Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 USDL 08-1617
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 Transmission of material in this release
http://www.bls.gov/ces/ is embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EST),
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Friday, November 7, 2008.
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: OCTOBER 2008
Nonfarm payroll employment fell by 240,000 in October, and the unemployment rate
rose from 6.1 to 6.5 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department
of Labor reported today. October's drop in payroll employment followed declines of
127,000 in August and 284,000 in September, as revised. Employment has fallen by
1.2 million in the first 10 months of 2008; over half of the decrease has occurred
in the past 3 months. In October, job losses continued in manufacturing, construc-
tion, and several service-providing industries. Health care and mining continued
to add jobs.
Unemployment (Household Survey Data)
The unemployment rate rose by 0.4 percentage point to 6.5 percent in October,
and the number of unemployed persons increased by 603,000 to 10.1 million. Over
the past 12 months, the number of unemployed persons has increased by 2.8 mil-
lion, and the unemployment rate has risen by 1.7 percentage points. (See
table A-1.)
The unemployment rates for adult men (6.3 percent), adult women (5.3 percent),
whites (5.9 percent), and Hispanics (8.8 percent) rose in October. The jobless
rates for teenagers (20.6 percent) and blacks (11.1 percent) were little changed.
The unemployment rate for Asians in October was 3.8 percent, not seasonally ad-
justed. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
Among the unemployed, the number of persons who lost their job and did not ex-
pect to be recalled to work rose by 615,000 to 4.4 million in October. Over the
past 12 months, the size of this group has increased by 1.7 million. (See
table A-8.)
In October, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or
more) rose by 249,000 to 2.3 million. The long-term unemployed accounted for
22.3 percent of total unemployment. The newly unemployed--those who were jobless
fewer than 5 weeks--increased by 212,000 to 3.1 million in October. (See
table A-9.)
Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
The civilian labor force participation rate (66.1 percent) and the employment-
population ratio (61.8 percent) were little changed in October. Since a recent
high in December 2006, the employment-population ratio has declined by 1.6 per-
centage points. (See table A-1.)
- 2 -
Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
_______________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| Quarterly | |
| averages | Monthly data | Sept.-
Category |_________________|__________________________| Oct.
| | | | | | change
| II | III | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. |
| 2008 | 2008 | 2008 | 2008 | 2008 |
_________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Civilian labor force ....| 154,294| 154,730| 154,853| 154,732| 155,038| 306
Employment ............| 146,089| 145,517| 145,477| 145,255| 144,958| -297
Unemployment ..........| 8,204| 9,213| 9,376| 9,477| 10,080| 603
Not in labor force ......| 79,117| 79,381| 79,253| 79,628| 79,575| -53
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Unemployment rates
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
All workers .............| 5.3| 6.0| 6.1| 6.1| 6.5| 0.4
Adult men .............| 4.9| 5.7| 5.6| 6.1| 6.3| .2
Adult women ...........| 4.6| 4.9| 5.3| 4.9| 5.3| .4
Teenagers .............| 17.4| 19.5| 18.9| 19.1| 20.6| 1.5
White .................| 4.7| 5.3| 5.4| 5.4| 5.9| .5
Black or African | | | | | |
American ............| 9.1| 10.6| 10.6| 11.4| 11.1| -.3
Hispanic or Latino | | | | | |
ethnicity ...........| 7.2| 7.7| 8.0| 7.8| 8.8| 1.0
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Nonfarm employment.......| 137,699|p137,371| 137,423|p137,139|p136,899| p-240
Goods-producing (1)....| 21,565| p21,363| 21,367| p21,284| p21,152| p-132
Construction ........| 7,242| p7,148| 7,153| p7,118| p7,069| p-49
Manufacturing .......| 13,563| p13,428| 13,426| p13,370| p13,280| p-90
Service-providing (1)..| 116,134|p116,008| 116,056|p115,855|p115,747| p-108
Retail trade (2)...| 15,337| p15,269| 15,275| p15,230| p15,192| p-38
Professional and | | | | | |
business services .| 17,980| p17,858| 17,854| p17,815| p17,770| p-45
Education and health | | | | | |
services ..........| 18,823| p18,971| 18,997| p18,981| p19,002| p21
Leisure and | | | | | |
hospitality .......| 13,683| p13,637| 13,639| p13,618| p13,602| p-16
Government ..........| 22,439| p22,496| 22,514| p22,473| p22,496| p23
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Hours of work (3)
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Total private ...........| 33.7| p33.7| 33.7| p33.6| p33.6| p0.0
Manufacturing .........| 41.0| p40.8| 40.9| p40.6| p40.6| p.0
Overtime ............| 3.9| p3.7| 3.7| p3.6| p3.6| p.0
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (2002=100)(3)
|_____________________________________________________
| | | | | |
Total private ...........| 107.2| p106.6| 106.8| p106.2| p105.9| p-0.3
|________|________|________|________|________|________
|
| Earnings (3)
|_____________________________________________________
Average hourly earnings, | | | | | |
total private .........| $17.95| p$18.12| $18.14| p$18.17| p$18.21| p$0.04
Average weekly earnings, | | | | | |
total private .........| 605.40| p610.15| 611.32| p610.51| p611.86| p1.35
_________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________
1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2 Quarterly averages and the over-the-month change are calculated using
unrounded data.
3 Data relate to private production and nonsupervisory workers.
p = preliminary.
- 3 -
In October, the number of persons who worked part time for economic reasons
(sometimes referred to as involuntary part-time workers) rose by 645,000 to 6.7
million. The number of such workers increased by 2.3 million over the past 12
months. This category includes persons who would like to work full time but were
working part time because their hours had been cut back or because they were un-
able to find full-time jobs. (See table A-5.)
Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data)
About 1.6 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached
to the labor force in October, 273,000 more than 12 months earlier. These indi-
viduals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in
the prior 12 months. They are not counted as unemployed because they had not
searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Among the marginally at-
tached, there were 484,000 discouraged workers in October; the number of dis-
couraged workers was 164,000 higher than a year earlier. Discouraged workers are
persons not currently looking for work specifically because they believe no jobs
are available for them. The other 1.2 million persons marginally attached to the
labor force in October had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the sur-
vey for reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See
table A-13.)
Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data)
Total nonfarm payroll employment fell by 240,000 in October, bringing job losses
thus far in 2008 to 1.2 million. Over the month, employment declines continued in
manufacturing, construction, and several service-providing industries, while health
care and mining again added jobs. (See table B-1.)
Manufacturing employment declined by 90,000 over the month. Some 27,000 aero-
space workers in the transportation equipment industry were off payrolls in October
due to a strike; taking the strike into account, factory job losses in October were
about in line with the prior 2 months. Within durable goods manufacturing, employ-
ment declined in fabricated metal products (-11,000), furniture and related products
(-10,000), motor vehicles and parts (-9,000), wood products (-7,000), and computer
and electronic products (-4,000). In the nondurable goods component, job losses
occurred in plastics and rubber products (-6,000), apparel (-4,000), and printing
and related support activities (-4,000).
Construction employment fell by 49,000 in October, with declines throughout the
industry. Since peaking in September 2006, construction employment has fallen by
663,000, largely in the residential components.
Within professional and business services, the employment services industry shed
51,000 jobs in October. The pace of job loss in this industry has picked up in 2008,
averaging 37,000 per month through October; in 2007, monthly job losses averaged
11,000 in employment services.
Retail trade employment fell by 38,000 in October, with the largest losses occur-
ring among automobile dealers (-20,000) and department stores (-18,000). Wholesale
trade employment was down by 22,000 over the month, with most of the decrease among
durable goods wholesalers.
Employment in financial activities declined by 24,000 in October and is down
by 200,000 since its peak in December 2006. Over the month, employment contracted
in both credit intermediation and related activities (-12,000) and in securities
and investment firms (-6,000).
Health care employment continued to expand in October, with an increase of
26,000. Over the past 12 months, health care employment has grown by 348,000.
The mining industry added 7,000 jobs in October. Since a low in April 2003, min-
ing employment has grown by 246,000.
- 4 -
Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data)
In October, the average workweek for production and nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 33.6 hours. The manufacturing workweek
and factory overtime also were unchanged over the month at 40.6 and 3.6 hours,
respectively. (See table B-2.)
The index of aggregate weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.3 percent in October. The manufacturing in-
dex fell by 1.0 percent. (See table B-5.)
Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data)
In October, average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers on
private nonfarm payrolls increased by 4 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $18.21, seasonally
adjusted. Average weekly earnings were $611.86. Over the past 12 months, average
hourly earnings increased by 3.5 percent and average weekly earnings rose by 2.9
percent. (See tables B-3 and B-4.)
______________________________
The Employment Situation for November 2008 is scheduled to be released on
Friday, December 5, at 8:30 A.M. (EST).
- 5 -
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based
estimates of employment and both have strengths and limitations. The estab-
lishment survey employment series has a smaller margin of error on the mea-
surement of month-to-month change than the household survey because of its
much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of 104,000 is
statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for
a statistically significant change in the household survey is about 400,000.
However, the household survey has a more expansive scope than the establish-
ment survey because it includes the self-employed, unpaid family workers,
agricultural workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the
establishment survey. The household survey also provides estimates of
employment for demographic groups.
Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
Neither the establishment nor household survey is designed to identify the
legal status of workers. Thus, while it is likely that both surveys include
at least some undocumented immigrants, it is not possible to determine how many
are counted in either survey. The household survey does include questions about
whether respondents were born outside the United States. Data from these ques-
tions show that foreign-born workers accounted for 15.7 percent of the labor
force in 2007 and 47.7 percent of the net increase in the labor force from 2000
to 2007.
Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data
series by incorporating additional information that was not available at the
time of the initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey
revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the
survey. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark
revision that re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts
available from unemployment insurance tax records. The benchmark helps
to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit http://www.bls.
gov/web/cesbmart.htm.
Has the establishment survey understated employment growth because it excludes
the self-employed?
While the establishment survey excludes the self-employed, the household
survey provides monthly estimates of unincorporated self-employment. These
estimates have shown no substantial growth in recent years.
- 6 -
Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of busi-
ness establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sam-
ple is designed to maximize the reliability of the total nonfarm employment esti-
mate; firms from all size classes and industries are appropriately sampled to
achieve that goal.
Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account
for the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The
adjustment comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs
impact of business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net
impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into
the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its
appearance on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new
businesses to the survey twice a year.
Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving
unemployment insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of
households. All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and
available to work are included among the unemployed. (People on temporary
layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There is no
requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the
monthly survey.
Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who have stopped looking for
work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force
who want a job, including those who have stopped looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of
labor underutilization (discouraged workers and other groups not officially
counted as unemployed) are published each month in the Employment Situation news
release.
- 7 -
Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 households con-
ducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours,
and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS
in cooperation with state agencies. The sample includes about 160,000 businesses
and government agencies covering approximately 400,000 individual worksites.
The active sample includes about one-third of all nonfarm payroll workers. The
sample is drawn from a sampling frame of unemployment insurance tax accounts.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calen-
dar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey,
the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not
correspond directly to the calendar week.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work
and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household
is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their
jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or
personal reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the
4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those
not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemploy-
ment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor
force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the
employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population.
- 8 -
Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm
businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and
local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay
for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons
are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private busi-
nesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and non-
supervisory workers in the service-providing sector. Industries are classified on
the basis of their principal activity in accordance with the 2007 version of the
North American Industry Classification System.
Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important dis-
tinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:
--The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid
family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are
excluded from the establishment survey.
--The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The
establishment survey does not.
--The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The
establishment survey is not limited by age.
--The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals
are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment
survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than
one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of
employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as
changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the
opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very
large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-
month changes in unemployment.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics
from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as de-
clines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor
force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place rela-
tive to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has
risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in pre-
vious years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow
for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the
adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic
activity.
- 9 -
Most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most supersectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or
more detailed age categories.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month, using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. In both surveys, revisions to historical data
are made once a year.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the
standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of con-
fidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are
generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment
from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 430,000. Suppose the
estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The
90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -330,000 to
530,000 (100,000 +/- 430,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are
off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the
"true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes
values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in
fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then
all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero.
