U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes News Release

Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                            USDL-23-0019
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 13, 2023

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Media contact:	       (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov


                         U.S. IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES - DECEMBER 2022

Prices for U.S. imports increased 0.4 percent in December, after declining 0.7 percent in November, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Higher nonfuel prices and fuel prices contributed to the 
December advance. U.S. export prices fell 2.6 percent in December following a 0.4-percent decrease the 
previous month.


Imports

U.S. import prices advanced 0.4 percent in December, the first monthly increase since the index rose 0.2 
percent in June 2022. The December advance followed a 4.6-percent decline from June to November. The 
price index for U.S. imports increased 3.5 percent over the past 12 months, driven by higher fuel and 
nonfuel prices. (See table 1.)

Fuel Imports: Import fuel prices increased 0.6 percent in December, after declining 3.7 percent in 
November. The December advance is the first monthly increase since the index rose 5.6 percent in June 
2022. Higher natural gas prices in December more than offset lower prices for petroleum. Import natural gas 
prices advanced 59.5 percent in December following a 1.5-percent increase in November. In contrast, 
petroleum prices declined 2.7 percent in December following a 4.0-percent drop in November. Prices for 
import fuel increased 19.4 percent from December 2021 to December 2022. Higher prices for both 
petroleum and natural gas drove the 12-month advance, rising 16.9 percent and 64.2 percent, respectively.

All Imports Excluding Fuel: Prices for nonfuel imports increased 0.4 percent in December, the first 1-
month advance since a 0.4-percent rise in April 2022. Higher prices for nonfuel industrial supplies and 
materials; consumer goods; foods, feeds, and beverages; capital goods; and automotive vehicles all 
contributed to the December increase. The price index for nonfuel imports rose 1.9 percent in 2022, the 
smallest calendar-year advance since a 1.9-percent increase in 2020.

Foods, Feeds, and Beverages: Import foods, feeds, and beverages prices rose 0.4 percent in December, after 
increasing 1.8 percent the previous month. The advance in December was led by an 11.1-percent increase in 
prices for feedstuff and foodgrains.

Nonfuel Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonfuel industrial supplies and materials prices rose 1.2 percent 
in December following a 2.1-percent decline in November. The December advance was the first monthly 
rise since the index increased 0.6 percent in April 2022. Higher prices for nonferrous metals and finished 
metals in December more than offset price decreases for chemicals and selected building materials.

Finished Goods: Import prices rose for each of the major finished goods categories in December. Consumer 
goods prices advanced 0.2 percent following declines of 0.2 percent in November, 0.3 percent in October, 
and 0.2 percent in September. The price index for capital goods ticked up 0.1 percent for the second 
consecutive month in December. Higher prices for industrial and service machinery in December more than 
offset lower prices for computers, peripherals, and semiconductors. Automotive vehicles prices ticked up 
0.1 percent in December.

Table A. Percent change in Import and Export Price Indexes, selected categories

Month	IMPORTS			EXPORTS
	All imports	Fuel imports	Nonfuel imports	All exports	Agri- cultural exports	Non- agricultural exports
2021
December	-0.4	-7.7	0.5	-1.6	0.7	-1.9
2022
January	2.0	7.3	1.4	2.8	3.0	2.8
February	1.8	10.6	0.8	3.2	2.9	3.3
March	2.9	17.8	1.2	3.9	4.5	3.8
April	0.5	0.8	0.4	1.0	1.2	1.1
May	0.5	6.1	-0.3	2.7	2.4	2.7
June	0.2	5.6	-0.6	1.1	0.0	1.2
July	-1.4	-6.9	-0.5	-3.7	-3.2	-3.8
August	-1.2	-8.6	-0.2	-1.4	-0.5	-1.4
September	-1.0	-6.3	-0.3	-0.9	(r)-0.8	(r)-0.9
October	(r)-0.3	(r)-2.2	-0.1	-0.4	(r)-0.6	(r)-0.5
November	(r)-0.7	(r)-3.7	(r)-0.3	(r)-0.4	(r)2.8	(r)-0.7
December	0.4	0.6	0.4	-2.6	-2.4	-2.7
Dec. 2020 to 2021	10.3	60.9	6.4	14.9	21.5	14.1
Dec. 2021 to 2022	3.5	19.4	1.9	5.0	9.2	4.4
Footnotes (r) Revised

Exports 

The price index for U.S. exports fell 2.6 percent in December, after declines of 0.4 percent in both 
November and October. U.S. export prices have not increased on a monthly basis since a 1.1-percent 
advance in June 2022. Lower prices for both nonagricultural and agricultural exports drove the decrease in 
December. Prices for U.S. exports rose 5.0 percent over the past 12 months, the smallest over-the-year 
advance since a 2.5-percent increase in January 2021. (See table 2.)

Agricultural Exports: Agricultural export prices decreased 2.4 percent in December following a 2.8-
percent advance the previous month. Lower prices for corn, soybeans, meat, and wheat in December more 
than offset price increases for vegetables and fruit. The price index for agricultural exports increased 9.2 
percent in 2022.

All Exports Excluding Agriculture: Nonagricultural export prices fell 2.7 percent in December, the largest 
monthly decline since a 3.8-percent drop in July 2022. The December decrease follows declines of 0.7 
percent in November, 0.5 percent in October, and 0.9 percent in September. Lower prices for 
nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials drove the decrease in December, more than offsetting 
higher prices for capital goods, automotive vehicles, and nonagricultural foods. Despite the recent drops, 
nonagricultural export prices increased 4.4 percent over the past 12 months.

Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials export 
prices declined 5.8 percent in December and have not recorded a 1-month increase since rising 2.4 percent 
in June 2022. The decrease in December was led by lower fuel prices.

