Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 USDL 09-0117
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
Establishment data:(202) 691-6555 Transmission of material in this release
http://www.bls.gov/ces/ is embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EST),
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Friday, February 6, 2009.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JANUARY 2009
Nonfarm payroll employment fell sharply in January (-598,000) and the unem-
ployment rate rose from 7.2 to 7.6 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of
the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Payroll employment has declined
by 3.6 million since the start of the recession in December 2007; about one-
half of this decline occurred in the past 3 months. In January, job losses
were large and widespread across nearly all major industry sectors.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
Both the number of unemployed persons (11.6 million) and the unemployment
rate (7.6 percent) rose in January. Over the past 12 months, the number of un-
employed persons has increased by 4.1 million and the unemployment rate has
risen by 2.7 percentage points. (See table A-1.)
The unemployment rate continued to trend upward in January for adult men
(7.6 percent), adult women (6.2 percent), whites (6.9 percent), blacks (12.6
percent), and Hispanics (9.7 percent). The jobless rate for teenagers was un-
changed at 20.8 percent. The unemployment rate for Asians was 6.2 percent in
January, not seasonally adjusted. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
Among the unemployed, the number of job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs increased to 7.0 million in January. This measure has grown
by 3.2 million during the last 12 months. (See table A-8.)
The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more)
was little changed at 2.6 million in January. Over the past 12 months, the
number of long-term unemployed was up by 1.3 million. The number of persons
unemployed less than 5 weeks rose to 3.7 million in January. (See table A-9.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
The civilian labor force participation rate, at 65.5 percent in January, has
edged down in recent months. The employment-population ratio declined by 0.5
percentage point to 60.5 percent over the month, and by 2.4 percentage points
over the year. (See table A-1.)
The number of persons who worked part time for economic reasons (sometimes
referred to as involuntary part-time workers) was essentially unchanged in
January at 7.8 million; however, this measure was up by 3.1 million over the
past 12 months. Included in this category are persons who would like to work
full time but were working part time because their hours had been cut back or
because they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-5.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 2.1 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached
to the labor force in January, about 400,000 more than 12 months earlier. These
individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime
in the prior 12 months. They were not counted as unemployed because they had not
searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Among the marginally at-
tached, there were 734,000 discouraged workers in January, up by about 270,000
from a year earlier. Discouraged workers are persons not currently looking for
work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The other 1.4 million
persons marginally attached to the labor force in January had not searched for
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey for reasons such as school attendance
or family responsibilities. (See table A-13.)
_____________________________________________________________________
| |
| Establishment and Household Data Changes |
| |
| The establishment survey data in this release have been revised as|
|a result of the annual benchmarking process and the updating of sea- |
|sonal adjustment factors. See the note beginning on page 4 for more |
|information on the revisions. |
| In addition, household survey data for January 2009 reflect up- |
|dated population estimates. See the note on page 5 for more inform- |
|ation. Also, January 2009 industry data shown in table A-11 of this |
|release have been converted to the 2007 Census Industry Classifica- |
|tion System. Historical data have not been revised. |
| |
_____________________________________________________________________
- 2 -
Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
_______________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| Quarterly | |
| averages | Monthly data | Dec.-
Category |_________________|__________________________| Jan.
| | | | | | change
| III | IV | Nov. | Dec. | Jan. |
| 2008 | 2008 | 2008 | 2008 | 2009 |
_________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Civilian labor force ....| 154,650| 154,648| 154,620| 154,447| 153,716| (1)
Employment ............| 145,299| 144,046| 144,144| 143,338| 142,099| (1)
Unemployment ..........| 9,350| 10,602| 10,476| 11,108| 11,616| (1)
Not in labor force ......| 79,460| 80,177| 80,208| 80,588| 81,023| (1)
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Unemployment rates
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
All workers .............| 6.0| 6.9| 6.8| 7.2| 7.6| 0.4
Adult men .............| 5.8| 6.8| 6.7| 7.2| 7.6| .4
Adult women ...........| 5.0| 5.6| 5.6| 5.9| 6.2| .3
Teenagers .............| 19.7| 20.7| 20.4| 20.8| 20.8| .0
White .................| 5.4| 6.3| 6.2| 6.6| 6.9| .3
Black or African | | | | | |
American ............| 10.7| 11.5| 11.3| 11.9| 12.6| .7
Hispanic or Latino | | | | | |
ethnicity ...........| 7.8| 8.9| 8.6| 9.2| 9.7| .5
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
ESTABLISHMENT DATA(2) | Employment
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Nonfarm employment.......| 137,004|p135,762| 135,755|p135,178|p134,580| p-598
Goods-producing (3)....| 21,343| p20,814| 20,814| p20,564| p20,245| p-319
Construction ........| 7,170| p6,953| 6,939| p6,853| p6,742| p-111
Manufacturing .......| 13,388| p13,068| 13,082| p12,920| p12,713| p-207
Service-providing (3)..| 115,661|p114,948| 114,941|p114,614|p114,335| p-279
Retail trade (4)...| 15,331| p15,129| 15,126| p15,043| p14,998| p-45
Professional and | | | | | |
business services .| 17,730| p17,494| 17,488| p17,382| p17,261| p-121
Education and health | | | | | |
services ..........| 18,932| p19,038| 19,044| p19,089| p19,143| p54
Leisure and | | | | | |
hospitality .......| 13,452| p13,351| 13,344| p13,313| p13,285| p-28
Government ..........| 22,543| p22,538| 22,543| p22,533| p22,539| p6
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Hours of work (5)
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Total private ...........| 33.6| p33.4| 33.4| p33.3| p33.3| p0.0
Manufacturing .........| 40.8| p40.2| 40.2| p39.9| p39.8| p-.1
Overtime ............| 3.6| p3.2| 3.2| p3.0| p2.9| p-.1
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (2002=100)(5)
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Total private ...........| 106.1| p104.1| 104.1| p103.3| p102.6| p-0.7
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Earnings (5)
|_____________________________________________________
Average hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private .........| $18.16| p$18.34| $18.34| p$18.41| p$18.46| p$0.05
Average weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private .........| 610.90| p612.66| 612.56| p613.05| p614.72| p1.67
_________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________
1 Changes in household data levels are not shown due to the introduction of
updated population controls. See the note on page 5 for more information.
2 Establishment data have been revised to reflect March 2008 benchmark levels
and updated seasonal adjustment factors. See the note on page 4 for more
information.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
4 Quarterly averages and the over-the-month change are calculated using
unrounded data.
5 Data relate to private production and nonsupervisory workers.
p = preliminary.
- 3 -
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Total nonfarm payroll employment fell sharply (-598,000) in January.
Since the recession began in December 2007, 3.6 million jobs have been
lost, with about half of the decrease occurring in the last 3 months. In
January, employment declined in nearly all major industries, while health
care and private education added jobs. (See table B-1.)
Manufacturing employment fell by 207,000 in January, the largest 1-month
decline since October 1982. In January, durable goods manufacturing lost
157,000 jobs, with notable decreases in fabricated metal products (-37,000),
motor vehicles and parts (-31,000), and machinery (-22,000). Employment in
nondurable goods manufacturing declined by 50,000 over the month.
Construction lost 111,000 jobs in January. Employment in the industry
has fallen by about 1.0 million since peaking in January 2007. Employment
fell across most component industries over the month.
The temporary help industry lost 76,000 jobs in January. Since its recent
peak in December 2006, temporary help employment has declined by 695,000.
Professional and technical services lost 29,000 jobs in January.
Retail trade employment fell by 45,000 in January and by 592,000 since a
peak in November 2007. In January, employment declined in automobile dealer-
ships (-14,000), building material and garden supply stores (-10,000), depart-
ment stores (-9,000), and furniture and home furnishing stores (-7,000). Over
the month, wholesale trade employment fell by 31,000.
Transportation and warehousing lost 44,000 jobs in January and 202,000 since
the start of the recession. Most of the decline occurred over the last 5 months.
In January, employment fell in truck transportation (-25,000), support activities
for transportation (-9,000), and couriers and messengers (-4,000).
Employment in financial activities declined by 42,000 over the month and by
388,000 since a peak in December 2006. In January, job losses occurred in se-
curities, commodity contracts, and investments (-15,000) and in credit intermedi-
ation (-10,000).
Health care employment continued to trend up in January with a gain of 19,000.
Employment gains in the industry averaged 30,000 a month in 2008. Employment in
private education rose by 33,000 over the month.
The change in total nonfarm employment for November was revised from -584,000
to -597,000, and the change for December was revised from -524,000 to -577,000.
Monthly revisions result from additional sample reports and the monthly recalcula-
tion of seasonal factors. This month, the annual benchmarking process also con-
tributed to these revisions.
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
In January, the average workweek for production and nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls remained at 33.3 hours, seasonally adjusted. Both the
manufacturing workweek and factory overtime decreased by 0.1 hour over the month,
to 39.8 and 2.9 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers on
nonfarm payrolls fell by 0.7 percent in January. The manufacturing index declined
by 2.1 percent over the month. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
In January, average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers
on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 5 cents, or 0.3 percent, seasonally adjusted.
This followed gains of 7 cents in December and 6 cents in November. Over the past
12 months, average hourly earnings increased by 3.9 percent, and average weekly
earnings rose by 2.7 percent. (See table B-3.)
______________________________
The Employment Situation for February 2009 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, March 6, at 8:30 A.M. (EST).
- 4 -
____________________________________________________________________________
| |
| Revisions to Establishment Survey Data |
| |
| In accordance with annual practice, the establishment survey data have |
|been revised to reflect comprehensive universe counts of payroll jobs, or |
|benchmarks. These counts are derived principally from unemployment insur- |
|ance tax records compiled by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages |
|program for March 2008. As a result of the benchmark process, all not sea- |
|sonally adjusted data series were subject to revision from April 2007 for- |
|ward, the time period since the last benchmark was established. In addi- |
|tion, with this release, the seasonally adjusted establishment survey data |
|from January 2004 forward were subject to revision due to the introduction |
|of updated seasonal adjustment factors. |
| |
| Table B presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a seasonally |
|adjusted basis for January through December 2008. The revised data for |
|April 2008 forward incorporate the effect of applying the rate of change |
|measured by the sample to the new benchmark level, as well as updated net |
|business birth/death model adjustments and new seasonal adjustment factors. |
|The November and December 2008 revisions also reflect the routine incor- |
|poration of additional sample receipts into the November final and December |
|second preliminary estimates. The total nonfarm employment level or March |
|2008 was revised downward by 89,000 (17,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis).|
|The previously published level for December 2008 was revised downward by |
|172,000 (311,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis). |
| |
| An article that discusses the benchmark and post-benchmark revisions, as |
|well as all revised historical Current Employment Statistics (CES) data, can|
|be accessed through the CES homepage at http://www.bls.gov/ces/. Informa- |
|tion on the revisions released today also may be obtained by calling |
|(202) 691-6555. |
| |
| |
| |
|Table B. Revisions in total nonfarm employment, January-December 2008, |
|seasonally adjusted |
| |
|(In thousands) |
|____________________________________________________________________________|
| | | |
| | Levels | Over-the-month changes |
| Year |-----------------------|-------------------------------------|
| and | As | | As | | |
| month | previously | As | previously | As | Difference |
| | published | revised | published | revised | |
|______________|____________|__________|____________|__________|_____________|
| | | | | | |
| 2008 | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|January ......| 138,002 | 138,080 | -76 | -72 | 4 |
|February .....| 137,919 | 137,936 | -83 | -144 | -61 |
|March ........| 137,831 | 137,814 | -88 | -122 | -34 |
|April ........| 137,764 | 137,654 | -67 | -160 | -93 |
|May ..........| 137,717 | 137,517 | -47 | -137 | -90 |
|June .........| 137,617 | 137,356 | -100 | -161 | -61 |
|July .........| 137,550 | 137,228 | -67 | -128 | -61 |
|August .......| 137,423 | 137,053 | -127 | -175 | -48 |
|September ....| 137,020 | 136,732 | -403 | -321 | 82 |
|October ......| 136,597 | 136,352 | -423 | -380 | 43 |
|November .....| 136,013 | 135,755 | -584 | -597 | -13 |
|December (p)..| 135,489 | 135,178 | -524 | -577 | -53 |
|____________________________________________________________________________|
| |
| p = preliminary. |
|____________________________________________________________________________|
- 5 -
____________________________________________________________________________
| |
| Adjustments to Population Estimates for the Household Survey |
| |
| Effective with data for January 2009, updated population estimates have |
|been used in the household survey. Population estimates for the household |
|survey are developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. Each year, the Census |
|Bureau updates the estimates to reflect new information and assumptions |
|about the growth of the population during the decade. The change in popu- |
|lation reflected in the new estimates results primarily from adjustments |
|for net international migration, updated vital statistics information, and |
|some methodological changes in the estimation process. |
| |
| |
| In accordance with our usual practice, BLS will not revise the official |
|household survey estimates for December 2008 and earlier months. To show |
|the impact of the population adjustment, however, differences in selected |
|December 2008 labor force series based on the old and new population esti- |
|mates are shown in table C. The adjustment decreased the estimated size |
|of the civilian noninstitutional population in December by 483,000, the |
|civilian labor force by 449,000, and employment by 407,000; the new popula- |
|tion estimates had a negligible impact on unemployment rates and other per- |
|centage estimates. Data users are cautioned that these annual population |
|adjustments affect the comparability of household data series over time. |
|Estimates of large levels such as total labor force and employment are im- |
|pacted most. Table D shows the effect of the introduction of new popula- |
|tion estimates on the changes in selected labor force measures between |
|December 2008 and January 2009. More detailed information on the popula- |
|tion adjustments and their effect on national labor force estimates are |
|available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps09adj.pdf. |
| |
| |
|Table C. Effect of the updated population controls on December 2008 esti- |
|mates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, not seasonally ad- |
|justed |
| |
|(Numbers in thousands) |
| |
|____________________________________________________________________________|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Black | | |
| | | | | | or | | Hispanic |
| Category |Total| Men | Women| White| African| Asian | or Latino |
| | | | | |American| | ethnicity |
| | | | | | | | |
|_____________________|_____|_____|______|______|________|_______|___________|
| | | | | | | | |
|Civilian noninstitu- | | | | | | | |
| tional population...|-483 |-295 | -188 | -242 | -43 | -170 | -319 |
| Civilian labor | | | | | | | |
| force............|-449 |-289 | -160 | -267 | -38 | -121 | -264 |
| Employed..........|-407 |-260 | -146 | -239 | -33 | -116 | -238 |
| Unemployed........| -42 | -28 | -14 | -28 | -5 | -6 | -27 |
| Unemployment | | | | | | | |
| rate............| .0 | .0 | .0 | .0 | .0 | .0 | .0 |
|_____________________|_____|_____|______|______|________|_______|___________|
| |
| NOTE: Detail for men and women may not sum to totals because of round- |
|ing. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American,|
|and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all |
|races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be |
|of any race. |
| |
| |
| |
|Table D. December 2008-January 2009 changes in selected labor force |
|measures, with adjustments for population control effects |
| |
|(Numbers in thousands) |
| |
|____________________________________________________________________________|
| | | | |
| | Dec.-Jan. | 2009 | Dec.-Jan. |
| | change, | population | change, |
| | as | control | after re- |
| Category | published | effect | moving the |
| | | | population |
| | | | control |
| | | | effect (1) |
|_____________________________________|___________|____________|_____________|
| | | | |
| Total | | | |
| | | | |
|Civilian noninstitutional population.| -296 | -483 | 187 |
| Civilian labor force...............| -731 | -449 | -282 |
| Participation rate...............| -.2 | -.1 | -.1 |
| Employed..........................| -1,239 | -407 | -832 |
| Employment-population ratio......| -.5 | .0 | -.5 |
| Unemployed........................| 508 | -42 | 550 |
| Unemployment rate...............| .4 | .0 | .4 |
| | | | |
|_____________________________________|___________|____________|_____________|
| |
| 1 This Dec.-Jan. change is calculated by subtracting the population con- |
|trol effect from the published over-the-month change. |
|____________________________________________________________________________|
- 6 -
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based
estimates of employment and both have strengths and limitations. The estab-
lishment survey employment series has a smaller margin of error on the mea-
surement of month-to-month change than the household survey because of its
much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of 107,000 is
statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for
a statistically significant change in the household survey is about 400,000.
