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                          U.S. IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES - APRIL 2019

U.S. import prices advanced 0.2 percent in April, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today, after 
increasing 0.6 percent in March. The April advance was driven by higher fuel prices, which more than offset 
decreasing prices for nonfuel imports. Prices for U.S. exports rose 0.2 percent in April after a 0.6-percent 
rise in March. 


Imports

The price index for U.S. imports rose 0.2 percent in April, continuing the upward trend that began in 
January. The April rise followed a 0.6-percent advance in March and a 1.0-percent increase in February. 
Despite the recent monthly advances, import prices declined 0.2 percent for the 12-month period ended in 
April. The April year-over-year decrease was driven by lower nonfuel prices. (See table 1.) 

Fuel Imports: The price index for fuel imports rose 2.5 percent in April, after increasing 6.9 percent in 
March and 10.2 percent in February. A 6.1-percent rise in petroleum prices drove the increase in fuel prices. 
Natural gas prices declined 53.7 percent in April, the largest decrease since the index was first published on 
a monthly basis in December 1994. Fuel prices rose 6.9 percent over the past 12 months. The price index for 
petroleum increased 7.0 percent for the year ended in April, and prices for natural gas declined 10.5 percent 
over the same period. The 12-month decrease in natural gas prices was the largest decline since the index 
fell 27.3 percent in June 2018.

All Imports Excluding Fuel: The price index for nonfuel imports edged down 0.1 percent in April, after 
falling 0.2 percent in March. In April, falling prices for finished goods and nonfuel industrial supplies and 
materials more than offset an increase in prices for foods, feeds, and beverages. Nonfuel import prices 
declined 0.9 percent from April 2018 to April 2019, the largest 12-month drop since the index fell 0.9 
percent for the year ended August 2016. All of the major import categories except foods, feeds, and 
beverages contributed to the decrease in nonfuel prices over the past year. 

Nonfuel Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonfuel industrial supplies and materials prices edged down 0.1 
percent in April after recording no change the previous month. The April decrease was driven by declining 
prices for building materials and chemicals which more than offset rising prices for unfinished metals.

Finished Goods: Prices for imported finished goods were down in April. The price index for capital goods 
declined 0.4 percent, and consumer goods and automotive vehicles prices decreased 0.3 percent and 0.1 
percent, respectively.  

Foods, Feeds, and Beverages: The price index for foods, feeds, and beverages rose 2.8 percent in April, the 
largest monthly advance since the index increased 3.1 percent in July 2016. The April advance was driven 
by higher prices for fruit, vegetables, and meat.

Table A. Percent change in Import and Export Price Indexes, selected categories

Month	IMPORTS			EXPORTS
	All imports	Fuel imports	Nonfuel imports	All exports	Agri- cultural exports	Non- agricultural exports
2018
April	0.5	4.0	0.1	0.5	-1.1	0.7
May	0.9	6.1	0.2	0.7	1.6	0.6
June	0.0	2.6	-0.3	0.2	-1.0	0.3
July	-0.1	0.8	-0.2	-0.5	-5.2	0.1
August	-0.4	-2.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.4	-0.2
September	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	-1.3	0.2
October	0.5	3.3	0.1	0.5	-0.1	0.5
November	-1.6	-12.2	-0.2	-0.8	1.7	-1.0
December	-1.4	-13.3	0.0	-0.6	3.8	-1.1
2019
January	(r)0.2	(r)4.6	-0.3	-0.6	-2.1	-0.4
February	1.0	(r)10.2	(r)0.1	0.7	0.2	(r)0.7
March	0.6	(r)6.9	-0.2	(r)0.6	(r)1.0	0.7
April	0.2	2.5	-0.1	0.2	-1.5	0.4
Apr. 2017 to 2018	3.5	21.5	1.7	3.7	1.6	3.9
Apr. 2018 to 2019	-0.2	6.9	-0.9	0.3	-2.8	0.7
Footnotes (r) Revised

Exports 

The price index for U.S. exports advanced 0.2 percent in April, after increasing 0.6 percent in March and 0.7 
percent in February. Rising prices for nonagricultural exports led the overall advance in April and more than 
offset a decline in prices for agricultural exports. U.S. export prices rose 0.3 percent over the 12-month 
period ended in April. (See table 2.)

