,163 27,322 26,478 26,493 26,649 26,644 26,693 26,668 26,669 1
Wholesale trade................ 5,918.5 6,082.1 6,087.4 6,018.5 5,967.7 6,055.6 6,069.8 6,075.0 6,074.6 6,069.6 -5.0
Durable goods................. 3,080.9 3,150.3 3,153.4 3,128.5 3,098.0 3,143.4 3,147.4 3,152.4 3,149.2 3,146.4 -2.8
Nondurable goods.............. 2,026.4 2,097.0 2,093.2 2,057.2 2,053.7 2,078.5 2,086.5 2,086.6 2,088.2 2,085.5 -2.7
Electronic markets and agents
and brokers.................. 811.2 834.8 840.8 832.8 816.0 833.7 835.9 836.0 837.2 837.7 .5
Retail trade...................15,337.1 15,926.9 16,087.2 15,408.5 15,447.4 15,487.3 15,469.1 15,513.1 15,501.1 15,512.3 11.2
Motor vehicle and parts
dealers (1).................. 1,885.4 1,909.2 1,897.8 1,882.8 1,912.1 1,916.0 1,911.9 1,911.0 1,908.3 1,910.5 2.2
Automobile dealers........... 1,232.0 1,246.0 1,239.1 1,230.2 1,244.2 1,246.6 1,247.4 1,244.9 1,243.7 1,242.9 -.8
Furniture and home furnishings
stores....................... 587.3 603.0 611.5 589.8 583.8 576.2 577.3 584.9 584.9 585.4 .5
Electronics and appliance
stores....................... 547.2 562.2 564.1 547.4 543.9 540.1 537.1 542.6 542.6 544.1 1.5
Building material and garden
supply stores................ 1,257.8 1,254.9 1,238.6 1,209.3 1,324.2 1,291.9 1,285.4 1,279.9 1,274.2 1,272.4 -1.8
Food and beverage stores...... 2,809.2 2,903.1 2,908.3 2,872.5 2,825.6 2,856.0 2,859.6 2,871.9 2,873.8 2,885.8 12.0
Health and personal care
stores....................... 978.4 1,005.8 1,017.4 1,004.7 979.3 990.1 991.0 998.6 1,001.9 1,004.1 2.2
Gasoline stations............. 852.0 858.5 850.2 845.2 861.7 864.2 862.0 859.1 852.5 855.4 2.9
Clothing and clothing
accessories stores........... 1,484.3 1,630.0 1,678.6 1,503.5 1,480.0 1,502.4 1,500.9 1,524.5 1,513.7 1,504.5 -9.2
Sporting goods, hobby, book,
and music stores............. 668.1 704.0 722.4 689.0 653.3 665.1 664.0 664.0 663.7 670.0 6.3
General merchandise
stores (1)................... 2,973.3 3,137.5 3,217.8 2,967.9 2,976.5 2,976.5 2,975.8 2,968.2 2,975.3 2,972.7 -2.6
Department stores............ 1,595.0 1,692.1 1,749.7 1,573.9 1,583.2 1,570.5 1,568.5 1,560.6 1,565.7 1,562.2 -3.5
Miscellaneous store retailers. 855.0 881.4 893.7 858.5 870.0 873.3 869.0 868.3 865.8 872.6 6.8
Nonstore retailers............ 439.1 477.3 486.8 437.9 437.0 435.5 435.1 440.1 444.4 434.8 -9.6
Transportation and warehousing. 4,496.2 4,599.9 4,590.8 4,497.8 4,529.5 4,551.2 4,548.7 4,549.0 4,535.2 4,532.4 -2.8
Air transportation............ 487.4 499.4 500.7 498.4 490.8 494.5 495.2 503.0 500.7 501.5 .8
Rail transportation........... 231.3 234.6 233.6 231.0 233.7 234.6 234.0 233.8 233.6 233.4 -.2
Water transportation.......... 61.6 63.3 63.4 61.9 63.6 65.0 64.9 65.0 64.5 64.2 -.3
Truck transportation.......... 1,428.2 1,438.2 1,424.3 1,396.9 1,454.1 1,440.6 1,433.6 1,428.7 1,422.9 1,422.2 -.7
Transit and ground passenger
transportation............... 416.6 428.4 428.3 421.5 404.3 417.8 417.4 411.5 411.8 410.4 -1.4
Pipeline transportation....... 39.8 40.5 40.9 40.6 39.6 40.1 40.3 40.6 40.8 40.5 -.3
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation............... 22.6 28.4 27.0 24.0 28.7 29.8 30.3 30.9 30.9 30.9 .0
Support activities for
transportation............... 572.2 590.3 588.8 583.4 575.6 586.5 589.9 589.2 587.1 587.4 .3
Couriers and messengers....... 583.0 602.3 614.1 585.3 584.8 580.3 577.9 584.4 583.4 584.7 1.3
Warehousing and storage....... 653.5 674.5 669.7 654.8 654.3 662.0 665.2 661.9 659.5 657.2 -2.3
Utilities...................... 546.7 554.3 556.4 552.8 548.8 554.8 556.1 555.5 557.1 555.1 -2.0
Information..................... 3,008 3,027 3,026 2,991 3,028 3,031 3,027 3,022 3,014 3,013 -1
Publishing industries, except
Internet..................... 899.6 894.4 893.5 885.3 903.2 893.7 894.6 892.2 890.0 888.8 -1.2
Motion picture and sound
recording industries......... 364.7 377.2 373.5 354.0 374.4 384.3 380.5 376.3 368.7 366.0 -2.7
Broadcasting, except Internet. 326.0 326.1 324.2 325.6 327.1 327.0 324.8 325.0 322.1 326.3 4.2
Telecommunications............ 1,036.1 1,026.6 1,031.4 1,025.0 1,038.6 1,024.4 1,023.6 1,026.4 1,029.4 1,026.9 -2.5
Data processing, hosting and
related services............. 261.6 273.6 273.5 270.0 264.2 273.1 273.2 272.6 273.1 273.2 .1
Other information services.... 119.9 128.7 130.1 131.1 120.4 128.8 130.0 129.5 130.7 131.9 1.2
