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                       U.S. IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES - DECEMBER 2019

Prices for U.S. imports advanced 0.3 percent in December, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 
today, after ticking up 0.1 percent the previous month. The December rise was driven by increasing fuel 
prices. U.S. export prices declined 0.2 percent in December following a 0.2-percent advance in November.

Imports

The price index for U.S. imports rose 0.3 percent in December, the largest monthly advance since the index 
increased 0.6 percent in March. Prices for imports rose 0.5 percent in 2019, after decreasing 0.9 percent in 
2018. The 12-month advance in December was the largest over-the-year increase since the index rose 0.7 
percent between November 2017 and November 2018. (See table 1.)

Fuel Imports: Prices for import fuel increased 2.8 percent in December following a 1.3-percent advance the 
previous month. Higher December prices for both petroleum and natural gas contributed to the overall 
increase in fuel prices. Petroleum prices rose 2.1 percent in December, after not changing in November; 
prices for natural gas advanced 19.4 percent following a 42.0-percent November jump. The price index for 
import fuel increased 19.3 percent in 2019 following a 13.1-percent drop the previous year. A 22.3-percent 
rise in petroleum prices over the past year more than offset lower natural gas prices. Despite advancing 
123.7 percent over the past quarter, prices for natural gas fell 13.3 percent in 2019.

All Imports Excluding Fuel: Nonfuel import prices were unchanged in December, after edging down 0.1 
percent in November. Prices for nonfuel imports have not risen on a monthly basis since the index ticked up 
0.1 percent in February. In December, declining nonfuel industrial supplies and materials prices offset 
higher prices for foods, feeds, and beverages and for finished goods. The price index for nonfuel imports 
decreased 1.4 percent in 2019 following a 0.6-percent advance the previous year. The 2019 decline was the 
first calendar-year drop since the index fell 3.4 percent in 2015. Prices for nonfuel industrial supplies and 
materials; finished goods; and foods, feeds, and beverages all decreased in 2019. 

Nonfuel Industrial Supplies and Materials: The price index for nonfuel industrial supplies and materials 
declined 0.1 percent in December, after not changing in November. The December drop was led by a 1.2-
percent decrease in unfinished metals prices.  

Finished Goods: Finished goods prices were mostly up in December. Capital goods prices rose 0.1 percent, 
after a 0.3-percent drop in November. Prices for automotive vehicles also ticked up 0.1 percent in December 
following the same increase the previous month. Consumer goods were unchanged, after edging down 0.1 
percent in November. 

Foods, Feeds, and Beverages: Prices for foods, feeds, and beverages advanced 1.1 percent following a 0.5-
percent decline the previous month. In December, rising prices for vegetables, meat, and fruit drove the 
overall increase.

Table A. Percent change in Import and Export Price Indexes, selected categories

Month	IMPORTS			EXPORTS
	All imports	Fuel imports	Nonfuel imports	All exports	Agri- cultural exports	Non- agricultural exports
2018
December	-1.4	-13.3	0.0	-0.6	3.8	-1.1
2019
January	0.2	4.6	-0.3	-0.6	-2.1	-0.4
February	1.0	10.2	0.1	0.6	0.2	0.7
March	0.6	7.2	-0.2	0.7	0.9	0.7
April	0.2	1.9	-0.1	0.1	-1.4	0.2
May	0.2	3.6	-0.3	-0.3	-1.1	-0.2
June	-1.1	-7.8	-0.3	-0.6	2.4	-0.9
July	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.2
August	-0.6	-4.2	-0.1	-0.6	-2.4	-0.3
September	0.1	(r)1.0	-0.1	-0.3	-1.6	-0.2
October	(r)-0.4	(r)-1.7	-0.2	(r)0.0	1.7	-0.2
November	(r)0.1	(r)1.3	-0.1	0.2	2.2	0.0
December	0.3	2.8	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1
Dec. 2017 to 2018	-0.9	-13.1	0.6	1.1	2.3	1.0
Dec. 2018 to 2019	0.5	19.3	-1.4	-0.7	-1.3	-0.6
Footnotes (r) Revised

Exports 

U.S. export prices fell 0.2 percent in December following a 0.2-percent increase in November. Lower prices 
for both nonagricultural exports and agricultural exports contributed to the decrease. Prices for overall 
exports declined 0.7 percent in 2019 following a 1.1-percent increase in 2018. The 2019 drop was the first 
calendar-year fall since the index declined 6.6 percent in 2015. (See table 2.)

Agricultural Exports: Prices for agricultural exports decreased 0.1 percent in December, after increasing 
2.2 percent in November and 1.7 percent in October. In December, decreasing prices for soybeans, fruit, and 
vegetables more than offset higher meat prices. The price index for agricultural exports fell 1.3 percent over 
the past year following a 2.3-percent increase in 2018. Prior to 2019, agricultural prices had not declined for 
a calendar-year since 2016.  

All Exports Excluding Agriculture: The price index for nonagricultural export prices edged down 0.1 
percent in December following no change the previous month. Lower prices for nonagricultural industrial 
supplies and materials, automotive vehicles, and consumer goods all contributed to the overall decline. 
Nonagricultural export prices decreased 0.6 percent in 2019, the first calendar-year decline since 2015. 
Previously, prices for nonagricultural exports rose 1.0 percent from December 2017 to December 2018. 

Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials prices 
fell 0.3 percent in December, after ticking up 0.1 percent in November. The December decrease was driven 
by a 0.7-percent drop in chemicals prices and a 0.6-percent decline in nonferrous metals prices. 