In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had,
in fact, occurred. At an unemployment rate of around 5.5 percent, the 90-percent con-
fidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is about +/- 280,000, and for
the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about +/- .19 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower stan-
dard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the
data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal
adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates.
- 10 -
The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a seg-
ment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or pro-
cessing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are
based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly esti-
mate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered
final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inabil-
ity to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation procedure with two
components is used to account for business births. The first component uses business
deaths to impute employment for business births. This is incorporated into the sample-
based link relative estimate procedure by simply not reflecting sample units going out
of business, but imputing to them the same trend as the other firms in the sample. The
second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the residual net
birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time series
used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from the unemployment insurance uni-
verse micro-level database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and deaths
over the past five years.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on
a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative
records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-
based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision,
and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision
for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from less than 0.1 percent
to 0.6 percent.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon
request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 232,715 234,360 234,612 232,715 233,627 233,864 234,107 234,360 234,612
Civilian labor force....................... 153,516 154,509 155,012 153,306 154,390 154,603 154,853 154,732 155,038
Participation rate................... 66.0 65.9 66.1 65.9 66.1 66.1 66.1 66.0 66.1
Employed................................. 146,743 145,310 145,543 146,016 145,891 145,819 145,477 145,255 144,958
Employment-population ratio.......... 63.1 62.0 62.0 62.7 62.4 62.4 62.1 62.0 61.8
Unemployed............................... 6,773 9,199 9,469 7,291 8,499 8,784 9,376 9,477 10,080
Unemployment rate.................... 4.4 6.0 6.1 4.8 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.5
Not in labor force......................... 79,200 79,851 79,601 79,409 79,237 79,261 79,253 79,628 79,575
Persons who currently want a job......... 4,131 4,895 4,800 4,266 4,888 4,997 4,796 5,067 4,966
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 112,619 113,414 113,546 112,619 113,029 113,154 113,281 113,414 113,546
Civilian labor force....................... 82,177 82,654 82,772 82,210 82,528 82,889 82,807 82,945 82,983
Participation rate................... 73.0 72.9 72.9 73.0 73.0 73.3 73.1 73.1 73.1
Employed................................. 78,578 77,501 77,428 78,177 77,794 77,823 77,632 77,396 77,108
Employment-population ratio.......... 69.8 68.3 68.2 69.4 68.8 68.8 68.5 68.2 67.9
Unemployed............................... 3,598 5,153 5,344 4,032 4,734 5,066 5,176 5,549 5,875
Unemployment rate.................... 4.4 6.2 6.5 4.9 5.7 6.1 6.3 6.7 7.1
Not in labor force......................... 30,443 30,760 30,775 30,409 30,502 30,264 30,474 30,469 30,563
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 103,973 104,741 104,869 103,973 104,371 104,490 104,613 104,741 104,869
Civilian labor force....................... 78,805 79,307 79,462 78,664 79,037 79,327 79,318 79,444 79,451
Participation rate................... 75.8 75.7 75.8 75.7 75.7 75.9 75.8 75.8 75.8
Employed................................. 75,753 74,844 74,865 75,274 74,998 75,094 74,866 74,631 74,441
Employment-population ratio.......... 72.9 71.5 71.4 72.4 71.9 71.9 71.6 71.3 71.0
Unemployed............................... 3,052 4,463 4,598 3,389 4,038 4,234 4,452 4,813 5,010
Unemployment rate.................... 3.9 5.6 5.8 4.3 5.1 5.3 5.6 6.1 6.3
Not in labor force......................... 25,167 25,434 25,407 25,309 25,334 25,163 25,295 25,298 25,418
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 120,096 120,946 121,066 120,096 120,598 120,710 120,825 120,946 121,066
Civilian labor force....................... 71,339 71,855 72,240 71,096 71,862 71,714 72,046 71,787 72,055
Participation rate................... 59.4 59.4 59.7 59.2 59.6 59.4 59.6 59.4 59.5
Employed................................. 68,165 67,809 68,115 67,838 68,097 67,996 67,845 67,860 67,850
Employment-population ratio.......... 56.8 56.1 56.3 56.5 56.5 56.3 56.2 56.1 56.0
Unemployed............................... 3,174 4,046 4,125 3,258 3,765 3,718 4,201 3,928 4,205
Unemployment rate.................... 4.4 5.6 5.7 4.6 5.2 5.2 5.8 5.5 5.8
Not in labor force......................... 48,757 49,091 48,826 49,000 48,735 48,996 48,779 49,159 49,011
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 111,703 112,518 112,633 111,703 112,183 112,290 112,401 112,518 112,633
Civilian labor force....................... 67,970 68,635 69,059 67,623 68,446 68,303 68,672 68,423 68,757
Participation rate................... 60.8 61.0 61.3 60.5 61.0 60.8 61.1 60.8 61.0
Employed................................. 65,241 65,149 65,439 64,827 65,238 65,167 65,047 65,072 65,090
Employment-population ratio.......... 58.4 57.9 58.1 58.0 58.2 58.0 57.9 57.8 57.8
Unemployed............................... 2,729 3,486 3,620 2,796 3,208 3,135 3,625 3,351 3,666
Unemployment rate.................... 4.0 5.1 5.2 4.1 4.7 4.6 5.3 4.9 5.3
Not in labor force......................... 43,733 43,883 43,575 44,080 43,737 43,988 43,729 44,094 43,877
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 17,040 17,101 17,110 17,040 17,073 17,084 17,092 17,101 17,110
Civilian labor force....................... 6,740 6,567 6,490 7,020 6,907 6,973 6,863 6,865 6,830
Participation rate................... 39.6 38.4 37.9 41.2 40.5 40.8 40.2 40.1 39.9
Employed................................. 5,749 5,317 5,239 5,914 5,655 5,558 5,563 5,552 5,427
Employment-population ratio.......... 33.7 31.1 30.6 34.7 33.1 32.5 32.6 32.5 31.7
Unemployed............................... 992 1,250 1,251 1,105 1,253 1,415 1,299 1,313 1,404
Unemployment rate.................... 14.7 19.0 19.3 15.7 18.1 20.3 18.9 19.1 20.6
Not in labor force......................... 10,299 10,534 10,620 10,020 10,166 10,110 10,229 10,236 10,279
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 188,813 189,916 190,085 188,813 189,428 189,587 189,747 189,916 190,085
Civilian labor force....................... 125,228 125,853 126,311 125,151 125,704 125,971 125,981 125,955 126,388
Participation rate..................... 66.3 66.3 66.4 66.3 66.4 66.4 66.4 66.3 66.5
Employed................................. 120,424 119,294 119,389 119,883 119,518 119,542 119,222 119,180 118,893
Employment-population ratio............ 63.8 62.8 62.8 63.5 63.1 63.1 62.8 62.8 62.5
Unemployed............................... 4,804 6,559 6,923 5,268 6,186 6,428 6,760 6,775 7,495
Unemployment rate...................... 3.8 5.2 5.5 4.2 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.9
Not in labor force......................... 63,585 64,063 63,774 63,662 63,724 63,616 63,766 63,961 63,697
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 65,337 65,645 65,785 65,255 65,402 65,789 65,690 65,747 65,844
Participation rate..................... 76.2 76.1 76.2 76.1 76.1 76.4 76.2 76.2 76.3
Employed................................. 63,143 62,400 62,411 62,762 62,447 62,695 62,446 62,239 62,081
Employment-population ratio............ 73.7 72.3 72.3 73.2 72.6 72.8 72.5 72.2 71.9
Unemployed............................... 2,194 3,245 3,374 2,493 2,955 3,094 3,244 3,508 3,763
Unemployment rate...................... 3.4 4.9 5.1 3.8 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.7
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 54,355 54,809 55,204 54,102 54,562 54,424 54,668 54,603 54,930
Participation rate..................... 60.4 60.5 60.9 60.1 60.4 60.2 60.4 60.3 60.6
Employed................................. 52,476 52,421 52,595 52,136 52,282 52,184 52,118 52,309 52,236
Employment-population ratio............ 58.3 57.9 58.0 57.9 57.9 57.7 57.6 57.8 57.6
Unemployed............................... 1,878 2,388 2,610 1,966 2,280 2,240 2,551 2,294 2,694
Unemployment rate...................... 3.5 4.4 4.7 3.6 4.2 4.1 4.7 4.2 4.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 5,536 5,399 5,321 5,795 5,740 5,758 5,623 5,606 5,615
Participation rate..................... 42.3 41.2 40.6 44.3 43.9 44.0 43.0 42.8 42.9
Employed................................. 4,805 4,473 4,383 4,985 4,789 4,664 4,658 4,632 4,577
Employment-population ratio............ 36.7 34.2 33.5 38.1 36.6 35.6 35.6 35.4 34.9
Unemployed............................... 731 926 939 810 951 1,094 965 974 1,038
Unemployment rate...................... 13.2 17.2 17.6 14.0 16.6 19.0 17.2 17.4 18.5
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 27,627 27,939 27,982 27,627 27,816 27,854 27,896 27,939 27,982
Civilian labor force....................... 17,520 17,756 17,799 17,430 17,716 17,767 17,973 17,737 17,793
Participation rate..................... 63.4 63.6 63.6 63.1 63.7 63.8 64.4 63.5 63.6
Employed................................. 16,085 15,767 15,847 15,946 16,085 16,040 16,074 15,714 15,810
Employment-population ratio............ 58.2 56.4 56.6 57.7 57.8 57.6 57.6 56.2 56.5
Unemployed............................... 1,435 1,989 1,952 1,483 1,632 1,726 1,899 2,023 1,983
Unemployment rate...................... 8.2 11.2 11.0 8.5 9.2 9.7 10.6 11.4 11.1
Not in labor force......................... 10,107 10,183 10,183 10,197 10,100 10,088 9,923 10,202 10,190
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 7,896 8,021 8,005 7,833 7,997 7,979 8,066 8,004 7,980
Participation rate..................... 71.0 71.4 71.1 70.4 71.5 71.3 71.9 71.2 70.9
Employed................................. 7,274 7,126 7,083 7,194 7,254 7,184 7,239 7,052 7,052
Employment-population ratio............ 65.4 63.4 62.9 64.7 64.9 64.2 64.5 62.8 62.6
Unemployed............................... 622 895 923 640 742 795 827 951 928
Unemployment rate...................... 7.9 11.2 11.5 8.2 9.3 10.0 10.3 11.9 11.6
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 8,863 9,003 9,021 8,823 8,973 8,985 9,052 8,921 9,004
Participation rate..................... 64.0 64.2 64.3 63.7 64.3 64.3 64.7 63.6 64.1
Employed................................. 8,243 8,122 8,231 8,195 8,305 8,311 8,225 8,089 8,211
Employment-population ratio............ 59.5 57.9 58.6 59.2 59.5 59.5 58.8 57.7 58.5
Unemployed............................... 620 881 791 628 668 674 826 833 794
Unemployment rate...................... 7.0 9.8 8.8 7.1 7.4 7.5 9.1 9.3 8.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 761 732 772 773 747 802 856 812 808
Participation rate..................... 28.6 27.3 28.8 29.1 27.9 30.0 31.9 30.3 30.1
Employed................................. 568 519 533 558 525 545 609 573 546
Employment-population ratio............ 21.4 19.3 19.9 21.0 19.6 20.4 22.7 21.4 20.4
Unemployed............................... 192 213 239 215 221 257 246 239 262
Unemployment rate...................... 25.3 29.1 30.9 27.9 29.6 32.0 28.8 29.4 32.4
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 10,719 10,820 10,791 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Civilian labor force....................... 7,069 7,179 7,141 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 65.9 66.4 66.2 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 6,806 6,904 6,870 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 63.5 63.8 63.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 263 276 271 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 3.7 3.8 3.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Not in labor force......................... 3,650 3,640 3,650 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Data not available.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted (1)
Employment status, sex, and age
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population......... 31,714 32,369 32,465 31,714 32,087 32,179 32,273 32,369 32,465
Civilian labor force....................... 21,811 22,160 22,190 21,778 22,131 22,071 22,226 22,258 22,236
Participation rate..................... 68.8 68.5 68.4 68.7 69.0 68.6 68.9 68.8 68.5
Employed................................. 20,656 20,470 20,327 20,554 20,420 20,435 20,452 20,531 20,268
Employment-population ratio............ 65.1 63.2 62.6 64.8 63.6 63.5 63.4 63.4 62.4
Unemployed............................... 1,155 1,691 1,863 1,224 1,711 1,636 1,774 1,727 1,967
Unemployment rate...................... 5.3 7.6 8.4 5.6 7.7 7.4 8.0 7.8 8.8
Not in labor force......................... 9,903 10,209 10,275 9,936 9,956 10,108 10,048 10,111 10,229
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 12,509 12,773 12,787 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 84.5 84.7 84.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 11,937 11,892 11,838 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 80.6 78.9 78.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 571 881 949 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 4.6 6.9 7.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force....................... 8,205 8,298 8,332 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 58.9 58.3 58.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 7,811 7,760 7,721 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 56.1 54.6 54.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 394 538 611 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 4.8 6.5 7.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force....................... 1,098 1,089 1,071 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Participation rate..................... 36.8 35.5 34.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employed................................. 907 818 768 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Employment-population ratio............ 30.4 26.7 24.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployed............................... 190 271 303 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Unemployment rate...................... 17.3 24.9 28.3 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and
seasonally adjusted columns.