However, the household survey has a more expansive scope than the establish-
ment survey because it includes the self-employed, unpaid family workers,
agricultural workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the
establishment survey. The household survey also provides estimates of
employment for demographic groups.
Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
Neither the establishment nor household survey is designed to identify the
legal status of workers. Thus, while it is likely that both surveys include
at least some undocumented immigrants, it is not possible to determine how many
are counted in either survey. The household survey does include questions about
whether respondents were born outside the United States. Data from these ques-
tions show that foreign-born workers accounted for 15.7 percent of the labor
force in 2007 and 47.7 percent of the net increase in the labor force from 2000
to 2007.
Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data
series by incorporating additional information that was not available at the
time of the initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey
revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the
survey and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on
the monthly revisions, please visit http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark
revision that re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts
available from unemployment insurance tax records. The benchmark helps
to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit http://www.bls.
gov/web/cesbmart.htm.
Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of busi-
ness establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sam-
ple is designed to maximize the reliability of the total nonfarm employment esti-
mate; firms from all size classes and industries are appropriately sampled to
achieve that goal.
- 7 -
Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account
for the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The
adjustment comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs
impact of business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net
impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into
the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its
appearance on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new
businesses to the survey twice a year.
Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving
unemployment insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of
households. All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and
available to work are included among the unemployed. (People on temporary
layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There is no
requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the
monthly survey.
Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who have stopped looking for
work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force
who want a job, including those who have stopped looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of
labor underutilization (discouraged workers and other groups not officially
counted as unemployed) are published each month in the Employment Situation news
release.
- 8 -
Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 households con-
ducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours,
and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS
in cooperation with state agencies. The sample includes about 160,000 businesses
and government agencies covering approximately 400,000 individual worksites.
The active sample includes about one-third of all nonfarm payroll workers. The
sample is drawn from a sampling frame of unemployment insurance tax accounts.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calen-
dar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey,
the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not
correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work
and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household
is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their
jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or
personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the
4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those
not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemploy-
ment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor
force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the
employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population.
- 9 -
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm
businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and
local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay
for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons
are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private busi-
nesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and non-
supervisory workers in the service-providing sector. Industries are classified on
the basis of their principal activity in accordance with the 2007 version of the
North American Industry Classification System.
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important dis-
tinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid
family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are
excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The
establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The
establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals
are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment
survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than
one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of
employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as
changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the
opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very
large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-
month changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics
from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as de-
clines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor
force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place rela-
tive to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has
risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in pre-
vious years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow
for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the
adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
- 10 -
Most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most supersectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or
more detailed age categories.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month, using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. In both surveys, revisions to historical data
are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the
standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of con-
fidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are
generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment
from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 430,000. Suppose the
estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The
90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -330,000 to
530,000 (100,000 +/- 430,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are
off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes
values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in
fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then
all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero.
In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had,
in fact, occurred. At an unemployment rate of around 5.5 percent, the 90-percent con-
fidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is about +/- 280,000, and for
the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about +/- .19 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower stan-
dard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the
data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal
adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
- 11 -
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a seg-
ment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or pro-
cessing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are
based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly esti-
mate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered
final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inabil-
ity to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation procedure with two
components is used to account for business births. The first component uses business
deaths to impute employment for business births. This is incorporated into the sample-
based link relative estimate procedure by simply not reflecting sample units going out
of business, but imputing to them the same trend as the other firms in the sample. The
second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the residual net
birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time series
used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from the unemployment insurance uni-
verse micro-level database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and deaths
over the past five years.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year
(on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administra-
tive records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March
sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark
revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also
incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, absolute
benchmark revisions for total nonfarm employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range
from 0.1 percent to 0.6 percent.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon
request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 232,616 235,035 234,739 232,616 234,360 234,612 234,828 235,035 234,739
Civilian labor force....................... 152,828 154,349 153,445 153,873 154,621 154,878 154,620 154,447 153,716
Participation rate................... 65.7 65.7 65.4 66.1 66.0 66.0 65.8 65.7 65.5
Employed................................. 144,607 143,350 140,436 146,317 145,029 144,657 144,144 143,338 142,099
Employment-population ratio.......... 62.2 61.0 59.8 62.9 61.9 61.7 61.4 61.0 60.5
Unemployed............................... 8,221 10,999 13,009 7,555 9,592 10,221 10,476 11,108 11,616
Unemployment rate.................... 5.4 7.1 8.5 4.9 6.2 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.6
Not in labor force......................... 79,788 80,686 81,293 78,744 79,739 79,734 80,208 80,588 81,023
Persons who currently want a job......... 4,977 5,180 5,866 4,870 5,140 5,065 5,393 5,488 5,643
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 112,493 113,769 113,573 112,493 113,414 113,546 113,660 113,769 113,573
Civilian labor force....................... 81,656 82,226 81,725 82,408 82,885 82,892 82,666 82,338 81,863
Participation rate................... 72.6 72.3 72.0 73.3 73.1 73.0 72.7 72.4 72.1
Employed................................. 76,860 75,548 73,763 78,228 77,249 76,938 76,577 75,847 75,092
Employment-population ratio.......... 68.3 66.4 64.9 69.5 68.1 67.8 67.4 66.7 66.1
Unemployed............................... 4,796 6,678 7,962 4,180 5,636 5,954 6,089 6,491 6,771
Unemployment rate.................... 5.9 8.1 9.7 5.1 6.8 7.2 7.4 7.9 8.3
Not in labor force......................... 30,837 31,543 31,848 30,085 30,529 30,654 30,994 31,431 31,710
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 103,866 105,083 104,902 103,866 104,741 104,869 104,978 105,083 104,902
Civilian labor force....................... 78,463 79,071 78,741 78,907 79,392 79,380 79,335 78,998 78,585
Participation rate................... 75.5 75.2 75.1 76.0 75.8 75.7 75.6 75.2 74.9
Employed................................. 74,387 73,088 71,556 75,474 74,503 74,292 74,045 73,285 72,613
Employment-population ratio.......... 71.6 69.6 68.2 72.7 71.1 70.8 70.5 69.7 69.2
Unemployed............................... 4,075 5,984 7,185 3,433 4,889 5,088 5,290 5,714 5,972
Unemployment rate.................... 5.2 7.6 9.1 4.4 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.2 7.6
Not in labor force......................... 25,403 26,012 26,162 24,959 25,349 25,489 25,643 26,085 26,318
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 120,123 121,266 121,166 120,123 120,946 121,066 121,168 121,266 121,166
Civilian labor force....................... 71,172 72,122 71,721 71,464 71,735 71,986 71,954 72,109 71,853
Participation rate................... 59.2 59.5 59.2 59.5 59.3 59.5 59.4 59.5 59.3
Employed................................. 67,747 67,802 66,674 68,089 67,780 67,720 67,567 67,491 67,007
Employment-population ratio.......... 56.4 55.9 55.0 56.7 56.0 55.9 55.8 55.7 55.3
Unemployed............................... 3,425 4,320 5,047 3,375 3,956 4,267 4,387 4,618 4,845
Unemployment rate.................... 4.8 6.0 7.0 4.7 5.5 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.7
Not in labor force......................... 48,951 49,143 49,445 48,659 49,210 49,080 49,214 49,157 49,313
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 111,739 112,825 112,738 111,739 112,518 112,633 112,731 112,825 112,738
Civilian labor force....................... 67,913 69,042 68,654 67,982 68,385 68,700 68,753 68,891 68,584
