Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                                      USDL-19-0614
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                               U.S. IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES - MARCH 2019                                

U.S. import prices increased 0.6 percent in March, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today, 
following a 1.0-percent rise in February. Both the March and February advances were driven by higher fuel 
prices. Prices for U.S. exports rose 0.7 percent for the second consecutive month in March. Both agricultural 
and nonagricultural prices contributed to the increase.

Imports

Prices for U.S. imports advanced 0.6 percent in March and 1.7 percent in the first 3 months of 2019. The 
increase for the 3 months ended in March was the largest 3-month rise since the index advanced 1.9 percent 
between October 2017 and January 2018. The import price index recorded no change over the past 12 
months. (See table 1.) 

Fuel Imports: Import fuel prices rose 6.4 percent in March after increasing 9.7 percent in February and 4.4 
percent in January. Petroleum prices rose 4.7 percent in March, continuing the trend of the previous 2 
months, and natural gas prices rose 42.3 percent following a 12.9-percent increase in February. Fuel prices 
rose 7.3 percent over the past 12 months. The price index for petroleum increased 3.9 percent for the year 
ended in March, and prices for natural gas rose 91.3 percent over the same period. The 12-month increase in 
natural gas prices was the largest advance since the index rose 99.9 percent in March 2014.

All Imports Excluding Fuel: The price index for nonfuel imports decreased 0.2 percent in March, after 
rising 0.2 percent in February. In March, falling prices for capital goods, consumer goods, and nonfuel 
industrial supplies and materials more than offset an increase in the prices for foods, feeds, and beverages. 
Nonfuel import prices declined 0.8 percent from March 2018 to March 2019, the largest 12-month drop 
since the index fell 0.9 percent for the year ended in August 2016. Each of the major import categories 
contributed to the decrease in nonfuel prices over the past year. 

Nonfuel Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonfuel industrial supplies and materials prices edged down 0.1 
percent in March following a 0.3-percent advance the previous month. The March decrease was driven by a 
1.0-percent decline in chemical prices which more than offset rising metals prices.
	
Finished Goods: Prices for imported finished goods were mostly down in March. The price indexes for 
capital goods and consumer goods each fell 0.2 percent. Automotive vehicle prices recorded no change in 
March.  

Foods, Feeds, and Beverages: Foods, feeds, and beverages prices ticked up 0.1 percent in March, after a 
0.2-percent increase in February. The March advance was driven by higher prices for fish and shellfish; 
vegetables; and meat.

Table A. Percent change in Import and Export Price Indexes, selected categories

Month	IMPORTS			EXPORTS
	All imports	Fuel imports	Nonfuel imports	All exports	Agri- cultural exports	Non- agricultural exports
2018
March	-0.2	-2.6	0.1	0.4	3.2	0.1
April	0.5	4.0	0.1	0.5	-1.1	0.7
May	0.9	6.1	0.2	0.7	1.6	0.6
June	0.0	2.6	-0.3	0.2	-1.0	0.3
July	-0.1	0.8	-0.2	-0.5	-5.2	0.1
August	-0.4	-2.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.4	-0.2
September	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	-1.3	0.2
October	0.5	3.3	0.1	0.5	-0.1	0.5
November	-1.6	-12.2	-0.2	-0.8	1.7	-1.0
December	-1.4	-13.3	0.0	(r)-0.6	(r)3.8	-1.1
2019
January	0.1	(r)4.4	-0.3	(r)-0.6	-2.1	(r)-0.4
February	(r)1.0	(r)9.7	(r)0.2	(r)0.7	(r)0.2	(r)0.8
March	0.6	6.4	-0.2	0.7	0.9	0.7
Mar. 2017 to 2018	3.3	16.4	1.9	3.4	2.8	3.5
Mar. 2018 to 2019	0.0	7.3	-0.8	0.6	-2.3	1.0
Footnotes (r) Revised

Exports 

The price index for U.S. exports advanced 0.7 percent in March, after increasing 0.7 percent the previous 
month. Those increases followed 0.6-percent declines in January and December. Prices for nonagricultural 
and agricultural exports each contributed to the overall advance in March. U.S. export prices rose 0.6 
percent over the past 12 months. (See table 2.)

Agricultural Exports: The price index for agricultural exports increased 0.9 percent in March following a 
0.2-percent advance in February. The rise in March was led by a 34.9-percent increase in vegetable prices. 
Rising prices for dairy products and eggs also contributed to the March advance. In contrast, wheat, 
soybean, and corn prices declined in March. Despite the recent increases, agricultural export prices fell 2.3 
percent over the past year. The decrease was driven by a 15.5-percent drop in soybean prices from March 
2018 to March 2019.  

All Exports Excluding Agriculture: Prices for nonagricultural exports rose 0.7 percent in March, after 
increasing 0.8 percent in February. In March, higher prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies and 
materials more than offset lower prices for capital goods and automotive vehicles. The price index for 
nonagricultural exports increased 1.0 percent for the year ended in March.

Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials prices 
advanced 2.1 percent in March following a 1.7-percent rise the previous month. The March increase was the 
largest monthly advance since a 2.1-percent rise in November 2017 and was led by a 5.6-percent increase in 
fuel prices.  

Finished Goods: Prices for finished goods were mostly down in March. The price indexes for export capital 
goods and automotive vehicles each edged down 0.1 percent. The declines followed a 0.2-percent advance 
in capital goods prices and a 0.4-percent rise in automotive vehicles prices in February. Consumer goods 
prices recorded no change in March, after increasing 0.5 percent the previous month.