Finished Goods: Prices for export finished goods were mostly down in December. Automotive vehicle 
prices fell 0.4 percent, the largest monthly decline since a 0.5-percent drop in August 2016. The decrease 
was led by a 2.2-percent drop in the price index for engines and engine parts. The price index for consumer 
goods edged down 0.1 percent in December, after rising 0.1 percent the previous month. Prices for capital 
goods were unchanged in December.

Measures of Import and Export Prices by Locality

Imports by Locality of Origin: Import prices from China were unchanged in December, after 0.1-percent 
declines in each of the previous 2 months. Prices for imports from China fell 1.8 percent in 2019, and have 
not increased on a calendar-year basis since a 3.6-percent advance in 2011. The index for import prices from 
Japan fell 0.1 percent in December following a 0.1-percent increase in November. Import prices from Japan 
rose 0.4 percent in 2019, after a 1.0-percent advance the previous year. The price indexes for imports from 
Canada, Mexico, and the European Union all increased in December. Prices for imports from Canada rose 
0.6 percent and import prices from Mexico advanced 0.3 percent, both led by higher fuel prices. Import 
prices from the European Union ticked up 0.1 percent. (See table 7.)

Exports by Locality of Destination: Export prices to China increased 0.2 percent in December following a 
0.7-percent advance in November. Despite the recent increases, prices for exports to China declined 0.4 
percent in 2019, after falling 1.5 percent in 2018, the first full year the locality of destination indexes were 
published. The price index for exports to Japan was unchanged in December following a 0.1-percent 
advance in November. Export prices to the European Union were unchanged for the second consecutive 
month in December. In contrast, prices for exports to Mexico and Canada both declined in December. The 
price index for exports to Mexico fell 0.5 percent, after a 0.6-percent advance the previous month, and 
export prices to Canada decreased 0.2 percent following a 1.0-percent rise in November. (See table 8.)

Terms of Trade Indexes: Terms of Trade indexes are based on country, region, or grouping and measure 
the change in the purchasing power of exports relative to imports. The U.S. terms of trade with China rose 
0.2 percent in December, after a 0.8-percent advance in November. The index for U.S. terms of trade with 
China increased 1.4 percent in 2019 following a 1.3-percent drop the previous year. In 2019, the increase 
resulted from import prices from China falling at a greater rate than export prices to China. The U.S terms 
of trade with Japan ticked up 0.1 percent in December following no change the previous month. The index 
for U.S. terms of trade with Canada decreased 0.8 percent in December, after edging down 0.1 percent in 
November. Higher import prices from Canada and lower export prices to Canada contributed to the 
December drop. The U.S. terms of trade with Mexico also fell 0.8 percent in December following a 1.5-
percent advance in November. The index for U.S. terms of trade with the European Union declined 0.1 
percent for the third consecutive month in December. (See table 9.)

Import and Export Services

Imports: Import air passenger fares rose 5.7 percent in December, after increasing 15.9 percent from 
August to November. The December advance was led by a 19.3-percent rise in Asian fares and a 16.1-
percent increase in Latin American/Caribbean fares. Despite the recent increase, import air passenger fares 
declined 4.7 percent in 2019. The price index for import air freight rose 1.3 percent in December and 
decreased 3.7 percent over the past year. (See table 10.)

Exports: Export air passenger fares fell 0.7 percent in December following a 3.3-percent increase in 
November. In December, decreasing European and Asian fares more than offset higher Latin 
American/Caribbean fares. The index for export air passenger fares declined 2.6 percent for the year ended 
in December. Export air freight advanced 0.8 percent in December and fell 0.6 percent in 2019.

Import and Export Price Index data for January are scheduled for release on Friday, February 14, 2020 at 
8:30 a.m. (EST).