Participation rate................... 60.8 61.2 60.9 60.8 60.8 61.0 61.0 61.1 60.8
Employed................................. 64,943 65,204 64,123 65,101 65,008 64,975 64,902 64,860 64,298
Employment-population ratio.......... 58.1 57.8 56.9 58.3 57.8 57.7 57.6 57.5 57.0
Unemployed............................... 2,970 3,838 4,531 2,881 3,377 3,725 3,851 4,031 4,286
Unemployment rate.................... 4.4 5.6 6.6 4.2 4.9 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.2
Not in labor force......................... 43,826 43,784 44,085 43,757 44,133 43,933 43,978 43,935 44,154
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 17,012 17,126 17,098 17,012 17,101 17,110 17,118 17,126 17,098
Civilian labor force....................... 6,452 6,235 6,051 6,984 6,844 6,799 6,531 6,557 6,547
Participation rate................... 37.9 36.4 35.4 41.1 40.0 39.7 38.2 38.3 38.3
Employed................................. 5,277 5,058 4,758 5,742 5,518 5,390 5,196 5,194 5,188
Employment-population ratio.......... 31.0 29.5 27.8 33.8 32.3 31.5 30.4 30.3 30.3
Unemployed............................... 1,175 1,177 1,293 1,241 1,326 1,408 1,335 1,363 1,359
Unemployment rate.................... 18.2 18.9 21.4 17.8 19.4 20.7 20.4 20.8 20.8
Not in labor force......................... 10,560 10,891 11,047 10,028 10,257 10,311 10,587 10,568 10,551
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 188,787 190,351 190,225 188,787 189,916 190,085 190,221 190,351 190,225
Civilian labor force....................... 124,577 125,588 125,099 125,362 125,844 126,298 126,029 125,634 125,312
Participation rate..................... 66.0 66.0 65.8 66.4 66.3 66.4 66.3 66.0 65.9
Employed................................. 118,505 117,409 115,320 119,888 118,964 118,722 118,226 117,357 116,692
Employment-population ratio............ 62.8 61.7 60.6 63.5 62.6 62.5 62.2 61.7 61.3
Unemployed............................... 6,072 8,179 9,779 5,474 6,880 7,577 7,803 8,277 8,621
Unemployment rate...................... 4.9 6.5 7.8 4.4 5.5 6.0 6.2 6.6 6.9
Not in labor force......................... 64,210 64,763 65,126 63,425 64,072 63,787 64,193 64,718 64,913
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 65,098 65,424 65,218 65,480 65,718 65,792 65,762 65,331 65,126
Participation rate..................... 76.0 75.6 75.5 76.4 76.2 76.2 76.1 75.5 75.4
Employed................................. 62,020 60,965 59,787 62,939 62,125 61,972 61,761 61,101 60,683
Employment-population ratio............ 72.4 70.5 69.2 73.5 72.0 71.8 71.5 70.7 70.2
Unemployed............................... 3,078 4,459 5,431 2,541 3,593 3,821 4,001 4,230 4,443
Unemployment rate...................... 4.7 6.8 8.3 3.9 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.8
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 54,211 55,033 54,882 54,203 54,543 54,891 54,810 54,878 54,786
Participation rate..................... 60.2 60.6 60.5 60.2 60.2 60.6 60.4 60.5 60.4
Employed................................. 52,081 52,199 51,494 52,162 52,233 52,178 52,014 51,846 51,601
Employment-population ratio............ 57.8 57.5 56.7 57.9 57.7 57.6 57.3 57.1 56.9
Unemployed............................... 2,130 2,833 3,388 2,041 2,310 2,714 2,796 3,031 3,185
Unemployment rate...................... 3.9 5.1 6.2 3.8 4.2 4.9 5.1 5.5 5.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 5,268 5,131 4,999 5,679 5,583 5,615 5,457 5,425 5,400
Participation rate..................... 40.4 39.1 38.2 43.5 42.6 42.9 41.6 41.4 41.3
Employed................................. 4,403 4,245 4,039 4,787 4,605 4,572 4,451 4,409 4,408
Employment-population ratio............ 33.7 32.4 30.9 36.7 35.2 34.9 34.0 33.6 33.7
Unemployed............................... 864 886 960 892 978 1,043 1,006 1,016 993
Unemployment rate...................... 16.4 17.3 19.2 15.7 17.5 18.6 18.4 18.7 18.4
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 27,640 28,059 28,052 27,640 27,939 27,982 28,021 28,059 28,052
Civilian labor force....................... 17,501 17,720 17,629 17,728 17,733 17,768 17,708 17,796 17,791
Participation rate..................... 63.3 63.2 62.8 64.1 63.5 63.5 63.2 63.4 63.4
Employed................................. 15,856 15,649 15,274 16,104 15,709 15,762 15,703 15,674 15,546
Employment-population ratio............ 57.4 55.8 54.4 58.3 56.2 56.3 56.0 55.9 55.4
Unemployed............................... 1,645 2,071 2,355 1,624 2,024 2,006 2,005 2,122 2,245
Unemployment rate...................... 9.4 11.7 13.4 9.2 11.4 11.3 11.3 11.9 12.6
Not in labor force......................... 10,139 10,339 10,423 9,912 10,206 10,214 10,313 10,263 10,261
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 7,850 7,981 7,962 7,917 8,000 7,961 7,954 7,999 7,979
Participation rate..................... 70.7 70.7 70.6 71.3 71.2 70.7 70.5 70.8 70.7
Employed................................. 7,129 6,879 6,702 7,259 7,049 7,019 6,989 6,930 6,850
Employment-population ratio............ 64.2 60.9 59.4 65.4 62.7 62.3 62.0 61.4 60.7
Unemployed............................... 721 1,102 1,260 658 952 942 965 1,069 1,129
Unemployment rate...................... 9.2 13.8 15.8 8.3 11.9 11.8 12.1 13.4 14.1
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 8,882 9,031 8,957 8,941 8,931 9,016 9,069 9,060 9,022
Participation rate..................... 64.0 64.2 63.6 64.4 63.7 64.2 64.5 64.4 64.1
Employed................................. 8,220 8,264 8,121 8,282 8,097 8,213 8,249 8,256 8,194
Employment-population ratio............ 59.2 58.7 57.7 59.7 57.8 58.5 58.7 58.7 58.2
Unemployed............................... 662 767 836 659 834 804 820 804 828
Unemployment rate...................... 7.4 8.5 9.3 7.4 9.3 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 769 708 710 871 802 790 685 736 790
Participation rate..................... 29.0 26.3 26.4 32.8 29.9 29.4 25.5 27.4 29.4
Employed................................. 507 506 451 564 563 531 464 488 502
Employment-population ratio............ 19.1 18.8 16.7 21.2 21.0 19.8 17.3 18.1 18.6
Unemployed............................... 262 202 259 307 239 260 221 248 288
Unemployment rate...................... 34.0 28.5 36.5 35.3 29.8 32.9 32.2 33.7 36.5
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 10,660 10,873 10,745 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Civilian labor force....................... 7,167 7,223 7,023 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 67.2 66.4 65.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 6,935 6,857 6,588 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 65.1 63.1 61.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 231 365 435 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 3.2 5.1 6.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Not in labor force......................... 3,493 3,651 3,722 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Data not available.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 31,643 32,649 32,417 31,643 32,369 32,465 32,558 32,649 32,417
Civilian labor force....................... 21,561 22,221 21,868 21,739 22,259 22,187 22,074 22,134 21,931
Participation rate..................... 68.1 68.1 67.5 68.7 68.8 68.3 67.8 67.8 67.7
Employed................................. 20,011 20,129 19,453 20,352 20,506 20,232 20,168 20,096 19,800
Employment-population ratio............ 63.2 61.7 60.0 64.3 63.4 62.3 61.9 61.6 61.1
Unemployed............................... 1,550 2,093 2,415 1,387 1,752 1,955 1,906 2,038 2,132
Unemployment rate...................... 7.2 9.4 11.0 6.4 7.9 8.8 8.6 9.2 9.7
Not in labor force......................... 10,083 10,428 10,549 9,904 10,111 10,278 10,484 10,515 10,486
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 12,376 12,752 12,524 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 84.0 83.8 83.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 11,606 11,558 11,146 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 78.7 76.0 73.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 770 1,194 1,378 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 6.2 9.4 11.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 8,107 8,430 8,366 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 58.2 58.8 58.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 7,531 7,765 7,566 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 54.1 54.2 53.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 575 665 800 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 7.1 7.9 9.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 1,078 1,039 978 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 36.1 33.5 31.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 874 805 741 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 29.3 26.0 24.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 205 234 238 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 19.0 22.6 24.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Data not available.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force......................... 12,340 12,136 12,192 12,274 12,165 12,390 12,185 12,108 12,024
Participation rate....................... 46.2 46.5 46.6 45.9 47.0 48.3 47.2 46.4 45.9
Employed................................... 11,228 10,719 10,437 11,334 10,977 11,106 10,899 10,793 10,577
Employment-population ratio.............. 42.0 41.1 39.9 42.4 42.5 43.3 42.2 41.4 40.4
Unemployed................................. 1,112 1,417 1,755 940 1,187 1,284 1,286 1,315 1,446
Unemployment rate........................ 9.0 11.7 14.4 7.7 9.8 10.4 10.6 10.9 12.0
High school graduates, no college (1)
Civilian labor force......................... 38,390 38,838 39,009 38,274 38,264 38,428 38,271 38,656 38,675
Participation rate....................... 62.9 62.7 62.9 62.7 62.4 62.6 62.3 62.5 62.4
Employed................................... 36,324 35,815 35,394 36,502 35,851 35,939 35,643 35,683 35,599
Employment-population ratio.............. 59.5 57.9 57.1 59.8 58.5 58.5 58.1 57.6 57.4
Unemployed................................. 2,066 3,023 3,616 1,772 2,413 2,489 2,628 2,972 3,075
Unemployment rate........................ 5.4 7.8 9.3 4.6 6.3 6.5 6.9 7.7 8.0
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force......................... 36,108 36,867 36,366 36,451 36,952 36,820 37,120 37,049 36,693
Participation rate....................... 71.7 71.7 71.4 72.4 71.8 71.5 71.6 72.0 72.0
Employed................................... 34,679 34,819 33,870 35,120 35,053 34,867 35,077 34,969 34,433
Employment-population ratio.............. 68.9 67.7 66.5 69.7 68.1 67.7 67.7 68.0 67.6
Unemployed................................. 1,428 2,048 2,496 1,331 1,898 1,954 2,043 2,080 2,260
Unemployment rate........................ 4.0 5.6 6.9 3.7 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.6 6.2
Bachelor's degree and higher (2)
Civilian labor force......................... 44,633 45,202 45,132 44,650 45,183 45,454 45,232 45,182 45,208
Participation rate....................... 78.1 77.9 77.6 78.1 77.6 77.7 77.7 77.9 77.8
Employed................................... 43,651 43,619 43,269 43,711 44,011 44,044 43,794 43,517 43,474
Employment-population ratio.............. 76.4 75.2 74.4 76.5 75.6 75.3 75.3 75.0 74.8
Unemployed................................. 982 1,583 1,863 939 1,172 1,410 1,438 1,665 1,735
Unemployment rate........................ 2.2 3.5 4.1 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.7 3.8
1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries........... 2,032 2,068 1,988 2,205 2,199 2,177 2,206 2,191 2,149
Wage and salary workers.................... 1,128 1,162 1,106 1,254 1,323 1,313 1,267 1,264 1,233
Self-employed workers...................... 886 883 860 931 824 827 915 925 903
Unpaid family workers...................... 18 23 22 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Nonagricultural industries................... 142,575 141,282 138,449 144,097 142,851 142,566 141,901 141,047 139,952
Wage and salary workers.................... 133,509 132,518 129,888 134,764 133,582 133,694 132,983 132,082 131,110
Government............................... 20,905 21,415 21,142 20,946 21,183 21,539 21,431 21,395 21,237
Private industries....................... 112,604 111,103 108,746 113,828 112,407 112,170 111,542 110,684 109,997
Private households..................... 787 782 749 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Other industries....................... 111,817 110,321 107,997 113,015 111,591 111,279 110,677 109,863 109,217
Self-employed workers...................... 8,990 8,701 8,520 9,233 9,178 8,852 8,816 8,940 8,816
Unpaid family workers...................... 76 62 41 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME (2)
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons............. 5,340 8,250 8,829 4,738 6,292 6,848 7,323 8,038 7,839
Slack work or business conditions........ 3,857 6,340 6,909 3,222 4,418 4,953 5,399 6,020 5,766
Could only find part-time work........... 1,088 1,562 1,593 1,153 1,514 1,514 1,585 1,617 1,667
Part time for noneconomic reasons.......... 19,804 19,719 19,051 19,563 19,275 19,083 18,886 18,922 18,864
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons............. 5,235 8,110 8,675 4,645 6,167 6,742 7,209 7,932 7,705
Slack work or business conditions........ 3,789 6,250 6,797 3,152 4,279 4,889 5,304 5,938 5,660
Could only find part-time work........... 1,084 1,553 1,583 1,141 1,541 1,499 1,579 1,619 1,658
Part time for noneconomic reasons.......... 19,490 19,405 18,734 19,249 18,930 18,808 18,635 18,642 18,567