Finished Goods: Export prices were mostly up for the major finished goods categories in December. Prices 
for capital goods increased 0.2 percent, resuming a trend of monthly increases dating back to January 2021, 
after declines of 0.1 percent in November and 0.2 percent in October. Higher prices for industrial and 
service machinery and electrical generating equipment in December more than offset lower computers, 
peripherals, and semiconductors prices. Prices for automotive vehicles rose 0.3 percent in December, after 
ticking up 0.1 percent in November. The price index for consumer goods was unchanged in December 
following a 0.3-percent decline in November.

More information for the major import and export price indexes can be found at 
www.bls.gov/web/ximpim/largest.htm.

Measures of Import and Export Prices by Locality

Imports by Locality of Origin: Prices for imports from China edged down 0.1 percent in December, after 
being unchanged in November and rising 0.5 percent in October. The December drop was led by lower 
chemical prices from China. The price index for import prices from China increased 1.1 percent over the 
past year. Import prices from Japan ticked up 0.1 percent in December following a 0.1-percent decline the 
previous month. Prices for imports from Japan rose 2.3 percent in 2022, the largest calendar-year advance 
since 2011. The price indexes for imports from Canada and Mexico each fell in December, down 0.2 
percent and 0.1 percent, respectively. Despite the declines, import prices from Canada rose 7.1 percent in 
2022 and import prices from Mexico advanced 4.2 percent. In contrast, prices for imports from the 
European Union increased in December, advancing 1.3 percent, after falling 1.2 percent in November. The 
December rise was the largest 1-month increase since March 2022. (See table 7.)

Exports by Locality of Destination: The price index for exports to China decreased 2.3 percent in 
December following a 0.3-percent drop in November. Prices for exports to China were unchanged over the 
past year. Export prices to Japan declined 2.6 percent in December, after decreasing 0.6 percent in 
November. Prices for exports to Japan have not risen on a monthly basis since a 1.9-percent increase in May 
2022. Despite the recent declines, export prices to Japan advanced 3.0 percent in 2022. The price indexes 
for exports to Mexico and the European Union also fell in December, decreasing 3.9 percent and 1.8 
percent, respectively. In contrast, export prices to Canada rose 0.2 percent in December and increased 9.0 
percent over the past year. (See table 8.)

Terms of Trade Indexes: Terms of trade indexes are based on country, region, or grouping and measure 
the change in the purchasing power of exports relative to imports. U.S. terms of trade with China declined 
2.2 percent in December following a 0.3-percent decrease in November. Lower export prices to China in 
December more than offset lower import prices from China. The index for U.S. terms of trade with China 
fell 1.1 percent in 2022, the first calendar-year drop since a 1.3-percent decline in 2018. U.S. terms of trade 
with Japan decreased 2.7 percent in December, after a 0.4-percent drop the previous month. In contrast, U.S. 
terms of trade with Canada increased 0.4 percent in December following a 0.9-percent advance in 
November. The indexes for U.S. terms of trade with Mexico and the European Union fell in December, 
declining 3.8 percent and 3.1 percent, respectively. (See table 9.)

Import and Export Services

Imports: The index for import air passenger fares advanced 5.9 percent in December following a 0.6-
percent decline in November. The December rise was the largest monthly increase since June 2022 and was 
led by higher Asian and Latin American/Caribbean fares. Import air passenger fares increased 13.4 percent 
from December 2021 to December 2022. Import air freight prices rose 11.1 percent in December, after 
declining 10.1 percent in November and 11.9 percent in October. The December increase was the largest 1-
month rise since November 2021. Despite the December advance, prices for import air freight declined 21.7 
percent over the past year. (See table 10.)

Exports: Export air passenger fares decreased 3.3 percent in December following a 0.3-percent increase in 
November. Lower December prices for Asian, European, and Latin American/Caribbean fares all 
contributed to the decline. Despite the December drop, export air passenger fares rose 7.7 percent over the 
past 12 months. Export air freight prices advanced 0.8 percent in December, the first monthly increase since 
the index rose 3.1 percent in May 2022. Prices for export air freight increased 5.9 percent for the year ended 
in December.

U.S. Import and Export Price Index data for January 2023 are scheduled for release on Friday, 
February 17, 2023, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