2 Data not available.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force......................... 11,895 12,177 12,137 12,133 12,178 12,168 12,197 12,161 12,391
Participation rate....................... 46.4 47.1 47.4 47.3 45.9 47.8 47.5 47.0 48.3
Employed................................... 11,116 11,081 11,007 11,238 11,117 11,135 11,022 10,992 11,118
Employment-population ratio.............. 43.3 42.9 42.9 43.8 41.9 43.7 42.9 42.5 43.4
Unemployed................................. 779 1,097 1,130 895 1,061 1,033 1,175 1,169 1,273
Unemployment rate........................ 6.5 9.0 9.3 7.4 8.7 8.5 9.6 9.6 10.3
High school graduates, no college (1)
Civilian labor force......................... 38,654 38,415 38,571 38,625 38,170 38,872 38,373 38,313 38,467
Participation rate....................... 62.9 62.6 62.8 62.8 62.8 63.5 62.9 62.5 62.6
Employed................................... 37,031 36,197 36,314 36,838 36,233 36,854 36,191 35,908 36,028
Employment-population ratio.............. 60.2 59.0 59.1 59.9 59.6 60.2 59.3 58.6 58.7
Unemployed................................. 1,623 2,218 2,257 1,787 1,937 2,018 2,182 2,405 2,439
Unemployment rate........................ 4.2 5.8 5.9 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.7 6.3 6.3
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force......................... 36,715 37,054 37,065 36,218 36,824 36,444 36,685 36,991 36,723
Participation rate....................... 72.2 72.0 72.0 71.2 71.9 71.1 71.5 71.9 71.3
Employed................................... 35,502 35,253 35,208 34,939 35,264 34,813 34,912 35,129 34,797
Employment-population ratio.............. 69.8 68.5 68.4 68.7 68.9 67.9 68.0 68.3 67.6
Unemployed................................. 1,213 1,802 1,857 1,279 1,559 1,631 1,774 1,862 1,926
Unemployment rate........................ 3.3 4.9 5.0 3.5 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.2
Bachelor's degree and higher (2)
Civilian labor force......................... 44,430 45,140 45,639 44,200 44,993 45,071 45,422 45,200 45,540
Participation rate....................... 77.6 77.6 78.0 77.2 78.1 77.2 77.5 77.7 77.8
Employed................................... 43,530 43,961 44,257 43,261 43,964 43,993 44,182 44,072 44,129
Employment-population ratio.............. 76.1 75.5 75.6 75.6 76.3 75.3 75.4 75.7 75.4
Unemployed................................. 900 1,178 1,382 939 1,029 1,078 1,240 1,128 1,411
Unemployment rate........................ 2.0 2.6 3.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.5 3.1
1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries........... 2,130 2,276 2,203 2,089 2,137 2,123 2,142 2,189 2,167
Wage and salary workers.................... 1,200 1,415 1,328 1,195 1,244 1,258 1,289 1,331 1,321
Self-employed workers...................... 914 834 853 878 840 844 817 820 823
Unpaid family workers...................... 17 28 23 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Nonagricultural industries................... 144,612 143,034 143,340 143,933 143,650 143,589 143,284 143,064 142,773
Wage and salary workers.................... 135,119 133,660 134,388 134,533 134,132 133,951 133,822 133,725 133,808
Government............................... 21,096 21,204 21,720 20,907 21,186 21,098 21,259 21,168 21,510
Private industries....................... 114,023 112,456 112,668 113,641 113,001 112,956 112,607 112,588 112,301
Private households..................... 760 820 840 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Other industries....................... 113,263 111,636 111,828 112,850 112,155 112,157 111,851 111,778 111,431
Self-employed workers...................... 9,379 9,293 8,882 9,274 9,430 9,518 9,381 9,228 8,844
Unpaid family workers...................... 115 81 69 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME (2)
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons............. 4,028 5,701 6,267 4,401 5,416 5,724 5,718 6,055 6,700
Slack work or business conditions........ 2,612 3,983 4,548 2,788 3,816 4,194 4,112 4,232 4,733
Could only find part-time work........... 1,180 1,467 1,466 1,215 1,336 1,286 1,362 1,516 1,491
Part time for noneconomic reasons.......... 19,956 19,582 19,541 19,337 19,496 19,406 19,712 19,371 19,147
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons............. 3,930 5,621 6,157 4,302 5,308 5,599 5,641 5,941 6,485
Slack work or business conditions........ 2,549 3,919 4,460 2,745 3,744 4,156 4,032 4,121 4,690
Could only find part-time work........... 1,171 1,465 1,457 1,207 1,328 1,277 1,350 1,537 1,481
Part time for noneconomic reasons.......... 19,634 19,242 19,197 19,157 19,106 19,051 19,281 19,033 18,889
1 Data not available.
2 Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as
vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked
only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Selected employment indicators
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over..................... 146,743 145,310 145,543 146,016 145,891 145,819 145,477 145,255 144,958
16 to 19 years............................. 5,749 5,317 5,239 5,914 5,655 5,558 5,563 5,552 5,427
16 to 17 years........................... 2,286 2,007 1,930 2,324 1,966 1,974 1,988 2,029 1,959
18 to 19 years........................... 3,463 3,311 3,309 3,600 3,678 3,619 3,570 3,546 3,482
20 years and over.......................... 140,994 139,993 140,303 140,101 140,236 140,261 139,914 139,703 139,531
20 to 24 years........................... 13,815 13,501 13,517 13,821 13,720 13,724 13,683 13,637 13,538
25 years and over........................ 127,179 126,492 126,786 126,293 126,565 126,611 126,281 126,093 125,944
25 to 54 years......................... 100,956 99,534 99,467 100,332 99,813 99,733 99,345 99,236 98,895
25 to 34 years....................... 31,873 31,491 31,369 31,612 31,488 31,468 31,467 31,397 31,140
35 to 44 years....................... 34,272 33,397 33,355 34,116 33,692 33,613 33,287 33,300 33,216
45 to 54 years....................... 34,811 34,646 34,743 34,605 34,634 34,651 34,591 34,540 34,538
55 years and over...................... 26,223 26,958 27,319 25,960 26,751 26,879 26,936 26,856 27,048
Men, 16 years and over....................... 78,578 77,501 77,428 78,177 77,794 77,823 77,632 77,396 77,108
16 to 19 years............................. 2,826 2,657 2,563 2,903 2,795 2,729 2,766 2,764 2,667
16 to 17 years........................... 1,095 945 881 1,118 938 931 947 960 909
18 to 19 years........................... 1,730 1,712 1,683 1,788 1,879 1,799 1,831 1,811 1,758
20 years and over.......................... 75,753 74,844 74,865 75,274 74,998 75,094 74,866 74,631 74,441
20 to 24 years........................... 7,308 7,114 6,954 7,306 7,202 7,179 7,165 7,173 6,975
25 years and over........................ 68,445 67,731 67,911 67,985 67,832 67,952 67,758 67,449 67,463
25 to 54 years......................... 54,574 53,424 53,470 54,258 53,605 53,643 53,480 53,222 53,167
25 to 34 years....................... 17,587 17,243 17,213 17,442 17,298 17,245 17,221 17,138 17,086
35 to 44 years....................... 18,620 18,096 18,073 18,536 18,133 18,122 18,092 18,030 17,993
45 to 54 years....................... 18,367 18,085 18,184 18,280 18,174 18,276 18,167 18,054 18,088
55 years and over...................... 13,871 14,307 14,441 13,727 14,227 14,309 14,278 14,227 14,297
Women, 16 years and over..................... 68,165 67,809 68,115 67,838 68,097 67,996 67,845 67,860 67,850
16 to 19 years............................. 2,923 2,660 2,676 3,011 2,859 2,829 2,798 2,787 2,759
16 to 17 years........................... 1,190 1,061 1,050 1,206 1,028 1,043 1,041 1,068 1,050
18 to 19 years........................... 1,733 1,599 1,626 1,813 1,799 1,820 1,739 1,735 1,725
20 years and over.......................... 65,241 65,149 65,439 64,827 65,238 65,167 65,047 65,072 65,090
20 to 24 years........................... 6,507 6,387 6,563 6,515 6,518 6,544 6,518 6,464 6,563
25 years and over........................ 58,734 58,762 58,876 58,307 58,733 58,660 58,523 58,643 58,480
25 to 54 years......................... 46,382 46,110 45,998 46,074 46,208 46,090 45,865 46,014 45,728
25 to 34 years....................... 14,286 14,248 14,157 14,169 14,190 14,224 14,246 14,259 14,054
35 to 44 years....................... 15,652 15,301 15,281 15,581 15,559 15,491 15,195 15,269 15,223
45 to 54 years....................... 16,445 16,561 16,559 16,324 16,459 16,376 16,424 16,486 16,451
55 years and over...................... 12,352 12,652 12,878 12,233 12,525 12,570 12,658 12,629 12,752
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present.................. 46,309 45,953 45,947 46,189 45,911 46,120 45,829 45,958 45,870
Married women, spouse present................ 35,828 35,955 35,831 35,449 36,270 36,185 36,055 35,913 35,633
Women who maintain families.................. 9,429 9,312 9,431 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers (2)........................ 122,006 120,213 120,020 121,561 120,542 120,537 119,908 119,928 119,596
Part-time workers (3)........................ 24,736 25,097 25,523 24,472 25,419 25,431 25,649 25,366 25,355
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders.................... 7,852 7,724 7,817 7,579 7,794 7,757 8,055 7,657 7,593
Percent of total employed................ 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.2