1 Data not available.
2 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as
vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked
only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over..................... 144,607 143,350 140,436 146,317 145,029 144,657 144,144 143,338 142,099
16 to 19 years............................. 5,277 5,058 4,758 5,742 5,518 5,390 5,196 5,194 5,188
16 to 17 years........................... 1,908 1,743 1,547 2,120 2,023 1,933 1,791 1,779 1,741
18 to 19 years........................... 3,369 3,314 3,210 3,617 3,525 3,469 3,408 3,413 3,441
20 years and over.......................... 139,330 138,292 135,679 140,575 139,511 139,267 138,948 138,144 136,911
20 to 24 years........................... 13,448 13,320 12,709 13,793 13,625 13,528 13,443 13,374 13,050
25 years and over........................ 125,882 124,972 122,970 126,678 125,950 125,833 125,422 124,748 123,911
25 to 54 years......................... 99,592 97,781 95,921 100,211 99,086 98,803 98,373 97,651 96,693
25 to 34 years....................... 31,221 30,885 30,060 31,577 31,352 31,122 31,070 30,864 30,449
35 to 44 years....................... 33,748 32,731 32,034 33,933 33,250 33,176 32,883 32,691 32,308
45 to 54 years....................... 34,623 34,165 33,827 34,702 34,485 34,505 34,420 34,097 33,936
55 years and over...................... 26,291 27,191 27,049 26,467 26,863 27,029 27,049 27,096 27,218
Men, 16 years and over....................... 76,860 75,548 73,763 78,228 77,249 76,938 76,577 75,847 75,092
16 to 19 years............................. 2,473 2,460 2,207 2,754 2,746 2,646 2,531 2,562 2,479
16 to 17 years........................... 819 797 695 954 958 895 800 847 818
18 to 19 years........................... 1,654 1,663 1,512 1,795 1,797 1,751 1,728 1,712 1,654
20 years and over.......................... 74,387 73,088 71,556 75,474 74,503 74,292 74,045 73,285 72,613
20 to 24 years........................... 7,049 6,760 6,458 7,317 7,153 6,974 6,965 6,863 6,723
25 years and over........................ 67,338 66,328 65,098 68,066 67,365 67,372 67,039 66,456 65,879
25 to 54 years......................... 53,459 52,031 50,844 54,040 53,136 53,090 52,740 52,128 51,480
25 to 34 years....................... 17,086 16,784 16,189 17,364 17,112 17,064 16,979 16,789 16,461
35 to 44 years....................... 18,162 17,581 17,226 18,328 18,001 17,962 17,816 17,663 17,452
45 to 54 years....................... 18,211 17,666 17,429 18,348 18,023 18,065 17,944 17,676 17,567
55 years and over...................... 13,879 14,297 14,253 14,027 14,230 14,282 14,299 14,328 14,399
Women, 16 years and over..................... 67,747 67,802 66,674 68,089 67,780 67,720 67,567 67,491 67,007
16 to 19 years............................. 2,804 2,598 2,551 2,988 2,772 2,744 2,665 2,632 2,709
16 to 17 years........................... 1,089 946 853 1,166 1,065 1,038 990 932 923
18 to 19 years........................... 1,714 1,651 1,699 1,822 1,728 1,718 1,680 1,701 1,787
20 years and over.......................... 64,943 65,204 64,123 65,101 65,008 64,975 64,902 64,860 64,298
20 to 24 years........................... 6,398 6,560 6,250 6,476 6,472 6,553 6,478 6,510 6,327
25 years and over........................ 58,544 58,644 57,872 58,612 58,585 58,460 58,383 58,292 58,032
25 to 54 years......................... 46,132 45,750 45,077 46,172 45,951 45,713 45,634 45,523 45,213
25 to 34 years....................... 14,135 14,101 13,871 14,213 14,240 14,058 14,091 14,075 13,988
35 to 44 years....................... 15,586 15,150 14,808 15,605 15,249 15,215 15,067 15,027 14,856
45 to 54 years....................... 16,412 16,499 16,398 16,354 16,462 16,440 16,476 16,421 16,369
55 years and over...................... 12,412 12,894 12,795 12,440 12,634 12,747 12,750 12,769 12,819
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present.................. 45,831 45,215 44,425 46,105 45,887 45,787 45,610 45,182 44,712
Married women, spouse present................ 35,662 35,835 35,325 35,631 35,864 35,590 35,649 35,632 35,375
Women who maintain families.................. 9,032 8,987 8,751 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers (2)........................ 119,332 116,422 113,815 121,350 119,661 119,304 118,413 116,865 115,794
Part-time workers (3)........................ 25,275 26,927 26,621 25,018 25,411 25,452 25,577 26,250 26,200
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders.................... 7,398 7,432 7,258 7,585 7,612 7,551 7,410 7,352 7,441
Percent of total employed................ 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.2
1 Data not available.
2 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
3 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates (1)
(in thousands)
Characteristic
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over..................... 7,555 11,108 11,616 4.9 6.2 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.6
16 to 19 years............................. 1,241 1,363 1,359 17.8 19.4 20.7 20.4 20.8 20.8
16 to 17 years........................... 549 564 473 20.6 21.7 23.1 24.1 24.1 21.4
18 to 19 years........................... 687 806 868 16.0 17.8 18.4 18.3 19.1 20.2
20 years and over.......................... 6,314 9,745 10,258 4.3 5.6 6.0 6.2 6.6 7.0
20 to 24 years........................... 1,326 1,843 1,801 8.8 10.8 10.6 11.1 12.1 12.1
25 years and over........................ 4,994 7,903 8,490 3.8 5.0 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.4
25 to 54 years......................... 4,114 6,526 6,981 3.9 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.3 6.7
25 to 34 years....................... 1,649 2,490 2,608 5.0 6.2 6.7 7.0 7.5 7.9
35 to 44 years....................... 1,259 2,041 2,255 3.6 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.9 6.5
45 to 54 years....................... 1,207 1,995 2,118 3.4 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.5 5.9
55 years and over...................... 870 1,409 1,481 3.2 4.2 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.2
Men, 16 years and over....................... 4,180 6,491 6,771 5.1 6.8 7.2 7.4 7.9 8.3
16 to 19 years............................. 747 777 799 21.3 21.4 24.7 24.0 23.3 24.4
16 to 17 years........................... 303 313 295 24.1 23.2 27.3 28.8 27.0 26.5
18 to 19 years........................... 433 468 488 19.4 20.4 21.7 21.2 21.5 22.8
20 years and over.......................... 3,433 5,714 5,972 4.4 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.2 7.6
20 to 24 years........................... 761 1,137 1,100 9.4 11.9 12.9 12.9 14.2 14.1
25 years and over........................ 2,701 4,545 4,892 3.8 5.5 5.6 5.9 6.4 6.9
25 to 54 years......................... 2,237 3,770 4,083 4.0 5.8 5.8 6.1 6.7 7.3
25 to 34 years....................... 924 1,510 1,589 5.1 6.9 7.1 7.5 8.3 8.8
35 to 44 years....................... 681 1,117 1,231 3.6 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.9 6.6
45 to 54 years....................... 632 1,144 1,262 3.3 5.0 4.8 5.6 6.1 6.7
55 years and over...................... 464 775 809 3.2 4.5 4.7 5.1 5.1 5.3
Women, 16 years and over..................... 3,375 4,618 4,845 4.7 5.5 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.7
16 to 19 years............................. 494 587 559 14.2 17.3 16.5 16.7 18.2 17.1
16 to 17 years........................... 246 251 178 17.4 20.3 19.2 19.7 21.2 16.2
18 to 19 years........................... 254 339 380 12.2 14.9 14.7 15.1 16.6 17.5
20 years and over.......................... 2,881 4,031 4,286 4.2 4.9 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.2
20 to 24 years........................... 565 707 701 8.0 9.4 8.1 9.2 9.8 10.0
25 years and over........................ 2,293 3,358 3,598 3.8 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.8
25 to 54 years......................... 1,877 2,756 2,898 3.9 4.6 5.2 5.4 5.7 6.0
25 to 34 years....................... 724 981 1,018 4.8 5.3 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.8
35 to 44 years....................... 578 924 1,024 3.6 4.8 5.2 5.4 5.8 6.4
45 to 54 years....................... 575 852 856 3.4 3.8 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.0
55 years and over (2).................. 432 583 729 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.3 5.4
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present.................. 1,270 2,077 2,330 2.7 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 5.0
Married women, spouse present................ 1,120 1,672 1,750 3.0 3.5 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.7
Women who maintain families (2).............. 681 948 1,010 7.0 8.2 8.8 9.3 9.5 10.3
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers (3)........................ 6,107 9,537 10,057 4.8 6.3 6.8 7.0 7.5 8.0
Part-time workers (4)........................ 1,430 1,632 1,646 5.4 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Not seasonally adjusted.
3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on lay-
off from full-time jobs.
4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on
layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs.............................. 4,608 6,878 8,633 3,792 5,348 5,811 6,156 6,471 6,980
On temporary layoff........................ 1,614 1,675 2,251 1,036 1,396 1,367 1,413 1,524 1,441
Not on temporary layoff.................... 2,994 5,203 6,382 2,755 3,952 4,443 4,744 4,946 5,539
Permanent job losers..................... 2,110 4,034 4,923 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs..... 884 1,169 1,460 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers.................................. 838 928 920 828 982 946 940 1,007 917
Reentrants................................... 2,195 2,523 2,791 2,183 2,587 2,650 2,655 2,777 2,751
New entrants................................. 580 670 665 672 822 825 760 829 780
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs............................. 56.1 62.5 66.4 50.7 54.9 56.8 58.6 58.4 61.1
On temporary layoff....................... 19.6 15.2 17.3 13.9 14.3 13.4 13.4 13.8 12.6
Not on temporary layoff................... 36.4 47.3 49.1 36.9 40.6 43.4 45.1 44.6 48.5
Job leavers................................. 10.2 8.4 7.1 11.1 10.1 9.2 8.9 9.1 8.0
Reentrants.................................. 26.7 22.9 21.5 29.2 26.6 25.9 25.3 25.1 24.1
New entrants................................ 7.1 6.1 5.1 9.0 8.4 8.1 7.2 7.5 6.8
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs............................. 3.0 4.5 5.6 2.5 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.5
Job leavers................................. .5 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .6 .7 .6
Reentrants.................................. 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8
New entrants................................ .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5
1 Data not available.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks...................................... 2,957 3,227 4,137 2,652 2,864 3,108 3,255 3,267 3,658
5 to 14 weeks.......................................... 2,681 3,390 4,044 2,380 3,083 3,055 3,141 3,398 3,519
15 weeks and over...................................... 2,583 4,381 4,828 2,477 3,662 4,109 3,964 4,517 4,634
15 to 26 weeks...................................... 1,172 1,869 2,086 1,114 1,621 1,834 1,757 1,927 1,987
27 weeks and over................................... 1,411 2,512 2,742 1,363 2,041 2,275 2,207 2,591 2,647
Average (mean) duration, in weeks...................... 16.6 19.5 18.8 17.5 18.7 19.8 18.9 19.7 19.8
Median duration, in weeks.............................. 8.5 10.5 10.0 8.7 10.3 10.6 10.0 10.6 10.3
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed....................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.................................... 36.0 29.3 31.8 35.3 29.8 30.3 31.4 29.2 31.0