Agricultural Exports: The price index for agricultural exports decreased 1.5 percent in April following a 
1.0-percent advance in March. The April decline was driven by a 17.2-percent decrease in vegetable prices 
and a 6.8-percent decline in fruit prices. A 2.6-percent drop in corn prices also contributed to the overall 
decline in April. Prices for agricultural exports fell 2.8 percent over the past year. The 12-month decrease 
was led by a 14.1-percent drop in soybean prices. Lower prices for fruit, cotton, nuts, meat, and corn also 
contributed to the over-the-year decline in agricultural export prices.   

All Exports Excluding Agriculture: Nonagricultural export prices rose 0.4 percent in April, after 
increasing 0.7 percent the previous month. Higher prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies and 
materials drove the increase in nonagricultural export prices, although rising prices for automotive vehicles 
also contributed. The price index for nonagricultural exports increased 0.7 percent over the past year.

Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials prices 
advanced 0.9 percent in April following a 1.9-percent rise the previous month. The April increase was led 
by a 3.6-percent rise in export prices for petroleum. The increase in prices for petroleum more than offset 
declining prices for natural gas, which fell 12.0 percent in April.  

Finished Goods: Export prices for finished goods were mostly flat in April. The price index for export 
automotive vehicles rose 0.2 percent, driven by higher prices for nonengine parts and accessories. The price 
index for capital goods recorded no change, after increasing 0.1 percent in March. Consumer goods prices 
recorded no change for the second consecutive month. 


Measures of Import and Export Prices by Locality

Imports by Locality of Origin: Prices for imports from China declined 0.2 percent in April, after recording 
no change in March. Import prices from China decreased 1.1 percent over the past 12 months, the largest 
over-the-year drop since the index fell 1.1 percent in May 2017. The price index for imports from Japan 
edged down 0.1 percent in April, after advancing 0.1 percent in both March and February. Prices for imports 
from Japan recorded no change over the past year. The price index for imports from Canada advanced 1.3 
percent in April. Higher fuel prices drove the monthly rise. Import prices from the European Union 
increased 0.1 percent in April. Prices for imports from Mexico rose 1.1 percent in April, the largest monthly 
advance since the index increased 1.5 percent in September 2017. (See table 7.)

Exports by Locality of Destination: Prices for exports to China rose 0.6 percent in April, after increasing 
0.5 percent in March. Higher prices for nonmanufactured exports led the April advance. Despite the recent 
increases, export prices to China declined 2.7 percent over the past year. The price index for exports to 
Japan increased 1.0 percent in April, after rising 0.3 percent in March and 1.2 percent in February. Despite 
the recent monthly advances, prices for exports to Japan fell 0.6 percent over the past 12 months. In April, 
export prices to Canada declined 0.8 percent and export prices to Mexico decreased 0.4 percent. The price 
index for exports to the European Union advanced 0.7 percent in April, after recording a 0.2-percent rise in 
March and a 0.7-percent increase in February. (See table 8.)

Terms of Trade Indexes: Terms of Trade indexes are based on country, region, or grouping and measure 
the change in the purchasing power of exports relative to imports. The U.S. terms of trade with China 
advanced 0.8 percent in April. The rise in the U.S. terms of trade with China was driven by the increase in 
export prices to China. U.S. terms of trade with Japan rose 1.0 percent in April, after advancing 0.2 percent 
and 1.1 percent the previous 2 months. The index for U.S. terms of trade with Mexico declined 1.5 percent 
in April, the largest monthly decrease since the index was first published in December 2017. U.S. terms of 
trade with Canada also declined in April, falling 2.1 percent. U.S. terms of trade with the European Union 
rose 0.7 percent in April, driven by higher export prices. (See table 9.)


Import and Export Services

Imports: Import air passenger fares declined 7.2 percent in April following decreases of 5.7 percent in 
March and 2.0 percent in February. The April decline was the largest monthly drop since the index fell 8.8 
percent in August 2018, and was led by an 11.5-percent decline in European fares. Overall import air 
passenger fares fell 10.6 percent over the past year, the largest 12-month decline since the index fell 11.6 
percent for the year ended October 2009. The price index for import air freight rose 0.7 percent in April. 
Import air freight prices decreased 7.8 percent over the past 12 months, the largest over-the-year drop since 
the index declined 9.5 percent in July 2016. (See table 10.)

Exports: Export air passenger fares decreased 1.4 percent in April. A 5.0-percent decline in Asian fares and 
a 3.2-percent fall in European fares more than offset higher Latin American/Caribbean fares. The index for 
export air passenger fares fell 3.5 percent over the past year. Export air freight prices dropped 0.4 percent in 
April and rose 1.2 percent over the past 12 months.   