Financial activities............ 8,291 8,247 8,254 8,196 8,349 8,294 8,283 8,260 8,259 8,257 -2
Finance and insurance.......... 6,154.3 6,111.6 6,112.5 6,091.1 6,173.7 6,136.0 6,124.5 6,115.5 6,113.3 6,112.0 -1.3
Monetary authorities - central
bank......................... 21.0 20.7 20.6 20.4 21.2 20.9 20.8 20.7 20.7 20.5 -.2
Credit intermediation and
related activities (1)....... 2,921.1 2,829.8 2,827.7 2,816.3 2,929.6 2,856.7 2,844.8 2,834.3 2,829.9 2,825.6 -4.3
Depository credit
intermediation (1).......... 1,819.9 1,819.8 1,824.3 1,818.2 1,821.0 1,831.0 1,829.3 1,823.4 1,824.3 1,820.9 -3.4
Commercial banking.......... 1,345.5 1,342.1 1,344.7 1,339.7 1,345.8 1,350.1 1,350.1 1,344.7 1,344.6 1,340.9 -3.7
Securities, commodity
contracts, investments....... 834.2 859.4 855.6 858.9 837.0 853.2 855.0 856.9 857.2 862.1 4.9
Insurance carriers and related
activities................... 2,290.5 2,314.0 2,319.9 2,307.2 2,297.9 2,317.0 2,315.3 2,315.6 2,317.2 2,315.1 -2.1
Funds, trusts, and other
financial vehicles........... 87.5 87.7 88.7 88.3 88.0 88.2 88.6 88.0 88.3 88.7 .4
Real estate and rental and
leasing....................... 2,136.3 2,135.0 2,141.1 2,104.5 2,174.8 2,157.7 2,158.6 2,144.7 2,145.9 2,145.0 -.9
Real estate................... 1,473.4 1,473.1 1,482.0 1,448.2 1,498.8 1,489.8 1,489.1 1,477.1 1,481.3 1,476.2 -5.1
Rental and leasing services... 634.6 631.6 628.3 625.5 647.1 637.8 639.7 637.4 634.0 637.5 3.5
Lessors of nonfinancial
intangible assets............ 28.3 30.3 30.8 30.8 28.9 30.1 29.8 30.2 30.6 31.3 .7
Professional and business
services....................... 17,445 18,179 18,176 17,740 17,848 18,000 18,070 18,079 18,149 18,138 -11
Professional and technical
services (1).................. 7,543.4 7,749.5 7,857.3 7,870.4 7,522.2 7,729.7 7,759.3 7,784.8 7,833.9 7,845.0 11.1
Legal services............... 1,166.4 1,175.4 1,176.2 1,161.1 1,175.6 1,178.6 1,179.7 1,175.2 1,173.7 1,172.0 -1.7
Accounting and bookkeeping
services.................... 1,016.4 922.5 1,004.9 1,100.1 920.6 964.5 971.3 979.4 998.3 999.9 1.6
Architectural and engineering
services.................... 1,394.5 1,457.3 1,455.8 1,441.3 1,416.8 1,443.2 1,451.1 1,453.9 1,460.4 1,463.5 3.1
Computer systems design and
related services............ 1,315.6 1,389.8 1,401.4 1,387.5 1,322.5 1,375.5 1,380.0 1,387.5 1,394.5 1,394.1 -.4
Management and technical
consulting services......... 905.3 991.6 1,005.8 989.7 916.6 967.2 974.8 985.1 997.4 1,001.1 3.7
Management of companies and
enterprises................... 1,825.7 1,852.5 1,862.0 1,834.3 1,833.5 1,854.7 1,860.9 1,850.0 1,848.1 1,845.5 -2.6
Administrative and waste
services...................... 8,075.7 8,576.7 8,457.1 8,035.0 8,492.7 8,415.3 8,449.6 8,444.1 8,466.9 8,447.4 -19.5
Administrative and support
services (1)................. 7,729.2 8,214.7 8,097.9 7,678.4 8,139.2 8,057.4 8,092.2 8,081.4 8,105.6 8,084.1 -21.5
Employment services (1)...... 3,469.8 3,683.2 3,632.7 3,361.6 3,686.1 3,533.0 3,567.7 3,563.9 3,569.3 3,565.6 -3.7
Temporary help services..... 2,488.9 2,681.3 2,635.6 2,404.3 2,654.7 2,565.1 2,592.0 2,583.7 2,576.7 2,567.7 -9.0
Business support services.... 806.4 806.7 818.4 793.1 809.9 802.7 798.5 798.9 804.1 796.7 -7.4
Services to buildings and
dwellings................... 1,656.6 1,864.3 1,795.7 1,693.1 1,827.9 1,863.2 1,866.3 1,861.1 1,877.4 1,870.1 -7.3
Waste management and
remediation services......... 346.5 362.0 359.2 356.6 353.5 357.9 357.4 362.7 361.3 363.3 2.0
Education and health services... 17,955 18,749 18,748 18,507 18,072 18,451 18,490 18,522 18,578 18,625 47
Educational services........... 2,836.1 3,171.0 3,124.9 2,925.8 2,913.1 2,967.7 2,974.9 2,975.5 2,987.6 3,003.3 15.7
Health care and social
assistance....................15,119.2 15,577.7 15,622.7 15,581.0 15,158.9 15,483.0 15,515.1 15,546.7 15,590.7 15,621.6 30.9
Health care (3)...............12,742.4 13,100.4 13,140.9 13,109.0 12,776.3 13,027.5 13,060.1 13,081.1 13,115.9 13,143.0 27.1
Ambulatory health care
services (1)................ 5,363.4 5,565.2 5,591.4 5,568.4 5,382.0 5,523.1 5,547.3 5,554.8 5,573.4 5,587.2 13.8
Offices of physicians....... 2,166.9 2,238.0 2,248.8 2,242.2 2,171.7 2,219.1 2,226.1 2,232.2 2,237.4 2,245.8 8.4
Outpatient care centers..... 501.5 511.2 515.3 512.1 502.1 509.3 511.4 511.0 514.4 513.2 -1.2