Table 1. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2021 to December 2022 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Nov. 2022(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
All commodities		100.000	141.6	142.2	3.5	-1.0	-0.3	-0.7	0.4
All imports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		82.324	108.2	108.6	1.7	-0.4	0.0	-0.6	0.4
All imports excluding petroleum		90.119	123.9	124.9	2.4	-0.3	-0.2	-0.3	0.8
All imports excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		89.308	127.4	127.9	1.9	-0.3	-0.1	-0.3	0.4
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	6.984	207.7	208.5	4.0	0.4	-1.0	1.8	0.4
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	5.620	228.2	229.2	6.1	0.3	-1.0	2.5	0.4
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	1.363	159.7	160.2	-3.4	0.8	-0.8	-1.4	0.3
Industrial supplies & materials	1	28.875	261.5	264.1	7.1	-3.3	-1.1	-2.7	1.0
Industrial supplies & materials excluding petroleum		18.939	211.6	218.5	3.2	-1.6	-0.8	-1.9	3.3
Industrial supplies & materials excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		17.908	232.9	235.7	0.9	-1.4	-0.4	-2.1	1.2
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		11.945	221.3	226.6	-0.4	-1.7	-0.3	-2.4	2.4
Industrial supplies & materials nondurable excluding petroleum		7.049	200.7	210.2	9.7	-1.5	-1.6	-1.2	4.7
Fuels & lubricants	10	10.692	324.0	325.9	19.4	-6.3	-2.2	-3.7	0.6
Petroleum & petroleum products	100	9.881	342.8	333.5	16.9	-6.3	-1.7	-4.0	-2.7
Crude petroleum	10000	6.495	337.2	321.1	11.0	-6.6	-2.2	-3.7	-4.8
Fuels, n.e.s.-coals & gas	101	0.687	269.7	399.3	54.1	-7.1	-9.5	1.1	48.1
Natural gas	10110	0.555	257.8	411.1	64.2	-8.4	-11.8	1.5	59.5
Paper & paper base stocks	11	0.574	149.5	150.1	20.4	2.3	0.8	-2.2	0.4
Materials associated with nondurable supplies & materials	12	5.663	212.7	210.3	2.3	-1.1	-0.6	-1.5	-1.1
Selected building materials	13	1.862	198.3	194.7	-2.5	-2.4	-2.4	-0.5	-1.8
Unfinished metals related to durable goods	14	5.031	329.6	343.8	-3.2	-3.1	0.4	-3.9	4.3
Finished metals related to durable goods	15	3.291	209.8	216.2	3.4	0.4	0.1	-2.5	3.1
Nonmetals related to durable goods	16	1.761	127.3	127.3	3.2	-0.5	-1.0	0.1	0.0
Capital goods	2	26.099	93.1	93.2	2.9	-0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
Electric generating equipment	20	3.266	128.8	129.0	4.9	-0.4	-0.5	0.4	0.2
Nonelectrical machinery	21	21.160	84.3	84.4	2.4	-0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	1.674	147.5	147.9	5.9	0.4	1.7	0.1	0.3
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	12.728	117.2	117.3	3.1	0.1	0.6	0.0	0.1
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	25.314	109.6	109.8	0.4	-0.2	-0.3	-0.2	0.2
Nondurables, manufactured	40	12.785	124.0	124.0	-0.8	0.0	-0.6	-0.1	0.0
Durables, manufactured	41	11.804	95.5	95.7	1.4	-0.3	0.1	-0.2	0.2
Nonmanufactured consumer goods	42	0.725	129.0	129.2	2.5	-0.6	-0.2	-0.6	0.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2020 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 2. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2021 to December 2022 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Nov. 2022(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
All commodities		100.000	155.5	151.4	5.0	-0.9	-0.4	-0.4	-2.6
Agricultural commodities		12.605	258.7	252.4	9.2	-0.8	-0.6	2.8	-2.4
All exports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		67.317	113.1	113.4	1.4	-0.5	-1.0	-0.2	0.3
All exports excluding fuels (June 2022=100)		78.891	98.5	98.5	-	-0.5	-0.6	0.1	0.0
Nonagricultural commodities		87.395	147.7	143.7	4.4	-0.9	-0.5	-0.7	-2.7
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	11.573	262.4	255.6	9.6	-0.7	-0.4	3.2	-2.6
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	11.135	264.5	257.4	10.2	-0.8	-0.4	3.4	-2.7
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	0.438	223.3	223.6	-4.0	1.3	-0.3	-0.8	0.1
Industrial supplies & materials	1	42.726	224.2	211.6	5.6	-2.0	-1.0	-1.5	-5.6
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		9.915	208.2	212.3	-0.9	-0.9	-1.1	-0.9	2.0
Industrial supplies & materials, nondurable		32.811	226.0	208.2	8.0	-2.3	-1.0	-1.7	-7.9
Agricultural industrial supplies & materials	10	1.470	231.2	229.6	2.0	-1.4	-2.0	-1.4	-0.7
Nonagricultural industrial supplies & materials		41.256	224.1	211.1	5.8	-2.0	-1.0	-1.5	-5.8
Fuels & lubricants	11	21.109	305.1	268.7	16.7	-2.0	0.7	-2.6	-11.9
Nonagricultural supplies & materials excluding fuels & building materials	12	19.315	195.6	197.0	-2.6	-1.9	-2.7	-0.3	0.7
Selected building materials	13	0.832	152.4	152.4	-2.3	-3.6	-2.6	-2.1	0.0
Capital goods	2	28.098	118.9	119.1	3.2	0.2	-0.2	-0.1	0.2
Electrical generating equipment	20	3.201	135.5	136.0	6.2	0.2	0.5	1.2	0.4
Nonelectrical machinery	21	20.295	100.2	100.3	2.7	0.1	-0.3	-0.3	0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	4.602	198.5	198.8	3.6	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	7.465	121.9	122.3	4.7	0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.3
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	10.138	116.6	116.6	2.9	-0.1	0.3	-0.3	0.0
Nondurables, manufactured	40	5.257	108.4	108.6	-1.3	-0.1	-0.2	-0.4	0.2
Durables, manufactured	41	3.935	116.1	115.8	5.5	0.3	0.8	-0.2	-0.3