Measures of Import and Export Prices by Locality

Imports by Locality of Origin: Prices for imports from China recorded no change in March following 
declines of 0.1 percent in February and 0.3 percent in January. Import prices from China decreased 0.9 
percent over the past 12 months, the largest over-the-year drop since the index fell 0.9 percent in September 
2017. The price index for imports from Japan ticked up 0.1 percent in March following a 0.1-percent rise in 
February. Prices for imports from Japan rose 0.3 percent over the past year. The price index for imports 
from Canada advanced 2.0 percent, after rising 7.5 percent the previous month. The March increase was led 
by higher fuel prices. In March, prices for imports from the European Union rose 0.3 percent for the second 
consecutive month. Import prices from Mexico recorded no change in March, after rising 0.6 percent the 
previous month. (See table 7.)

Exports by Locality of Destination: Prices for exports to China rose 0.5 percent in March, after increasing 
0.6 percent the previous month. Higher prices for both manufactured and nonmanufactured exports each 
contributed to the March advance. Despite the recent increases, export prices to China declined 3.6 percent 
over the past year. The price index for exports to Japan increased 0.2 percent in March following a 1.3-
percent rise in February. Prices for exports to Japan fell 1.9 percent over the past 12 months. In March, 
export prices to Canada advanced 1.5 percent and export prices to Mexico rose 1.3 percent. The price index 
for exports to the European Union advanced 0.3 percent in March, after recording a 0.8-percent increase in 
February. (See table 8.)

Terms of Trade Indexes: Terms of Trade indexes are based on country, region, or grouping and measure 
the change in the purchasing power of exports relative to imports. The U.S. terms of trade with China 
advanced 0.5 percent in March following a 0.7-percent increase in February. The March rise in the U.S. 
terms of trade with China was driven by the increase in export prices to China. U.S. terms of trade with 
Japan ticked up 0.1 percent, after advancing 1.2 percent the previous month. The index for U.S. terms of 
trade with Mexico rose 1.3 percent in March, the largest monthly advance since the index was first 
published in December 2017. In contrast, the U.S. terms of trade with Canada declined 0.5 percent in 
March. The rise in import prices from Canada more than offset the increase in export prices to Canada. U.S. 
terms of trade with the European Union recorded no change in March. (See table 9.)

Import and Export Services

Imports: Import air passenger fares declined 5.7 percent in March following decreases of 2.0 percent in 
February and 3.8 percent in January. The March drop was led by an 8.5-percent decline in European fares, 
the largest monthly drop in European fares since a 12.2-percent decrease in August 2018. Overall import air 
passenger fares fell 0.9 percent for the year ended in March. The price index for import air freight rose 0.6 
percent in March, after declines of 6.1 percent in February, 1.4 percent in January, and 3.2 percent in 
December. Import air freight prices decreased 2.1 percent over the past 12 months. (See table 10.)

Exports: Export air passenger fares increased 1.6 percent in March following an 8.9-percent drop the 
previous month. Higher Latin American/Caribbean, Asian, and European fares all contributed to the 
advance in overall export air passenger fares in March. The index for export air passenger fares fell 5.8 
percent over the past year, the largest 12-month drop since a 5.8-percent decline for the year ended 
December 2017. Export air freight prices ticked up 0.1 percent in March and rose 1.8 percent over the past 
12 months.   
		
Import and Export Price Index data for April are scheduled for release on Tuesday, May 14, 2019 at 8:30 a.m. 
(EDT).