Table 1. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2018 to December 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Nov. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
All commodities		100.000	124.6	125.0	0.5	0.1	-0.4	0.1	0.3
All imports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		83.727	98.8	98.8	-1.3	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	0.0
All imports excluding petroleum		90.194	111.8	112.0	-1.5	0.0	-0.1	0.1	0.2
All imports excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		89.656	115.7	115.7	-1.4	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.0
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	5.929	175.5	177.5	-1.6	-0.8	-0.3	-0.5	1.1
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	4.567	190.3	193.4	-2.4	-1.0	-0.3	-0.5	1.6
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	1.363	142.8	142.0	1.5	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	-0.6
Industrial supplies & materials	1	24.292	186.1	188.2	5.9	0.7	-1.1	0.5	1.1
Industrial supplies & materials excluding petroleum		14.703	154.4	155.5	-3.2	0.6	0.1	1.2	0.7
Industrial supplies & materials excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		13.950	173.7	173.5	-2.5	0.6	-0.7	0.0	-0.1
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		8.879	166.8	166.3	-0.6	1.0	-0.8	0.2	-0.3
Industrial supplies & materials nondurable excluding petroleum		5.606	139.1	142.1	-6.7	-0.2	1.4	2.9	2.2
Fuels & lubricants	10	10.344	207.7	213.6	19.3	1.0	-1.7	1.3	2.8
Petroleum & petroleum products	100	9.806	223.2	227.9	22.3	0.9	-2.4	0.0	2.1
Crude	10000	6.986	227.7	234.5	31.5	0.8	-3.5	0.5	3.0
Fuels, n.e.s.-coals & gas	101	0.537	122.0	141.9	-13.8	0.9	22.3	33.0	16.3
Gas-natural	10110	0.452	111.3	132.9	-13.3	1.5	32.0	42.0	19.4
Paper & paper base stocks	11	0.539	112.4	111.4	-10.8	-0.5	-1.5	-1.5	-0.9
Materials associated with nondurable supplies & materials	12	4.530	154.2	154.8	-4.8	-0.3	-0.3	-0.1	0.4
Selected building materials	13	1.498	142.6	143.2	-0.9	0.7	0.4	-0.3	0.4
Unfinished metals related to durable goods	14	3.840	235.0	232.2	-0.2	2.0	-1.8	0.5	-1.2
Finished metals related to durable goods	15	1.773	156.9	157.6	-1.5	0.3	-0.8	0.0	0.4
Nonmetals related to durable goods	16	1.768	113.5	113.6	-0.3	0.0	0.2	0.1	0.1
Capital goods	2	27.768	87.5	87.6	-1.7	-0.2	-0.1	-0.3	0.1
Electric generating equipment	20	3.476	120.2	120.3	1.9	0.1	0.4	0.0	0.1
Nonelectrical machinery	21	21.977	79.3	79.4	-2.6	-0.3	-0.3	-0.4	0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	2.315	136.7	136.8	1.6	0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	15.791	109.7	109.8	-0.6	-0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	26.219	106.8	106.8	-0.6	0.0	-0.1	-0.1	0.0
Nondurables, manufactured	40	12.546	123.8	123.8	0.5	-0.1	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Durables, manufactured	41	12.406	91.1	91.0	-1.6	-0.1	-0.2	0.0	-0.1
Nonmanufactured consumer goods	42	1.267	116.5	116.5	-1.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 2. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2018 to December 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Nov. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
All commodities		100.000	125.4	125.2	-0.7	-0.3	0.0	0.2	-0.2
Agricultural commodities		9.751	180.4	180.2	-1.3	-1.6	1.7	2.2	-0.1
All exports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		80.639	101.1	101.0	-0.3	-0.1	-0.3	0.0	-0.1
Nonagricultural commodities		90.249	121.1	121.0	-0.6	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.1
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	9.105	184.6	184.1	-0.6	-1.5	1.7	2.1	-0.3
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	8.479	182.9	182.5	-0.6	-1.7	1.8	2.4	-0.2
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	0.626	218.3	216.6	0.4	1.5	0.9	-1.0	-0.8
Industrial supplies & materials	1	31.783	152.3	152.0	-2.6	-0.5	-0.3	0.1	-0.2
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		10.464	167.0	166.7	2.4	0.4	-0.8	0.4	-0.2
Industrial supplies & materials, nondurable		21.319	146.0	145.6	-4.9	-0.8	0.0	0.0	-0.3
Agricultural industrial supplies & materials	10	1.242	170.2	171.3	-5.6	-1.0	1.3	1.0	0.6
Nonagricultural industrial supplies & materials		30.541	151.8	151.4	-2.4	-0.4	-0.4	0.1	-0.3
Fuels & lubricants	11	10.256	176.5	176.2	-3.6	-1.1	0.7	0.5	-0.2
Nonagricultural supplies & materials excluding fuels & building materials	12	19.319	155.9	155.5	-1.8	-0.1	-0.8	-0.1	-0.3
Selected building materials	13	0.966	117.5	116.5	-3.5	0.1	-1.1	-0.4	-0.9
Capital goods	2	36.279	110.6	110.6	0.5	0.0	-0.2	0.0	0.0
Electrical generating equipment	20	3.770	117.1	117.2	0.1	-0.3	-0.2	0.0	0.1
Nonelectrical machinery	21	23.707	94.6	94.5	-0.4	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	8.801	182.7	182.8	2.9	0.0	-0.1	0.0	0.1
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	10.219	114.1	113.7	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	-0.4
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	12.614	110.4	110.3	0.5	-0.2	-0.2	0.1	-0.1
Nondurables, manufactured	40	5.989	108.2	108.2	1.8	-0.4	0.1	0.2	0.0
Durables, manufactured	41	5.183	107.2	106.9	-0.7	-0.2	-0.4	0.0	-0.3
Nonmanufactured consumer goods (Dec. 2018=100)	42	1.442	98.8	99.0	-1.0	0.2	-0.2	-0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 3. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: December 2018 to December 2019 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Nov. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