Import and Export Price Index data for May are scheduled for release on Thursday, June 13, 2019 at 8:30 a.m. 
(EDT).

Table 1. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: April 2018 to April 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Mar. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
All commodities		100.000	126.6	126.9	-0.2	0.2	1.0	0.6	0.2
All imports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		83.233	99.8	99.5	-1.1	-0.3	0.2	-0.2	-0.3
All imports excluding petroleum		89.928	113.4	112.7	-1.0	-0.6	0.2	0.2	-0.6
All imports excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		89.188	116.9	116.8	-0.9	-0.3	0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	5.955	179.2	184.3	1.2	-0.4	0.0	-0.2	2.8
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	4.617	195.6	202.7	1.7	-0.6	0.0	-0.7	3.6
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	1.338	142.5	142.7	-0.5	0.4	0.1	1.4	0.1
Industrial supplies & materials	1	24.802	193.2	195.1	1.4	1.4	4.2	2.9	1.0
Industrial supplies & materials excluding petroleum		15.012	160.4	155.1	-2.6	-2.6	0.8	1.8	-3.3
Industrial supplies & materials excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		13.992	177.1	177.0	-2.3	-0.7	0.3	0.0	-0.1
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		8.790	167.8	167.7	-2.7	-0.7	0.5	0.5	-0.1
Industrial supplies & materials nondurable excluding petroleum		5.940	151.0	139.7	-2.2	-5.1	1.0	3.5	-7.5
Fuels & lubricants	10	10.812	220.6	226.1	6.9	4.6	10.2	6.9	2.5
Petroleum & petroleum products	100	10.072	233.1	247.3	7.0	7.8	10.2	5.3	6.1
Crude	10000	7.331	242.9	261.1	7.2	12.8	14.3	5.7	7.5
Fuels, n.e.s.-coals & gas	101	0.740	170.8	90.1	-12.3	-30.1	10.7	34.1	-47.2
Gas-natural	10110	0.645	161.3	74.7	-10.5	-33.9	12.9	41.0	-53.7
Paper & paper base stocks	11	0.588	124.5	123.8	6.4	0.0	0.1	-0.4	-0.6
Materials associated with nondurable supplies & materials	12	4.613	159.6	159.6	-2.6	-0.9	-0.2	-0.7	0.0
Selected building materials	13	1.499	145.0	143.0	-10.1	-0.6	1.2	-0.2	-1.4
Unfinished metals related to durable goods	14	3.781	235.1	236.7	-1.4	-1.3	1.2	1.2	0.7
Finished metals related to durable goods	15	1.769	159.1	159.0	-1.7	-0.2	-0.3	-0.1	-0.1
Nonmetals related to durable goods	16	1.742	113.6	113.0	0.9	0.0	-0.4	0.1	-0.5
Capital goods	2	27.785	89.0	88.6	-1.2	0.0	0.0	-0.1	-0.4
Electric generating equipment	20	3.361	118.2	118.4	0.5	0.1	-0.1	0.2	0.2
Nonelectrical machinery	21	22.160	81.3	80.8	-1.7	0.0	0.0	-0.2	-0.6
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	2.263	135.8	135.9	0.2	0.8	0.1	-0.1	0.1
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	15.582	110.0	109.9	-0.6	-0.3	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	25.876	107.1	106.8	-0.6	-0.3	0.3	-0.3	-0.3
Nondurables, manufactured	40	12.303	123.4	123.2	0.8	-0.1	0.3	-0.1	-0.2
Durables, manufactured	41	12.320	91.9	91.5	-1.9	-0.5	0.0	-0.1	-0.4
Nonmanufactured consumer goods	42	1.252	117.0	116.5	-0.1	-0.6	2.6	-2.6	-0.4
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 2. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: April 2018 to April 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Mar. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
All commodities		100.000	127.0	127.3	0.3	-0.6	0.7	0.6	0.2
Agricultural commodities		9.645	180.8	178.0	-2.8	-2.1	0.2	1.0	-1.5
All exports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		80.053	101.7	101.8	0.2	0.0	0.3	0.1	0.1
Nonagricultural commodities		90.355	122.9	123.4	0.7	-0.4	0.7	0.7	0.4
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	8.963	184.1	180.7	-2.3	-1.9	0.2	1.2	-1.8
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	8.331	182.1	178.7	-2.2	-2.1	0.1	1.2	-1.9
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	0.632	223.1	218.7	-2.9	0.5	1.7	1.2	-2.0