Table 1. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: March 2018 to March 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Feb. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
All commodities		100.000	125.8	126.5	0.0	-1.4	0.1	1.0	0.6
All imports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		83.864	100.0	99.8	-0.7	0.0	-0.3	0.2	-0.2
All imports excluding petroleum		90.440	113.2	113.4	-0.3	0.2	-0.6	0.2	0.2
All imports excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		89.883	117.1	116.9	-0.8	0.0	-0.3	0.2	-0.2
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	6.019	180.0	180.1	-1.4	0.1	-0.4	0.2	0.1
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	4.691	197.4	196.8	-1.7	0.5	-0.6	0.2	-0.3
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	1.328	140.6	142.6	-0.5	-1.5	0.4	0.1	1.4
Industrial supplies & materials	1	24.199	187.2	192.2	2.0	-5.7	1.2	4.1	2.7
Industrial supplies & materials excluding petroleum		14.863	157.7	160.4	1.3	0.8	-2.7	0.9	1.7
Industrial supplies & materials excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		14.083	177.1	177.0	-1.7	-0.1	-0.8	0.3	-0.1
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		8.804	167.0	167.7	-2.3	0.2	-0.7	0.5	0.4
Industrial supplies & materials nondurable excluding petroleum		5.835	146.1	151.0	6.6	1.7	-5.3	1.2	3.4
Fuels & lubricants	10	10.117	205.1	218.3	7.3	-13.3	4.4	9.7	6.4
Petroleum & petroleum products	100	9.560	219.8	230.2	3.9	-15.3	7.5	9.7	4.7
Crude	10000	6.919	227.8	238.8	3.7	-19.2	12.4	13.7	4.8
Fuels, n.e.s.-coals & gas	101	0.557	127.8	172.5	66.3	13.8	-29.9	10.7	35.0
Gas-natural	10110	0.460	114.4	162.8	91.3	18.4	-33.9	12.9	42.3
Paper & paper base stocks	11	0.593	124.8	123.8	9.4	1.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.8
Materials associated with nondurable supplies & materials	12	4.685	161.1	159.5	-1.8	-0.9	-1.0	0.1	-1.0
Selected building materials	13	1.511	145.3	145.0	-7.9	0.8	-0.6	1.2	-0.2
Unfinished metals related to durable goods	14	3.759	232.3	234.9	-1.6	0.5	-1.3	1.2	1.1
Finished metals related to durable goods	15	1.781	159.2	158.7	-2.2	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3
Nonmetals related to durable goods	16	1.752	113.5	113.6	1.8	-0.3	0.0	-0.4	0.1
Capital goods	2	27.973	89.0	88.8	-1.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	-0.2
Electric generating equipment	20	3.378	118.0	118.3	0.5	0.0	0.1	-0.1	0.3
Nonelectrical machinery	21	22.316	81.4	81.1	-1.3	-0.1	-0.1	0.0	-0.4
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	2.279	135.9	135.9	0.2	0.1	0.8	0.1	0.0
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	15.721	110.3	110.3	-0.3	0.1	-0.2	0.0	0.0
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	26.088	107.3	107.1	-0.2	0.1	-0.4	0.3	-0.2
Nondurables, manufactured	40	12.397	123.5	123.4	1.1	0.1	-0.1	0.3	-0.1
Durables, manufactured	41	12.398	91.9	91.9	-1.5	0.0	-0.5	-0.1	0.0
Nonmanufactured consumer goods	42	1.293	120.1	117.0	1.0	1.8	-0.6	2.6	-2.6
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 2. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: March 2018 to March 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Feb. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
All commodities		100.000	126.2	127.1	0.6	-0.6	-0.6	0.7	0.7
Agricultural commodities		9.622	179.2	180.9	-2.3	3.8	-2.1	0.2	0.9
All exports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		80.563	101.7	101.7	0.5	-0.1	0.1	0.3	0.0
Nonagricultural commodities		90.378	122.2	123.0	1.0	-1.1	-0.4	0.8	0.7
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	8.920	182.1	184.3	-1.5	3.8	-1.9	0.3	1.2
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	8.290	180.0	182.2	-1.7	4.0	-2.1	0.1	1.2
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	0.630	221.0	224.0	1.3	-0.6	0.3	2.2	1.4
Industrial supplies & materials	1	32.328	156.0	159.1	0.7	-3.1	-1.7	1.7	2.0
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		10.276	165.1	166.3	-0.7	-0.1	0.4	1.0	0.7
Industrial supplies & materials, nondurable		22.053	152.0	156.0	1.4	-4.6	-2.7	2.0	2.6
Agricultural industrial supplies & materials	10	1.302	179.6	178.6	-6.0	1.9	-2.0	1.0	-0.6
Nonagricultural industrial supplies & materials		31.027	155.2	158.5	1.0	-3.3	-1.7	1.7	2.1
Fuels & lubricants	11	10.518	182.2	192.4	3.9	-8.4	-4.5	4.4	5.6
Nonagricultural supplies & materials excluding fuels & building materials	12	19.508	158.5	159.1	-0.6	-0.8	-0.3	0.4	0.4
Selected building materials	13	1.001	122.7	122.1	-1.0	-0.5	1.1	0.6	-0.5
Capital goods	2	36.056	110.7	110.6	1.5	0.1	0.4	0.2	-0.1
Electrical generating equipment	20	3.756	117.5	117.6	1.8	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.1
Nonelectrical machinery	21	23.670	95.1	95.0	0.7	0.0	0.2	0.0	-0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	8.630	180.3	180.4	3.3	0.3	0.8	0.6	0.1
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	10.197	114.6	114.5	0.4	0.0	0.1	0.4	-0.1
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	12.499	110.2	110.2	0.4	0.0	-0.1	0.5	0.0
Nondurables, manufactured	40	5.915	107.6	107.5	0.8	-0.3	0.6	0.7	-0.1
Durables, manufactured	41	5.135	107.0	107.1	-0.5	0.2	-0.7	0.2	0.1
Nonmanufactured consumer goods (Dec. 2018=100)	42	1.449	100.0	99.6	-	-	0.0	0.0	-0.4