Nonmanufacturing		9.533	109.9	113.8	19.4	0.3	-2.2	0.9	3.5
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	1.809	167.8	173.0	-6.3	-1.5	-1.0	-1.5	3.1
Crop production	111	1.434	176.3	182.4	-8.7	-1.8	-1.4	-2.2	3.5
Mining	21	7.724	104.2	107.9	27.5	0.9	-2.7	1.6	3.6
Oil and gas extraction	211	7.468	103.8	107.6	28.2	0.9	-2.8	1.7	3.7
Manufacturing		90.186	110.6	110.6	-1.0	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	0.0
Manufacturing, part 1	31	11.284	125.1	125.3	0.3	-0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
Food manufacturing	311	3.397	154.4	155.3	0.4	-0.3	0.1	0.2	0.6
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	1.158	125.6	125.6	2.9	-0.4	-0.1	0.2	0.0
Textile mills (Dec. 2011=100)	313	0.368	99.4	99.4	-0.8	-0.2	0.0	-0.4	0.0
Textile product mills	314	0.927	107.3	107.2	-1.8	-0.5	-0.1	-0.4	-0.1
Apparel manufacturing	315	3.784	112.4	112.5	0.4	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1
Leather and allied product manufacturing	316	1.652	123.6	123.3	-0.4	-0.2	0.2	0.3	-0.2
Manufacturing, part 2	32	17.538	125.1	125.0	-1.0	0.2	-0.2	-0.4	-0.1
Paper manufacturing	322	1.008	108.2	107.8	-7.4	-0.5	-1.2	-0.9	-0.4
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	2.586	100.4	99.4	4.2	1.5	-0.3	-1.5	-1.0
Chemical manufacturing	325	9.581	138.0	138.2	-1.6	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	0.1
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.286	119.2	119.0	-0.9	-0.2	0.4	0.1	-0.2
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	1.043	130.9	130.9	0.1	-0.2	0.2	0.0	0.0
Manufacturing, part 3	33	61.363	103.2	103.2	-1.1	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	0.0
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.412	155.7	154.2	-0.6	1.5	-1.8	0.6	-1.0
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.132	126.2	126.9	0.0	0.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.6
Machinery manufacturing	333	7.355	118.8	118.7	0.3	0.0	-0.3	0.1	-0.1
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	17.175	71.7	71.8	-3.6	-0.1	0.0	-0.6	0.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	5.192	117.3	117.4	0.9	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	16.790	109.0	109.1	-0.5	-0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	337	1.865	115.5	115.4	-2.0	-0.1	-0.3	-0.3	-0.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.442	118.7	118.6	-0.3	0.2	-0.3	0.3	-0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 4. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: December 2018 to December 2019 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Nov. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
Nonmanufacturing		8.964	130.7	131.0	-6.9	-1.3	1.9	2.2	0.2
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	4.897	153.3	150.9	-4.6	-2.0	3.6	2.8	-1.6
Crop production	111	4.547	160.2	157.8	-5.0	-2.2	3.9	2.9	-1.5
Mining	21	4.066	81.0	82.8	-9.5	-0.6	0.0	1.5	2.2
Mining (except oil and gas)	212	1.198	104.4	103.0	-12.1	-3.4	-1.0	-3.3	-1.3
Manufacturing		89.894	116.3	116.1	0.3	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.2
Manufacturing, part 1	31	6.825	140.9	142.0	1.3	-0.8	-0.3	0.9	0.8
Food manufacturing	311	4.685	159.6	161.5	3.1	-1.1	-0.3	1.4	1.2
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	0.654	121.6	121.1	-3.7	-0.4	-0.7	0.0	-0.4
Manufacturing, part 2	32	24.930	113.2	112.3	-1.4	-0.5	-0.1	-0.2	-0.8
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2017=100)	321	0.506	94.1	93.8	-7.6	-0.5	-1.0	-0.7	-0.3
Paper manufacturing	322	1.626	119.9	119.9	-10.5	-0.6	-1.4	-0.1	0.0
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	6.112	107.1	105.0	1.8	-1.4	0.9	0.1	-2.0
Chemical manufacturing	325	13.306	117.3	116.7	-1.9	-0.3	-0.3	-0.4	-0.5
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.303	117.3	117.2	1.2	0.1	0.1	0.0	-0.1
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.849	117.6	116.9	0.3	0.2	-0.1	-0.2	-0.6
Manufacturing, part 3	33	58.139	115.2	115.1	0.8	0.1	-0.2	0.0	-0.1
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.227	152.8	152.6	6.3	1.4	-0.6	0.1	-0.1
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.034	149.1	149.3	4.3	0.0	0.5	0.1	0.1
Machinery manufacturing	333	9.650	130.3	129.9	1.3	0.0	0.4	-0.2	-0.3
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	13.822	81.5	81.4	-1.7	0.2	-0.7	0.0	-0.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	3.812	117.4	117.4	-0.4	-0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	17.790	128.8	128.9	1.2	-0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing (Dec. 2011=100)	337	0.399	122.5	122.5	1.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.406	120.4	120.1	-0.5	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 5. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2018 to December 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative importance Nov. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
Live animals; animal products	I	1.405	196.0	196.9	2.9	-0.7	-0.4	0.8	0.5
Meat and edible meat offal	02	0.392	270.2	277.1	13.5	-0.6	-0.1	3.1	2.6
Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates	03	0.726	137.5	136.3	-1.7	-1.0	-0.9	-0.1	-0.9
Vegetable products	II	1.742	195.4	201.4	-8.1	-1.5	-1.5	-2.3	3.1