Home health care services... 888.2 931.9 935.3 931.5 891.6 925.2 930.3 929.1 933.1 935.5 2.4
Hospitals.................... 4,462.2 4,562.4 4,573.0 4,575.0 4,468.6 4,541.6 4,549.7 4,558.8 4,571.2 4,581.2 10.0
Nursing and residential care
facilities (1).............. 2,916.8 2,972.8 2,976.5 2,965.6 2,925.7 2,962.8 2,963.1 2,967.5 2,971.3 2,974.6 3.3
Nursing care facilities..... 1,587.2 1,610.2 1,611.8 1,604.0 1,592.2 1,604.3 1,603.1 1,605.9 1,607.9 1,608.5 .6
Social assistance (1)......... 2,376.8 2,477.3 2,481.8 2,472.0 2,382.6 2,455.5 2,455.0 2,465.6 2,474.8 2,478.6 3.8
Child day care services...... 837.9 869.4 867.5 859.5 835.8 857.4 853.3 856.7 857.9 857.8 -.1
Leisure and hospitality......... 12,703 13,379 13,372 13,054 13,306 13,552 13,604 13,628 13,650 13,669 19
Arts, entertainment, and
recreation.................... 1,737.3 1,860.8 1,861.1 1,784.7 1,962.9 1,985.3 1,996.4 2,001.4 2,007.9 2,012.9 5.0
Performing arts and spectator
sports....................... 362.7 416.8 419.3 390.6 404.8 414.3 419.0 426.4 432.3 433.4 1.1
Museums, historical sites,
zoos, and parks.............. 116.7 127.4 125.2 120.9 127.4 131.6 131.9 131.6 131.8 132.4 .6
Amusements, gambling, and
recreation................... 1,257.9 1,316.6 1,316.6 1,273.2 1,430.7 1,439.4 1,445.5 1,443.4 1,443.8 1,447.1 3.3
Accommodation and food
services......................10,965.2 11,518.3 11,510.7 11,269.1 11,343.3 11,567.0 11,607.5 11,626.8 11,642.4 11,656.0 13.6
Accommodation................. 1,766.6 1,815.8 1,811.2 1,778.0 1,852.5 1,856.4 1,863.6 1,870.3 1,866.1 1,864.9 -1.2
Food services and drinking
places....................... 9,198.6 9,702.5 9,699.5 9,491.1 9,490.8 9,710.6 9,743.9 9,756.5 9,776.3 9,791.1 14.8
Other services.................. 5,394 5,482 5,488 5,434 5,462 5,495 5,496 5,506 5,507 5,506 -1
Repair and maintenance........ 1,232.3 1,251.6 1,246.0 1,237.3 1,246.2 1,262.5 1,260.1 1,258.0 1,255.0 1,253.9 -1.1
Personal and laundry services. 1,280.4 1,304.4 1,304.0 1,286.1 1,299.1 1,304.4 1,303.4 1,309.7 1,307.0 1,306.0 -1.0
Membership associations and
organizations................ 2,880.9 2,925.6 2,938.0 2,910.9 2,916.4 2,927.6 2,932.8 2,938.0 2,945.0 2,946.2 1.2
Government...................... 21,974 22,767 22,709 22,151 22,103 22,227 22,262 22,278 22,306 22,288 -18
Federal........................ 2,707 2,727 2,740 2,715 2,728 2,721 2,722 2,728 2,732 2,734 2
Federal, except U.S. Postal
Service...................... 1,943.4 1,964.0 1,960.7 1,953.3 1,962.0 1,961.4 1,963.5 1,966.7 1,969.3 1,970.8 1.5
U.S. Postal Service........... 763.1 762.8 779.1 761.6 766.0 759.3 758.3 761.7 762.8 763.0 .2
State government............... 4,997 5,309 5,252 4,991 5,105 5,138 5,138 5,131 5,133 5,109 -24
State government education.... 2,217.5 2,504.3 2,450.8 2,189.4 2,308.8 2,327.7 2,325.9 2,314.3 2,315.5 2,289.5 -26.0
State government, excluding
education.................... 2,779.4 2,804.5 2,800.7 2,801.6 2,796.4 2,810.3 2,812.4 2,816.5 2,817.6 2,819.3 1.7
Local government............... 14,270 14,731 14,717 14,445 14,270 14,368 14,402 14,419 14,441 14,445 4
Local government education.... 8,064.9 8,367.1 8,362.1 8,121.6 7,952.6 7,970.6 7,994.6 7,999.6 8,013.3 8,008.9 -4.4
Local government, excluding
education.................... 6,205.5 6,363.9 6,354.6 6,323.7 6,317.7 6,397.5 6,406.9 6,419.2 6,428.0 6,436.5 8.5
1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3 Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2007 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for
the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for
more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector
and selected industry detail
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. from:
2007 2007 2007p 2008p 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p 2008p Dec. 2007-
Jan. 2008p
Total private......................... 33.4 33.7 34.1 33.3 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.7 -0.1
Goods-producing........................... 39.9 40.8 40.8 40.0 40.3 40.6 40.6 40.7 40.6 40.4 -.2
Natural resources and mining.................. 44.7 46.2 46.0 45.6 45.1 46.2 46.0 46.2 46.0 46.1 .1
Construction.................................. 37.9 39.0 38.6 37.9 38.7 38.9 39.0 39.1 39.1 38.8 -.3