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 3. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: March 2018 to March 2019 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Feb. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
Nonmanufacturing		9.619	112.0	117.3	6.6	-12.0	6.4	10.5	4.7
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	1.974	184.9	181.9	-2.8	1.8	-1.6	1.8	-1.6
Crop production	111	1.603	199.1	193.0	-2.8	2.5	-2.4	2.1	-3.1
Mining	21	7.645	104.2	110.7	9.1	-15.7	9.0	13.0	6.2
Oil and gas extraction	211	7.410	104.0	110.6	9.1	-16.2	9.3	13.4	6.3
Manufacturing		90.072	111.6	111.6	-0.4	-0.3	-0.3	0.2	0.0
Manufacturing, part 1	31	11.167	125.0	125.2	0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.0	0.2
Food manufacturing	311	3.375	154.9	155.9	-1.1	-0.3	-0.1	0.3	0.6
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	1.115	122.2	122.1	1.2	0.0	-0.2	0.2	-0.1
Textile mills (Dec. 2011=100)	313	0.367	100.2	99.5	-0.9	0.3	0.0	0.0	-0.7
Textile product mills	314	0.933	109.1	108.9	-0.8	0.1	0.0	-0.1	-0.2
Apparel manufacturing	315	3.736	112.1	112.1	0.7	0.0	0.3	-0.2	0.0
Leather and allied product manufacturing	316	1.642	124.1	124.1	1.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.0
Manufacturing, part 2	32	17.505	126.1	126.5	0.7	-1.3	-0.7	0.6	0.3
Paper manufacturing	322	1.074	116.4	115.7	7.5	0.6	-0.2	0.2	-0.6
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	2.410	94.5	98.9	5.3	-6.3	-1.9	1.0	4.7
Chemical manufacturing	325	9.659	140.5	139.9	0.3	-0.7	-0.6	0.6	-0.4
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.267	119.4	119.2	0.1	-0.1	-0.5	-0.1	-0.2
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	1.033	131.0	130.8	0.5	-0.1	-0.1	0.2	-0.2
Manufacturing, part 3	33	61.400	104.3	104.2	-0.9	0.0	-0.2	0.1	-0.1
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.371	155.8	156.4	-0.9	0.5	-0.8	1.2	0.4
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.105	126.4	126.7	-1.2	-0.3	-0.2	-0.2	0.2
Machinery manufacturing	333	7.286	118.8	118.8	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	17.541	74.0	73.8	-2.4	-0.3	-0.4	-0.3	-0.3
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	5.104	116.4	116.5	0.8	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	16.708	109.5	109.5	-0.2	0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.0
Furniture and related product manufacturing	337	1.877	117.5	117.4	0.6	0.2	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.409	119.1	118.3	-0.4	0.3	-0.1	0.2	-0.7
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 4. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: March 2018 to March 2019 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Feb. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
Nonmanufacturing		9.281	136.2	139.7	-1.7	3.7	-5.0	1.9	2.6
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	4.869	153.4	155.3	-5.8	6.1	-3.7	0.8	1.2
Crop production	111	4.618	160.5	162.3	-5.1	6.6	-4.0	0.6	1.1
Mining	21	4.412	88.4	91.9	4.8	0.1	-6.2	3.0	4.0
Mining (except oil and gas)	212	1.352	118.6	118.9	6.1	1.1	0.9	0.3	0.3
Manufacturing		89.487	116.5	117.1	1.2	-1.0	0.0	0.6	0.5
Manufacturing, part 1	31	6.757	140.3	140.6	-0.1	0.4	0.0	0.1	0.2
Food manufacturing	311	4.575	156.8	157.5	-0.9	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.4
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	0.675	126.2	124.5	2.9	3.1	-0.2	0.5	-1.3
Manufacturing, part 2	32	25.105	114.7	116.7	1.4	-3.8	-0.9	1.6	1.7
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2017=100)	321	0.552	103.4	100.9	-2.8	-0.3	1.0	0.9	-2.4
Paper manufacturing	322	1.767	131.1	129.7	2.5	0.8	-2.9	0.8	-1.1
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	5.973	105.4	112.8	3.2	-12.8	-3.0	5.4	7.0
Chemical manufacturing	325	13.481	119.6	119.8	0.6	-1.1	0.2	0.4	0.2
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.271	116.5	116.5	1.4	0.1	0.1	0.5	0.0
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.836	116.5	117.5	0.9	-0.2	0.0	-0.1	0.9
Manufacturing, part 3	33	57.625	114.9	114.9	1.3	0.1	0.4	0.3	0.0
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.028	146.6	147.0	1.0	0.6	0.9	1.2	0.3
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	2.951	145.9	146.7	5.9	0.0	1.9	0.1	0.5
Machinery manufacturing	333	9.535	129.6	129.6	2.9	0.2	0.4	0.7	0.0
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	13.942	82.8	82.7	-0.5	-0.2	0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	3.809	118.0	118.1	1.9	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	17.604	128.3	128.3	1.6	0.2	0.4	0.3	0.0
Furniture and related product manufacturing (Dec. 2011=100)	337	0.391	120.8	121.2	2.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.365	120.3	120.1	0.0	0.3	-0.6	0.3	-0.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 5. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: March 2018 to March 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative importance Feb. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
Live animals; animal products	I	1.374	193.3	198.1	-0.5	-0.8	0.2	0.8	2.5
Meat and edible meat offal	02	0.364	252.8	257.9	2.0	1.6	1.4	2.1	2.0
Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates	03	0.724	138.4	142.8	-1.2	-2.2	0.0	-0.1	3.2
Vegetable products	II	1.930	218.5	212.8	-3.2	2.0	-2.4	2.1	-2.6
Edible vegetables, roots, and tubers	07	0.490	527.3	546.4	13.1	12.2	-14.7	4.4	3.6