1 Data not available.
2 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
3 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates (1)
(in thousands)
Characteristic
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over..................... 7,291 9,477 10,080 4.8 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.5
16 to 19 years............................. 1,105 1,313 1,404 15.7 18.1 20.3 18.9 19.1 20.6
16 to 17 years........................... 494 559 583 17.5 23.3 24.9 22.1 21.6 22.9
18 to 19 years........................... 600 759 779 14.3 15.6 17.3 17.1 17.6 18.3
20 years and over.......................... 6,185 8,164 8,676 4.2 4.9 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.9
20 to 24 years........................... 1,293 1,605 1,608 8.6 10.1 10.2 10.5 10.5 10.6
25 years and over........................ 4,854 6,630 7,042 3.7 4.3 4.4 4.9 5.0 5.3
25 to 54 years......................... 4,011 5,465 5,712 3.8 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.5
25 to 34 years....................... 1,578 2,055 2,219 4.8 5.4 5.6 6.2 6.1 6.7
35 to 44 years....................... 1,231 1,816 1,865 3.5 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.3
45 to 54 years....................... 1,202 1,593 1,629 3.4 3.8 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.5
55 years and over...................... 841 1,162 1,276 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.5
Men, 16 years and over....................... 4,032 5,549 5,875 4.9 5.7 6.1 6.3 6.7 7.1
16 to 19 years............................. 643 737 865 18.1 19.9 23.4 20.7 21.0 24.5
16 to 17 years........................... 263 287 335 19.0 26.2 29.4 24.0 23.0 26.9
18 to 19 years........................... 362 457 485 16.8 17.1 19.9 18.6 20.1 21.6
20 years and over.......................... 3,389 4,813 5,010 4.3 5.1 5.3 5.6 6.1 6.3
20 to 24 years........................... 749 933 1,026 9.3 11.2 11.6 11.5 11.5 12.8
25 years and over........................ 2,588 3,917 3,915 3.7 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.5 5.5
25 to 54 years......................... 2,143 3,259 3,218 3.8 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.8 5.7
25 to 34 years....................... 898 1,251 1,271 4.9 5.4 6.1 6.4 6.8 6.9
35 to 44 years....................... 645 1,070 1,049 3.4 4.5 4.9 4.9 5.6 5.5
45 to 54 years....................... 601 939 898 3.2 3.8 3.8 4.3 4.9 4.7
55 years and over...................... 445 658 697 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.6
Women, 16 years and over..................... 3,258 3,928 4,205 4.6 5.2 5.2 5.8 5.5 5.8
16 to 19 years............................. 462 576 539 13.3 16.3 17.1 17.1 17.1 16.3
16 to 17 years........................... 231 272 247 16.1 20.3 20.4 20.2 20.3 19.1
18 to 19 years........................... 238 302 294 11.6 13.9 14.6 15.6 14.8 14.6
20 years and over.......................... 2,796 3,351 3,666 4.1 4.7 4.6 5.3 4.9 5.3
20 to 24 years........................... 544 672 582 7.7 8.8 8.7 9.4 9.4 8.1
25 years and over........................ 2,266 2,713 3,127 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.8 4.4 5.1
25 to 54 years......................... 1,868 2,205 2,494 3.9 4.4 4.3 5.0 4.6 5.2
25 to 34 years....................... 680 805 948 4.6 5.4 5.0 6.0 5.3 6.3
35 to 44 years....................... 586 746 816 3.6 4.2 4.3 5.0 4.7 5.1
45 to 54 years....................... 602 655 731 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.2 3.8 4.3
55 years and over (2).................. 385 516 579 3.0 3.4 4.3 4.5 3.9 4.3
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present.................. 1,219 1,826 1,948 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1
Married women, spouse present................ 1,073 1,285 1,550 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.5 4.2
Women who maintain families (2).............. 631 830 906 6.3 7.9 8.5 9.6 8.2 8.8
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers (3)........................ 6,012 7,980 8,582 4.7 5.5 5.7 6.2 6.2 6.7
Part-time workers (4)........................ 1,276 1,577 1,525 5.0 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.7
1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.
2 Not seasonally adjusted.
3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff
from full-time jobs.
4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on
layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs.............................. 3,259 4,699 5,138 3,731 4,370 4,407 4,824 5,171 5,719
On temporary layoff........................ 737 904 938 1,064 1,077 1,037 1,266 1,407 1,340
Not on temporary layoff.................... 2,523 3,795 4,199 2,668 3,292 3,370 3,559 3,764 4,379
Permanent job losers..................... 1,802 2,814 3,243 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Persons who completed temporary jobs..... 721 980 956 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
Job leavers.................................. 804 1,075 965 790 833 861 999 974 940
Reentrants................................... 2,047 2,624 2,582 2,103 2,498 2,705 2,652 2,555 2,623
New entrants................................. 662 801 783 709 748 811 820 822 828
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs............................. 48.1 51.1 54.3 50.9 51.7 50.2 51.9 54.3 56.6
On temporary layoff....................... 10.9 9.8 9.9 14.5 12.7 11.8 13.6 14.8 13.3
Not on temporary layoff................... 37.3 41.3 44.3 36.4 39.0 38.4 38.3 39.5 43.3
Job leavers................................. 11.9 11.7 10.2 10.8 9.9 9.8 10.7 10.2 9.3
Reentrants.................................. 30.2 28.5 27.3 28.7 29.6 30.8 28.5 26.8 25.9
New entrants................................ 9.8 8.7 8.3 9.7 8.9 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.2
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs............................. 2.1 3.0 3.3 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.7
Job leavers................................. .5 .7 .6 .5 .5 .6 .6 .6 .6
Reentrants.................................. 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
New entrants................................ .4 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5
1 Data not available.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
(Numbers in thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks...................................... 2,371 2,851 2,924 2,508 2,712 2,835 3,235 2,853 3,065
5 to 14 weeks.......................................... 2,204 2,840 2,708 2,454 2,999 2,823 2,821 3,051 3,003
15 weeks and over...................................... 2,198 3,508 3,837 2,367 2,916 3,118 3,402 3,607 4,062
15 to 26 weeks...................................... 927 1,491 1,606 1,052 1,328 1,440 1,561 1,598 1,805
27 weeks and over................................... 1,271 2,018 2,230 1,315 1,587 1,678 1,841 2,008 2,257
Average (mean) duration, in weeks...................... 17.4 19.1 20.4 17.0 17.5 17.1 17.4 18.4 19.7
Median duration, in weeks.............................. 8.5 10.3 10.6 8.7 10.0 9.7 9.2 10.2 10.6
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed....................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 5 weeks.................................... 35.0 31.0 30.9 34.2 31.4 32.3 34.2 30.0 30.3
5 to 14 weeks........................................ 32.5 30.9 28.6 33.5 34.8 32.2 29.8 32.1 29.6
15 weeks and over.................................... 32.5 38.1 40.5 32.3 33.8 35.5 36.0 37.9 40.1
15 to 26 weeks..................................... 13.7 16.2 17.0 14.4 15.4 16.4 16.5 16.8 17.8
27 weeks and over.................................. 18.8 21.9 23.6 17.9 18.4 19.1 19.5 21.1 22.3
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Unemployment
Employed Unemployed rates
Occupation
Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct.
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
Total, 16 years and over (1)...................... 146,743 145,543 6,773 9,469 4.4 6.1
Management, professional, and related occupations...... 52,127 53,485 1,071 1,647 2.0 3.0
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations......................................... 21,748 22,422 368 695 1.7 3.0
Professional and related occupations................. 30,379 31,063 703 952 2.3 3.0
Service occupations.................................... 24,178 24,697 1,488 1,812 5.8 6.8
Sales and office occupations........................... 35,933 35,369 1,590 2,205 4.2 5.9
Sales and related occupations........................ 16,297 16,380 813 1,056 4.8 6.1
Office and administrative support occupations........ 19,636 18,990 777 1,149 3.8 5.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations........................................... 16,092 14,861 856 1,421 5.1 8.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations........... 956 976 46 102 4.6 9.5
Construction and extraction occupations.............. 9,715 8,644 675 1,037 6.5 10.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.... 5,422 5,240 135 282 2.4 5.1
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations........................................... 18,412 17,131 1,090 1,566 5.6 8.4
Production occupations............................... 9,566 8,661 564 844 5.6 8.9
Transportation and material moving occupations....... 8,846 8,470 526 722 5.6 7.9
1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed Unemployment
persons rates
Industry and class of worker (in thousands)
Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct.
2007 2008 2007 2008
Total, 16 years and over (1).................... 6,773 9,469 4.4 6.1
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers........ 5,233 7,641 4.4 6.4
Mining............................................... 9 15 1.3 1.7
Construction......................................... 641 1,078 6.1 10.8
Manufacturing........................................ 729 1,007 4.3 6.2
Durable goods...................................... 431 616 4.1 5.9
Nondurable goods................................... 298 390 4.8 6.7
Wholesale and retail trade........................... 907 1,313 4.4 6.3
Transportation and utilities......................... 218 316 3.6 5.7
Information.......................................... 120 168 3.7 5.0
Financial activities................................. 307 434 3.2 4.5
Professional and business services................... 675 1,052 4.8 7.5
Education and health services........................ 534 797 2.7 3.9
Leisure and hospitality.............................. 911 1,126 7.5 8.9
Other services....................................... 182 334 3.0 5.3
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers 47 97 4.0 7.1
Government workers..................................... 492 552 2.3 2.5
Self employed and unpaid family workers................ 338 396 3.1 3.9
1 Persons with no previous work experience are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
(Percent)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Measure
Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent
of the civilian labor force....................... 1.4 2.3 2.5 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.6
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary
jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.... 2.1 3.0 3.3 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.7
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian
labor force (official unemployment rate).......... 4.4 6.0 6.1 4.8 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.5
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus
discouraged workers............................... 4.6 6.2 6.4 5.0 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.4 6.8
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus
all other marginally attached workers, as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus all
marginally attached workers....................... 5.3 6.9 7.1 5.6 6.4 6.6 7.0 7.1 7.5
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached
workers, plus total employed part time for
economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 7.9 10.6 11.1 8.4 9.9 10.3 10.7 11.0 11.8
NOTE: Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached,
have given a job-market related reason for not looking currently for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those
who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For more information, see "BLS
introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Updated population
controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Men Women
Category
Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct.
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force........................... 79,200 79,601 30,443 30,775 48,757 48,826
Persons who currently want a job...................... 4,131 4,800 1,871 2,146 2,260 2,655
Searched for work and available to work now (1)..... 1,364 1,637 691 872 673 765
Reason not currently looking:
Discouragement over job prospects (2)........... 320 484 189 323 131 161
Reasons other than discouragement (3)........... 1,044 1,153 502 550 542 603
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders (4).......................... 7,852 7,817 3,933 3,957 3,919 3,859
Percent of total employed.......................... 5.4 5.4 5.0 5.1 5.7 5.7
Primary job full time, secondary job part time..... 4,409 4,281 2,422 2,376 1,987 1,905
Primary and secondary jobs both part time.......... 1,729 1,923 517 659 1,213 1,264
Primary and secondary jobs both full time.......... 297 288 206 193 92 95
Hours vary on primary or secondary job............. 1,377 1,269 765 698 613 572
1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week.