5 to 14 weeks........................................ 32.6 30.8 31.1 31.7 32.1 29.7 30.3 30.4 29.8
15 weeks and over.................................... 31.4 39.8 37.1 33.0 38.1 40.0 38.3 40.4 39.2
15 to 26 weeks..................................... 14.3 17.0 16.0 14.8 16.9 17.9 17.0 17.2 16.8
27 weeks and over.................................. 17.2 22.8 21.1 18.1 21.2 22.1 21.3 23.2 22.4
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Unemployment
Employed Unemployed rates
Occupation
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
Total, 16 years and over (1)...................... 144,607 140,436 8,221 13,009 5.4 8.5
Management, professional, and related occupations...... 52,165 52,358 1,164 2,238 2.2 4.1
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations......................................... 21,749 21,956 509 1,056 2.3 4.6
Professional and related occupations................. 30,416 30,402 655 1,182 2.1 3.7
Service occupations.................................... 23,366 23,850 1,767 2,389 7.0 9.1
Sales and office occupations........................... 36,187 34,192 1,807 2,761 4.8 7.5
Sales and related occupations........................ 16,594 15,773 909 1,323 5.2 7.7
Office and administrative support occupations........ 19,592 18,419 898 1,438 4.4 7.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations........................................... 14,955 13,587 1,453 2,497 8.9 15.5
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations........... 905 825 111 251 11.0 23.3
Construction and extraction occupations.............. 8,939 7,673 1,154 1,824 11.4 19.2
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.... 5,112 5,089 188 422 3.5 7.7
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations........................................... 17,934 16,449 1,420 2,432 7.3 12.9
Production occupations............................... 9,155 7,974 633 1,265 6.5 13.7
Transportation and material moving occupations....... 8,779 8,474 787 1,167 8.2 12.1
1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed Unemployment
persons rates
Industry and class of worker (in thousands)
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2008 2009 2008 2009
Total, 16 years and over (1).................... 8,221 13,009 5.4 8.5
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers........ 6,720 10,787 5.6 9.0
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction........ 28 59 4.0 7.0
Construction......................................... 1,099 1,744 11.0 18.2
Manufacturing........................................ 837 1,711 5.1 10.9
Durable goods...................................... 454 1,157 4.4 11.2
Nondurable goods................................... 383 554 6.4 10.3
Wholesale and retail trade........................... 1,120 1,794 5.4 8.7
Transportation and utilities......................... 271 522 4.4 8.4
Information.......................................... 169 232 5.1 7.4
Financial activities................................. 285 571 3.0 6.0
Professional and business services................... 893 1,445 6.4 10.4
Education and health services........................ 576 792 2.9 3.8
Leisure and hospitality.............................. 1,176 1,487 9.4 11.5
Other services....................................... 264 431 4.4 7.1
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers 113 245 9.5 18.7
Government workers..................................... 471 652 2.2 3.0
Self employed and unpaid family workers................ 338 659 3.3 6.5
1 Persons with no previous work experience are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2009 data, industries
reflect the introduction of the 2007 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification
system is derived from the 2007 North American Industry Classification System. No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Measure
Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent
of the civilian labor force....................... 1.7 2.8 3.1 1.6 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.9 3.0
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.... 3.0 4.5 5.6 2.5 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.5
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian
labor force (official unemployment rate).......... 5.4 7.1 8.5 4.9 6.2 6.6 6.8 7.2 7.6
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus
discouraged workers............................... 5.7 7.5 8.9 5.2 6.5 6.9 7.1 7.6 8.0
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus
all other marginally attached workers, as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers....................... 6.4 8.3 9.7 6.0 7.2 7.6 7.9 8.3 8.8
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached
workers, plus total employed part time for
economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 9.9 13.5 15.4 9.0 11.2 12.0 12.6 13.5 13.9
NOTE: Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached,
have given a job-market related reason for not looking currently for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those
who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For more information, see "BLS intro-
duces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Updated population con-
trols are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force........................... 79,788 81,293 30,837 31,848 48,951 49,445
Persons who currently want a job...................... 4,977 5,866 2,212 2,725 2,765 3,141
Marginally attached to the labor force (1).......... 1,729 2,130 841 1,124 888 1,006
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects (2)........... 467 734 277 465 190 269
Reasons other than discouragement (3)........... 1,262 1,396 564 659 698 737
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders (4).......................... 7,398 7,258 3,652 3,572 3,746 3,687
Percent of total employed.......................... 5.1 5.2 4.8 4.8 5.5 5.5
Primary job full time, secondary job part time..... 4,126 3,937 2,221 2,081 1,905 1,856
Primary and secondary jobs both part time.......... 1,631 1,684 496 526 1,135 1,158
Primary and secondary jobs both full time.......... 229 232 163 156 67 75
Hours vary on primary or secondary job............. 1,369 1,376 748 795 621 580
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of
discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health,
and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. from:
2008 2008 2008p 2009p 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2009p Dec. 2008-
Jan. 2009p
Total nonfarm......... 135,840 136,882 135,947 132,341 138,080 136,732 136,352 135,755 135,178 134,580 -598
Total private........... 113,590 113,852 113,045 109,920 115,689 114,197 113,813 113,212 112,645 112,041 -604
Goods-producing............. 21,402 20,997 20,474 19,648 21,981 21,247 21,063 20,814 20,564 20,245 -319
Mining and logging.............. 730 799 786 767 748 794 794 793 791 790 -1
Logging...................... 57.8 58.3 56.2 54.4 59.0 56.5 56.6 56.6 55.7 55.8 .1
Mining......................... 672.5 741.1 729.9 712.6 689.1 737.7 737.7 736.8 735.2 734.0 -1.2
Oil and gas extraction........ 154.0 167.9 169.2 168.6 155.0 166.3 166.5 167.4 169.3 168.8 -.5
Mining, except oil and
gas (1)...................... 213.7 233.2 224.6 216.0 224.7 230.2 230.5 230.7 229.5 229.4 -.1
Coal mining.................. 77.3 84.8 85.1 84.0 77.5 82.5 83.1 84.3 84.6 85.0 .4
Support activities for mining. 304.8 340.0 336.1 328.0 309.4 341.2 340.7 338.7 336.4 335.8 -.6
Construction.................... 7,053 7,058 6,742 6,306 7,489 7,131 7,066 6,939 6,853 6,742 -111
Construction of buildings..... 1,665.6 1,609.1 1,572.2 1,473.5 1,728.8 1,625.0 1,609.9 1,588.4 1,575.3 1,534.6 -40.7
Residential building......... 851.7 793.6 772.8 719.9 887.2 806.5 795.6 781.7 770.3 750.0 -20.3
Nonresidential building...... 813.9 815.5 799.4 753.6 841.6 818.5 814.3 806.7 805.0 784.6 -20.4
Heavy and civil engineering
construction................. 893.6 969.4 898.6 827.2 1,001.7 960.2 952.6 942.5 934.5 931.5 -3.0
Specialty trade contractors... 4,494.0 4,479.7 4,271.1 4,004.8 4,758.4 4,545.4 4,503.9 4,408.5 4,342.8 4,275.6 -67.2
Residential specialty trade
contractors................. 2,021.5 1,946.2 1,852.6 1,729.0 2,144.7 2,000.1 1,975.5 1,921.6 1,884.5 1,843.8 -40.7
Nonresidential specialty
trade contractors........... 2,472.5 2,533.5 2,418.5 2,275.8 2,613.7 2,545.3 2,528.4 2,486.9 2,458.3 2,431.8 -26.5
Manufacturing................... 13,619 13,140 12,946 12,575 13,744 13,322 13,203 13,082 12,920 12,713 -207
Production workers........... 9,824 9,375 9,194 8,879 9,930 9,543 9,425 9,322 9,178 9,002 -176
Durable goods.................. 8,640 8,254 8,125 7,863 8,710 8,392 8,300 8,216 8,099 7,942 -157
Production workers........... 6,149 5,775 5,656 5,435 6,209 5,898 5,805 5,741 5,636 5,505 -131
Wood products................. 483.6 431.0 416.2 394.6 492.7 446.4 438.8 429.8 418.1 404.5 -13.6
Nonmetallic mineral products.. 470.9 456.4 435.8 415.3 487.5 460.2 458.2 450.1 442.1 436.7 -5.4
Primary metals................ 451.3 430.4 421.0 412.0 452.0 441.1 438.6 429.8 421.3 412.8 -8.5
Fabricated metal products..... 1,552.5 1,494.5 1,467.9 1,419.7 1,560.0 1,519.4 1,505.0 1,486.3 1,461.2 1,424.5 -36.7
Machinery..................... 1,187.9 1,167.6 1,157.6 1,121.0 1,192.3 1,183.1 1,179.3 1,162.7 1,152.6 1,130.8 -21.8
Computer and electronic
products (1)................. 1,255.5 1,234.9 1,228.6 1,214.5 1,258.9 1,246.5 1,239.8 1,233.3 1,225.6 1,216.8 -8.8
Computer and peripheral
equipment................... 182.8 181.8 181.2 180.5 183.5 182.8 182.4 181.8 181.0 181.7 .7
Communications equipment..... 128.0 129.9 129.5 129.4 128.5 129.2 128.6 129.5 128.9 128.4 -.5
Semiconductors and electronic
components.................. 440.7 424.0 419.3 410.7 441.4 431.0 428.4 423.2 418.1 412.2 -5.9
Electronic instruments....... 440.5 438.7 438.2 435.3 442.0 442.5 440.2 438.8 437.8 435.5 -2.3
Electrical equipment and
appliances................... 426.1 418.4 413.1 407.6 428.1 422.6 421.3 417.5 412.7 409.3 -3.4
Transportation equipment (1).. 1,670.3 1,541.0 1,519.9 1,446.6 1,686.2 1,572.6 1,531.3 1,532.5 1,505.4 1,464.5 -40.9
Motor vehicles and parts (2). 937.2 817.1 798.3 736.4 951.2 839.7 829.7 809.6 785.4 754.1 -31.3
Furniture and related products 507.0 449.2 441.9 425.1 512.6 470.3 458.8 449.6 441.5 430.1 -11.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing... 635.0 630.7 622.8 606.1 639.6 629.4 628.5 624.2 618.4 611.9 -6.5
Nondurable goods............... 4,979 4,886 4,821 4,712 5,034 4,930 4,903 4,866 4,821 4,771 -50
Production workers........... 3,675 3,600 3,538 3,444 3,721 3,645 3,620 3,581 3,542 3,497 -45
Food manufacturing............ 1,469.4 1,503.0 1,483.2 1,449.8 1,489.5 1,484.3 1,484.7 1,489.0 1,478.9 1,473.2 -5.7
Beverages and tobacco products 193.6 195.7 193.0 189.3 198.3 199.3 197.2 196.4 196.1 194.7 -1.4
Textile mills................. 160.5 140.8 136.6 133.4 162.2 147.5 145.6 140.6 137.5 134.4 -3.1
Textile product mills......... 151.1 144.4 142.4 137.7 152.1 145.5 144.5 143.5 141.9 139.6 -2.3
Apparel....................... 200.6 187.7 181.6 173.0 207.0 197.3 192.8 187.1 182.9 178.7 -4.2
Leather and allied products... 34.0 32.7 32.7 32.2 34.3 34.3 33.9 32.6 32.7 32.5 -.2
Paper and paper products...... 452.7 437.5 436.2 427.0 452.7 441.9 439.7 437.1 435.3 429.3 -6.0
Printing and related support
activities................... 609.8 578.6 569.3 555.7 614.8 587.6 582.3 574.1 566.5 558.8 -7.7
Petroleum and coal products... 111.1 117.1 113.9 109.5 115.8 117.9 117.8 117.2 116.8 113.9 -2.9
Chemicals..................... 853.0 841.2 837.0 830.7 857.2 844.3 843.4 842.6 837.7 835.3 -2.4
Plastics and rubber products.. 743.2 707.5 694.7 673.7 750.0 729.7 721.1 705.9 694.6 680.1 -14.5