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.649	119.9	113.3	-11.3	-4.3	9.0	-2.0	-5.5
Coffee, tea, mate and spices	09	0.323	201.5	199.9	-7.9	-0.7	-1.4	-1.5	-0.8
Animal or vegetable fats and oils (Dec. 2009=100)	III	0.242	91.3	90.5	-18.0	-1.8	1.4	-0.8	-0.9
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	2.833	165.5	165.6	0.7	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Cocoa and cocoa preparations (Dec. 2009=100)	18	0.220	95.9	96.8	-2.9	-0.4	-1.0	0.1	0.9
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts, or other parts of plants	20	0.368	173.2	172.0	1.7	-0.3	-0.3	-0.3	-0.7
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar	22	1.070	132.4	132.4	1.3	-0.1	-0.2	0.2	0.0
Mineral products	V	10.123	205.6	219.0	7.8	-13.0	4.4	9.7	6.5
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	9.828	203.0	216.3	7.8	-13.3	4.5	10.0	6.6
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	8.994	158.3	157.5	0.3	-0.6	-0.9	0.9	-0.5
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.582	331.9	319.7	3.0	0.0	-6.3	2.9	-3.7
Organic chemicals	29	2.039	128.3	127.0	-2.6	-2.0	-0.9	0.7	-1.0
Pharmaceutical products	30	4.343	153.0	152.9	1.3	0.0	-0.7	1.4	-0.1
Fertilizers (Dec. 2009=100)	31	0.297	90.2	88.4	10.4	-0.7	-0.2	-1.0	-2.0
Essential oils and resinoids (Dec. 2016=100)	33	0.596	102.7	103.1	-0.7	-0.4	-0.2	-0.1	0.4
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	0.595	105.6	105.0	-2.5	-1.2	1.0	-0.6	-0.6
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	3.469	140.2	140.4	-0.4	-0.6	-0.1	-0.5	0.1
Plastics and articles thereof	39	2.335	144.0	143.9	0.2	-0.6	-0.4	-0.5	-0.1
Rubber and articles thereof	40	1.134	135.0	135.5	-1.7	-0.4	0.4	-0.4	0.4
Raw hides, skins, leather, furskins, travel goods, etc	VIII	0.622	125.3	125.3	0.6	0.1	0.3	-0.1	0.0
Articles of leather; travel goods, bags, etc. of various materials	42	0.593	131.7	131.7	1.4	0.2	0.5	-0.1	0.0
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, basketware and wickerwork	IX	0.875	149.8	149.2	-13.5	1.2	-1.0	1.6	-0.4
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.124	122.8	121.7	7.1	0.7	0.1	0.1	-0.9
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.738	111.8	111.5	5.9	0.4	-0.3	0.2	-0.3
Textile and textile articles	XI	4.880	114.6	114.3	0.0	0.1	0.2	-0.1	-0.3
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted	61	1.971	104.7	104.7	0.7	0.0	0.5	-0.4	0.0
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted	62	1.636	120.5	120.5	1.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Made-up or worn textile articles	63	0.650	103.9	103.7	-0.5	-0.3	0.1	0.1	-0.2
Headgear, umbrellas, artificial flowers, etc.	XII	1.365	123.2	123.0	0.8	0.2	0.1	0.1	-0.2
Footwear and parts of such articles	64	1.135	122.3	122.1	1.1	0.3	0.2	0.1	-0.2
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.945	131.9	131.9	0.0	-0.1	-0.2	0.4	0.0
Ceramic products	69	0.266	135.9	135.9	1.0	0.0	-0.1	0.0	0.0
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	2.713	178.0	178.9	2.5	1.1	2.5	0.7	0.5
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	5.888	177.0	177.3	-1.9	-0.2	-1.3	0.3	0.2
Iron and steel	72	1.349	218.6	218.7	-0.5	-0.1	-2.8	-1.4	0.0
Articles of iron or steel	73	1.719	150.1	149.9	-2.0	-0.5	-0.1	-0.3	-0.1
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.457	289.0	295.0	-1.7	1.1	-2.8	4.1	2.1
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	1.014	133.3	133.5	-4.2	-0.3	-1.7	0.4	0.2
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof	82	0.442	124.0	124.0	0.9	0.2	-0.1	0.1	0.0
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.521	137.4	137.2	-0.1	0.1	0.3	-0.2	-0.1
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	30.165	79.9	79.8	-1.2	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	15.055	86.6	86.3	-0.9	0.0	0.1	-0.1	-0.3
Electrical machinery and equip, sound and TV recorders & reproducers, parts	85	15.110	73.8	73.8	-1.5	-0.1	-0.4	-0.1	0.0
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.932	114.0	113.9	-0.5	0.0	-0.3	0.1	-0.1
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	12.749	113.0	113.0	-0.4	0.0	-0.2	0.0	0.0
Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof (Dec. 2002=100)	88	1.075	114.9	114.7	-1.4	0.0	-0.2	0.0	-0.2
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	3.994	102.1	101.3	-2.1	-0.1	-0.5	0.2	-0.8
Optical, photographic, measuring and medical instruments	90	3.725	98.7	97.9	-2.1	0.0	-0.6	0.3	-0.8
Clocks and watches and parts thereof	91	0.208	142.2	141.4	-3.5	-0.4	0.4	0.1	-0.6
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	4.456	112.7	112.7	0.8	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.0
Furniture & stuffed furnishings; lamps & lighting fittings, nesoi; prefab bldgs	94	2.799	118.7	118.7	0.8	0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	1.385	102.7	102.7	0.8	0.1	-0.8	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	96	0.272	129.7	129.6	0.8	0.0	-0.4	0.1	-0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 6. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: March 2018 to March 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative import- ance Feb. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
Live animals; animal products	I	1.923	209.5	212.1	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.6	1.2
Meat & edible meat offal (Dec. 2006=100)	02	1.119	161.6	161.8	-4.2	0.4	-0.1	0.2	0.1