2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of
discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
(In thousands)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. from:
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Sept. 2008-
Oct. 2008p
Total nonfarm......... 138,837 137,246 137,353 137,656 137,977 137,617 137,550 137,423 137,139 136,899 -240
Total private........... 116,208 115,867 115,067 114,828 115,715 115,154 115,048 114,909 114,666 114,403 -263
Goods-producing............. 22,324 21,790 21,601 21,377 22,101 21,491 21,437 21,367 21,284 21,152 -132
Natural resources and mining.... 736 806 807 812 727 768 777 788 796 803 7
Logging...................... 61.7 60.6 61.3 61.5 59.1 57.3 57.7 58.1 58.7 58.7 .0
Mining......................... 674.3 744.9 745.2 750.7 667.8 710.2 719.4 729.6 737.5 744.0 6.5
Oil and gas extraction........ 148.1 166.9 165.9 165.7 148.9 160.1 162.4 164.1 165.5 165.5 .0
Mining, except oil and gas(1). 231.2 242.3 239.8 240.0 226.9 230.9 231.3 233.8 234.2 234.9 .7
Coal mining.................. 78.1 83.9 84.4 85.5 78.1 81.3 81.2 83.5 84.4 85.2 .8
Support activities for mining. 295.0 335.7 339.5 345.0 292.0 319.2 325.7 331.7 337.8 343.6 5.8
Construction.................... 7,767 7,465 7,354 7,266 7,577 7,196 7,173 7,153 7,118 7,069 -49
Construction of buildings..... 1,765.1 1,669.9 1,634.5 1,618.4 1,736.6 1,621.5 1,618.3 1,612.8 1,595.1 1,582.9 -12.2
Residential building......... 944.0 864.1 844.4 833.3 929.2 845.0 837.6 831.9 821.8 813.7 -8.1
Nonresidential building...... 821.1 805.8 790.1 785.1 807.4 776.5 780.7 780.9 773.3 769.2 -4.1
Heavy and civil engineering
construction................. 1,055.7 1,015.6 1,010.3 1,004.0 999.5 959.5 955.5 952.8 950.4 946.1 -4.3
Specialty trade contractors... 4,946.0 4,779.8 4,708.8 4,643.5 4,841.3 4,615.1 4,598.7 4,587.8 4,572.2 4,540.2 -32.0
Residential specialty trade
contractors................. 2,306.9 2,144.2 2,111.8 2,075.1 2,263.2 2,077.2 2,070.0 2,055.6 2,051.6 2,032.8 -18.8
Nonresidential specialty
trade contractors........... 2,639.1 2,635.6 2,597.0 2,568.4 2,578.1 2,537.9 2,528.7 2,532.2 2,520.6 2,507.4 -13.2
Manufacturing................... 13,821 13,519 13,440 13,299 13,797 13,527 13,487 13,426 13,370 13,280 -90
Production workers........... 9,961 9,716 9,644 9,500 9,934 9,738 9,692 9,636 9,581 9,485 -96
Durable goods.................. 8,759 8,522 8,463 8,361 8,761 8,564 8,541 8,482 8,442 8,367 -75
Production workers........... 6,233 6,013 5,956 5,852 6,232 6,064 6,033 5,980 5,938 5,858 -80
Wood products................. 511.7 477.9 469.4 457.5 511.8 477.3 473.3 467.6 462.7 456.1 -6.6
Nonmetallic mineral products.. 507.2 486.7 479.1 477.6 500.9 479.3 476.6 475.8 472.1 472.5 .4
Primary metals................ 450.9 444.4 445.1 440.9 451.5 446.8 446.0 443.0 444.6 443.5 -1.1
Fabricated metal products..... 1,569.5 1,540.3 1,529.4 1,516.0 1,568.0 1,537.1 1,531.8 1,534.3 1,525.7 1,515.1 -10.6
Machinery..................... 1,186.5 1,194.6 1,185.6 1,182.9 1,189.0 1,194.4 1,196.5 1,193.0 1,189.8 1,187.7 -2.1
Computer and electronic
products(1).................. 1,254.9 1,252.2 1,245.9 1,239.7 1,256.5 1,247.1 1,246.1 1,247.4 1,245.4 1,241.2 -4.2
Computer and peripheral
equipment................... 185.0 185.1 185.2 185.7 185.1 184.6 185.1 185.4 185.6 185.8 .2
Communications equipment..... 128.1 130.7 130.8 131.4 128.1 131.8 130.8 131.2 131.4 131.5 .1
Semiconductors and electronic
components.................. 434.5 425.7 423.1 418.9 435.8 422.1 423.2 423.4 422.4 420.2 -2.2
Electronic instruments....... 441.2 447.7 444.6 441.8 441.9 444.9 444.1 444.7 444.2 442.5 -1.7
Electrical equipment and
appliances................... 425.2 421.6 417.2 415.6 427.2 422.0 422.4 419.4 416.8 416.2 -.6
Transportation equipment(1)... 1,686.2 1,583.3 1,577.7 1,526.7 1,689.3 1,631.9 1,624.8 1,584.0 1,573.0 1,532.9 -40.1
Motor vehicles and parts(2).. 969.7 865.6 856.6 834.3 974.1 902.8 902.2 866.2 851.7 842.6 -9.1
Furniture and related products 527.7 490.7 483.7 471.7 528.3 499.5 495.6 487.4 481.8 471.4 -10.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing... 638.9 630.1 630.1 632.2 638.2 628.8 627.7 630.1 629.9 630.0 .1
Nondurable goods............... 5,062 4,997 4,977 4,938 5,036 4,963 4,946 4,944 4,928 4,913 -15
Production workers........... 3,728 3,703 3,688 3,648 3,702 3,674 3,659 3,656 3,643 3,627 -16
Food manufacturing............ 1,501.5 1,508.4 1,511.0 1,499.0 1,478.6 1,472.4 1,469.8 1,474.0 1,475.3 1,477.2 1.9
Beverages and tobacco products 197.8 197.0 197.2 194.2 195.2 192.5 192.2 191.3 191.2 189.8 -1.4
Textile mills................. 165.2 150.5 149.3 147.5 164.9 152.2 149.9 150.6 149.2 147.9 -1.3
Textile product mills......... 156.1 147.4 147.9 147.7 155.9 149.3 148.7 147.9 148.3 147.8 -.5
Apparel....................... 207.0 197.8 196.4 189.9 206.8 196.4 195.9 196.1 193.4 189.4 -4.0
Leather and allied products... 34.0 35.1 35.5 35.3 33.7 34.6 33.9 35.1 35.1 35.0 -.1
Paper and paper products...... 458.5 454.2 449.9 451.3 459.2 456.6 454.9 453.4 451.0 451.7 .7
Printing and related support
activities................... 622.5 599.6 595.6 591.9 622.2 601.9 598.9 599.2 595.3 591.4 -3.9
Petroleum and coal products... 113.9 117.3 116.2 114.7 112.6 113.8 114.6 114.1 113.8 113.5 -.3
Chemicals..................... 858.5 859.3 851.8 850.6 860.7 859.8 857.1 855.4 852.6 852.9 .3
Plastics and rubber products.. 746.5 730.8 726.2 716.3 745.9 733.9 730.2 726.4 722.8 716.7 -6.1
Service-providing........... 116,513 115,456 115,752 116,279 115,876 116,126 116,113 116,056 115,855 115,747 -108
Private service-providing.. 93,884 94,077 93,466 93,451 93,614 93,663 93,611 93,542 93,382 93,251 -131
Trade, transportation, and
utilities...................... 26,690 26,331 26,204 26,246 26,644 26,431 26,393 26,346 26,278 26,211 -67
Wholesale trade................ 6,077.0 6,025.4 6,007.8 5,989.4 6,069.8 6,034.6 6,017.6 6,007.1 6,005.2 5,983.7 -21.5
Durable goods................. 3,147.8 3,094.9 3,081.5 3,065.0 3,147.4 3,103.6 3,094.3 3,084.9 3,082.2 3,064.1 -18.1
Nondurable goods.............. 2,093.6 2,083.0 2,076.3 2,077.2 2,086.5 2,088.4 2,078.4 2,075.2 2,071.7 2,070.0 -1.7
Electronic markets and agents
and brokers.................. 835.6 847.5 850.0 847.2 835.9 842.6 844.9 847.0 851.3 849.6 -1.7
Retail trade...................15,469.3 15,274.7 15,125.2 15,191.1 15,469.1 15,324.2 15,302.4 15,274.7 15,229.9 15,191.8 -38.1
Motor vehicle and parts
dealers(1)................... 1,918.3 1,871.1 1,855.1 1,824.6 1,911.9 1,883.3 1,870.6 1,853.2 1,842.0 1,820.6 -21.4
Automobile dealers........... 1,250.8 1,197.5 1,187.2 1,162.9 1,247.4 1,215.2 1,204.3 1,189.6 1,180.3 1,160.0 -20.3
Furniture and home furnishings
stores....................... 579.5 560.8 555.6 559.9 577.3 568.9 569.2 566.4 563.5 560.3 -3.2
Electronics and appliance
stores....................... 538.3 527.5 524.1 533.6 537.1 534.9 535.2 535.3 532.6 532.4 -.2
Building material and garden
supply stores................ 1,272.9 1,256.1 1,231.5 1,226.3 1,285.4 1,238.2 1,230.1 1,237.0 1,237.3 1,235.0 -2.3
Food and beverage stores...... 2,863.6 2,879.0 2,855.3 2,860.6 2,859.6 2,879.2 2,879.5 2,871.5 2,863.8 2,870.0 6.2
Health and personal care
stores....................... 989.8 983.7 981.2 981.7 991.0 990.4 990.0 985.1 985.5 983.6 -1.9
Gasoline stations............. 862.5 851.4 838.9 835.7 862.0 844.4 841.3 839.8 833.9 835.6 1.7
Clothing and clothing
accessories stores........... 1,491.7 1,517.8 1,464.0 1,482.3 1,500.9 1,494.8 1,494.8 1,495.8 1,494.1 1,493.4 -.7
Sporting goods, hobby, book,
and music stores............. 662.4 648.8 652.9 667.6 664.0 654.5 649.3 659.5 660.5 664.6 4.1
General merchandise stores(1). 2,967.5 2,904.7 2,881.3 2,913.7 2,975.8 2,939.6 2,948.4 2,941.1 2,926.9 2,908.4 -18.5
Department stores............ 1,563.0 1,474.3 1,459.1 1,481.7 1,568.5 1,516.3 1,517.2 1,507.0 1,493.8 1,475.8 -18.0
Miscellaneous store retailers. 874.6 853.2 856.0 863.2 869.0 858.9 857.4 856.4 856.6 857.0 .4
Nonstore retailers............ 448.2 420.6 429.3 441.9 435.1 437.1 436.6 433.6 433.2 430.9 -2.3
Transportation and warehousing. 4,588.1 4,468.6 4,510.9 4,502.7 4,548.7 4,514.0 4,513.6 4,505.1 4,481.1 4,471.9 -9.2
Air transportation............ 496.9 494.4 487.9 482.5 495.2 497.6 495.2 490.9 486.3 483.8 -2.5
Rail transportation........... 233.9 232.5 233.0 233.0 234.0 230.0 232.1 230.6 232.2 232.2 .0
Water transportation.......... 65.0 64.0 61.7 60.4 64.9 61.8 61.9 60.7 60.1 59.7 -.4
Truck transportation.......... 1,449.7 1,420.2 1,408.1 1,400.9 1,433.6 1,400.1 1,398.3 1,400.1 1,390.5 1,385.9 -4.6
Transit and ground passenger
transportation............... 432.0 351.2 417.8 424.9 417.4 416.4 417.1 416.5 409.2 410.2 1.0
Pipeline transportation....... 40.3 43.2 43.1 43.3 40.3 42.8 43.3 43.0 43.4 43.8 .4
Scenic and sightseeing
transportation............... 30.8 38.9 35.0 31.9 30.3 31.3 30.6 30.9 31.0 31.8 .8
Support activities for