Nonmanufactured consumer goods (Dec. 2018=100)	42	0.946	127.5	127.3	18.5	-0.8	-0.1	-0.7	-0.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2020 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 3. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: December 2021 to December 2022 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Nov. 2022(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
Nonmanufacturing		9.607	158.6	159.2	12.1	-5.2	-3.2	-1.2	0.4
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	2.226	210.9	211.9	4.8	0.7	-3.8	5.3	0.5
Crop production	111	1.838	224.1	223.7	4.8	0.5	-3.8	6.6	-0.2
Mining	21	7.381	158.7	159.3	14.6	-6.7	-3.0	-3.1	0.4
Oil and gas extraction	211	7.121	158.2	158.8	15.2	-6.8	-3.0	-3.4	0.4
Manufacturing		90.090	123.1	123.5	2.7	-0.6	0.0	-0.6	0.3
Manufacturing, part 1	31	11.266	138.1	138.5	2.7	0.3	0.4	-0.3	0.3
Food manufacturing	311	4.188	185.9	187.1	4.8	0.4	0.8	-0.6	0.6
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	1.092	134.6	135.2	1.8	0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.4
Textile mills (Dec. 2011=100)	313	0.404	124.7	124.9	3.1	-0.8	-0.5	-0.5	0.2
Textile product mills	314	1.455	109.4	109.3	-2.4	0.3	0.0	-0.2	-0.1
Apparel manufacturing	315	2.965	119.7	119.6	4.3	0.3	0.5	0.1	-0.1
Leather and allied product manufacturing	316	1.162	127.1	127.5	-0.9	0.2	-0.5	-0.2	0.3
Manufacturing, part 2	32	20.861	150.4	149.6	3.4	-1.4	-1.0	-1.4	-0.5
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2019=100)	321	1.079	154.6	149.0	-11.4	-4.4	-4.5	-0.9	-3.6
Paper manufacturing	322	1.031	127.7	127.8	10.2	1.4	0.2	-1.7	0.1
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	3.143	166.4	167.2	33.4	-4.6	-0.6	-4.4	0.5
Chemical manufacturing	325	11.995	155.2	154.2	-1.4	-0.9	-1.3	-0.8	-0.6
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.520	133.3	133.1	3.2	0.3	0.0	-0.4	-0.2
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.934	141.4	142.5	3.1	-0.4	0.1	-0.3	0.8
Manufacturing, part 3	33	57.963	112.2	112.9	2.5	-0.4	0.4	-0.4	0.6
Primary metal manufacturing	331	6.716	223.8	232.9	0.6	-1.8	1.3	-4.0	4.1
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.177	149.2	150.4	3.1	-0.7	-1.1	-0.1	0.8
Machinery manufacturing	333	6.847	127.4	128.1	3.4	-0.1	-0.3	-0.1	0.5
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	15.940	74.1	74.1	1.4	-0.1	0.5	0.0	0.0
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	5.364	126.9	126.8	3.4	-0.2	-0.2	0.1	-0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	13.215	116.2	116.3	3.0	0.1	0.9	0.0	0.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	337	1.846	128.8	129.5	4.8	0.0	-0.4	-0.1	0.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	4.857	125.8	126.3	3.1	-0.6	-0.5	0.0	0.4
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2020 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 4. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: December 2021 to December 2022 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Nov. 2022(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
Nonmanufacturing		19.305	215.3	203.2	10.5	-2.3	-3.7	-0.5	-5.6
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	6.886	231.8	223.3	8.8	-1.9	-1.9	4.7	-3.7
Crop production	111	6.618	247.6	238.3	10.2	-1.8	-1.9	4.9	-3.8
Mining	21	12.419	136.7	127.5	11.5	-2.4	-4.5	-3.2	-6.7
Oil and gas extraction (Dec. 2021=100)	211	11.184	124.1	114.7	14.7	-2.5	-4.8	-3.6	-7.6
Mining (except oil and gas)	212	1.235	141.7	143.1	-9.5	-1.9	-1.5	0.6	1.0
Manufacturing		79.097	136.7	133.8	4.2	-0.6	0.4	-0.4	-2.1
Manufacturing, part 1	31	7.123	179.2	177.0	6.9	-0.2	0.6	0.1	-1.2
Food manufacturing	311	5.442	213.1	209.6	7.8	0.0	0.8	0.1	-1.6
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	0.540	144.8	145.9	6.5	-1.9	0.5	1.4	0.8
Manufacturing, part 2	32	26.984	148.6	139.1	4.6	-1.7	1.3	-0.7	-6.4
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2017=100)	321	0.432	119.3	116.4	-14.7	-5.4	-2.4	-3.6	-2.4
Paper manufacturing	322	1.673	158.6	159.2	16.1	-0.7	0.3	1.7	0.4
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	8.680	193.3	155.4	22.4	-1.4	9.2	-1.8	-19.6
Chemical manufacturing	325	13.365	135.9	135.1	-3.6	-2.0	-2.7	-0.1	-0.6
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.010	130.8	131.5	3.7	-0.6	-0.1	0.2	0.5
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.674	129.2	134.0	11.4	-0.3	-3.3	-0.7	3.7
Manufacturing, part 3	33	44.991	126.5	127.0	3.7	0.0	-0.2	-0.3	0.4
Primary metal manufacturing	331	3.964	204.1	209.1	-1.5	-1.4	-1.1	-2.4	2.4
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	2.499	171.8	172.7	7.0	0.1	-0.3	0.2	0.5
Machinery manufacturing	333	8.094	144.0	144.2	5.5	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.1
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	11.659	84.0	84.0	1.0	0.1	-0.6	-0.6	0.0
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	3.226	133.0	133.4	7.1	0.0	0.5	1.0	0.3
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	11.094	139.0	139.4	4.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	4.142	134.1	134.0	7.1	0.1	0.2	-0.4	-0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2020 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 5. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2021 to December 2022 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative importance Nov. 2022(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
Live animals; animal products	I	1.479	226.6	225.5	-2.3	1.2	-1.2	-1.9	-0.5
Meat and edible meat offal	02	0.420	311.3	300.5	-11.1	-0.9	-3.2	-3.1	-3.5
Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates	03	0.750	156.0	157.2	-2.1	1.7	-0.4	-1.8	0.8