Manufacturing................................. 40.8 41.5 41.7 40.9 40.9 41.4 41.2 41.3 41.1 41.1 .0
Overtime hours............................. 3.9 4.3 4.4 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 .0
Durable goods................................ 40.9 41.6 42.0 41.2 41.1 41.6 41.5 41.5 41.4 41.4 .0
Overtime hours............................. 3.9 4.3 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 .1
Wood products............................... 38.0 38.7 39.3 38.3 38.9 39.7 39.5 39.0 39.1 39.2 .1
Nonmetallic mineral products................ 41.1 42.9 41.1 41.4 42.1 42.7 42.6 42.9 41.6 42.4 .8
Primary metals.............................. 43.2 42.8 42.8 42.2 42.9 42.6 42.6 42.7 42.1 42.0 -.1
Fabricated metal products................... 40.9 42.0 42.1 41.4 40.9 41.9 41.7 41.7 41.5 41.5 .0
Machinery................................... 41.8 43.0 43.7 42.9 41.8 42.7 42.9 42.9 43.0 43.0 .0
Computer and electronic products............ 40.1 41.2 41.9 40.8 40.3 40.6 40.6 40.9 41.0 41.0 .0
Electrical equipment and appliances......... 40.9 41.6 42.9 41.5 40.9 41.2 40.7 41.2 41.7 41.5 -.2
Transportation equipment.................... 42.8 42.7 43.2 42.3 42.7 42.8 42.7 42.6 42.4 42.4 .0
Motor vehicles and parts (2)............... 41.9 42.1 42.5 41.7 42.1 42.1 42.2 42.1 41.7 41.9 .2
Furniture and related products.............. 38.7 39.0 39.9 38.1 39.0 39.4 39.1 38.9 39.2 38.5 -.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing................. 38.4 38.8 39.4 38.8 38.5 39.7 39.0 38.8 38.9 38.9 .0
Nondurable goods............................. 40.6 41.3 41.2 40.4 40.7 40.9 40.8 40.9 40.7 40.5 -.2
Overtime hours............................. 3.9 4.3 4.2 3.7 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 -.1
Food manufacturing.......................... 40.2 41.3 41.0 40.3 40.4 40.7 40.8 40.6 40.4 40.5 .1
Beverages and tobacco products.............. 40.2 40.3 40.2 40.4 40.9 40.8 40.6 40.5 40.7 41.0 .3
Textile mills............................... 40.6 39.9 41.1 38.6 40.5 40.4 40.2 39.9 40.2 38.6 -1.6
Textile product mills....................... 39.2 39.2 40.6 38.6 39.1 39.9 39.2 39.1 39.8 38.8 -1.0
Apparel..................................... 37.5 37.1 37.3 36.2 37.7 37.2 36.6 36.9 37.4 36.5 -.9
Leather and allied products................. 37.9 38.3 40.0 38.7 38.2 37.9 37.7 38.1 39.1 38.9 -.2
Paper and paper products.................... 42.5 44.2 44.5 43.8 42.6 43.2 43.3 43.7 43.8 43.8 .0
Printing and related support activities..... 39.2 39.2 39.3 37.8 39.3 38.9 38.8 39.0 38.8 38.0 -.8
Petroleum and coal products................. 44.9 44.7 43.0 42.4 45.3 43.4 42.9 43.8 43.6 43.0 -.6
Chemicals................................... 41.9 42.2 41.8 41.8 41.7 42.0 41.7 42.1 41.5 41.7 .2
Plastics and rubber products................ 41.0 42.1 42.0 41.0 40.9 41.6 41.7 42.1 41.4 41.0 -.4
Private service-providing................ 32.0 32.3 32.7 31.9 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.3 -.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 32.9 33.2 33.7 32.9 33.4 33.3 33.2 33.3 33.3 33.3 .0
Wholesale trade.............................. 37.5 38.1 38.8 37.9 38.0 38.2 38.1 38.1 38.3 38.3 .0
Retail trade................................. 29.8 30.1 30.5 29.6 30.3 30.2 30.1 30.2 30.1 30.1 .0
Transportation and warehousing............... 36.6 36.9 37.7 36.7 37.1 36.9 36.7 36.8 37.0 37.1 .1
Utilities.................................... 41.5 42.4 42.6 42.0 42.1 42.5 42.2 42.5 42.7 42.5 -.2
Information................................... 36.2 36.2 36.6 36.0 36.5 36.5 36.2 36.2 36.2 36.3 .1
Financial activities.......................... 35.6 35.6 36.4 35.4 35.9 35.7 35.7 35.8 35.8 35.7 -.1
Professional and business services............ 34.0 34.7 35.2 34.0 34.5 34.8 34.8 34.7 34.8 34.6 -.2
Education and health services................. 32.4 32.6 32.8 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.5 -.1
Leisure and hospitality....................... 24.9 25.0 25.2 24.4 25.6 25.4 25.4 25.3 25.2 25.2 .0
Other services................................ 30.6 30.8 31.1 30.5 30.8 30.9 30.8 30.9 30.9 30.8 -.1
1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the
total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2007 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for
the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for