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates (Dec. 2016=100)	03	0.414	122.3	124.8	2.2	-0.7	0.6	1.9	2.0
Vegetable products	II	4.530	197.0	201.1	-2.5	8.3	-4.7	0.2	2.1
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	1.002	142.8	140.8	-5.6	-0.6	3.8	0.8	-1.4
Cereals	10	1.378	198.0	192.5	-4.4	1.2	-	-	-2.8
Oilseeds and misc. grains, seeds, fruits, plants, straw and fodder	12	1.686	191.1	189.2	-12.9	3.1	-	-	-1.0
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.004	153.2	153.2	0.0	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.0
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.555	96.2	98.1	-3.0	-1.4	0.0	1.1	2.0
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar (Dec. 2008=100)	22	0.526	105.6	106.2	-2.5	-0.6	0.2	0.9	0.6
Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed	23	0.733	226.2	221.2	-0.1	2.5	1.3	0.0	-2.2
Mineral products	V	10.597	219.1	231.4	3.6	-8.2	-4.5	4.5	5.6
Ores, slag and ash (Dec. 2012=100)	26	0.409	98.4	101.4	-10.0	0.6	-1.1	2.6	3.0
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	9.990	210.5	222.9	4.5	-8.7	-4.7	4.6	5.9
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	11.025	140.1	140.0	0.8	-0.8	0.4	0.6	-0.1
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.741	149.7	149.0	-11.2	-2.0	0.6	3.5	-0.5
Organic chemicals	29	2.712	149.8	149.9	3.5	-2.3	2.4	-0.6	0.1
Pharmaceutical products	30	3.009	105.5	105.4	-1.9	-0.4	-1.4	1.0	-0.1
Tanning or dyeing extracts, dyes, paints varnish, putty, & inks (Dec. 2015=100)	32	0.533	101.7	99.7	-1.3	0.5	0.5	0.1	-2.0
Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery cosmetic or toilet preparations	33	0.866	133.5	133.4	2.1	-0.1	0.6	1.5	-0.1
Soap; lubricants; waxes, polishing or scouring products; candles, pastes	34	0.485	122.8	123.2	3.4	0.6	0.7	-0.1	0.3
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	1.980	156.9	157.1	4.0	0.1	0.0	0.6	0.1
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	5.206	143.6	144.2	0.5	-0.8	0.0	-0.1	0.4
Plastics and articles thereof	39	4.316	140.3	141.3	0.9	-0.7	0.0	-0.2	0.7
Rubber and articles thereof	40	0.890	156.3	154.8	-1.5	-1.3	0.2	0.6	-1.0
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, baskets and wickerwork (Dec. 2014=100)	IX	0.652	100.2	99.4	-6.0	-0.8	0.6	0.6	-0.8
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.975	130.0	128.2	1.2	-1.9	-3.4	-0.6	-1.4
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	1.107	128.4	128.3	2.8	0.7	-2.2	0.2	-0.1
Textile and textile articles	XI	1.761	123.5	123.3	-1.6	0.1	-1.6	0.5	-0.2
Cotton, including yarns and woven fabrics thereof	52	0.505	126.3	126.3	-10.5	0.4	-5.4	1.8	0.0
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.810	125.9	127.0	2.4	-0.1	1.0	0.0	0.9
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	4.193	243.6	243.7	1.5	1.1	1.6	1.3	0.0
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	4.742	160.2	161.9	0.0	-0.5	-0.1	0.4	1.1
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.499	184.7	192.5	-4.8	0.7	-3.3	3.9	4.2
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.715	104.9	106.4	-13.1	-2.4	-0.4	-2.8	1.4
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.335	153.0	155.1	2.6	0.0	0.1	0.0	1.4
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	28.132	98.0	98.0	1.2	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	16.365	116.4	116.4	2.0	0.0	0.6	0.3	0.0
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts and accessories thereof	85	11.767	78.3	78.3	0.4	-0.1	-0.1	0.0	0.0
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.673	136.3	136.4	1.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	8.308	116.2	116.2	0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.0	0.0
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	5.840	109.1	108.9	-0.5	0.0	-0.3	0.4	-0.2
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	1.377	113.1	113.7	1.2	-0.1	-0.1	0.4	0.5
Furniture; stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings nesoi;	94	0.762	130.2	130.5	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.2
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	0.455	88.4	89.5	1.8	-0.2	0.2	1.0	1.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 7. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes by locality of origin: March 2018 to March 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Feb. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
				Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	126.2	127.4	3.0	-1.5	2.8	2.7	1.0
Nonmanufacturing	10.789	181.2	192.5	31.7	-15.7	42.9	24.5	6.2
Manufacturing	88.630	121.0	121.2	0.0	-0.4	0.1	0.6	0.2
Canada	100.000	139.2	142.0	8.4	-4.3	8.4	7.5	2.0
Nonmanufacturing	29.410	176.9	188.0	35.4	-17.2	49.5	26.5	6.3
Manufacturing	69.671	130.8	131.1	-1.0	-1.1	-0.7	1.2	0.2
European Union	100.000	137.0	137.4	0.7	-0.1	0.1	0.3	0.3
Manufacturing	98.779	133.5	133.8	0.6	-0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
France (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	127.5	128.2	-0.2	-0.4	0.2	0.2	0.5
Germany (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	112.4	112.7	0.6	0.1	0.4	0.1	0.3
United Kingdom (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	120.5	121.2	0.1	-0.4	0.2	0.0	0.6
Latin America(3)	100.000	147.7	147.8	-1.4	-2.6	-1.0	1.0	0.1