Vegetable products	II	2.237	246.5	255.1	9.9	0.9	-2.7	3.4	3.5
Edible vegetables, roots, and tubers	07	0.499	494.1	494.7	29.2	11.8	-3.4	2.0	0.1
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.798	120.3	122.0	0.9	-6.2	-4.0	14.7	1.4
Coffee, tea, mate and spices	09	0.411	290.7	286.2	-3.9	0.7	-1.8	-8.3	-1.5
Animal or vegetable fats and oils (Dec. 2009=100)	III	0.442	154.0	151.9	2.4	-0.4	1.6	0.7	-1.4
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.286	190.6	191.2	5.6	0.5	0.7	0.5	0.3
Sugars and sugar confectionary (Dec. 2021=100)	17	0.219	107.7	107.4	7.4	-1.0	1.7	-0.4	-0.3
Cocoa and cocoa preparations (Dec. 2009=100)	18	0.217	110.9	111.9	12.1	0.3	-0.3	8.5	0.9
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar	22	1.066	147.7	148.5	1.4	0.0	-0.1	0.3	0.5
Mineral products	V	10.677	331.6	333.2	19.5	-5.9	-2.2	-3.5	0.5
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	10.317	326.0	327.6	20.4	-6.0	-2.2	-3.7	0.5
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	11.207	174.2	173.3	-0.8	-0.8	-1.1	-0.3	-0.5
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.781	551.5	548.4	7.9	1.4	0.9	0.4	-0.6
Organic chemicals	29	2.571	144.7	143.7	-2.1	-3.2	-0.9	-0.2	-0.7
Pharmaceutical products	30	5.148	145.1	145.1	-3.9	-0.3	-1.5	-0.1	0.0
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	0.836	119.5	119.7	3.5	0.4	0.4	-0.2	0.2
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	3.745	157.9	157.6	-0.6	-0.7	-0.2	-1.4	-0.2
Plastics and articles thereof	39	2.579	159.7	159.2	-2.7	-1.3	-0.1	-1.9	-0.3
Rubber and articles thereof	40	1.166	157.8	157.8	4.2	0.6	-0.3	-0.3	0.0
Articles of leather; travel goods, bags, etc. of various materials	42	0.414	140.8	140.2	0.5	0.2	-1.1	-0.4	-0.4
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, basketware and wickerwork	IX	1.148	235.1	225.7	-8.4	-3.9	-4.3	-0.5	-4.0
Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal (Dec. 2019=100)	44	1.115	164.3	157.6	-8.5	-3.9	-4.5	-0.5	-4.1
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.007	134.2	134.3	10.6	1.5	0.1	-2.1	0.1
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.677	124.9	125.8	15.7	1.3	0.2	0.3	0.7
Textile and textile articles	XI	4.662	121.2	121.0	2.0	0.2	0.2	0.0	-0.2
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted	62	1.299	127.7	127.8	3.3	0.1	0.9	0.2	0.1
Made-up or worn textile articles	63	1.192	103.0	102.8	-3.2	0.4	0.0	0.1	-0.2
Headgear, umbrellas, artificial flowers, etc.	XII	1.022	127.1	127.2	-0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
Footwear and parts of such articles	64	0.819	124.1	124.2	-1.3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.798	133.9	134.8	2.1	-0.2	0.1	-0.3	0.7
Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, or mica (Dec. 2020=100)	68	0.299	102.3	102.4	3.1	-0.5	0.5	0.0	0.1
Glass and glassware (Dec. 2021=100)	70	0.274	100.9	100.3	0.3	0.1	-0.1	-0.5	-0.6
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	4.394	222.0	232.9	2.8	-2.2	1.6	-3.7	4.9
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	5.881	233.5	236.6	0.9	-1.1	-0.9	-1.5	1.3
Iron and steel	72	1.128	313.0	305.7	-2.2	0.5	0.2	-5.7	-2.3
Articles of iron or steel	73	1.867	204.2	204.0	3.5	-0.8	-0.9	0.2	-0.1
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.447	355.9	377.2	-8.1	-0.2	-0.8	2.7	6.0
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	1.025	182.8	189.9	-1.5	-3.0	-2.4	-1.7	3.9
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof	82	0.415	129.2	129.8	2.2	-0.1	0.0	-0.4	0.5
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.530	151.0	150.3	3.3	-0.2	-1.3	0.2	-0.5
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	28.292	82.8	82.8	2.0	-0.2	0.4	0.0	0.0
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	14.567	89.4	89.6	2.5	-0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Electrical machinery and equip, sound and TV recorders & reproducers, parts	85	13.725	76.5	76.5	1.5	-0.1	0.4	-0.1	0.0
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	11.168	121.2	121.2	3.3	0.1	1.0	0.1	0.0
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	10.351	120.3	120.3	3.2	0.1	0.8	0.1	0.0
Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof (Dec. 2020=100)	88	0.726	107.8	107.9	6.9	0.3	3.7	0.0	0.1
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	3.780	105.3	105.6	3.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3
Optical, photographic, measuring and medical instruments	90	3.573	101.4	101.6	3.6	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.2
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	4.252	119.4	120.1	3.6	0.1	-0.3	-0.3	0.6
Furniture & stuffed furnishings; lamps & lighting fittings, nesoi; prefab bldgs	94	2.579	127.6	128.2	3.3	-0.1	-0.4	-0.1	0.5
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	1.408	105.9	106.6	3.8	0.1	0.0	-0.6	0.7
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	96	0.264	138.0	138.1	5.6	0.4	0.0	1.4	0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2020 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 6. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2021 to December 2022 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative import- ance Nov. 2022(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
Live animals; animal products	I	2.264	280.1	273.5	-1.1	-1.2	0.1	-0.4	-2.4
Meat & edible meat offal (Dec. 2006=100)	02	1.430	221.3	212.4	-6.6	-1.1	0.0	-1.5	-4.0