more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2007 2007 2007p 2008p 2007 2007 2007p 2008p
Total private........................... $17.16 $17.63 $17.77 $17.80 $573.14 $594.13 $605.96 $592.74
Seasonally adjusted.................... 17.12 17.64 17.71 17.75 578.66 596.23 598.60 598.18
Goods-producing............................. 18.30 18.88 18.95 18.88 730.17 770.30 773.16 755.20
Natural resources and mining.................... 20.74 20.99 21.53 21.68 927.08 969.74 990.38 988.61
Construction.................................... 20.44 21.26 21.34 21.18 774.68 829.14 823.72 802.72
Manufacturing................................... 17.06 17.42 17.54 17.55 696.05 722.93 731.42 717.80
Durable goods.................................. 17.96 18.36 18.47 18.46 734.56 763.78 775.74 760.55
Wood products................................. 13.70 13.82 13.90 13.64 520.60 534.83 546.27 522.41
Nonmetallic mineral products.................. 16.72 17.05 16.89 16.92 687.19 731.45 694.18 700.49
Primary metals................................ 19.46 19.69 19.73 19.79 840.67 842.73 844.44 835.14
Fabricated metal products..................... 16.34 16.70 16.84 16.72 668.31 701.40 708.96 692.21
Machinery..................................... 17.63 17.74 17.92 17.99 736.93 762.82 783.10 771.77
Computer and electronic products.............. 19.54 20.22 20.38 20.63 783.55 833.06 853.92 841.70
Electrical equipment and appliances........... 15.76 15.68 15.73 15.89 644.58 652.29 674.82 659.44
Transportation equipment...................... 22.50 23.41 23.46 23.37 963.00 999.61 1013.47 988.55
Furniture and related products................ 14.13 14.35 14.53 14.40 546.83 559.65 579.75 548.64
Miscellaneous manufacturing................... 14.53 14.72 15.03 14.83 557.95 571.14 592.18 575.40
Nondurable goods............................... 15.52 15.83 15.94 15.98 630.11 653.78 656.73 645.59
Food manufacturing............................ 13.42 13.63 13.70 13.78 539.48 562.92 561.70 555.33
Beverages and tobacco products................ 17.89 19.54 19.68 19.44 719.18 787.46 791.14 785.38
Textile mills................................. 12.90 13.06 13.12 13.18 523.74 521.09 539.23 508.75
Textile product mills......................... 11.89 11.67 11.75 11.60 466.09 457.46 477.05 447.76
Apparel....................................... 10.96 11.20 11.29 11.30 411.00 415.52 421.12 409.06
Leather and allied products................... 11.89 12.50 12.12 12.33 450.63 478.75 484.80 477.17
Paper and paper products...................... 18.19 18.47 18.80 18.99 773.08 816.37 836.60 831.76
Printing and related support activities....... 15.84 16.33 16.65 16.52 620.93 640.14 654.35 624.46
Petroleum and coal products................... 24.99 26.95 26.67 27.49 1122.05 1204.67 1146.81 1165.58
Chemicals..................................... 19.68 19.52 19.57 19.46 824.59 823.74 818.03 813.43
Plastics and rubber products.................. 15.25 15.49 15.71 15.64 625.25 652.13 659.82 641.24
Private service-providing.................. 16.87 17.31 17.47 17.53 539.84 559.11 571.27 559.21
Trade, transportation, and utilities............ 15.59 15.84 15.89 16.00 512.91 525.89 535.49 526.40
Wholesale trade................................ 19.31 19.89 20.13 20.03 724.13 757.81 781.04 759.14
Retail trade................................... 12.66 12.70 12.64 12.80 377.27 382.27 385.52 378.88
Transportation and warehousing................. 17.47 17.94 18.07 17.96 639.40 661.99 681.24 659.13
Utilities...................................... 27.35 28.17 28.50 28.10 1135.03 1194.41 1214.10 1180.20
Information..................................... 23.84 24.11 24.38 24.31 863.01 872.78 892.31 875.16
Financial activities............................ 19.29 19.83 19.97 19.99 686.72 705.95 726.91 707.65
Professional and business services.............. 19.81 20.33 20.72 20.72 673.54 705.45 729.34 704.48
Education and health services................... 17.78 18.42 18.53 18.63 576.07 600.49 607.78 603.61
Leisure and hospitality......................... 10.16 10.67 10.79 10.69 252.98 266.75 271.91 260.84
Other services.................................. 15.06 15.61 15.77 15.76 460.84 480.79 490.45 480.68
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2007 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis
for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.
htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. change from:
2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p 2008p Dec. 2007-
Jan. 2008p
Total private:
Current dollars........................ $17.12 $17.57 $17.59 $17.64 $17.71 $17.75 0.2
Constant (1982) dollars (2)............ 8.37 8.36 8.34 8.29 8.30 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............................. 18.37 18.78 18.77 18.84 18.89 18.95 .3
Natural resources and mining.................... 20.57 20.99 21.05 21.02 21.41 21.46 .2
Construction.................................... 20.57 21.12 21.07 21.20 21.25 21.31 .3
Manufacturing................................... 17.02 17.34 17.34 17.40 17.43 17.51 .5
Excluding overtime (4)....................... 16.21 16.50 16.52 16.58 16.62 16.70 .5
Durable goods.................................. 17.94 18.28 18.28 18.31 18.33 18.43 .5
Nondurable goods............................... 15.46 15.74 15.73 15.85 15.88 15.91 .2
Private service-providing.................. 16.78 17.26 17.28 17.33 17.41 17.45 .2
Trade, transportation, and utilities............ 15.58 15.90 15.94 15.93 16.01 16.00 -.1
Wholesale trade................................ 19.26 19.72 19.77 19.86 19.95 19.98 .2
Retail trade................................... 12.66 12.83 12.86 12.81 12.81 12.82 .1
Transportation and warehousing................. 17.50 17.86 17.86 17.93 18.08 18.01 -.4
Utilities...................................... 27.32 28.14 28.32 28.18 28.41 28.13 -1.0
Information..................................... 23.76 24.01 24.10 24.11 24.17 24.23 .2
Financial activities............................ 19.34 19.76 19.78 19.87 19.92 20.02 .5
Professional and business services.............. 19.68 20.36 20.31 20.42 20.50 20.57 .3
Education and health services................... 17.75 18.29 18.34 18.43 18.51 18.59 .4
Leisure and hospitality......................... 10.10 10.55 10.60 10.61 10.66 10.63 -.3
Other services.................................. 15.07 15.55 15.59 15.66 15.71 15.78 .4
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this
series.
3 Change was .1 percent from Nov. 2007 to Dec. 2007, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2007 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment
factors.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification
System (NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing
NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
(2002=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. change from:
2007 2007 2007p 2008p 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p 2008p Dec. 2008-
Jan. 2007p
Total private......................... 103.2 108.1 109.3 104.2 106.5 107.6 107.7 107.7 107.8 107.5 -0.3
Goods-producing........................... 97.5 102.4 100.8 96.2 101.5 101.6 101.4 101.5 100.9 100.2 -.7
Natural resources and mining.................. 122.8 136.5 135.4 132.3 127.5 134.5 133.5 136.0 136.2 137.2 .7
Construction.................................. 105.1 115.4 109.5 101.7 114.6 114.3 114.5 113.9 113.0 111.6 -1.2
Manufacturing................................. 93.1 94.8 95.2 92.4 94.3 94.6 93.9 94.3 93.7 93.7 .0
Durable goods................................ 95.8 97.6 98.4 95.8 97.1 97.6 97.2 97.3 96.9 97.1 .2
Wood products............................... 87.6 85.3 86.8 82.4 91.7 89.3 88.2 86.6 86.9 86.5 -.5
Nonmetallic mineral products................ 91.6 99.0 92.5 91.4 97.5 98.3 98.4 98.4 95.0 97.3 2.4
Primary metals.............................. 92.4 90.7 91.0 89.5 91.9 90.1 90.3 90.7 89.4 89.1 -.3
Fabricated metal products................... 102.0 105.9 106.3 103.7 102.6 105.3 105.2 105.2 104.5 104.6 .1
Machinery................................... 101.0 105.1 107.0 105.6 101.2 103.7 104.6 104.9 105.4 106.0 .6
Computer and electronic products............ 102.2 103.4 105.7 102.8 102.8 101.5 101.3 102.7 103.2 103.4 .2
Electrical equipment and appliances......... 87.7 89.6 92.3 88.5 87.8 88.8 87.9 89.1 89.3 88.7 -.7
Transportation equipment.................... 97.3 97.6 98.6 95.6 97.9 98.5 96.9 97.2 96.0 96.5 .5
Motor vehicles and parts(2)................ 85.8 84.0 84.5 80.9 87.3 85.6 83.9 83.8 82.1 82.6 .6
Furniture and related products.............. 85.8 84.6 86.3 81.1 87.6 86.3 85.4 84.8 84.9 83.0 -2.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing................. 89.3 91.3 92.9 90.5 90.4 92.1 90.6 90.7 91.4 91.5 .1
Nondurable goods............................. 88.6 90.4 90.0 86.9 89.9 89.5 89.0 89.2 88.9 88.2 -.8