Edible vegetables, roots, and tubers	07	0.441	470.1	503.5	-15.0	1.0	-5.2	-1.3	7.1
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.534	97.7	99.8	-11.1	-8.0	-0.2	-7.0	2.1
Coffee, tea, mate and spices	09	0.332	205.4	210.8	1.7	6.4	-1.6	2.6	2.6
Animal or vegetable fats and oils (Dec. 2009=100)	III	0.229	85.8	86.8	-4.3	-2.1	1.9	1.1	1.2
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	2.891	167.4	168.2	1.6	-0.1	0.2	0.2	0.5
Cocoa and cocoa preparations (Dec. 2009=100)	18	0.229	98.7	101.4	4.8	-1.3	3.1	0.4	2.7
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts, or other parts of plants	20	0.368	171.8	171.9	-1.3	0.1	-0.3	0.0	0.1
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar	22	1.108	135.9	136.0	2.8	-0.4	-0.1	0.2	0.1
Mineral products	V	10.347	208.3	214.0	19.2	0.9	-1.6	1.4	2.7
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	10.028	205.3	211.1	19.5	0.9	-1.7	1.4	2.8
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	8.975	156.6	157.0	-0.8	-0.1	0.1	0.0	0.3
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.524	296.0	309.8	-10.0	0.7	2.0	3.4	4.7
Organic chemicals	29	2.025	126.2	126.9	-1.3	-0.3	0.6	-0.6	0.6
Pharmaceutical products	30	4.423	154.4	154.3	1.6	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Fertilizers (Dec. 2009=100)	31	0.254	76.5	73.8	-19.2	3.2	-5.9	-0.6	-3.5
Essential oils and resinoids (Dec. 2016=100)	33	0.604	103.2	103.2	0.2	-0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	0.579	101.9	101.9	-3.1	-0.9	-0.1	-0.2	0.0
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	3.490	139.8	139.7	-1.0	-0.1	0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Plastics and articles thereof	39	2.331	142.4	142.3	-2.1	-0.1	0.1	-0.3	-0.1
Rubber and articles thereof	40	1.159	136.8	136.7	1.2	0.0	0.2	0.0	-0.1
Raw hides, skins, leather, furskins, travel goods, etc	VIII	0.625	124.8	124.5	-0.4	-0.1	0.2	0.5	-0.2
Articles of leather; travel goods, bags, etc. of various materials	42	0.598	131.6	131.3	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.5	-0.2
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, basketware and wickerwork	IX	0.848	144.0	145.1	-2.6	1.5	0.2	-0.8	0.8
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.060	114.7	114.3	-6.8	-0.4	-0.9	-0.9	-0.3
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.721	108.3	108.6	-2.9	-0.6	-0.4	-0.5	0.3
Textile and textile articles	XI	4.900	114.1	114.2	-0.3	-0.3	0.1	-0.2	0.1
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted	61	1.991	105.0	105.3	0.7	-0.2	0.0	-0.1	0.3
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted	62	1.650	120.7	120.6	0.2	0.1	0.0	-0.2	-0.1
Made-up or worn textile articles	63	0.639	101.5	101.4	-2.2	-0.4	0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Headgear, umbrellas, artificial flowers, etc.	XII	1.376	123.0	122.6	-0.3	-0.2	0.2	0.4	-0.3
Footwear and parts of such articles	64	1.143	122.0	121.7	-0.2	-0.3	0.3	0.4	-0.2
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.956	132.3	132.3	0.5	-0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ceramic products	69	0.268	135.7	135.8	-0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	2.962	192.6	192.7	11.7	3.4	-0.7	1.1	0.1
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	5.707	170.0	169.3	-5.3	-0.2	-1.3	-0.4	-0.4
Iron and steel	72	1.250	200.7	198.7	-12.9	-0.7	-3.7	-2.2	-1.0
Articles of iron or steel	73	1.696	146.7	147.6	-2.1	-0.3	-1.0	-0.5	0.6
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.431	269.9	270.8	-5.1	-0.8	-0.7	2.7	0.3
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.980	127.6	127.9	-5.3	-0.9	-1.0	1.5	0.2
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof	82	0.442	122.9	122.9	-0.9	0.2	-0.1	-0.6	0.0
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.515	134.6	134.5	-2.0	0.1	-1.0	0.0	-0.1
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	29.990	78.8	78.8	-1.7	-0.3	0.0	-0.3	0.0
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	14.795	84.3	84.2	-2.8	-0.4	-0.4	-0.5	-0.1
Electrical machinery and equip, sound and TV recorders & reproducers, parts	85	15.195	73.5	73.6	-0.8	0.0	0.3	-0.1	0.1
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.976	113.3	113.4	-0.7	-0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	12.795	112.4	112.5	-0.6	0.0	-0.1	0.1	0.1
Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof (Dec. 2002=100)	88	1.068	113.1	113.2	-1.7	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	4.003	101.5	101.5	-0.9	0.1	-0.2	0.0	0.0
Optical, photographic, measuring and medical instruments	90	3.731	98.0	98.1	-0.9	0.1	-0.2	0.0	0.1
Clocks and watches and parts thereof	91	0.210	142.1	142.1	0.5	0.2	-0.6	-0.2	0.0
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	4.442	111.3	111.4	-1.4	-0.1	-0.3	-0.1	0.1
Furniture & stuffed furnishings; lamps & lighting fittings, nesoi; prefab bldgs	94	2.782	116.9	117.1	-1.4	-0.2	-0.2	-0.4	0.2
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	1.392	102.3	102.3	-1.2	0.0	-0.2	0.7	0.0
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	96	0.268	126.5	126.5	-2.8	0.0	-1.7	0.0	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 6. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: December 2018 to December 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative import- ance Nov. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
Live animals; animal products	I	1.991	215.3	217.8	4.7	-1.7	-0.8	1.5	1.2