Service-providing........... 114,438 115,885 115,473 112,693 116,099 115,485 115,289 114,941 114,614 114,335 -279
Private service-providing.. 92,188 92,855 92,571 90,272 93,708 92,950 92,750 92,398 92,081 91,796 -285
Trade, transportation, and
utilities...................... 26,510 26,439 26,485 25,502 26,717 26,257 26,157 26,005 25,858 25,740 -118
Wholesale trade................ 5,982.7 5,906.6 5,865.5 5,768.5 6,033.9 5,947.2 5,920.1 5,890.3 5,854.2 5,823.2 -31.0
Durable goods................. 3,094.8 3,008.5 2,986.8 2,942.7 3,113.5 3,047.2 3,026.1 3,004.9 2,981.7 2,962.3 -19.4
Nondurable goods.............. 2,045.5 2,045.3 2,028.9 1,982.7 2,073.3 2,044.1 2,040.5 2,033.6 2,025.2 2,012.7 -12.5
Electronic markets and agents
and brokers.................. 842.4 852.8 849.8 843.1 847.1 855.9 853.5 851.8 847.3 848.2 .9
Retail trade...................15,458.2 15,503.2 15,599.9 14,867.7 15,571.7 15,278.2 15,216.8 15,126.0 15,043.3 14,998.2 -45.1
Motor vehicle and parts
dealers(1)................... 1,870.7 1,763.3 1,729.8 1,698.1 1,901.2 1,818.4 1,792.7 1,770.5 1,745.3 1,731.2 -14.1
Automobile dealers........... 1,224.5 1,118.7 1,090.3 1,071.0 1,238.4 1,164.8 1,141.7 1,121.2 1,098.3 1,084.8 -13.5
Furniture and home furnishings
stores....................... 568.9 537.6 538.9 510.4 564.7 538.4 532.4 522.6 515.4 508.3 -7.1
Electronics and appliance
stores....................... 551.4 561.4 561.6 538.3 551.0 547.1 545.1 541.5 538.9 538.9 .0
Building material and garden
supply stores................ 1,214.4 1,218.9 1,197.5 1,162.6 1,277.5 1,248.4 1,245.9 1,235.8 1,228.4 1,218.7 -9.7
Food and beverage stores...... 2,854.2 2,869.2 2,868.2 2,827.1 2,870.3 2,846.5 2,851.9 2,843.5 2,837.0 2,841.7 4.7
Health and personal care
stores....................... 1,013.0 1,000.9 1,009.1 990.7 1,013.0 998.9 995.9 989.4 991.6 989.5 -2.1
Gasoline stations............. 843.1 835.7 833.4 824.8 853.4 834.8 836.1 836.9 834.4 832.9 -1.5
Clothing and clothing
accessories stores........... 1,497.1 1,546.1 1,592.3 1,443.4 1,500.3 1,478.5 1,471.5 1,462.2 1,448.2 1,449.6 1.4
Sporting goods, hobby, book,
and music stores............. 681.4 669.9 683.7 634.2 666.2 641.6 641.2 633.1 627.1 624.1 -3.0
General merchandise
stores (1)................... 3,071.8 3,186.2 3,271.5 3,005.7 3,067.8 3,045.8 3,025.5 3,024.5 3,024.5 3,016.2 -8.3
Department stores............ 1,619.3 1,640.8 1,700.4 1,512.4 1,602.8 1,541.9 1,523.9 1,517.5 1,513.3 1,504.7 -8.6
Miscellaneous store retailers. 847.3 854.9 853.0 807.7 863.5 844.3 845.0 838.3 826.9 823.2 -3.7
Nonstore retailers............ 444.9 459.1 460.9 424.7 442.8 435.5 433.6 427.7 425.6 423.9 -1.7
Transportation and warehousing. 4,514.5 4,465.9 4,456.1 4,301.8 4,554.4 4,471.3 4,456.9 4,424.4 4,396.7 4,353.0 -43.7
Air transportation............ 499.0 479.5 476.4 472.9 503.5 483.2 482.1 481.6 478.6 478.3 -.3
Rail transportation........... 229.7 228.5 228.5 228.5 231.7 227.6 229.5 229.0 229.3 230.1 .8
Water transportation.......... 65.1 61.8 61.2 58.8 67.6 64.5 63.9 62.6 61.8 60.5 -1.3
Truck transportation.......... 1,391.5 1,368.7 1,346.6 1,286.8 1,418.4 1,378.1 1,370.3 1,358.0 1,343.5 1,318.6 -24.9
Transit and ground passenger
transportation............... 429.6 426.7 426.1 418.8 419.1 414.4 413.8 411.7 411.1 409.1 -2.0
Pipeline transportation....... 40.3 43.1 43.2 42.8 40.3 43.1 43.3 43.2 43.2 43.1 -.1
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation............... 22.2 24.4 23.5 21.3 29.0 27.1 27.1 27.2 27.5 27.4 -.1
Support activities for
transportation............... 584.0 584.2 581.3 561.6 589.9 589.5 588.0 582.2 579.4 570.8 -8.6
Couriers and messengers....... 582.8 572.0 601.0 556.9 581.5 572.9 570.5 565.7 562.6 558.2 -4.4
Warehousing and storage....... 670.3 677.0 668.3 653.4 673.4 670.9 668.4 663.2 659.7 656.9 -2.8
Utilities...................... 554.9 563.2 563.4 564.2 556.8 560.5 562.8 564.0 564.2 565.7 1.5
Information..................... 3,000 2,970 2,954 2,893 3,022 2,986 2,982 2,965 2,941 2,920 -21
Publishing industries, except
Internet..................... 894.2 867.0 862.7 844.6 897.6 876.6 872.6 863.6 858.8 851.4 -7.4
Motion picture and sound
recording industries......... 362.4 384.8 379.7 356.9 374.6 381.7 388.7 385.0 376.0 368.6 -7.4
Broadcasting, except Internet. 318.9 314.5 310.9 304.1 320.2 313.0 312.9 313.1 308.4 307.0 -1.4
Telecommunications............ 1,030.7 1,010.5 1,007.5 1,002.5 1,032.1 1,021.6 1,014.5 1,010.2 1,005.0 1,001.2 -3.8
Data processing, hosting and
related services............. 263.2 258.0 256.8 251.7 265.7 259.6 258.9 257.5 256.5 256.7 .2
Other information services.... 131.0 135.0 136.0 133.3 131.7 133.6 134.1 135.1 136.0 134.7 -1.3
Financial activities............ 8,166 8,028 8,010 7,908 8,229 8,115 8,088 8,043 8,016 7,974 -42
Finance and insurance.......... 6,045.8 5,945.7 5,926.4 5,878.6 6,069.8 5,994.3 5,978.7 5,948.7 5,926.4 5,898.4 -28.0
Monetary authorities - central
bank......................... 21.9 21.4 21.1 20.8 22.1 22.3 22.1 21.5 21.3 21.0 -.3
Credit intermediation and
related activities (1)....... 2,775.5 2,685.8 2,679.4 2,664.4 2,784.8 2,722.4 2,706.4 2,692.8 2,682.6 2,672.2 -10.4
Depository credit
intermediation (1).......... 1,821.5 1,803.2 1,805.6 1,799.9 1,825.4 1,814.8 1,811.1 1,806.9 1,806.1 1,802.8 -3.3
Commercial banking.......... 1,356.1 1,349.2 1,351.2 1,346.5 1,359.5 1,359.0 1,356.0 1,352.7 1,352.4 1,349.4 -3.0
Securities, commodity
contracts, investments....... 857.0 844.2 840.6 822.6 861.5 851.4 847.8 842.1 840.0 824.9 -15.1
Insurance carriers and related
activities................... 2,302.1 2,303.3 2,294.3 2,280.3 2,311.6 2,307.6 2,311.0 2,300.9 2,291.9 2,289.4 -2.5
Funds, trusts, and other
financial vehicles........... 89.3 91.0 91.0 90.5 89.8 90.6 91.4 91.4 90.6 90.9 .3
Real estate and rental and
leasing....................... 2,120.0 2,082.0 2,083.4 2,029.4 2,159.4 2,120.6 2,109.0 2,093.8 2,089.1 2,075.2 -13.9
Real estate................... 1,468.2 1,455.4 1,460.2 1,421.4 1,494.9 1,474.5 1,471.2 1,461.7 1,459.9 1,452.2 -7.7
Rental and leasing services... 623.8 598.5 594.7 580.0 636.1 617.7 609.7 603.8 600.8 594.5 -6.3
Lessors of nonfinancial
intangible assets............ 28.0 28.1 28.5 28.0 28.4 28.4 28.1 28.3 28.4 28.5 .1
Professional and business
services....................... 17,674 17,590 17,405 16,895 18,069 17,675 17,612 17,488 17,382 17,261 -121
Professional and technical
services(1)................... 7,844.0 7,820.2 7,846.6 7,796.4 7,819.7 7,834.4 7,844.0 7,827.7 7,807.3 7,778.7 -28.6
Legal services............... 1,159.6 1,158.2 1,160.6 1,144.6 1,169.8 1,160.2 1,160.2 1,157.7 1,158.2 1,156.9 -1.3
Accounting and bookkeeping
services.................... 1,066.8 892.7 953.1 1,031.2 965.9 945.6 946.4 941.0 936.3 928.1 -8.2
Architectural and engineering
services.................... 1,429.8 1,435.8 1,417.8 1,384.0 1,452.0 1,441.4 1,437.1 1,428.6 1,421.1 1,411.5 -9.6
Computer systems design and
related services............ 1,418.5 1,475.9 1,476.7 1,462.4 1,425.7 1,461.6 1,466.1 1,467.9 1,467.7 1,464.2 -3.5
Management and technical
consulting services......... 977.4 1,032.9 1,030.3 1,017.1 990.8 1,021.0 1,022.9 1,024.9 1,022.3 1,033.3 11.0
Management of companies and
enterprises................... 1,892.8 1,882.5 1,874.9 1,866.6 1,903.5 1,887.1 1,882.8 1,882.0 1,872.1 1,874.7 2.6
Administrative and waste
services...................... 7,936.7 7,886.9 7,683.6 7,232.1 8,345.5 7,953.2 7,884.8 7,778.3 7,702.5 7,607.7 -94.8
Administrative and support
services (1)................. 7,582.9 7,522.7 7,323.3 6,873.9 7,985.1 7,591.9 7,522.0 7,414.2 7,340.9 7,242.9 -98.0
Employment services (1)...... 3,220.8 2,998.2 2,883.3 2,571.7 3,420.3 3,049.8 2,987.7 2,896.7 2,828.6 2,739.6 -89.0
Temporary help services..... 2,396.7 2,214.8 2,101.8 1,840.5 2,558.5 2,264.2 2,218.9 2,128.5 2,054.7 1,978.3 -76.4
Business support services.... 825.5 831.8 833.8 809.6 828.1 818.1 820.8 823.7 818.9 817.4 -1.5
Services to buildings and
dwellings................... 1,681.4 1,832.6 1,744.3 1,656.8 1,859.4 1,843.3 1,837.4 1,829.4 1,828.2 1,826.4 -1.8
Waste management and
remediation services......... 353.8 364.2 360.3 358.2 360.4 361.3 362.8 364.1 361.6 364.8 3.2
Education and health services... 18,488 19,255 19,246 19,019 18,613 18,957 18,981 19,044 19,089 19,143 54
Educational services........... 2,907.0 3,238.9 3,188.4 3,028.3 2,990.7 3,055.1 3,047.3 3,066.0 3,070.7 3,103.3 32.6
Health care and social
assistance....................15,581.0 16,016.3 16,057.1 15,991.0 15,622.6 15,901.9 15,934.1 15,977.8 16,018.5 16,039.2 20.7
Health care (3)...............13,102.0 13,468.5 13,503.3 13,451.6 13,139.8 13,376.0 13,401.2 13,442.4 13,476.2 13,495.5 19.3
Ambulatory health care
services (1)................ 5,554.4 5,744.3 5,758.6 5,730.7 5,575.0 5,699.5 5,706.1 5,727.7 5,741.9 5,752.4 10.5
Offices of physicians....... 2,229.7 2,297.0 2,305.4 2,295.8 2,234.7 2,279.0 2,283.3 2,289.8 2,294.3 2,301.3 7.0
Outpatient care centers..... 523.8 538.8 537.1 535.0 524.9 534.8 536.6 536.9 536.8 537.4 .6
Home health care services... 933.6 980.0 982.1 976.0 937.4 966.8 968.6 975.6 979.8 980.0 .2
Hospitals.................... 4,564.8 4,698.0 4,706.8 4,695.9 4,574.0 4,668.9 4,681.9 4,692.4 4,702.8 4,711.0 8.2
Nursing and residential care
facilities (1).............. 2,982.8 3,026.2 3,037.9 3,025.0 2,990.8 3,007.6 3,013.2 3,022.3 3,031.5 3,032.1 .6
Nursing care facilities..... 1,609.6 1,618.4 1,622.8 1,614.1 1,613.5 1,608.9 1,611.0 1,614.5 1,618.9 1,617.3 -1.6
Social assistance (1)......... 2,479.0 2,547.8 2,553.8 2,539.4 2,482.8 2,525.9 2,532.9 2,535.4 2,542.3 2,543.7 1.4
Child day care services...... 864.8 875.9 875.4 871.6 860.6 862.5 862.3 863.2 864.7 866.3 1.6
Leisure and hospitality......... 12,905 13,087 13,014 12,663 13,534 13,428 13,395 13,344 13,313 13,285 -28
Arts, entertainment, and
recreation.................... 1,767.9 1,800.9 1,798.9 1,733.6 1,992.8 1,955.3 1,952.0 1,944.0 1,947.6 1,945.9 -1.7
Performing arts and spectator
sports....................... 367.8 386.7 388.4 367.4 411.7 402.9 402.5 398.8 403.3 406.8 3.5
Museums, historical sites,
zoos, and parks.............. 121.3 126.4 123.8 119.7 132.9 130.6 129.6 130.6 130.8 130.9 .1
Amusements, gambling, and
recreation................... 1,278.8 1,287.8 1,286.7 1,246.5 1,448.2 1,421.8 1,419.9 1,414.6 1,413.5 1,408.2 -5.3
Accommodation and food services11,137.3 11,286.5 11,215.4 10,929.5 11,540.9 11,472.4 11,442.7 11,399.6 11,365.7 11,338.9 -26.8
Accommodation................. 1,798.2 1,761.8 1,738.8 1,690.7 1,890.8 1,841.3 1,827.9 1,812.1 1,797.0 1,778.9 -18.1
Food services and drinking
places....................... 9,339.1 9,524.7 9,476.6 9,238.8 9,650.1 9,631.1 9,614.8 9,587.5 9,568.7 9,560.0 -8.7
Other services.................. 5,445 5,486 5,457 5,392 5,524 5,532 5,535 5,509 5,482 5,473 -9
Repair and maintenance........ 1,226.6 1,197.4 1,180.9 1,172.0 1,247.1 1,221.2 1,216.4 1,204.7 1,193.4 1,193.3 -.1
Personal and laundry services. 1,298.8 1,317.5 1,320.7 1,294.3 1,319.4 1,333.9 1,330.1 1,323.2 1,322.8 1,316.3 -6.5
Membership associations and
organizations................ 2,919.7 2,971.2 2,955.5 2,925.8 2,957.3 2,977.1 2,988.3 2,980.7 2,965.3 2,963.6 -1.7
Government...................... 22,250 23,030 22,902 22,421 22,391 22,535 22,539 22,543 22,533 22,539 6
Federal........................ 2,713 2,779 2,781 2,777 2,737 2,771 2,775 2,783 2,777 2,792 15
Federal, except U.S. Postal
Service...................... 1,959.3 2,045.7 2,044.0 2,040.8 1,977.7 2,034.3 2,043.5 2,052.4 2,056.2 2,064.2 8.0
U.S. Postal Service........... 753.8 733.3 737.1 736.5 759.7 736.5 731.9 730.1 721.1 727.6 6.5
State government............... 5,047 5,365 5,294 5,105 5,157 5,192 5,194 5,197 5,193 5,187 -6
State government education.... 2,244.4 2,559.7 2,494.2 2,313.4 2,339.7 2,373.3 2,372.8 2,380.3 2,378.6 2,379.8 1.2
State government, excluding
education.................... 2,802.8 2,805.5 2,800.1 2,791.6 2,817.7 2,818.9 2,820.7 2,816.4 2,814.3 2,807.5 -6.8