Food manufacturing.......................... 97.9 103.1 102.5 98.6 100.1 100.7 100.9 100.4 100.7 100.7 .0
Beverages and tobacco products.............. 97.4 96.2 88.0 85.1 101.4 100.1 98.3 96.3 91.3 89.6 -1.9
Textile mills............................... 59.9 54.0 54.8 51.0 60.3 54.7 54.6 53.8 53.7 51.4 -4.3
Textile product mills....................... 79.4 75.2 77.4 72.3 79.5 76.4 74.5 75.3 76.1 73.2 -3.8
Apparel..................................... 61.5 59.3 59.4 56.0 63.9 60.2 58.5 59.2 60.1 58.3 -3.0
Leather and allied products................. 68.6 71.6 74.0 72.6 69.7 70.3 69.5 70.5 71.8 73.3 2.1
Paper and paper products.................... 85.6 87.9 88.9 87.2 85.9 86.2 86.3 86.9 87.4 87.3 -.1
Printing and related support activities..... 92.5 92.4 92.4 88.3 93.4 92.1 91.0 91.6 90.7 89.4 -1.4
Petroleum and coal products................. 89.7 98.4 89.7 88.5 94.3 95.6 95.6 96.4 93.6 93.6 .0
Chemicals................................... 92.6 95.7 95.9 94.9 92.8 94.8 93.8 95.9 95.3 95.1 -.2
Plastics and rubber products................ 90.6 91.2 91.1 87.8 91.1 90.9 91.0 91.2 90.0 88.5 -1.7
Private service-providing................. 104.7 109.9 111.5 106.3 107.9 109.3 109.5 109.5 109.8 109.5 -.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 101.8 107.0 109.4 103.1 104.2 104.8 104.6 105.1 105.2 105.1 -.1
Wholesale trade.............................. 104.7 110.7 112.9 108.8 107.1 110.3 110.5 110.4 111.2 111.0 -.2
Retail trade................................. 99.0 104.6 107.3 99.2 101.4 101.7 101.3 101.9 101.6 101.6 .0
Transportation and warehousing............... 107.3 111.1 113.6 108.3 109.7 109.4 108.9 109.4 109.9 110.3 .4
Utilities.................................... 93.4 96.3 96.8 94.8 95.1 96.7 96.2 96.7 97.2 96.4 -.8
Information................................... 98.1 99.6 100.9 98.5 99.6 100.1 99.4 99.4 99.4 100.0 .6
Financial activities.......................... 107.0 107.4 110.1 106.4 108.8 108.3 108.1 108.2 108.3 108.1 -.2
Professional and business services............ 109.2 116.8 118.2 111.2 113.6 115.9 116.3 115.9 116.8 116.0 -.7
Education and health services................. 109.4 115.1 115.9 113.1 110.5 113.4 113.6 113.8 114.1 114.2 .1
Leisure and hospitality....................... 102.0 108.2 108.9 102.6 110.2 111.6 111.9 111.6 111.3 111.3 .0
Other services................................ 96.1 98.7 99.6 96.6 98.1 99.4 99.2 99.5 99.5 99.1 -.4
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours
by the corresponding 2002 annual average levels. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly
hours and production and nonsupervisory worker employment. Data have been revised to reflect March 2007 benchmark levels and
updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for
the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for
more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
(2002=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. change from:
2007 2007 2007p 2008p 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p 2008p Dec. 2007-
Jan. 2008p
Total private......................... 118.4 127.3 129.7 123.9 121.9 126.3 126.6 127.0 127.6 127.6 0.0
Goods-producing........................... 109.3 118.4 117.0 111.3 114.2 116.8 116.6 117.1 116.8 116.3 -.4
Natural resources and mining.................. 148.1 166.6 169.6 166.8 152.5 164.2 163.4 166.3 169.5 171.2 1.0
Construction.................................. 116.0 132.5 126.2 116.3 127.3 130.4 130.3 130.4 129.7 128.4 -1.0
Manufacturing................................. 103.9 108.0 109.2 106.0 104.9 107.3 106.5 107.3 106.8 107.3 .5
Durable goods................................ 107.4 111.8 113.5 110.4 108.8 111.4 110.9 111.2 110.9 111.7 .7
Nondurable goods............................. 97.2 101.1 101.3 98.1 98.2 99.5 98.9 99.9 99.8 99.1 -.7
Private service-providing................. 121.1 130.4 133.5 127.7 124.1 129.3 129.7 130.2 131.0 131.0 .0
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 113.3 120.9 124.0 117.6 115.8 118.9 119.0 119.4 120.1 120.0 -.1
Wholesale trade.............................. 119.1 129.7 133.9 128.4 121.5 128.1 128.6 129.2 130.7 130.7 .0
Retail trade................................. 107.5 113.9 116.2 108.8 110.1 111.8 111.6 111.9 111.5 111.6 .1
Transportation and warehousing............... 119.0 126.4 130.3 123.3 121.7 124.0 123.4 124.4 126.1 126.0 -.1
Utilities.................................... 106.6 113.2 115.2 111.2 108.5 113.6 113.7 113.7 115.2 113.2 -1.7
Information................................... 115.7 118.8 121.8 118.5 117.2 119.0 118.6 118.7 119.0 119.9 .8