Meat & edible meat offal (Dec. 2006=100)	02	1.156	165.9	169.8	5.1	-4.0	-2.4	3.2	2.4
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates (Dec. 2016=100)	03	0.410	120.3	119.4	0.1	1.8	1.1	-1.5	-0.7
Vegetable products	II	4.600	198.7	195.1	-5.5	-2.3	3.5	3.1	-1.8
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	1.016	141.7	140.2	2.8	4.1	-1.4	2.1	-1.1
Cereals	10	1.386	194.8	193.5	-0.6	-8.6	7.0	2.5	-0.7
Oilseeds and misc. grains, seeds, fruits, plants, straw and fodder	12	1.763	195.6	190.2	0.8	-0.8	4.0	2.9	-2.8
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.067	155.4	156.2	2.8	-1.0	1.2	0.7	0.5
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.582	100.2	100.6	5.7	-0.1	0.9	0.6	0.4
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar (Dec. 2008=100)	22	0.565	112.7	111.2	6.4	-3.1	6.8	-1.8	-1.3
Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed	23	0.702	214.9	221.9	-0.6	-2.8	-0.9	3.7	3.3
Mineral products	V	10.356	212.6	212.2	-3.4	-0.8	0.2	0.7	-0.2
Ores, slag and ash (Dec. 2012=100)	26	0.418	100.1	96.3	-0.7	0.2	0.1	1.5	-3.8
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	9.738	203.8	203.6	-3.6	-0.9	0.2	0.7	-0.1
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	10.878	137.2	137.0	-1.2	-0.5	-0.1	-0.4	-0.1
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.736	147.0	146.7	1.9	-0.4	-0.7	-0.8	-0.2
Organic chemicals	29	2.517	137.6	137.2	-6.7	-1.1	-0.8	-1.1	-0.3
Pharmaceutical products	30	3.102	107.7	107.7	1.6	-0.4	-0.1	0.3	0.0
Tanning or dyeing extracts, dyes, paints varnish, putty, & inks (Dec. 2015=100)	32	0.560	105.7	104.7	3.6	-2.2	1.2	-0.1	-0.9
Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery cosmetic or toilet preparations	33	0.854	130.3	130.4	-0.2	-0.1	0.1	-0.2	0.1
Soap; lubricants; waxes, polishing or scouring products; candles, pastes	34	0.499	125.0	125.1	2.5	0.5	-0.2	0.1	0.1
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	1.987	155.9	156.1	0.1	0.6	-0.3	-0.1	0.1
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	5.154	141.2	140.3	-2.4	-0.8	-0.6	0.0	-0.6
Plastics and articles thereof	39	4.277	138.1	137.2	-2.4	-0.9	-0.7	0.1	-0.7
Rubber and articles thereof	40	0.877	153.0	152.0	-1.9	-0.2	0.1	-0.3	-0.7
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, baskets and wickerwork (Dec. 2014=100)	IX	0.603	92.1	91.2	-7.9	-1.5	-1.4	-0.8	-1.0
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.816	118.7	119.1	-12.0	-0.8	-1.9	-0.3	0.3
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	1.080	124.5	124.3	-5.2	-0.1	-0.6	0.2	-0.2
Textile and textile articles	XI	1.705	118.7	119.2	-4.6	-0.1	0.7	0.5	0.4
Cotton, including yarns and woven fabrics thereof	52	0.472	115.0	116.9	-10.9	0.6	3.1	2.0	1.7
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.825	127.3	126.9	1.8	0.0	0.0	-0.1	-0.3
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	4.546	262.3	261.2	10.4	1.5	-0.4	0.2	-0.4
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	4.616	154.9	155.5	-2.6	-1.0	-1.3	0.8	0.4
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.470	174.2	174.3	-5.2	0.2	-1.6	2.2	0.1
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.671	98.5	98.3	-9.2	-2.9	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.337	154.1	154.1	0.8	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	28.138	97.4	97.2	-0.4	0.0	-0.4	0.0	-0.2
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	16.374	115.7	115.4	0.0	0.0	-0.3	-0.1	-0.3
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts and accessories thereof	85	11.764	77.7	77.7	-0.9	0.0	-0.5	0.0	0.0
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.841	137.1	137.1	1.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	8.360	116.2	116.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	0.0	-0.1
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	5.963	110.6	110.5	1.4	0.1	0.3	-0.2	-0.1
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	1.380	112.6	112.8	0.1	0.0	-0.1	-0.1	0.2
Furniture; stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings nesoi;	94	0.770	130.6	130.5	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	-0.1
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	0.458	88.3	88.8	1.7	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	0.6
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 7. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes by locality of origin: December 2018 to December 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	126.9	127.3	6.4	0.2	-0.3	0.5	0.3
Nonmanufacturing	10.875	183.5	189.5	86.1	1.4	-2.1	2.5	3.3
Manufacturing	88.658	121.6	121.6	1.2	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.0
Canada	100.000	138.9	139.8	17.0	0.4	-1.0	1.0	0.6
Nonmanufacturing	29.963	179.9	185.9	98.8	1.5	-2.4	2.6	3.3
Manufacturing	69.309	129.8	129.0	-0.9	0.1	-0.4	0.4	-0.6
European Union	100.000	137.0	137.1	0.4	0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.1
Manufacturing	98.777	133.5	133.5	0.5	-0.1	-0.1	0.3	0.0
France (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	127.7	127.5	0.4	-0.2	-0.1	0.2	-0.2
Germany (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	112.5	113.0	1.0	0.3	-0.2	0.0	0.4
United Kingdom (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	122.3	122.4	1.8	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1
Latin America(3)	100.000	144.4	144.9	-2.0	0.1	-1.0	-0.7	0.3
Nonmanufacturing	16.244	244.6	252.7	2.3	0.1	-1.8	-1.6	3.3