Vegetable products	II	6.491	305.5	293.0	12.0	-2.4	-1.6	5.6	-4.1
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.888	136.8	138.0	-8.0	-5.0	0.7	4.3	0.9
Cereals	10	2.065	358.0	328.1	8.3	0.1	3.9	3.1	-8.4
Oilseeds and misc. grains, seeds, fruits, plants, straw and fodder	12	2.843	317.7	308.0	17.2	-2.8	-6.0	5.2	-3.1
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.060	189.5	188.0	9.7	1.3	1.3	1.0	-0.8
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.584	109.2	109.7	6.1	-0.4	1.9	-0.5	0.5
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar (Dec. 2008=100)	22	0.451	107.6	108.1	-1.7	0.0	-0.4	-0.3	0.5
Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed	23	1.004	357.6	342.2	17.7	4.6	2.9	3.1	-4.3
Mineral products	V	21.040	366.1	322.2	15.2	-2.0	0.6	-2.7	-12.0
Ores, slag and ash (Dec. 2012=100)	26	0.483	120.9	125.4	-12.6	-1.3	-6.1	1.9	3.7
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	20.376	354.9	310.6	16.2	-2.1	0.7	-2.8	-12.5
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	11.465	165.2	165.0	4.0	-1.2	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Organic chemicals	29	2.782	197.0	192.9	3.3	-4.1	-0.2	0.1	-2.1
Pharmaceutical products	30	3.046	105.1	105.5	-2.7	0.3	-0.2	-0.7	0.4
Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery cosmetic or toilet preparations	33	0.792	141.2	141.1	2.7	0.1	0.2	-0.1	-0.1
Soap; lubricants; waxes, polishing or scouring products; candles, pastes	34	0.436	135.4	135.4	3.3	-0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	2.136	184.3	183.9	-0.3	-1.9	0.8	-0.4	-0.2
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	4.600	157.2	157.0	-10.6	-1.8	-5.5	-0.1	-0.1
Plastics and articles thereof	39	3.890	154.8	154.2	-12.6	-2.1	-6.4	-0.1	-0.4
Rubber and articles thereof	40	0.709	166.8	168.6	2.3	0.2	-0.3	0.0	1.1
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, baskets and wickerwork (Dec. 2014=100)	IX	0.512	113.9	111.7	-14.6	-6.2	-2.9	-3.7	-1.9
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.822	153.7	154.0	6.9	-0.7	-5.0	2.3	0.2
Woodpulp and recovered paper (Dec. 2019=100)	47	0.666	174.0	173.3	4.2	-2.1	-12.2	5.9	-0.4
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.954	148.5	149.4	10.6	0.5	-0.5	0.4	0.6
Textile and textile articles	XI	1.616	146.4	145.0	2.0	-0.6	-2.3	-2.3	-1.0
Cotton, including yarns and woven fabrics thereof	52	0.692	179.6	177.1	1.7	-0.8	-4.7	-4.8	-1.4
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.664	145.3	148.0	13.1	0.1	-1.3	-0.2	1.9
Glass and glassware (Dec. 2019=100)	70	0.406	112.6	112.6	13.9	0.1	1.3	0.0	0.0
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	3.707	308.6	317.4	2.3	-1.7	0.1	-2.3	2.9
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	4.359	207.0	209.5	0.2	0.9	-1.4	0.0	1.2
Iron and steel (Dec. 2020=100)	72	1.186	158.1	161.2	-4.6	3.6	-3.4	0.6	2.0
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.498	244.2	251.3	-6.5	0.4	0.5	0.2	2.9
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.749	142.8	145.7	-1.8	-0.4	-1.0	-0.7	2.0
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	23.313	104.6	104.7	3.8	0.3	-0.2	-0.1	0.1
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	13.464	125.2	125.4	4.1	0.2	-0.2	-0.2	0.2
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts and accessories thereof	85	9.850	82.6	82.6	3.3	0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.0
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	8.195	148.2	148.7	4.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	6.143	124.4	124.8	3.8	0.2	-0.1	0.1	0.3
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	5.056	113.8	114.2	2.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.3	0.4
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	1.113	134.0	134.1	10.4	0.8	1.3	-0.4	0.1
Furniture; stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings nesoi	94	0.568	148.8	148.8	4.6	0.0	0.0	-1.1	0.0
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	0.394	113.3	113.6	20.3	2.2	3.8	0.0	0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2020 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 7. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes by locality of origin: December 2021 to December 2022 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2022(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	146.3	148.3	5.0	-1.5	-0.6	-1.2	1.4
Nonmanufacturing	12.566	274.5	284.3	15.2	-7.1	-3.2	-2.0	3.6
Manufacturing	86.745	136.2	137.6	4.1	-0.7	0.0	-1.1	1.0
Canada	100.000	186.2	185.8	7.1	-2.9	-2.0	-1.1	-0.2
Nonmanufacturing	33.117	272.6	282.2	15.6	-7.2	-3.3	-2.1	3.5
Manufacturing	65.967	166.9	163.4	3.9	-0.9	-1.1	-0.5	-2.1
European Union	100.000	150.8	152.7	4.0	-0.6	-0.1	-1.2	1.3
Manufacturing	98.868	146.3	148.4	4.3	-0.5	-0.2	-1.3	1.4
France (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	141.9	142.0	3.2	0.2	0.0	-0.5	0.1
Germany (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	123.9	124.3	4.4	-0.4	0.2	-0.2	0.3
United Kingdom (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	132.2	134.7	2.8	-1.5	0.1	-1.8	1.9
Latin America(3)	100.000	170.4	169.2	4.5	-0.5	0.0	0.0	-0.7
Nonmanufacturing	16.523	337.3	328.5	9.0	-2.0	-3.4	0.3	-2.6
Manufacturing	83.211	136.7	136.3	3.8	-0.2	0.7	-0.1	-0.3
Mexico (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	141.6	141.4	4.2	0.0	0.0	-0.1	-0.1
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	9.842	160.2	154.8	6.2	2.3	-4.8	-1.4	-3.4
Manufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	89.896	97.0	97.2	4.1	-0.2	0.5	0.1	0.2
Pacific Rim (Dec. 2003=100)(4)	100.000	104.4	104.4	1.4	-0.3	0.2	-0.1	0.0
China (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	104.6	104.5	1.1	0.0	0.5	0.0	-0.1
Japan	100.000	101.2	101.3	2.3	0.1	1.1	-0.1	0.1
Taiwan (Dec. 2018=100)	100.000	111.3	110.8	3.6	-0.6	0.2	-0.1	-0.4
Asian NICs(5)	100.000	98.7	97.2	2.7	-1.0	0.5	-0.1	-1.5
ASEAN (Dec. 2003=100)(6)	100.000	103.3	103.0	1.2	-0.6	0.0	-0.2	-0.3
Asia Near East (Dec. 2003=100)(7)	100.000	238.1	225.0	6.6	-3.6	0.8	-1.6	-5.5
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2020 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries. (5) Asian Newly Industrialized Countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. (6) Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. (7) Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 8. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes by locality of destination: December 2021 to December 2022 [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2022(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	121.2	120.5	5.3	-1.1	0.2	-0.7	-0.6
Nonmanufacturing	15.505	153.3	148.0	9.3	-3.6	-3.6	-1.6	-3.5
Manufacturing	82.929	117.5	117.4	4.7	-0.5	0.9	-0.5	-0.1
Canada	100.000	129.4	129.6	9.0	-1.2	0.9	-0.2	0.2
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2020=100)	11.915	161.8	160.8	17.0	-3.6	-5.9	2.0	-0.6
Manufacturing (Dec. 2020=100)	86.808	119.5	119.7	8.1	-0.8	2.0	-0.6	0.2
European Union	100.000	119.1	116.9	3.8	-1.6	0.4	-0.3	-1.8
Nonmanufacturing	18.924	146.5	137.3	3.2	-6.4	0.1	-1.7	-6.3
Manufacturing	79.325	114.1	113.0	3.7	-0.2	0.4	-0.2	-1.0
Germany	100.000	113.3	113.4	5.7	-0.7	0.1	-0.3	0.1
Latin America(3)	100.000	135.7	127.5	5.6	-0.9	0.1	-1.2	-6.0
Nonmanufacturing	11.852	193.9	187.3	7.5	0.6	-12.6	-7.0	-3.4
Manufacturing	87.738	131.2	122.7	5.5	-0.8	2.3	-0.4	-6.5
Mexico	100.000	131.4	126.3	3.8	-0.8	-1.0	-2.2	-3.9
Nonmanufacturing	10.091	174.3	173.8	10.5	4.4	-19.3	-11.7	-0.3
Manufacturing	89.630	128.6	123.1	3.2	-1.5	1.9	-1.0	-4.3
Pacific Rim(4)	100.000	118.5	116.7	2.3	-1.5	-0.4	-0.2	-1.5
Nonmanufacturing	25.648	142.2	135.4	0.1	-3.9	-1.0	-0.1	-4.8
Manufacturing	72.458	113.5	112.9	3.5	-0.5	-0.3	-0.1	-0.5
China	100.000	113.3	110.7	0.0	-2.5	-1.6	-0.3	-2.3
Nonmanufacturing	33.586	123.9	116.3	-0.5	-5.7	-4.0	-0.3	-6.1
Manufacturing	65.078	111.6	111.0	0.5	-0.6	-0.4	-0.1	-0.5
Japan	100.000	119.8	116.7	3.0	-2.2	-0.1	-0.6	-2.6
Nonmanufacturing	31.399	157.9	146.4	9.7	-5.5	0.2	-1.0	-7.3
Manufacturing	67.224	107.8	107.3	0.2	-0.6	-0.2	-0.4	-0.5
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2020 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 9. U.S. terms of trade indexes and percent changes by locality: December 2021 to December 2022(1) [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Index		Percent change
	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
			Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
Industrialized Countries(2)	101.4	99.5	0.4	0.4	0.7	0.6	-1.9
Canada	91.3	91.7	1.9	1.9	3.0	0.9	0.4
European Union	106.3	103.0	-0.2	-0.9	0.5	0.9	-3.1
Germany	105.3	105.0	1.3	-0.4	0.0	-0.1	-0.3
Latin America(3)	118.6	112.2	1.1	-0.3	0.1	-1.2	-5.4
Mexico	119.7	115.2	-0.4	-0.8	-1.0	-2.1	-3.8
Pacific Rim(4)	111.7	110.0	0.9	-1.1	-0.6	-0.1	-1.5
China	108.4	106.0	-1.1	-2.5	-2.1	-0.3	-2.2
Japan	113.1	110.0	0.6	-2.3	-1.1	-0.4	-2.7
Footnotes (1) Terms of trade indexes are derived by dividing the export price index by the corresponding import price index and multiplying by 100. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 10. U.S. international price indexes and percent changes for selected transportation services: December 2021 to December 2022 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2022(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2021 to Dec. 2022	Aug. 2022 to Sep. 2022	Sep. 2022 to Oct. 2022	Oct. 2022 to Nov. 2022	Nov. 2022 to Dec. 2022
Air Freight
Import Air Freight	100.000	254.6	282.8	-21.7	-1.2	-11.9	-10.1	11.1
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	28.830	242.8	259.5	-18.0	-0.1	-6.7	-1.9	6.9
Asia	70.855	240.6	271.6	-23.0	-1.5	-13.6	-13.1	12.9
Export Air Freight	100.000	191.8	193.4	5.9	-1.9	-3.3	-2.9	0.8
Europe (Dec. 2006=100)	26.184	146.6	156.2	-1.2	-1.5	-7.9	-2.4	6.5
Asia (Dec. 2011=100)	51.785	155.4	149.9	6.7	-4.3	2.4	-4.5	-3.5
Inbound Air Freight	100.000	192.8	199.9	-27.8	-2.5	-9.6	-9.0	3.7
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	26.696	166.6	185.5	-11.4	2.0	-6.7	-1.8	11.3
Asia	62.214	182.1	184.4	-34.6	-4.2	-11.5	-13.5	1.3
Outbound Air Freight	100.000	195.2	200.9	-5.1	6.3	-1.2	-14.4	2.9
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	30.662	191.3	189.1	4.9	-1.1	0.1	-1.7	-1.2
Asia	52.693	211.8	227.2	-10.2	11.4	0.3	-21.9	7.3
Air Passenger Fares
Import Air Passenger Fares	100.000	187.0	198.1	13.4	4.7	4.4	-0.6	5.9
Europe	36.695	198.7	194.6	12.9	15.2	3.0	-5.7	-2.1
Asia	19.038	182.6	206.2	20.7	-1.3	-2.8	-3.9	12.9
Latin America/Caribbean	14.079	169.1	193.9	20.4	-7.1	10.8	9.6	14.7
Export Air Passenger Fares	100.000	191.0	184.7	7.7	-3.7	-1.6	0.3	-3.3
Europe	25.559	218.1	208.6	1.6	5.5	-4.3	-2.4	-4.4
Asia	24.695	217.1	203.0	7.9	-10.1	-5.0	6.9	-6.5
Latin America/Caribbean	33.225	192.1	188.9	23.0	-6.8	3.3	-0.1	-1.7
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2020 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