transportation............... 590.3 591.2 590.0 592.9 589.9 587.0 590.3 590.8 590.3 590.4 .1
Couriers and messengers....... 577.2 576.5 577.4 574.8 577.9 587.7 586.5 585.8 583.6 582.1 -1.5
Warehousing and storage....... 672.0 656.5 656.9 658.1 665.2 659.3 658.3 655.8 654.5 652.0 -2.5
Utilities...................... 555.5 562.2 560.5 563.0 556.1 558.1 559.8 559.2 561.4 563.2 1.8
Information..................... 3,015 2,987 2,967 2,967 3,027 2,997 2,988 2,984 2,981 2,981 0
Publishing industries, except
Internet..................... 893.4 871.3 865.7 865.9 894.6 877.0 873.0 870.4 868.7 867.2 -1.5
Motion picture and sound
recording industries......... 372.4 383.5 375.1 376.5 380.5 382.0 379.1 379.4 381.3 386.3 5.0
Broadcasting, except Internet. 325.1 319.1 318.0 319.3 324.8 319.6 320.4 318.4 317.6 319.5 1.9
Telecommunications............ 1,022.5 1,015.1 1,010.9 1,004.6 1,023.6 1,018.9 1,016.1 1,016.0 1,014.1 1,007.3 -6.8
Data processing, hosting and
related services............. 271.9 266.2 265.9 267.3 273.2 269.8 268.3 268.0 267.9 267.8 -.1
Other information services.... 129.4 132.1 131.0 132.9 130.0 130.0 130.8 131.7 131.8 132.9 1.1
Financial activities............ 8,270 8,257 8,176 8,143 8,283 8,213 8,206 8,196 8,180 8,156 -24
Finance and insurance.......... 6,115.8 6,086.7 6,048.2 6,037.6 6,124.5 6,088.0 6,081.1 6,075.1 6,064.7 6,050.2 -14.5
Monetary authorities - central
bank......................... 20.7 21.0 20.8 20.1 20.8 20.9 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.4 -.4
Credit intermediation and
related activities(1)........ 2,836.4 2,789.0 2,776.4 2,766.5 2,844.8 2,794.0 2,788.6 2,784.7 2,788.0 2,776.4 -11.6
Depository credit
intermediation(1)........... 1,823.7 1,820.5 1,805.4 1,805.0 1,829.3 1,818.1 1,815.3 1,813.2 1,810.8 1,808.0 -2.8
Commercial banking.......... 1,345.8 1,344.8 1,333.9 1,333.7 1,350.1 1,343.1 1,340.9 1,339.4 1,338.4 1,336.9 -1.5
Securities, commodity
contracts, investments....... 855.9 864.8 851.4 847.6 855.0 866.0 860.6 860.9 851.6 846.0 -5.6
Insurance carriers and related
activities................... 2,314.6 2,323.4 2,311.2 2,314.9 2,315.3 2,319.2 2,323.2 2,320.3 2,316.0 2,318.5 2.5
Funds, trusts, and other
financial vehicles........... 88.2 88.5 88.4 88.5 88.6 87.9 87.8 88.4 88.3 88.9 .6
Real estate and rental and
leasing....................... 2,154.3 2,169.9 2,127.6 2,105.3 2,158.6 2,125.1 2,125.3 2,121.3 2,115.3 2,106.2 -9.1
Real estate................... 1,486.8 1,498.1 1,468.0 1,460.7 1,489.1 1,466.2 1,463.7 1,465.6 1,461.7 1,459.7 -2.0
Rental and leasing services... 637.8 639.6 627.2 613.0 639.7 627.2 629.3 623.8 621.5 614.7 -6.8
Lessors of nonfinancial
intangible assets............ 29.7 32.2 32.4 31.6 29.8 31.7 32.3 31.9 32.1 31.8 -.3
Professional and business
services....................... 18,232 18,022 17,932 17,912 18,070 17,927 17,904 17,854 17,815 17,770 -45
Professional and technical
services(1)................... 7,718.6 7,818.1 7,783.3 7,823.0 7,759.3 7,850.3 7,855.4 7,859.5 7,865.4 7,877.9 12.5
Legal services............... 1,177.8 1,170.4 1,156.9 1,163.1 1,179.7 1,171.3 1,168.8 1,166.6 1,165.0 1,163.9 -1.1
Accounting and bookkeeping
services.................... 902.7 894.0 898.1 902.1 971.3 978.0 976.3 977.7 976.3 977.4 1.1
Architectural and engineering
services.................... 1,459.7 1,486.2 1,463.5 1,464.2 1,451.1 1,466.2 1,466.0 1,464.2 1,458.1 1,457.7 -.4
Computer systems design and
related services............ 1,383.5 1,426.3 1,425.8 1,437.9 1,380.0 1,411.7 1,419.7 1,424.5 1,429.0 1,434.5 5.5
Management and technical
consulting services......... 981.4 1,025.7 1,031.3 1,031.2 974.8 1,014.6 1,019.0 1,019.8 1,028.2 1,028.5 .3
Management of companies and
enterprises................... 1,850.6 1,841.3 1,824.5 1,826.4 1,860.9 1,837.8 1,830.2 1,832.1 1,828.3 1,827.8 -.5
Administrative and waste
services...................... 8,662.3 8,362.3 8,323.8 8,262.8 8,449.6 8,239.2 8,218.1 8,162.7 8,121.1 8,064.3 -56.8
Administrative and support
services(1).................. 8,303.7 7,987.0 7,953.5 7,888.7 8,092.2 7,873.5 7,852.3 7,793.5 7,752.1 7,692.4 -59.7
Employment services(1)....... 3,723.9 3,374.7 3,379.5 3,336.1 3,567.7 3,363.3 3,339.9 3,285.8 3,250.9 3,200.1 -50.8
Temporary help services..... 2,718.8 2,416.6 2,431.3 2,394.9 2,592.0 2,415.3 2,391.6 2,353.5 2,325.3 2,291.7 -33.6
Business support services.... 801.2 775.2 777.9 792.5 798.5 785.2 786.2 785.6 786.2 787.2 1.0
Services to buildings and
dwellings................... 1,911.1 1,969.2 1,928.9 1,897.5 1,866.3 1,867.4 1,864.4 1,861.8 1,858.3 1,853.1 -5.2
Waste management and
remediation services......... 358.6 375.3 370.3 374.1 357.4 365.7 365.8 369.2 369.0 371.9 2.9
Education and health services... 18,669 18,658 18,911 19,200 18,490 18,891 18,935 18,997 18,981 19,002 21
Educational services........... 3,143.4 2,791.7 3,035.1 3,238.3 2,974.9 3,099.2 3,111.6 3,126.6 3,079.5 3,068.3 -11.2
Health care and social
assistance....................15,525.4 15,866.3 15,876.1 15,961.4 15,515.1 15,791.3 15,823.3 15,870.8 15,901.9 15,933.8 31.9
Health care(3)................13,066.9 13,404.2 13,377.0 13,430.0 13,060.1 13,298.3 13,333.1 13,363.4 13,381.9 13,407.9 26.0
Ambulatory health care
services(1)................. 5,550.3 5,716.4 5,713.1 5,747.0 5,547.3 5,667.7 5,693.2 5,703.8 5,718.0 5,729.8 11.8
Offices of physicians....... 2,228.1 2,285.6 2,285.9 2,302.7 2,226.1 2,273.1 2,281.1 2,282.7 2,288.8 2,294.8 6.0
Outpatient care centers..... 511.0 522.5 516.5 520.6 511.4 516.7 520.3 522.2 518.6 521.5 2.9
Home health care services... 931.1 967.4 969.0 976.4 930.3 954.5 960.8 963.4 967.1 969.5 2.4
Hospitals.................... 4,552.0 4,684.8 4,678.9 4,689.7 4,549.7 4,642.9 4,653.5 4,669.1 4,676.4 4,686.5 10.1
Nursing and residential care
facilities(1)............... 2,964.6 3,003.0 2,985.0 2,993.3 2,963.1 2,987.7 2,986.4 2,990.5 2,987.5 2,991.6 4.1
Nursing care facilities..... 1,605.7 1,612.0 1,603.1 1,607.5 1,603.1 1,608.9 1,606.5 1,607.4 1,602.8 1,605.7 2.9
Social assistance(1).......... 2,458.5 2,462.1 2,499.1 2,531.4 2,455.0 2,493.0 2,490.2 2,507.4 2,520.0 2,525.9 5.9
Child day care services...... 863.1 806.4 855.9 874.0 853.3 848.8 842.2 850.5 860.1 860.0 -.1
Leisure and hospitality......... 13,530 14,256 13,765 13,475 13,604 13,679 13,655 13,639 13,618 13,602 -16
Arts, entertainment, and
recreation.................... 1,956.7 2,265.3 2,046.9 1,945.4 1,996.4 2,011.7 1,999.5 2,004.0 1,997.8 2,001.8 4.0
Performing arts and spectator
sports....................... 425.1 464.2 435.5 418.8 419.0 438.0 433.1 432.9 427.5 429.2 1.7
Museums, historical sites,
zoos, and parks.............. 133.3 143.0 132.5 129.9 131.9 132.7 132.1 131.7 130.2 129.4 -.8
Amusements, gambling, and
recreation................... 1,398.3 1,658.1 1,478.9 1,396.7 1,445.5 1,441.0 1,434.3 1,439.4 1,440.1 1,443.2 3.1
Accommodation and food services11,573.2 11,990.2 11,717.9 11,529.2 11,607.5 11,667.4 11,655.6 11,634.6 11,619.7 11,600.3 -19.4
Accommodation................. 1,845.8 1,956.7 1,856.6 1,796.3 1,863.6 1,843.4 1,835.8 1,824.9 1,820.2 1,812.1 -8.1
Food services and drinking
places....................... 9,727.4 10,033.5 9,861.3 9,732.9 9,743.9 9,824.0 9,819.8 9,809.7 9,799.5 9,788.2 -11.3
Other services.................. 5,478 5,566 5,511 5,508 5,496 5,525 5,530 5,526 5,529 5,529 0
Repair and maintenance........ 1,257.4 1,237.5 1,236.5 1,227.4 1,260.1 1,245.6 1,243.8 1,233.9 1,235.1 1,232.3 -2.8
Personal and laundry services. 1,297.3 1,325.5 1,319.6 1,316.2 1,303.4 1,312.8 1,315.1 1,318.5 1,320.2 1,319.6 -.6
Membership associations and
organizations................ 2,922.8 3,002.8 2,954.5 2,963.9 2,932.8 2,966.5 2,970.8 2,973.6 2,974.1 2,976.6 2.5
Government...................... 22,629 21,379 22,286 22,828 22,262 22,463 22,502 22,514 22,473 22,496 23
Federal........................ 2,722 2,767 2,756 2,761 2,722 2,744 2,750 2,748 2,750 2,756 6
Federal, except U.S. Postal
Service...................... 1,964.5 2,047.1 2,038.8 2,037.4 1,963.5 2,013.1 2,018.6 2,025.2 2,031.4 2,038.8 7.4
U.S. Postal Service........... 757.8 719.4 717.4 723.3 758.3 731.0 731.5 722.4 718.7 716.7 -2.0
State government............... 5,280 4,958 5,202 5,335 5,138 5,179 5,193 5,210 5,197 5,193 -4
State government education.... 2,476.6 2,099.5 2,384.0 2,524.8 2,325.9 2,354.3 2,366.7 2,378.8 2,371.5 2,367.0 -4.5
State government, excluding
education.................... 2,803.7 2,858.2 2,817.5 2,810.6 2,812.4 2,824.9 2,826.5 2,831.2 2,825.7 2,826.1 .4
Local government............... 14,627 13,654 14,328 14,732 14,402 14,540 14,559 14,556 14,526 14,547 21
Local government education.... 8,258.6 6,999.3 7,843.2 8,287.1 7,994.6 8,053.2 8,072.5 8,058.6 8,032.2 8,055.4 23.2
Local government, excluding
education.................... 6,368.4 6,654.4 6,485.0 6,444.4 6,406.9 6,486.8 6,486.5 6,497.4 6,494.0 6,491.3 -2.7
1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3 Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002.