Manufacturing	83.488	118.7	118.5	-2.7	0.1	-0.8	-0.5	-0.2
Mexico (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	125.7	126.1	-2.0	-0.2	-0.2	-0.9	0.3
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	7.771	125.7	131.1	-8.4	-1.6	1.2	-6.5	4.3
Manufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	91.979	87.0	87.0	-1.4	0.0	-0.2	-0.5	0.0
Pacific Rim (Dec. 2003=100)(4)	100.000	97.6	97.6	-1.3	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	0.0
China (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	98.1	98.1	-1.8	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1	0.0
Japan	100.000	97.0	96.9	0.4	-0.1	0.1	0.1	-0.1
Taiwan (Dec. 2018=100)	100.000	98.5	98.5	-1.5	0.1	-0.3	-0.1	0.0
Asian NICs(5)	100.000	86.8	86.5	-2.1	-0.6	-0.5	0.0	-0.3
ASEAN (Dec. 2003=100)(6)	100.000	97.0	97.2	-0.3	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	0.2
Asia Near East (Dec. 2003=100)(7)	100.000	174.8	177.6	0.2	0.5	-3.1	1.6	1.6
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries. (5) Asian Newly Industrialized Countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. (6) Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. (7) Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 8. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes by locality of destination: December 2018 to December 2019 [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	103.3	103.2	-0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.4	-0.1
Nonmanufacturing	8.356	107.9	107.7	-11.1	-0.4	1.3	3.3	-0.2
Manufacturing	90.495	103.1	103.0	0.9	-0.1	0.0	0.1	-0.1
Canada	100.000	105.1	104.9	-2.1	-0.1	0.2	1.0	-0.2
European Union	100.000	104.7	104.7	1.4	-0.1	-0.2	0.0	0.0
Nonmanufacturing	7.039	102.0	103.4	-1.4	-2.3	1.2	0.6	1.4
Manufacturing	91.993	105.0	104.9	1.5	0.0	-0.3	0.0	-0.1
Germany	100.000	104.5	104.8	3.5	0.2	-0.2	0.2	0.3
Latin America(3)	100.000	100.6	100.4	-1.3	-0.5	0.3	0.3	-0.2
Nonmanufacturing	7.134	106.1	106.6	-7.7	-3.2	3.9	1.7	0.5
Manufacturing	92.436	100.2	99.9	-0.9	-0.3	0.0	0.2	-0.3
Mexico	100.000	100.4	99.9	-1.7	-0.5	0.1	0.6	-0.5
Nonmanufacturing	6.210	100.0	97.3	-15.8	-2.6	3.9	2.2	-2.7
Manufacturing	93.293	100.4	100.1	-0.6	-0.5	-0.1	0.5	-0.3
Pacific Rim(4)	100.000	99.4	99.3	-0.8	-0.3	0.1	-0.6	-0.1
Nonmanufacturing	14.070	96.8	96.7	1.0	-1.8	2.9	-3.2	-0.1
Manufacturing	84.210	100.6	100.4	-0.5	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	-0.2
China	100.000	97.9	98.1	-0.4	-0.3	0.0	0.7	0.2
Nonmanufacturing	20.754	97.6	97.7	3.4	-1.4	1.5	4.1	0.1
Manufacturing	76.395	99.9	100.0	0.3	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.1
Japan	100.000	101.0	101.0	0.8	0.0	0.6	0.1	0.0
Nonmanufacturing	18.151	100.1	101.3	1.3	-3.8	2.5	1.2	1.2
Manufacturing	80.436	100.6	100.3	0.1	0.8	0.2	-0.3	-0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 9. U.S. terms of trade indexes and percent changes by locality: December 2018 to December 2019(1) [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Index		Percent change
	Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
			Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	99.6	99.2	-6.1	-0.3	0.4	-0.1	-0.4
Canada	99.4	98.6	-16.3	-0.5	1.2	-0.1	-0.8
European Union	102.9	102.8	0.9	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Germany	106.9	106.7	2.4	-0.1	0.0	0.2	-0.2
Latin America(3)	103.7	103.2	0.7	-0.6	1.3	1.0	-0.5
Mexico	103.0	102.2	0.4	-0.3	0.3	1.5	-0.8
Pacific Rim(4)	100.2	100.1	0.5	-0.1	0.3	-0.6	-0.1
China	99.9	100.1	1.4	-0.1	0.1	0.8	0.2
Japan	99.4	99.5	0.3	0.1	0.4	0.0	0.1
Footnotes (1) Terms of trade indexes are derived by dividing the export price index by the corresponding import price index and multiplying by 100. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 10. U.S. international price indexes and percent changes for selected transportation services: December 2018 to December 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Nov. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Nov. 2019	Dec. 2019	Annual	Monthly
				Dec. 2018 to Dec. 2019	Aug. 2019 to Sept. 2019	Sept. 2019 to Oct. 2019	Oct. 2019 to Nov. 2019	Nov. 2019 to Dec. 2019
Air Freight
Import Air Freight	100.000	179.0	181.4	-3.7	-0.3	1.2	2.2	1.3
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	26.123	143.4	143.3	-3.1	-0.1	-0.2	-1.2	-0.1
Asia	60.826	170.3	173.6	-4.9	-0.6	2.2	4.0	1.9
Export Air Freight	100.000	162.5	163.8	-0.6	-1.4	0.4	-0.2	0.8
Europe (Dec. 2006=100)	32.335	151.3	152.4	2.4	-0.7	-0.1	0.6	0.7
Inbound Air Freight	100.000	163.9	165.2	-4.9	-0.6	1.1	1.3	0.8
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	27.684	131.2	131.1	-3.3	0.5	-0.1	-1.0	-0.1
Asia	57.194	152.7	154.7	-6.9	-1.3	2.0	2.6	1.3
Outbound Air Freight	100.000	146.3	147.6	1.1	-3.1	1.0	2.2	0.9
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	33.692	156.5	158.6	6.4	0.0	0.1	1.0	1.3
Asia	44.163	139.7	141.1	-2.6	-6.7	1.8	4.3	1.0
Air Passenger Fares
Import Air Passenger Fares	100.000	178.0	188.2	-4.7	9.1	3.4	2.7	5.7
Europe	55.862	208.3	205.4	-6.5	18.9	0.2	8.0	-1.4
Asia	18.972	128.5	153.3	-2.5	-1.5	3.5	0.1	19.3
Latin America/Caribbean	6.646	159.6	185.3	4.2	-7.9	4.0	4.0	16.1
Export Air Passenger Fares	100.000	147.9	146.9	-2.6	-5.2	-2.1	3.3	-0.7
Europe	28.485	189.0	184.8	-9.7	1.1	-2.9	4.5	-2.2
Asia	27.866	131.7	129.2	-3.1	-10.3	-4.1	5.2	-1.9
Latin America/Caribbean	25.077	152.8	158.5	7.2	-6.4	-1.7	0.9	3.7
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