Financial activities.......................... 127.6 131.7 135.9 131.5 130.1 132.3 132.3 133.0 133.4 133.8 .3
Professional and business services............ 128.7 141.2 145.8 137.1 133.1 140.4 140.5 140.9 142.5 141.9 -.4
Education and health services................. 127.9 139.4 141.1 138.5 129.0 136.4 137.0 137.8 138.9 139.6 .5
Leisure and hospitality....................... 117.7 131.1 133.5 124.6 126.4 133.7 134.7 134.4 134.7 134.4 -.2
Other services................................ 105.5 112.2 114.5 111.0 107.8 112.6 112.7 113.5 113.8 113.9 .1
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate
payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average levels. Aggregate payroll estimates are the product of estimates of
average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and production and nonsupervisory worker employment. Data have been revised
to reflect March 2007 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis
for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm
for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Diffusion indexes of employment change
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 274 industries (1)
Over 1-month span:
2004 .............. 50.5 50.5 64.1 62.6 61.7 58.9 56.0 50.0 56.9 56.9 51.3 51.8
2005 .............. 52.2 60.6 54.2 58.2 55.8 58.2 58.0 61.3 54.7 53.6 62.4 54.7
2006 .............. 65.1 60.9 64.4 59.3 53.3 52.7 60.4 58.9 53.5 55.8 57.1 56.0
2007 .............. 51.6 51.8 52.7 51.1 56.6 50.4 52.2 51.6 56.4 54.6 48.2 p50.0
2008 .............. p46.2
Over 3-month span:
2004 .............. 54.4 52.9 57.3 63.5 68.8 66.6 61.3 56.4 57.7 59.5 61.9 54.6
2005 .............. 52.2 55.5 57.5 60.8 58.9 61.9 60.4 63.9 61.1 54.4 54.9 61.3
2006 .............. 67.2 66.2 66.6 65.5 60.6 58.2 56.0 58.9 55.7 56.4 57.1 58.4
2007 .............. 58.4 54.7 55.3 54.7 56.2 53.3 53.1 54.7 58.4 56.8 54.7 p53.3
2008 .............. p50.5
Over 6-month span:
2004 .............. 50.0 51.6 55.3 60.9 63.7 65.1 65.1 63.9 60.4 61.7 58.2 56.0
2005 .............. 54.6 57.3 56.8 57.5 57.5 58.2 64.4 62.8 62.0 59.3 61.5 62.0
2006 .............. 63.1 64.4 67.2 67.0 64.4 66.4 61.5 61.7 60.4 59.7 60.8 56.0
2007 .............. 59.1 56.4 57.5 56.8 58.8 58.2 56.2 58.0 58.2 57.1 54.6 p54.4
2008 .............. p51.5
Over 12-month span:
2004 .............. 40.5 42.3 45.1 48.9 51.3 58.2 57.5 55.7 57.3 58.8 60.6 60.8
2005 .............. 60.6 60.8 59.7 58.9 58.0 60.0 60.9 63.3 60.4 58.9 59.5 61.7
2006 .............. 67.2 65.1 65.5 62.6 64.8 66.4 64.4 64.4 66.2 65.1 64.4 65.5
2007 .............. 62.6 59.1 60.4 58.9 59.5 58.4 57.5 58.8 61.7 60.4 59.9 p56.4
2008 .............. p55.3
Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries (1)
Over 1-month span:
2004 .............. 43.5 47.6 47.0 63.7 50.6 51.2 58.3 42.9 42.9 48.2 42.3 39.9
2005 .............. 36.3 48.8 42.9 44.6 42.3 35.1 38.1 47.0 45.8 46.4 47.0 47.0
2006 .............. 57.7 45.8 54.8 48.8 38.1 53.0 50.6 44.0 36.3 40.5 38.1 39.3
2007 .............. 47.6 35.7 30.4 29.8 37.5 39.3 41.7 33.3 40.5 45.2 44.6 p36.3
2008 .............. p38.1
Over 3-month span:
2004 .............. 41.1 40.5 43.5 56.5 58.9 61.3 57.7 47.0 46.4 41.7 44.6 38.7
2005 .............. 38.1 39.3 42.3 44.6 36.3 37.5 33.3 39.9 45.8 41.7 38.7 49.4
2006 .............. 54.8 52.4 47.6 48.8 44.6 50.6 42.9 47.6 36.3 37.5 32.1 34.5
2007 .............. 33.9 28.6 32.1 27.4 29.8 32.7 31.0 34.5 32.1 39.3 44.0 p43.5
2008 .............. p38.1
Over 6-month span:
2004 .............. 29.2 31.5 32.7 44.6 49.4 54.8 59.5 56.0 51.2 51.8 44.0 38.7
2005 .............. 33.9 38.1 35.1 36.9 32.1 32.1 41.7 35.7 36.3 36.9 37.5 42.3
2006 .............. 42.9 45.2 50.6 47.6 48.2 47.6 46.4 48.8 43.5 41.7 38.7 29.8
2007 .............. 34.5 27.4 23.8 27.4 31.5 34.5 33.3 31.0 29.2 35.1 34.5 p32.7
2008 .............. p32.7
Over 12-month span:
2004 .............. 13.1 14.3 13.1 20.2 23.2 35.7 36.9 38.1 36.9 44.0 44.6 44.6
2005 .............. 44.6 43.5 41.7 40.5 36.3 35.1 32.1 33.9 32.7 33.3 33.3 38.1
2006 .............. 44.6 40.5 40.5 39.3 39.3 44.6 41.7 42.3 46.4 48.2 45.2 44.0
2007 .............. 39.3 36.3 36.9 28.6 29.8 26.2 26.8 29.2 30.4 29.8 33.3 p31.5
2008 .............. p30.4
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employ-
ment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. Data have been
revised to reflect March 2007 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for
the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002. See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for
more details.
United States Department of Labor