See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers(1) on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector
and selected industry detail
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. from:
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Sept. 2008-
Oct. 2008p
Total private......................... 33.8 33.9 33.6 33.6 33.8 33.7 33.7 33.7 33.6 33.6 0.0
Goods-producing........................... 40.9 40.6 40.3 40.2 40.6 40.3 40.3 40.3 40.0 40.0 .0
Natural resources and mining.................. 46.7 45.7 44.9 44.8 46.0 45.0 44.8 45.3 44.4 44.5 .1
Construction.................................. 39.6 39.5 38.9 38.8 39.0 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.4 38.3 -.1
Manufacturing................................. 41.4 41.0 40.9 40.7 41.2 41.0 41.0 40.9 40.6 40.6 .0
Overtime hours............................. 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.6 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 .0
Durable goods................................ 41.7 41.3 41.1 40.9 41.5 41.2 41.3 41.2 40.8 40.8 .0
Overtime hours............................. 4.3 3.9 3.7 3.5 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 .0
Wood products............................... 39.7 39.4 39.0 38.0 39.5 39.3 39.0 38.9 38.4 37.9 -.5
Nonmetallic mineral products................ 43.1 43.1 42.8 42.3 42.6 42.1 42.5 42.3 42.0 42.0 .0
Primary metals.............................. 42.5 42.7 42.5 41.9 42.6 42.5 42.4 42.7 42.3 42.2 -.1
Fabricated metal products................... 42.0 41.4 41.4 41.2 41.7 41.2 41.2 41.3 41.2 41.1 -.1
Machinery................................... 43.1 42.5 42.3 42.1 42.9 42.1 42.1 42.7 42.3 42.2 -.1
Computer and electronic products............ 40.8 41.0 41.2 40.9 40.6 41.2 41.1 41.0 40.8 40.8 .0
Electrical equipment and appliances......... 41.1 40.8 41.3 41.1 40.7 41.0 40.9 41.0 41.1 40.8 -.3
Transportation equipment.................... 42.8 42.0 41.2 41.6 42.7 42.2 42.6 41.8 40.9 41.5 .6
Motor vehicles and parts(2)................ 42.4 41.1 41.5 40.6 42.2 41.6 42.1 40.4 41.0 40.7 -.3
Furniture and related products.............. 39.1 38.8 38.1 37.5 39.1 39.0 38.3 38.1 37.7 37.7 .0
Miscellaneous manufacturing................. 39.1 39.6 39.0 38.7 39.0 39.2 39.1 39.5 38.9 38.9 .0
Nondurable goods............................. 41.0 40.5 40.7 40.5 40.8 40.5 40.5 40.4 40.3 40.3 .0
Overtime hours............................. 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 .0
Food manufacturing.......................... 41.2 40.7 41.1 40.9 40.8 40.6 40.5 40.5 40.4 40.6 .2
Beverages and tobacco products.............. 40.2 38.6 37.8 37.1 40.6 39.0 38.9 38.2 38.1 37.7 -.4
Textile mills............................... 39.9 39.7 39.6 38.0 40.2 38.9 39.4 39.5 38.9 38.3 -.6
Textile product mills....................... 38.9 39.1 38.5 38.0 39.2 39.1 39.2 38.8 38.4 38.3 -.1
Apparel..................................... 36.8 36.4 35.8 36.0 36.6 36.4 37.0 36.4 36.0 35.9 -.1
Leather and allied products................. 37.9 37.2 37.7 37.4 37.7 38.5 38.4 37.6 37.9 37.7 -.2
Paper and paper products.................... 43.6 42.9 43.1 42.8 43.3 42.7 42.6 43.0 42.6 42.7 .1
Printing and related support activities..... 39.1 38.4 38.8 38.7 38.8 38.1 38.0 38.3 38.3 38.3 .0
Petroleum and coal products................. 43.1 45.4 46.1 46.8 42.9 44.4 45.4 45.5 45.5 45.8 .3
Chemicals................................... 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.9 41.5 41.4 41.6 .2
Plastics and rubber products................ 41.7 41.0 41.1 40.6 41.7 41.1 41.3 41.0 40.8 40.6 -.2
Private service-providing................ 32.3 32.5 32.3 32.3 32.4 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.3 32.3 .0
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 33.2 33.4 33.4 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.2 33.2 33.2 33.1 -.1
Wholesale trade.............................. 38.1 38.3 38.1 38.2 38.1 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.1 38.3 .2
Retail trade................................. 30.1 30.3 30.4 29.8 30.1 30.1 30.0 30.0 30.1 29.9 -.2
Transportation and warehousing............... 36.7 36.7 36.6 36.5 36.7 36.5 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.5 .1
Utilities.................................... 42.5 42.0 42.8 42.8 42.2 42.8 42.4 42.2 42.5 42.6 .1
Information................................... 36.2 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.2 36.6 36.7 36.8 36.8 36.8 .0
Financial activities.......................... 35.5 35.9 35.7 35.7 35.7 35.9 35.7 36.1 36.0 35.9 -.1
Professional and business services............ 34.8 35.0 34.7 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.8 34.9 34.8 34.9 .1
Education and health services................. 32.5 32.6 32.5 32.4 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.5 .0
Leisure and hospitality....................... 25.3 25.8 25.0 25.1 25.4 25.3 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 .0
Other services................................ 30.8 31.1 30.8 30.9 30.8 30.8 30.8 30.9 30.8 30.9 .1
1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the
total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002.
See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers(1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct.
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2008 2008p 2008p
Total private........................... $17.60 $18.05 $18.21 $18.22 $594.88 $611.90 $611.86 $612.19
Seasonally adjusted.................... 17.59 18.14 18.17 18.21 594.54 611.32 610.51 611.86
Goods-producing............................. 18.86 19.50 19.61 19.60 771.37 791.70 790.28 787.92
Natural resources and mining.................... 21.02 23.03 23.15 23.06 981.63 1052.47 1039.44 1033.09
Construction.................................... 21.25 22.15 22.34 22.31 841.50 874.93 869.03 865.63
Manufacturing................................... 17.34 17.73 17.83 17.82 717.88 726.93 729.25 725.27
Durable goods.................................. 18.30 18.69 18.79 18.77 763.11 771.90 772.27 767.69
Wood products................................. 13.81 14.22 14.35 14.43 548.26 560.27 559.65 548.34
Nonmetallic mineral products.................. 16.94 16.86 16.97 16.95 730.11 726.67 726.32 716.99
Primary metals................................ 19.81 20.27 20.36 19.98 841.93 865.53 865.30 837.16
Fabricated metal products..................... 16.69 17.07 17.15 17.15 700.98 706.70 710.01 706.58
Machinery..................................... 17.68 17.94 18.04 18.00 762.01 762.45 763.09 757.80
Computer and electronic products.............. 20.28 21.25 21.30 21.41 827.42 871.25 877.56 875.67
Electrical equipment and appliances........... 15.80 15.95 16.02 15.80 649.38 650.76 661.63 649.38
Transportation equipment...................... 23.20 23.81 23.99 24.05 992.96 1000.02 988.39 1000.48
Furniture and related products................ 14.36 14.59 14.54 14.53 561.48 566.09 553.97 544.88
Miscellaneous manufacturing................... 14.70 15.33 15.41 15.41 574.77 607.07 600.99 596.37
Nondurable goods............................... 15.71 16.14 16.28 16.29 644.11 653.67 662.60 659.75
Food manufacturing............................ 13.61 14.00 14.12 14.08 560.73 569.80 580.33 575.87
Beverages and tobacco products................ 18.69 18.43 18.83 19.12 751.34 711.40 711.77 709.35
Textile mills................................. 12.93 13.68 13.72 13.75 515.91 543.10 543.31 522.50
Textile product mills......................... 11.75 11.78 11.81 11.67 457.08 460.60 454.69 443.46
Apparel....................................... 11.16 11.28 11.47 11.40 410.69 410.59 410.63 410.40
Leather and allied products................... 12.10 12.94 12.94 13.00 458.59 481.37 487.84 486.20
Paper and paper products...................... 18.50 18.76 18.98 18.93 806.60 804.80 818.04 810.20
Printing and related support activities....... 16.48 16.84 16.94 16.98 644.37 646.66 657.27 657.13
Petroleum and coal products................... 24.92 27.86 28.43 28.96 1074.05 1264.84 1310.62 1355.33
Chemicals..................................... 19.35 19.58 19.79 19.65 801.09 812.57 821.29 817.44
Plastics and rubber products.................. 15.41 15.84 15.89 15.97 642.60 649.44 653.08 648.38
Private service-providing.................. 17.27 17.69 17.86 17.88 557.82 574.93 576.88 577.52
Trade, transportation, and utilities............ 15.94 16.24 16.30 16.25 529.21 542.42 544.42 537.88
Wholesale trade................................ 19.75 20.23 20.21 20.18 752.48 774.81 770.00 770.88
Retail trade................................... 12.85 12.95 13.03 12.89 386.79 392.39 396.11 384.12
Transportation and warehousing................. 17.89 18.50 18.54 18.53 656.56 678.95 678.56 676.35
Utilities...................................... 28.44 28.64 28.92 28.84 1208.70 1202.88 1237.78 1234.35
Information..................................... 24.15 24.81 25.03 25.03 874.23 915.49 926.11 923.61
Financial activities............................ 19.79 20.30 20.46 20.45 702.55 728.77 730.42 730.07
Professional and business services.............. 20.19 21.06 21.27 21.38 702.61 737.10 738.07 746.16
Education and health services................... 18.33 18.84 18.95 18.89 595.73 614.18 615.88 612.04
Leisure and hospitality......................... 10.61 10.79 10.89 10.90 268.43 278.38 272.25 273.59
Other services.................................. 15.55 15.84 15.94 15.93 478.94 492.62 490.95 492.24
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002.
See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers(1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail, seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. change from:
2007 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Sept.2008-
Oct. 2008p
Total private:
Current dollars........................ $17.59 $18.00 $18.06 $18.14 $18.17 $18.21 0.2
Constant (1982) dollars(2)............. 8.34 8.17 8.12 8.17 8.19 N.A. (3)
Goods-producing............................. 18.77 19.25 19.33 19.41 19.47 19.52 .3
Natural resources and mining.................... 21.05 22.01 22.54 23.02 23.14 23.20 .3
Construction.................................... 21.07 21.77 21.84 22.01 22.10 22.14 .2
Manufacturing................................... 17.34 17.71 17.78 17.76 17.80 17.85 .3
Excluding overtime(4)........................ 16.52 16.93 16.99 16.99 17.04 17.09 .3
Durable goods.................................. 18.28 18.67 18.75 18.70 18.73 18.78 .3
Nondurable goods............................... 15.73 16.11 16.14 16.18 16.26 16.33 .4
Private service-providing.................. 17.28 17.69 17.74 17.82 17.85 17.90 .3
Trade, transportation, and utilities............ 15.94 16.19 16.20 16.26 16.23 16.25 .1
Wholesale trade................................ 19.77 20.12 20.16 20.29 20.23 20.23 .0
Retail trade................................... 12.86 12.90 12.90 12.93 12.91 12.89 -.2
Transportation and warehousing................. 17.86 18.39 18.41 18.47 18.48 18.56 .4
Utilities...................................... 28.32 29.14 28.65 28.88 28.82 28.80 -.1
Information..................................... 24.10 24.74 24.82 24.91 24.91 24.98 .3
Financial activities............................ 19.78 20.26 20.30 20.38 20.46 20.48 .1
Professional and business services.............. 20.31 21.01 21.12 21.30 21.39 21.50 .5
Education and health services................... 18.34 18.75 18.81 18.85 18.90 18.93 .2
Leisure and hospitality......................... 10.60 10.85 10.86 10.89 10.90 10.91 .1
Other services.................................. 15.59 15.85 15.90 15.92 15.94 15.98 .3
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series.
3 Change was 0.2 percent from Aug. 2008 to Sept. 2008, the latest month available.
4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half.
N.A. = not available.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002.