                                                TECHNICAL NOTE                                                

Import and Export Goods and Services Price Indexes - All indexes use a modified Laspeyres 
formula and are not seasonally adjusted. Price indexes are reweighted annually, with a 2-year lag in the 
weights. Published series use a base year of 2000=100 where possible. More detailed index series and 
additional information may be obtained at www.bls.gov/mxp or by calling (202) 691-7101.

Merchandise Goods Classification Systems - The merchandise price indexes are published using three 
classification systems. Items are classified by end use according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Classification System, by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS), and by product category according to the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by 
end use and product category are self-explanatory, some notes are in order for classifying items by 
industry. In the NAICS imports and exports tables, items are classified by output industry, not input 
industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products manufacturing) 
includes outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS 
classification structure also matches the classification system used by the Producer Price Index (PPI) to 
produce the NAICS primary products indexes.

Import Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
States Annotated (TSUSA). Import prices are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The 
prices are generally either "free on board" (f.o.b.) foreign port or "cost, insurance, and freight" (c.i.f.) 
U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude 
petroleum is calculated from data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy.  

Export Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Schedule B classification system 
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prices used are generally either "free alongside ship" (f.a.s.) 
factory or "free on board" (f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual 
industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture.

Services Price Indexes - Indexes for import and export air passenger fares calculate changes in the 
average revenue received per passenger by foreign carriers from U.S. residents and by U.S. carriers from 
foreign residents, respectively. Data are obtained from an airline consulting service and report on tickets 
sold by travel agencies, travel websites, and directly by the airlines. Taxes and fees are included in both 
the import and export air passenger fares indexes. Import air passenger fares data have used the airline 
consulting service source since September 2008. Before April 2018, the export air passenger fares data 
were collected directly by BLS from U.S. airlines. The air freight indexes are calculated from data 
collected directly from airlines. These data exclude mail and passenger baggage. The scope of the 
service being priced is the movement of freight from airport to airport only, and does not include any 
ground transportation or port service. The air freight indexes are presented using two definitions: 
balance of payments (which represents transactions between U.S. and foreign residents) and 
international (which represents transactions inbound to and outbound from the United States.) Fact 
sheets specifying detailed information for each services industry are available at www.bls.gov/mxp 
under "MXP Publications."

Import Price Indexes by Locality of Origin - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the import price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and, 
beginning with January 2002, are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
covering goods-producing industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and 
manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Export Price Indexes by Locality of Destination - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the export price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and are 
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) covering goods-producing 
industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are 
defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Terms of Trade Indexes - Terms of trade indexes measure the relative price of exports in terms of 
import prices for a specific country, region, or grouping. The indexes are calculated as one country, 
region, or grouping's all-export goods price index divided by the corresponding all-import goods price 
index on a scale of 100. 
   
Relative Importance - A relative importance is a specific index's price-updated value share (expressed 
as a percentage) of overall imports or exports at a specific point in time. Relative importance values are 
affected by the trade weights at the point indexes are reweighted and index changes relative to other 
indexes since the reweight point. If an index is rising in value relative to other indexes over time, the 
relative importance will increase as well. 
 
Revision Policy - To reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents, monthly data 
may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. After 3 months, no further data 
revisions take place. For example, data first published in the January release will be subject to revision 
in the releases for February, March, and April.

Rounding Policy - Index values are rounded to the tenth decimal place after being calculated. All 
percent changes are then derived from the rounded index values and subsequently rounded to the tenth 
decimal place.

Uses of the Data - The primary use of the indexes is to deflate trade statistics, notably the foreign trade 
sector of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) constructed by the Department of 
Commerce. Other published indexes are useful for general market analysis. For trade in international 
services, balance of payments indexes are used for deflating NIPA, while international indexes are more 
appropriate for market analysis. 

Email Subscription - The U.S. import and export price indexes news release is available through an 
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Additional Information - More detailed data are available on the Import/Export Price Indexes home 
page at www.bls.gov/mxp. For import and export price indexes data requests, send an email to 
mxpinfo@bls.gov.   
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