                                                TECHNICAL NOTE                                                

Import and Export Goods and Services Price Indexes - All indexes use a modified Laspeyres 
formula and are not seasonally adjusted. Price indexes are reweighted annually, with a 2-year lag in the 
weights. Published series use a base year of 2000=100 where possible. More detailed index series and 
additional information may be obtained at www.bls.gov/mxp or by calling (202) 691-7101.

Merchandise Goods Classification Systems - The merchandise price indexes are published using three 
classification systems. Items are classified by end use according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Classification System, by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS), and by product category according to the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by 
end use and product category are self-explanatory, some notes are in order for classifying items by 
industry. In the NAICS imports and exports tables, items are classified by output industry, not input 
industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products manufacturing) 
includes outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS 
classification structure also matches the classification system used by the Producer Price Index (PPI) to 
produce the NAICS primary products indexes.

Import Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
States Annotated (TSUSA). Import prices are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The 
prices are generally either "free on board" (f.o.b.) foreign port or "cost, insurance, and freight" (c.i.f.) 
U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude 
petroleum is calculated from data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy.  

Export Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Schedule B classification system 
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prices used are generally either "free alongside ship" (f.a.s.) 
factory or "free on board" (f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual 
industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture.

Services Price Indexes - Indexes for import and export air passenger fares calculate changes in the 
average revenue received per passenger by foreign carriers from U.S. residents and by U.S. carriers from 
foreign residents, respectively. Data are obtained from an airline consulting service and report on tickets 
sold by travel agencies, travel websites, and directly by the airlines. Taxes and fees are included in both 
the import and export air passenger fares indexes. Import air passenger fares data have used the airline 
consulting service source since September 2008. Before April 2018, the export air passenger fares data 
were collected directly by BLS from U.S. airlines. The air freight indexes are calculated from data 
collected directly from airlines. These data exclude mail and passenger baggage. The scope of the 
service being priced is the movement of freight from airport to airport only, and does not include any 
ground transportation or port service. The air freight indexes are presented using two definitions: 
balance of payments (which represents transactions between U.S. and foreign residents) and 
international (which represents transactions inbound to and outbound from the United States.) Fact 
sheets specifying detailed information for each services industry are available at www.bls.gov/mxp 
under "MXP Publications."

Import Price Indexes by Locality of Origin - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the import price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and, 
beginning with January 2002, are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
covering goods-producing industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and 
manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Export Price Indexes by Locality of Destination - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the export price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and are 
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) covering goods-producing 
industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are 
defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Terms of Trade Indexes - Terms of trade indexes measure the relative price of exports in terms of 
import prices for a specific country, region, or grouping. The indexes are calculated as one country, 
region, or grouping's all-export goods price index divided by the corresponding all-import goods price 
index on a scale of 100. 
   
Relative Importance - A relative importance is a specific index's price-updated value share (expressed 
as a percentage) of overall imports or exports at a specific point in time. Relative importance values are 
affected by the trade weights at the point indexes are reweighted and index changes relative to other 
indexes since the reweight point. If an index is rising in value relative to other indexes over time, the 
relative importance will increase as well. 
 
Revision Policy - To reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents, monthly data 
may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. After 3 months, no further data 
revisions take place. For example, data first published in the January release will be subject to revision 
in the releases for February, March, and April.

Rounding Policy - Index values are rounded to the tenth decimal place after being calculated. All 
percent changes are then derived from the rounded index values and subsequently rounded to the tenth 
decimal place.

Uses of the Data - The primary use of the indexes is to deflate trade statistics, notably the foreign trade 
sector of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) constructed by the Department of 
Commerce. Other published indexes are useful for general market analysis. For trade in international 
services, balance of payments indexes are used for deflating NIPA, while international indexes are more 
appropriate for market analysis. 

Email Subscription - The U.S. import and export price indexes news release is available through an 
email subscription service at www.bls.gov/bls/list.htm. 
 
Additional Information - More detailed data are available on the Import/Export Price Indexes home 
page at www.bls.gov/mxp. For import and export price indexes data requests, send an email to 
mxpinfo@bls.gov.   

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