Local government............... 14,490 14,886 14,827 14,539 14,497 14,572 14,570 14,563 14,563 14,560 -3
Local government education.... 8,157.0 8,422.7 8,407.1 8,168.0 8,050.1 8,075.4 8,071.6 8,067.6 8,067.8 8,070.6 2.8
Local government, excluding
education.................... 6,333.4 6,463.2 6,419.5 6,371.1 6,446.4 6,496.4 6,498.3 6,495.6 6,495.4 6,489.7 -5.7
1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3 Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2008 benchmark levels and updated seasonal
adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector
and selected industry detail
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. from:
2008 2008 2008p 2009p 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2009p Dec. 2008-
Jan. 2009p
Total private......................... 33.3 33.7 33.2 32.9 33.7 33.6 33.5 33.4 33.3 33.3 0.0
Goods-producing........................... 40.0 39.8 39.4 38.8 40.5 39.9 39.8 39.5 39.4 39.3 -.1
Mining and logging............................ 45.1 46.0 44.1 43.6 45.6 44.5 44.7 45.3 44.3 44.4 .1
Construction.................................. 37.9 37.9 37.2 37.1 38.8 38.3 38.3 37.7 37.9 37.9 .0
Manufacturing................................. 40.9 40.5 40.3 39.4 41.1 40.5 40.4 40.2 39.9 39.8 -.1
Overtime hours............................. 3.9 3.4 3.2 2.6 4.1 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.9 -.1
Durable goods................................ 41.2 40.5 40.5 39.5 41.5 40.6 40.6 40.4 40.0 39.8 -.2
Overtime hours............................. 3.9 3.2 3.1 2.5 4.2 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 -.2
Wood products............................... 38.2 37.7 36.8 36.2 39.2 38.4 38.1 37.6 36.8 37.3 .5
Nonmetallic mineral products................ 41.1 41.1 40.5 39.1 42.3 41.9 41.8 40.9 40.9 40.4 -.5
Primary metals.............................. 42.5 40.9 40.7 40.2 42.6 41.8 41.4 40.9 40.4 40.3 -.1
Fabricated metal products................... 41.5 41.1 40.6 39.6 41.8 40.9 40.8 40.8 40.2 39.9 -.3
Machinery................................... 43.0 41.7 41.6 40.7 42.9 42.1 41.8 41.4 41.2 40.9 -.3
Computer and electronic products............ 40.1 41.7 41.2 40.4 40.4 40.8 40.8 41.3 40.4 40.7 .3
Electrical equipment and appliances......... 41.4 40.8 40.8 38.9 41.4 41.0 40.4 40.2 39.8 39.3 -.5
Transportation equipment.................... 42.6 40.8 41.6 40.1 42.7 40.9 41.3 40.9 40.9 40.3 -.6
Motor vehicles and parts (2)............... 42.1 39.9 40.7 37.8 42.3 40.9 40.6 40.0 39.9 38.3 -1.6
Furniture and related products.............. 37.9 37.0 38.0 37.3 38.5 37.4 37.4 37.2 37.4 37.6 .2
Miscellaneous manufacturing................. 38.9 38.5 38.6 38.5 39.1 38.7 38.9 38.5 38.4 38.6 .2
Nondurable goods............................. 40.4 40.3 40.0 39.3 40.6 40.2 40.2 39.9 39.6 39.7 .1
Overtime hours............................. 3.7 3.6 3.3 2.9 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.1 -.1
Food manufacturing.......................... 40.1 40.4 40.1 39.6 40.5 40.3 40.3 39.9 39.7 40.0 .3
Beverages and tobacco products.............. 39.6 38.4 36.5 36.4 40.3 38.2 38.1 37.9 36.8 37.2 .4
Textile mills............................... 38.7 38.0 37.3 36.6 38.9 38.9 38.4 37.7 37.0 37.2 .2
Textile product mills....................... 38.5 38.1 37.7 36.9 38.7 38.1 37.9 37.9 37.2 37.2 .0
Apparel..................................... 36.4 36.5 36.1 35.6 36.7 35.9 36.3 36.2 36.1 36.1 .0
Leather and allied products................. 37.9 34.0 35.4 33.6 38.3 37.5 36.9 34.4 35.0 34.4 -.6
Paper and paper products.................... 44.0 42.5 42.5 41.4 44.0 42.4 42.2 42.1 41.8 41.7 -.1
Printing and related support activities..... 38.2 38.7 38.6 37.2 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.2 38.1 37.6 -.5
Petroleum and coal products................. 43.6 45.1 44.6 45.1 43.9 45.2 45.2 44.4 45.3 45.3 .0
Chemicals................................... 41.6 41.6 41.2 41.0 41.6 41.3 41.5 41.3 41.0 41.2 .2
Plastics and rubber products................ 41.1 40.8 40.5 39.7 41.1 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.0 40.0 .0
Private service-providing................ 32.0 32.5 32.0 31.8 32.4 32.3 32.3 32.2 32.2 32.2 .0
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 32.8 33.0 32.9 32.5 33.3 33.2 33.1 33.0 32.9 32.9 .0
Wholesale trade.............................. 37.9 38.6 37.7 37.7 38.3 38.1 38.2 38.1 37.8 38.1 .3
Retail trade................................. 29.7 29.7 29.9 29.2 30.2 30.1 29.9 29.8 29.7 29.7 .0
Transportation and warehousing............... 36.0 36.4 36.5 35.7 36.6 36.4 36.3 36.1 36.3 36.3 .0
Utilities.................................... 42.8 42.7 43.0 42.5 43.2 42.7 42.5 42.4 43.0 42.6 -.4
Information................................... 35.9 37.4 36.9 36.8 36.3 36.9 36.9 37.0 37.0 37.2 .2
Financial activities.......................... 35.4 36.7 35.8 35.9 35.7 36.0 35.9 36.1 36.0 36.2 .2
Professional and business services............ 34.1 35.3 34.6 34.4 34.7 34.8 34.9 34.9 34.8 35.0 .2
Education and health services................. 32.5 32.7 32.3 32.3 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.4 .0
Leisure and hospitality....................... 24.5 25.0 24.5 23.9 25.3 25.2 25.1 25.0 24.9 24.7 -.2
Other services................................ 30.5 30.9 30.5 30.4 30.7 30.7 30.7 30.7 30.6 30.6 .0
1 Data relate to production workers in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the
total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2008 benchmark levels and updated seasonal
adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan.
2008 2008 2008p 2009p 2008 2008 2008p 2009p
Total private........................... $17.81 $18.40 $18.41 $18.49 $593.07 $620.08 $611.21 $608.32
Seasonally adjusted.................... 17.77 18.34 18.41 18.46 598.85 612.56 613.05 614.72
Goods-producing............................. 18.92 19.65 19.76 19.65 756.80 782.07 778.54 762.42
Mining and logging.............................. 21.99 23.31 23.55 23.55 991.75 1072.26 1038.56 1026.78
Construction.................................... 21.25 22.32 22.54 22.28 805.38 845.93 838.49 826.59
Manufacturing................................... 17.55 17.94 18.06 18.05 717.80 726.57 727.82 711.17
Durable goods.................................. 18.45 18.92 19.06 19.04 760.14 766.26 771.93 752.08
Wood products................................. 13.93 14.58 14.66 14.65 532.13 549.67 539.49 530.33
Nonmetallic mineral products.................. 16.98 16.85 16.74 16.76 697.88 692.54 677.97 655.32
Primary metals................................ 20.05 19.98 20.05 19.68 852.13 817.18 816.04 791.14
Fabricated metal products..................... 16.77 17.21 17.40 17.25 695.96 707.33 706.44 683.10
Machinery..................................... 17.75 18.18 18.15 18.16 763.25 758.11 755.04 739.11
Computer and electronic products.............. 20.48 21.37 21.42 21.44 821.25 891.13 882.50 866.18
Electrical equipment and appliances........... 15.68 15.74 15.90 15.79 649.15 642.19 648.72 614.23
Transportation equipment...................... 23.39 24.37 24.58 24.86 996.41 994.30 1022.53 996.89
Furniture and related products................ 14.38 14.77 14.91 14.99 545.00 546.49 566.58 559.13
Miscellaneous manufacturing................... 14.91 15.42 15.63 15.64 580.00 593.67 603.32 602.14
Nondurable goods............................... 16.00 16.35 16.44 16.48 646.40 658.91 657.60 647.66
Food manufacturing............................ 13.89 14.17 14.26 14.31 556.99 572.47 571.83 566.68
Beverages and tobacco products................ 19.68 19.98 19.95 20.18 779.33 767.23 728.18 734.55
Textile mills................................. 13.29 13.69 13.82 13.93 514.32 520.22 515.49 509.84
Textile product mills......................... 11.67 11.59 11.71 11.60 449.30 441.58 441.47 428.04
Apparel....................................... 11.44 11.35 11.38 11.37 416.42 414.28 410.82 404.77
Leather and allied products................... 12.78 13.61 13.47 13.36 484.36 462.74 476.84 448.90
Paper and paper products...................... 18.82 18.89 19.13 19.13 828.08 802.83 813.03 791.98
Printing and related support activities....... 16.51 16.86 17.01 16.82 630.68 652.48 656.59 625.70
Petroleum and coal products................... 26.41 28.28 28.17 29.17 1151.48 1275.43 1256.38 1315.57
Chemicals..................................... 19.43 19.77 19.75 19.84 808.29 822.43 813.70 813.44
Plastics and rubber products.................. 15.59 16.13 16.30 16.23 640.75 658.10 660.15 644.33
Private service-providing.................. 17.53 18.10 18.09 18.23 560.96 588.25 578.88 579.71
Trade, transportation, and utilities............ 15.99 16.26 16.14 16.36 524.47 536.58 531.01 531.70
Wholesale trade................................ 20.01 20.41 20.33 20.43 758.38 787.83 766.44 770.21
Retail trade................................... 12.77 12.85 12.74 12.96 379.27 381.65 380.93 378.43
Transportation and warehousing................. 18.06 18.69 18.64 18.67 650.16 680.32 680.36 666.52
Utilities...................................... 28.64 28.96 29.28 29.20 1225.79 1236.59 1259.04 1241.00
Information..................................... 24.48 25.03 24.86 24.81 878.83 936.12 917.33 913.01
Financial activities............................ 19.95 20.54 20.48 20.47 706.23 753.82 733.18 734.87
Professional and business services.............. 20.70 21.97 22.02 22.21 705.87 775.54 761.89 764.02
Education and health services................... 18.60 19.10 19.24 19.29 604.50 624.57 621.45 623.07
Leisure and hospitality......................... 10.74 10.93 11.06 10.98 263.13 273.25 270.97 262.42
Other services.................................. 15.74 16.24 16.27 16.34 480.07 501.82 496.24 496.74
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2008 benchmark levels and updated seasonal
adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. change from:
2008 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2009p Dec. 2008-
Jan. 2009p
Total private:
Current dollars........................ $17.77 $18.21 $18.28 $18.34 $18.41 $18.46 0.3
Constant (1982) dollars (2)............ 8.27 8.21 8.34 8.55 8.66 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............................. 19.00 19.48 19.56 19.63 19.70 19.73 .2
Mining and logging.............................. 21.83 23.08 23.03 23.28 23.29 23.28 .0
Construction.................................... 21.38 22.09 22.17 22.28 22.44 22.41 -.1
Manufacturing................................... 17.52 17.81 17.89 17.94 17.96 18.01 .3
Excluding overtime (4)....................... 16.69 17.07 17.15 17.25 17.31 17.38 .4
Durable goods.................................. 18.45 18.74 18.84 18.91 18.93 19.01 .4
Nondurable goods............................... 15.93 16.28 16.35 16.37 16.39 16.43 .2
Private service-providing.................. 17.46 17.90 17.97 18.03 18.11 18.16 .3
Trade, transportation, and utilities............ 16.00 16.20 16.23 16.29 16.31 16.36 .3
Wholesale trade................................ 19.97 20.20 20.22 20.29 20.28 20.37 .4
Retail trade................................... 12.80 12.91 12.89 12.93 12.94 12.98 .3
Transportation and warehousing................. 18.11 18.47 18.58 18.66 18.68 18.74 .3
Utilities...................................... 28.62 28.86 28.91 28.91 29.13 29.14 .0
Information..................................... 24.40 24.90 24.99 24.94 24.90 24.77 -.5
Financial activities............................ 19.99 20.43 20.43 20.41 20.51 20.52 .0
Professional and business services.............. 20.58 21.47 21.63 21.78 21.97 22.09 .5
Education and health services................... 18.56 19.04 19.08 19.13 19.22 19.24 .1
Leisure and hospitality......................... 10.68 10.90 10.92 10.90 10.94 10.95 .1
Other services.................................. 15.79 16.20 16.24 16.29 16.32 16.40 .5
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this
series.