See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory workers(1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
(2002=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. change from:
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Sept. 2008-
Oct. 2008p
Total private......................... 108.2 108.4 106.7 106.4 107.7 107.0 106.9 106.8 106.2 105.9 -0.3
Goods-producing........................... 103.5 100.1 98.2 96.6 101.4 97.6 97.2 96.9 95.7 94.8 -.9
Natural resources and mining.................. 137.5 147.9 145.5 145.7 133.5 137.0 138.3 143.0 141.3 142.4 .8
Construction.................................. 120.0 114.8 111.0 109.2 114.5 107.3 106.7 106.8 105.2 103.9 -1.2
Manufacturing................................. 94.6 91.4 90.5 88.7 93.9 91.6 91.2 90.5 89.3 88.4 -1.0
Durable goods................................ 97.6 93.3 92.0 89.9 97.2 93.9 93.6 92.6 91.0 89.8 -1.3
Wood products............................... 89.0 82.9 80.1 75.9 88.2 81.6 80.5 79.4 77.6 75.6 -2.6
Nonmetallic mineral products................ 100.8 98.7 96.3 95.0 98.4 94.5 94.2 94.3 92.7 93.1 .4
Primary metals.............................. 89.9 88.7 88.6 86.6 90.3 89.4 89.0 88.7 88.1 87.6 -.6
Fabricated metal products................... 106.0 102.2 101.3 99.6 105.2 101.7 101.2 101.6 100.5 99.2 -1.3
Machinery................................... 105.0 103.2 101.5 100.6 104.6 102.6 102.9 103.7 101.9 101.2 -.7
Computer and electronic products............ 101.9 101.5 101.2 99.3 101.3 102.3 101.6 101.3 100.1 99.2 -.9
Electrical equipment and appliances......... 88.4 88.1 88.2 87.6 87.9 88.4 88.3 88.0 87.7 87.2 -.6
Transportation equipment.................... 96.9 86.8 84.5 81.4 96.9 91.0 90.9 86.4 83.8 81.7 -2.5
Motor vehicles and parts(2)................ 83.9 70.4 70.2 66.3 83.9 75.4 75.9 69.2 69.1 67.3 -2.6
Furniture and related products.............. 84.9 77.6 75.1 71.5 85.4 79.3 77.2 75.5 74.0 72.4 -2.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing................. 91.0 91.3 89.8 89.2 90.6 89.8 89.5 90.9 89.5 89.4 -.1
Nondurable goods............................. 90.1 88.4 88.4 87.0 89.0 87.7 87.3 87.0 86.5 86.1 -.5
Food manufacturing.......................... 103.7 103.3 104.6 103.1 100.9 100.5 99.9 100.2 100.1 100.7 .6
Beverages and tobacco products.............. 99.4 93.1 91.1 88.8 98.3 90.5 89.5 87.6 87.3 86.4 -1.0
Textile mills............................... 54.2 49.0 48.4 45.7 54.6 48.8 48.8 48.9 47.6 46.3 -2.7
Textile product mills....................... 74.1 71.4 71.0 69.7 74.5 72.5 72.6 70.9 70.8 70.3 -.7
Apparel..................................... 58.9 56.7 55.6 53.7 58.5 55.8 56.9 56.3 54.7 53.4 -2.4
Leather and allied products................. 70.9 73.3 75.5 74.4 69.5 74.3 72.6 74.3 74.4 73.7 -.9
Paper and paper products.................... 86.8 85.7 85.3 84.2 86.3 85.3 84.9 85.3 84.2 84.3 .1
Printing and related support activities..... 92.0 86.9 87.1 86.1 91.0 86.6 85.8 86.6 86.1 85.0 -1.3
Petroleum and coal products................. 97.7 105.6 106.8 106.5 95.6 98.5 101.5 102.4 102.3 102.6 .3
Chemicals................................... 92.9 95.9 94.5 94.5 93.8 97.1 96.9 95.5 94.6 95.3 .7
Plastics and rubber products................ 91.2 87.5 87.2 84.6 91.0 88.3 88.3 87.1 86.0 84.5 -1.7
Private service-providing................. 109.5 110.6 109.2 109.2 109.5 109.7 109.3 109.6 109.1 108.9 -.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 104.8 104.2 103.6 102.9 104.6 104.3 103.8 103.6 103.3 102.7 -.6
Wholesale trade.............................. 110.6 110.3 109.3 109.4 110.5 110.5 110.5 110.0 109.2 109.5 .3
Retail trade................................. 101.2 100.7 99.9 98.4 101.3 100.3 99.9 99.7 99.7 98.7 -1.0
Transportation and warehousing............... 110.1 107.9 108.8 108.3 108.9 108.4 108.2 107.7 107.3 107.2 -.1
Utilities.................................... 96.7 97.6 99.2 99.0 96.2 98.7 97.9 97.4 98.6 98.8 .2
Information................................... 98.9 100.4 100.0 99.9 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.3 100.6 .3
Financial activities.......................... 107.3 109.4 107.8 107.5 108.1 108.6 107.9 109.2 108.8 108.3 -.5
Professional and business services............ 117.6 116.6 115.0 115.5 116.3 115.3 115.1 115.0 114.4 114.2 -.2
Education and health services................. 114.3 114.9 116.1 117.5 113.6 116.2 116.5 116.9 116.5 116.7 .2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 110.8 119.5 111.6 109.6 111.9 112.0 111.5 111.4 111.3 111.1 -.2
Other services................................ 98.8 101.5 99.4 99.7 99.2 99.5 99.6 100.0 99.8 100.1 .3
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours
by the corresponding 2002 annual average levels. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average
weekly hours and production and nonsupervisory worker employment.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002.
See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls of production and nonsupervisory workers(1) on private nonfarm payrolls
by industry sector and selected industry detail
(2002=100)
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Percent
Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. change from:
2007 2008 2008p 2008p 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008p 2008p Sept. 2008-
Oct. 2008p
Total private......................... 127.3 130.8 129.8 129.5 126.6 128.7 129.0 129.4 129.0 128.9 -0.1
Goods-producing........................... 119.6 119.5 118.0 116.0 116.6 115.1 115.0 115.2 114.1 113.3 -.7
Natural resources and mining.................. 168.1 198.1 196.0 195.4 163.4 175.4 181.3 191.4 190.2 192.1 1.0
Construction.................................. 137.6 137.3 133.9 131.5 130.3 126.2 125.9 126.9 125.5 124.2 -1.0
Manufacturing................................. 107.3 106.0 105.6 103.4 106.5 106.1 106.0 105.1 103.9 103.2 -.7
Durable goods................................ 111.6 108.9 107.9 105.4 110.9 109.4 109.6 108.1 106.4 105.3 -1.0
Nondurable goods............................. 100.0 100.8 101.7 100.2 98.9 99.8 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.4 .0
Private service-providing................. 129.6 134.2 133.7 133.8 129.7 133.0 133.0 133.9 133.5 133.6 .1
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 119.2 120.7 120.5 119.3 119.0 120.4 120.0 120.2 119.6 119.0 -.5
Wholesale trade.............................. 128.7 131.5 130.1 130.0 128.6 131.0 131.2 131.5 130.1 130.4 .2
Retail trade................................. 111.5 111.8 111.6 108.7 111.6 110.9 110.4 110.5 110.4 109.1 -1.2
Transportation and warehousing............... 125.0 126.6 127.9 127.3 123.4 126.4 126.3 126.2 125.8 126.2 .3
Utilities.................................... 114.8 116.6 119.7 119.2 113.7 120.0 117.1 117.5 118.6 118.7 .1
Information................................... 118.2 123.3 123.9 123.8 118.6 122.5 122.9 123.6 123.7 124.4 .6
Financial activities.......................... 131.3 137.4 136.3 135.9 132.3 136.0 135.5 137.6 137.6 137.2 -.3
Professional and business services............ 141.3 146.1 145.6 146.9 140.5 144.2 144.7 145.7 145.6 146.1 .3
Education and health services................. 137.7 142.3 144.6 145.9 137.0 143.2 144.1 144.9 144.8 145.2 .3
Leisure and hospitality....................... 133.6 146.4 138.0 135.6 134.7 138.1 137.5 137.8 137.7 137.6 -.1
Other services................................ 111.9 117.1 115.4 115.7 112.7 115.0 115.4 116.0 115.9 116.5 .5
1 See footnote 1, table B-2.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate
payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average levels. Aggregate payroll estimates are the product of estimates of
average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and production and nonsupervisory worker employment.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002.
See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for more details.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Diffusion indexes of employment change
(Percent)
Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 274 industries(1)
Over 1-month span:
2004 .............. 50.5 50.5 64.1 62.6 61.7 58.9 56.0 50.0 56.9 56.9 51.3 51.8
2005 .............. 52.2 60.6 54.2 58.2 55.8 58.2 58.0 61.3 54.7 53.6 62.4 54.7
2006 .............. 65.1 60.9 64.4 59.3 53.3 52.7 60.4 58.9 53.5 55.8 57.1 56.0
2007 .............. 51.6 51.8 52.7 51.1 56.6 50.4 52.2 51.6 56.4 54.6 48.2 48.5
2008 .............. 45.4 41.4 47.4 45.6 46.4 42.3 38.3 46.2 p38.1 p37.6
Over 3-month span:
2004 .............. 54.4 52.9 57.3 63.5 68.8 66.6 61.3 56.4 57.7 59.5 61.9 54.6
2005 .............. 52.2 55.5 57.5 60.8 58.9 61.9 60.4 63.9 61.1 54.4 54.9 61.3
2006 .............. 67.2 66.2 66.6 65.5 60.6 58.2 56.0 58.9 55.7 56.4 57.1 58.4
2007 .............. 58.4 54.7 55.3 54.7 56.2 53.3 53.1 54.7 58.4 56.8 54.7 52.4
2008 .............. 46.7 42.7 42.3 44.0 43.1 44.0 36.3 37.4 p35.9 p37.0
Over 6-month span:
2004 .............. 50.0 51.6 55.3 60.9 63.7 65.1 65.1 63.9 60.4 61.7 58.2 56.0
2005 .............. 54.6 57.3 56.8 57.5 57.5 58.2 64.4 62.8 62.0 59.3 61.5 62.0
2006 .............. 63.1 64.4 67.2 67.0 64.4 66.4 61.5 61.7 60.4 59.7 60.8 56.0
2007 .............. 59.1 56.4 57.5 56.8 58.8 58.2 56.2 58.0 58.2 57.1 54.6 53.8
2008 .............. 51.5 49.8 44.7 46.5 43.6 39.1 37.6 39.1 p34.9 p33.8
Over 12-month span:
2004 .............. 40.5 42.3 45.1 48.9 51.3 58.2 57.5 55.7 57.3 58.8 60.6 60.8
2005 .............. 60.6 60.8 59.7 58.9 58.0 60.0 60.9 63.3 60.4 58.9 59.5 61.7
2006 .............. 67.2 65.1 65.5 62.6 64.8 66.4 64.4 64.4 66.2 65.1 64.4 65.5
2007 .............. 62.6 59.1 60.4 58.9 59.5 58.4 57.5 58.8 61.7 60.4 59.9 57.7
2008 .............. 53.8 54.6 52.6 50.4 49.3 45.8 44.7 42.5 p41.2 p37.2
Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries(1)
Over 1-month span:
2004 .............. 43.5 47.6 47.0 63.7 50.6 51.2 58.3 42.9 42.9 48.2 42.3 39.9
2005 .............. 36.3 48.8 42.9 44.6 42.3 35.1 38.1 47.0 45.8 46.4 47.0 47.0
2006 .............. 57.7 45.8 54.8 48.8 38.1 53.0 50.6 44.0 36.3 40.5 38.1 39.3
2007 .............. 47.6 35.7 30.4 29.8 37.5 39.3 41.7 33.3 40.5 45.2 44.6 36.3
2008 .............. 40.5 28.6 38.1 35.1 44.6 30.4 26.8 37.5 p26.2 p27.4
Over 3-month span:
2004 .............. 41.1 40.5 43.5 56.5 58.9 61.3 57.7 47.0 46.4 41.7 44.6 38.7
2005 .............. 38.1 39.3 42.3 44.6 36.3 37.5 33.3 39.9 45.8 41.7 38.7 49.4
2006 .............. 54.8 52.4 47.6 48.8 44.6 50.6 42.9 47.6 36.3 37.5 32.1 34.5
2007 .............. 33.9 28.6 32.1 27.4 29.8 32.7 31.0 34.5 32.1 39.3 44.0 41.7
2008 .............. 35.7 27.4 26.8 29.2 29.8 35.7 24.4 22.6 p22.6 p25.0
Over 6-month span:
2004 .............. 29.2 31.5 32.7 44.6 49.4 54.8 59.5 56.0 51.2 51.8 44.0 38.7
2005 .............. 33.9 38.1 35.1 36.9 32.1 32.1 41.7 35.7 36.3 36.9 37.5 42.3
2006 .............. 42.9 45.2 50.6 47.6 48.2 47.6 46.4 48.8 43.5 41.7 38.7 29.8
2007 .............. 34.5 27.4 23.8 27.4 31.5 34.5 33.3 31.0 29.2 35.1 34.5 32.7
2008 .............. 34.5 33.9 32.1 28.0 26.8 20.8 19.6 24.4 p18.5 p19.0
Over 12-month span:
2004 .............. 13.1 14.3 13.1 20.2 23.2 35.7 36.9 38.1 36.9 44.0 44.6 44.6
2005 .............. 44.6 43.5 41.7 40.5 36.3 35.1 32.1 33.9 32.7 33.3 33.3 38.1
2006 .............. 44.6 40.5 40.5 39.3 39.3 44.6 41.7 42.3 46.4 48.2 45.2 44.0
2007 .............. 39.3 36.3 36.9 28.6 29.8 26.2 26.8 29.2 30.4 29.8 33.3 33.9
2008 .............. 29.8 29.8 29.8 24.4 27.4 24.4 23.8 21.4 p22.6 p20.8
1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with
unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
Data reflect the conversion to the 2007 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, replacing NAICS 2002.
See http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesnaics07.htm for more details.
United States Department of Labor