Nonmanufacturing	16.302	251.2	255.4	-0.6	-11.7	-2.1	3.9	1.7
Manufacturing	83.434	121.4	121.1	-1.5	-0.5	-0.8	0.5	-0.2
Mexico (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	127.9	127.9	-0.7	-0.8	-1.2	0.6	0.0
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	8.164	134.4	139.5	4.8	-6.8	-9.3	3.5	3.8
Manufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	91.573	88.1	87.8	-1.2	-0.1	-0.5	0.3	-0.3
Pacific Rim (Dec. 2003=100)(4)	100.000	98.6	98.6	-0.3	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.0
China (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	99.5	99.5	-0.9	0.0	-0.3	-0.1	0.0
Japan	100.000	96.6	96.7	0.3	-0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Taiwan (Dec. 2018=100)	100.000	99.4	99.5	-	-	-0.1	-0.5	0.1
Asian NICs(5)	100.000	88.0	87.9	-1.0	-0.5	-0.6	0.1	-0.1
ASEAN (Dec. 2003=100)(6)	100.000	97.1	97.2	-1.1	-0.4	-0.2	-0.2	0.1
Asia Near East (Dec. 2003=100)(7)	100.000	171.7	175.1	-2.3	-6.1	-3.2	0.1	2.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries. (5) Asian Newly Industrialized Countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. (6) Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. (7) Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 8. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes by locality of destination: March 2018 to March 2019 [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Feb. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
				Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	103.0	104.1	2.6	0.8	-1.2	0.9	1.1
Nonmanufacturing	8.709	112.2	123.2	28.2	18.4	-11.8	5.0	9.8
Manufacturing	90.233	102.6	102.7	0.8	-0.5	-0.1	0.6	0.1
Canada	100.000	104.4	106.0	3.7	2.1	-2.9	0.4	1.5
European Union	100.000	104.4	104.7	2.1	-0.6	0.3	0.8	0.3
Nonmanufacturing	7.495	108.4	111.0	9.3	3.7	0.6	2.7	2.4
Manufacturing	91.445	104.2	104.4	1.8	-0.9	0.3	0.6	0.2
Germany	100.000	102.0	101.9	-0.2	0.1	0.9	-0.2	-0.1
Latin America(3)	100.000	101.5	103.1	1.8	-1.8	-1.1	0.9	1.6
Nonmanufacturing	7.129	107.1	107.9	4.7	6.6	-7.7	0.5	0.7
Manufacturing	92.456	101.2	102.8	1.7	-2.3	-0.6	1.0	1.6
Mexico	100.000	100.8	102.1	1.2	-1.0	-1.3	0.5	1.3
Nonmanufacturing	6.310	102.0	103.7	1.6	8.7	-11.5	-0.2	1.7
Manufacturing	93.206	100.7	102.0	1.1	-1.6	-0.6	0.6	1.3
Pacific Rim(4)	100.000	100.3	100.5	-1.2	0.0	-0.3	0.5	0.2
Nonmanufacturing	14.096	97.8	99.0	-6.7	3.7	0.3	1.9	1.2
Manufacturing	83.884	101.0	101.1	-0.1	-0.3	-0.3	0.4	0.1
China	100.000	98.5	99.0	-3.6	-0.5	-0.6	0.6	0.5
Nonmanufacturing	20.343	96.3	97.3	-9.2	2.9	-0.8	2.8	1.0
Manufacturing	75.942	100.0	100.2	-1.6	-0.7	-0.2	0.5	0.2
Japan	100.000	100.1	100.3	-1.9	-0.4	-1.4	1.3	0.2
Nonmanufacturing	18.718	102.3	103.8	-5.9	0.4	-1.3	3.6	1.5
Manufacturing	80.219	99.4	99.3	-1.5	-0.5	-1.5	0.7	-0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 9. U.S. terms of trade indexes and percent changes by locality: March 2018 to March 2019(1) [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Index		Percent change
	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
			Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	99.9	100.0	-0.4	2.3	-3.8	-1.8	0.1
Canada	98.6	98.1	-4.3	6.7	-10.4	-6.5	-0.5
European Union	102.6	102.6	1.5	-0.4	0.2	0.5	0.0
Germany	104.5	104.1	-0.8	0.0	0.5	-0.2	-0.4
Latin America(3)	102.3	103.9	3.3	0.9	-0.1	-0.1	1.6
Mexico	101.7	103.0	1.9	-0.2	0.0	-0.1	1.3
Pacific Rim(4)	100.1	100.3	-0.9	0.1	-0.1	0.6	0.2
China	99.1	99.6	-2.7	-0.5	-0.3	0.7	0.5
Japan	99.0	99.1	-2.1	-0.3	-1.4	1.2	0.1
Footnotes (1) Terms of trade indexes are derived by dividing the export price index by the corresponding import price index and multiplying by 100. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 10. U.S. international price indexes and percent changes for selected transportation services: March 2018 to March 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Feb. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Annual	Monthly
				Mar. 2018 to Mar. 2019	Nov. 2018 to Dec. 2018	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019
Air Freight
Import Air Freight	100.000	174.4	175.5	-2.1	-3.2	-1.4	-6.1	0.6
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	27.932	149.4	149.7	-0.5	-0.9	2.4	-1.4	0.2
Asia	58.618	159.9	161.4	-3.9	-4.9	-3.2	-9.5	0.9
Export Air Freight	100.000	165.3	165.5	1.8	-0.1	-0.1	0.4	0.1
Europe (Dec. 2006=100)	31.558	150.2	149.8	2.3	0.5	2.4	-1.4	-0.3
Inbound Air Freight	100.000	166.1	167.2	1.1	-1.9	-0.1	-4.4	0.7
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	28.761	138.1	138.1	-0.4	-1.0	4.4	-2.4	0.0
Asia	55.989	151.5	153.3	1.1	-2.9	-2.5	-6.5	1.2
Outbound Air Freight	100.000	144.5	144.8	1.8	-0.3	-1.2	0.2	0.2
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	32.843	150.7	151.0	2.2	-0.3	2.1	-0.9	0.2
Asia	44.972	140.5	140.5	2.0	0.0	-4.3	1.4	0.0
Air Passenger Fares
Import Air Passenger Fares	100.000	186.1	175.4	-0.9	7.6	-3.8	-2.0	-5.7
Europe	57.711	225.1	206.0	1.1	-1.1	4.2	-1.7	-8.5
Asia	17.709	125.5	124.6	-2.4	19.1	-12.3	-9.0	-0.7
Latin America/Caribbean	6.191	155.4	154.5	-7.8	10.4	-16.7	4.9	-0.6
Export Air Passenger Fares	100.000	146.9	149.2	-5.8	1.4	7.0	-8.9	1.6
Europe	29.494	194.3	195.8	-7.2	1.9	-2.7	-2.4	0.8
Asia	27.612	129.6	131.2	-0.5	4.1	12.5	-13.6	1.2
Latin America/Caribbean	24.775	149.9	154.7	-7.6	-3.1	14.6	-11.6	3.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