3 Change was 1.3 percent from Nov. 2008 to Dec. 2008, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2008 benchmark levels and updated seasonal
adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
(2002=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. change from:
2008 2008 2008p 2009p 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2009p Dec. 2008-
Jan. 2009p
Total private......................... 104.0 105.8 103.3 99.2 107.5 105.8 105.0 104.1 103.3 102.6 -0.7
Goods-producing........................... 96.4 93.8 89.8 84.2 100.8 95.3 93.9 92.0 90.4 88.6 -2.0
Mining and logging............................ 131.1 147.2 137.6 132.5 136.7 141.2 140.6 143.2 139.1 140.2 .8
Construction.................................. 102.5 103.2 95.7 88.2 112.4 105.3 104.1 100.5 99.6 97.7 -1.9
Manufacturing................................. 92.2 87.1 85.0 80.3 93.7 88.7 87.4 86.0 84.0 82.2 -2.1
Durable goods................................ 95.2 87.9 86.1 80.7 96.8 90.0 88.5 87.1 84.7 82.3 -2.8
Wood products............................... 80.4 70.9 66.7 61.8 84.4 74.7 72.7 70.5 67.0 65.3 -2.5
Nonmetallic mineral products................ 89.3 88.0 81.7 74.5 95.7 90.1 89.6 86.3 84.2 81.9 -2.7
Primary metals.............................. 90.2 81.7 78.9 75.8 90.6 86.2 84.7 81.5 78.3 76.2 -2.7
Fabricated metal products................... 104.0 98.0 95.0 89.3 105.4 99.6 98.1 96.6 93.6 90.3 -3.5
Machinery................................... 105.3 97.9 96.5 90.8 105.4 100.9 99.6 96.7 95.1 92.3 -2.9
Computer and electronic products............ 100.9 101.1 98.7 94.9 101.8 100.2 99.3 99.7 96.4 96.0 -.4
Electrical equipment and appliances......... 89.4 87.8 86.3 81.1 89.8 88.6 87.3 86.1 84.1 82.4 -2.0
Transportation equipment.................... 95.1 81.4 81.4 73.9 96.5 83.5 81.0 81.0 79.0 75.4 -4.6
Motor vehicles and parts (2)............... 80.0 64.4 63.9 53.9 81.9 68.1 66.3 63.9 61.4 56.2 -8.5
Furniture and related products.............. 79.0 67.0 67.5 63.4 81.3 71.7 69.7 67.4 66.3 64.6 -2.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing................. 90.6 88.0 87.2 84.7 91.9 89.1 89.0 87.1 86.2 85.8 -.5
Nondurable goods............................. 87.5 85.5 83.4 79.7 89.0 86.3 85.7 84.2 82.6 81.8 -1.0
Food manufacturing.......................... 99.0 101.8 99.6 96.0 101.5 100.4 100.4 99.3 98.4 98.7 .3
Beverages and tobacco products.............. 87.2 92.6 87.2 85.0 92.0 91.7 91.4 91.6 89.6 90.4 .9
Textile mills............................... 51.2 43.2 40.8 39.2 51.9 46.7 45.3 42.6 40.7 39.9 -2.0
Textile product mills....................... 70.8 68.0 66.3 62.6 72.1 68.8 68.3 67.5 65.5 64.5 -1.5
Apparel..................................... 57.3 53.4 51.0 47.5 59.6 55.7 54.9 52.7 51.2 49.6 -3.1
Leather and allied products................. 70.3 61.5 64.1 59.5 71.6 71.6 69.3 62.0 63.1 61.5 -2.5
Paper and paper products.................... 86.5 81.8 81.5 77.1 86.7 82.2 81.5 80.9 80.0 78.3 -2.1
Printing and related support activities..... 88.4 84.4 82.1 77.1 89.3 84.8 83.9 82.5 80.7 78.7 -2.5
Petroleum and coal products................. 95.0 101.0 94.0 87.3 100.3 104.7 102.8 98.6 97.8 93.5 -4.4
Chemicals................................... 95.3 93.6 91.8 90.5 95.7 93.8 94.0 93.4 91.7 91.5 -.2
Plastics and rubber products................ 89.4 83.3 80.9 76.6 90.4 86.8 85.1 82.9 80.3 78.4 -2.4
Private service-providing................. 106.3 109.1 107.1 103.4 109.7 108.5 108.2 107.5 107.1 106.7 -.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 102.9 103.5 103.4 97.8 105.4 103.3 102.4 101.4 100.6 99.9 -.7
Wholesale trade.............................. 108.2 108.9 105.5 103.3 110.4 108.1 108.0 107.0 105.5 105.5 .0
Retail trade................................. 99.9 100.4 101.8 94.3 102.3 100.1 98.9 97.9 97.0 96.6 -.4
Transportation and warehousing............... 106.6 106.6 106.7 100.4 109.4 106.9 106.1 104.5 104.6 103.3 -1.2
Utilities.................................... 97.6 99.4 100.0 98.7 98.9 99.0 98.8 98.7 100.3 99.5 -.8
Information................................... 98.4 101.7 99.9 97.0 100.2 100.7 100.8 100.2 99.4 98.7 -.7
Financial activities.......................... 105.9 108.9 105.8 104.8 107.8 107.9 107.4 107.3 106.5 106.5 .0
Professional and business services............ 111.0 114.2 110.5 106.0 115.9 113.3 112.9 112.0 111.0 110.7 -.3
Education and health services................. 113.3 118.9 117.5 116.2 114.4 116.4 116.5 116.6 117.0 117.3 .3
Leisure and hospitality....................... 101.9 105.9 103.2 97.7 110.7 109.7 109.0 108.2 107.4 106.4 -.9
Other services................................ 97.0 99.3 97.3 95.8 99.2 99.6 99.7 99.1 98.3 98.2 -.1
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours
by the corresponding 2002 annual average levels. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average
weekly hours and production and nonsupervisory worker employment. Data have been revised to reflect March 2008 benchmark
levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls of production and nonsupervisory workers (1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
(2002=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Jan. Nov. Dec. Jan. Jan. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. change from:
2008 2008 2008p 2009p 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2009p Dec. 2008-
Jan. 2009p
Total private......................... 123.8 130.0 127.1 122.6 127.6 128.7 128.3 127.6 127.0 126.6 -0.3
Goods-producing........................... 111.7 112.8 108.7 101.3 117.2 113.7 112.5 110.6 109.1 107.0 -1.9
Mining and logging............................ 167.7 199.5 188.4 181.5 173.5 189.5 188.3 193.9 188.5 189.8 .7
Construction.................................. 117.6 124.4 116.5 106.1 129.8 125.6 124.7 120.9 120.7 118.3 -2.0
Manufacturing................................. 105.8 102.2 100.4 94.8 107.3 103.3 102.2 100.9 98.7 96.8 -1.9
Durable goods................................ 109.6 103.8 102.4 95.9 111.5 105.3 104.1 102.9 100.1 97.7 -2.4
Nondurable goods............................. 98.9 98.8 96.9 92.9 100.2 99.3 99.1 97.4 95.7 95.0 -.7
Private service-providing................. 127.8 135.4 132.8 129.3 131.3 133.2 133.4 132.8 133.0 132.8 -.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 117.4 120.1 119.1 114.2 120.3 119.3 118.6 117.9 117.0 116.6 -.3
Wholesale trade.............................. 127.5 131.0 126.4 124.4 129.9 128.7 128.6 127.9 126.0 126.6 .5
Retail trade................................. 109.3 110.6 111.2 104.7 112.2 110.8 109.2 108.5 107.6 107.5 -.1
Transportation and warehousing............... 122.1 126.4 126.2 118.9 125.7 125.2 125.1 123.7 124.0 122.8 -1.0
Utilities.................................... 116.6 120.2 122.2 120.3 118.1 119.3 119.3 119.1 121.9 121.0 -.7
Information................................... 119.3 126.1 122.9 119.1 121.0 124.1 124.7 123.8 122.5 121.1 -1.1
Financial activities.......................... 130.6 138.3 134.0 132.6 133.2 136.2 135.6 135.4 135.1 135.1 .0
Professional and business services............ 136.7 149.3 144.7 140.1 141.9 144.7 145.3 145.1 145.1 145.5 .3
Education and health services................. 138.5 149.3 148.6 147.3 139.6 145.7 146.2 146.7 147.8 148.4 .4
Leisure and hospitality....................... 124.2 131.4 129.6 121.8 134.3 135.8 135.2 133.9 133.5 132.3 -.9
Other services................................ 111.2 117.5 115.4 114.1 114.2 117.5 117.9 117.6 116.9 117.3 .3
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate
payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average levels. Aggregate payroll estimates are the product of estimates of
average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and production and nonsupervisory worker employment. Data have been revised
to reflect March 2008 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Diffusion indexes of employment change
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 271 industries (1)
Over 1-month span:
2005 .............. 52.6 60.1 54.1 58.1 56.8 58.3 58.5 59.2 54.2 55.9 62.7 57.6
2006 .............. 64.9 62.2 63.8 59.8 49.1 51.8 59.2 55.4 55.7 56.3 59.4 60.7
2007 .............. 53.5 55.5 52.4 49.4 55.9 48.3 50.7 46.5 55.9 57.2 59.4 57.9
2008 .............. 42.1 40.6 44.1 41.1 42.6 36.9 37.6 39.1 34.7 33.0 27.1 p25.5
2009 .............. p25.3
Over 3-month span:
2005 .............. 51.7 57.2 59.0 59.8 57.9 62.0 60.5 62.9 60.3 55.5 56.3 62.7
2006 .............. 67.7 68.6 65.1 65.1 60.5 58.9 55.5 57.0 55.0 54.4 59.0 64.2
2007 .............. 62.5 54.8 54.2 54.8 54.1 50.4 52.8 48.7 53.3 53.9 58.3 62.5
2008 .............. 57.7 44.8 40.2 39.7 37.3 33.6 33.6 32.8 34.9 33.2 26.9 p24.4
2009 .............. p22.9
Over 6-month span:
2005 .............. 55.4 57.9 58.1 57.0 58.3 60.9 63.1 63.3 61.6 59.6 61.4 62.5
2006 .............. 64.6 63.8 67.5 66.2 65.5 66.6 60.3 61.1 57.9 57.9 62.4 59.0
2007 .............. 60.3 57.2 60.5 58.3 55.5 56.5 52.8 52.4 56.6 54.4 56.8 59.0
2008 .............. 56.6 53.0 50.7 47.4 40.2 33.4 31.0 33.4 30.6 29.0 26.0 p26.0
2009 .............. p23.4
Over 12-month span:
2005 .............. 60.9 60.9 60.0 59.2 58.3 60.3 61.3 63.3 60.7 59.2 59.8 61.8
2006 .............. 67.2 65.5 65.9 62.9 65.5 66.8 64.8 64.4 66.6 65.9 64.9 66.2
2007 .............. 63.3 59.4 61.1 59.6 59.2 58.3 56.8 57.2 59.4 58.9 58.1 59.6
2008 .............. 54.4 56.1 52.6 49.1 50.2 47.8 43.7 42.3 38.0 37.8 32.3 p28.4
2009 .............. p25.5
Manufacturing payrolls, 83 industries(1)
Over 1-month span:
2005 .............. 36.7 46.4 42.2 46.4 40.4 33.7 41.0 43.4 45.8 47.6 44.6 47.0
2006 .............. 57.8 49.4 53.6 47.0 37.3 50.6 49.4 42.2 40.4 42.8 41.0 44.0
2007 .............. 44.6 41.0 30.7 24.7 38.0 32.5 43.4 30.7 39.2 42.8 60.8 48.2
2008 .............. 30.7 28.9 37.3 32.5 40.4 25.3 25.9 27.7 22.9 18.7 15.1 p13.3
2009 .............. p7.8
Over 3-month span:
2005 .............. 36.7 43.4 41.0 41.6 35.5 36.1 34.9 36.7 42.2 44.0 38.6 48.8
2006 .............. 56.6 57.2 48.2 48.2 44.6 50.0 43.4 45.2 36.7 33.1 35.5 39.2
2007 .............. 40.4 33.1 33.1 28.9 29.5 30.1 31.9 28.9 30.7 30.7 39.2 51.2
2008 .............. 48.8 33.7 28.3 29.5 26.5 22.9 19.9 16.9 22.3 21.1 15.1 p11.4
2009 .............. p8.4
Over 6-month span:
2005 .............. 33.7 39.8 38.0 36.1 35.5 34.9 39.8 36.1 36.1 38.0 36.7 39.8
2006 .............. 45.2 45.2 50.6 48.8 50.6 50.0 45.2 47.0 43.4 42.2 39.8 34.3
2007 .............. 37.3 33.1 29.5 28.9 30.7 34.9 28.9 26.5 29.5 28.3 33.7 38.0
2008 .............. 34.3 30.1 37.3 35.5 25.3 20.5 17.5 18.1 16.9 13.3 11.4 p9.6
2009 .............. p7.8
Over 12-month span:
2005 .............. 45.2 44.0 42.2 41.0 36.7 35.5 32.5 34.3 33.1 33.7 33.7 38.0
2006 .............. 44.0 41.0 41.0 39.8 39.8 45.2 42.2 42.8 47.0 48.8 45.8 44.6
2007 .............. 39.8 36.7 37.3 30.7 28.9 29.5 30.7 28.9 33.1 28.9 34.3 35.5
2008 .............. 27.7 28.9 25.9 25.3 30.7 27.1 24.7 19.3 21.7 21.7 16.9 p15.7
2009 .............. p7.8
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment. Data have been revised to reflect March 2008 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
United States Department of Labor