                                                TECHNICAL NOTE                                                

Import and Export Goods and Services Price Indexes - All indexes use a modified Laspeyres 
formula and are not seasonally adjusted. Price indexes are reweighted annually, with a 2-year lag in the 
weights. Published series use a base year of 2000=100 where possible. More detailed index series and 
additional information may be obtained at www.bls.gov/mxp or by calling (202) 691-7101.

Merchandise Goods Classification Systems - The merchandise price indexes are published using three 
classification systems. Items are classified by end use according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Classification System, by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS), and by product category according to the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by 
end use and product category are self-explanatory, some notes are in order for classifying items by 
industry. In the NAICS imports and exports tables, items are classified by output industry, not input 
industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products manufacturing) 
includes outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS 
classification structure also matches the classification system used by the Producer Price Index (PPI) to 
produce the NAICS primary products indexes.

Import Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
States Annotated (TSUSA). Import prices are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The 
prices are generally either "free on board" (f.o.b.) foreign port or "cost, insurance, and freight" (c.i.f.) 
U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude 
petroleum is calculated from data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy.  

Export Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Schedule B classification system 
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prices used are generally either "free alongside ship" (f.a.s.) 
factory or "free on board" (f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual 
industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture.

Services Price Indexes - Indexes for import and export air passenger fares calculate changes in the 
average revenue received per passenger by foreign carriers from U.S. residents and by U.S. carriers from 
foreign residents, respectively. Data are obtained from an airline consulting service and report on tickets 
sold by travel agencies, travel websites, and directly by the airlines. Taxes and fees are included in both 
the import and export air passenger fares indexes. Import air passenger fares data have used the airline 
consulting service source since September 2008. Before April 2018, the export air passenger fares data 
were collected directly by BLS from U.S. airlines. The air freight indexes are calculated from data 
collected directly from airlines. These data exclude mail and passenger baggage. The scope of the 
service being priced is the movement of freight from airport to airport only, and does not include any 
ground transportation or port service. The air freight indexes are presented using two definitions: 
balance of payments (which represents transactions between U.S. and foreign residents) and 
international (which represents transactions inbound to and outbound from the United States.) Fact 
sheets specifying detailed information for each services industry are available at www.bls.gov/mxp 
under "MXP Publications."

Import Price Indexes by Locality of Origin - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the import price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and, 
beginning with January 2002, are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
covering goods-producing industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and 
manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Export Price Indexes by Locality of Destination - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the export price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and are 
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) covering goods-producing 
industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are 
defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Terms of Trade Indexes - Terms of trade indexes measure the relative price of exports in terms of 
import prices for a specific country, region, or grouping. The indexes are calculated as one country, 
region, or grouping's all-export goods price index divided by the corresponding all-import goods price 
index on a scale of 100. 
   
Relative Importance - A relative importance is a specific index's price-updated value share (expressed 
as a percentage) of overall imports or exports at a specific point in time. Relative importance values are 
affected by the trade weights at the point indexes are reweighted and index changes relative to other 
indexes since the reweight point. If an index is rising in value relative to other indexes over time, the 
relative importance will increase as well. 
 
Revision Policy - To reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents, monthly data 
may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. After 3 months, no further data 
revisions take place. For example, data first published in the January release will be subject to revision 
in the releases for February, March, and April.

Rounding Policy - Index values are rounded to the tenth decimal place after being calculated. All 
percent changes are then derived from the rounded index values and subsequently rounded to the tenth 
decimal place.

Uses of the Data - The primary use of the indexes is to deflate trade statistics, notably the foreign trade 
sector of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) constructed by the Department of 
Commerce. Other published indexes are useful for general market analysis. For trade in international 
services, balance of payments indexes are used for deflating NIPA, while international indexes are more 
appropriate for market analysis. 

Email Subscription - The U.S. import and export price indexes news release is available through an 
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Additional Information - More detailed data are available on the Import/Export Price Indexes home 
page at www.bls.gov/mxp. For import and export price indexes data requests, send an email to 
mxpinfo@bls.gov.   
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