Industrial supplies & materials	1	32.661	158.6	160.1	0.1	-1.7	1.6	1.8	0.9
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		10.258	165.9	166.9	-0.8	0.4	0.9	0.7	0.6
Industrial supplies & materials, nondurable		22.403	155.4	157.2	0.6	-2.7	2.0	2.2	1.2
Agricultural industrial supplies & materials	10	1.284	178.3	179.1	-6.4	-2.1	0.8	-0.5	0.4
Nonagricultural industrial supplies & materials		31.378	158.0	159.5	0.4	-1.7	1.6	1.9	0.9
Fuels & lubricants	11	10.984	191.5	196.4	3.3	-4.4	4.3	5.1	2.6
Nonagricultural supplies & materials excluding fuels & building materials	12	19.404	158.7	158.8	-1.3	-0.4	0.3	0.3	0.1
Selected building materials	13	0.989	121.9	123.2	-0.6	1.1	0.4	-0.5	1.1
Capital goods	2	35.835	110.7	110.7	1.0	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.0
Electrical generating equipment	20	3.739	117.7	117.9	1.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nonelectrical machinery	21	23.493	95.0	94.8	0.0	0.2	0.0	-0.1	-0.2
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	8.603	180.9	182.1	3.6	0.8	0.7	0.3	0.7
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	10.140	114.7	114.9	0.6	0.1	0.5	0.0	0.2
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	12.400	110.0	110.0	0.1	-0.2	0.4	0.0	0.0
Nondurables, manufactured	40	5.854	107.1	107.2	0.2	0.3	0.6	-0.1	0.1
Durables, manufactured	41	5.112	107.2	107.1	-0.3	-0.7	0.2	0.2	-0.1
Nonmanufactured consumer goods (Dec. 2018=100)	42	1.435	99.6	99.6	-	0.0	0.0	-0.4	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 3. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: April 2018 to April 2019 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Mar. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
Nonmanufacturing		10.108	118.4	123.8	8.6	6.6	10.9	5.1	4.6
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	1.906	179.6	190.6	3.0	-1.6	1.4	-2.4	6.1
Crop production	111	1.520	189.9	204.4	4.2	-2.4	1.6	-4.1	7.6
Mining	21	8.202	112.4	117.2	10.0	9.3	13.6	6.9	4.3
Oil and gas extraction	211	7.952	112.3	117.2	9.9	9.7	14.1	7.0	4.4
Manufacturing		89.575	111.6	111.4	-0.8	-0.3	0.2	0.0	-0.2
Manufacturing, part 1	31	11.108	125.1	125.5	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.3
Food manufacturing	311	3.373	155.8	156.9	-0.8	-0.1	0.2	0.6	0.7
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	1.108	122.1	124.2	2.5	-0.2	0.2	-0.1	1.7
Textile mills (Dec. 2011=100)	313	0.364	99.9	100.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	-0.3	0.6
Textile product mills	314	0.925	108.8	108.7	-0.9	0.0	-0.2	-0.2	-0.1
Apparel manufacturing	315	3.714	112.1	112.0	0.6	0.3	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Leather and allied product manufacturing	316	1.623	123.4	123.0	0.2	0.2	-0.2	-0.4	-0.3
Manufacturing, part 2	32	17.452	126.5	126.4	-0.2	-0.7	0.6	0.3	-0.1
Paper manufacturing	322	1.063	115.9	115.6	5.7	-0.1	0.2	-0.5	-0.3
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	2.509	98.9	101.2	6.3	-1.9	1.0	4.7	2.3
Chemical manufacturing	325	9.555	139.8	139.3	-0.7	-0.6	0.5	-0.4	-0.4
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.252	119.2	119.1	-0.4	-0.5	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	1.026	130.9	131.1	0.6	-0.1	0.2	-0.1	0.2
Manufacturing, part 3	33	61.014	104.2	103.9	-1.1	-0.2	0.1	-0.1	-0.3
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.384	157.2	158.5	-0.1	-0.7	1.3	0.7	0.8
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.095	126.7	126.6	-1.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.2	-0.1
Machinery manufacturing	333	7.248	118.9	118.9	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	17.415	73.9	73.1	-3.3	-0.5	-0.1	-0.1	-1.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	5.086	116.7	116.7	0.8	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	16.569	109.3	109.1	-0.5	-0.2	0.0	-0.1	-0.2
Furniture and related product manufacturing	337	1.866	117.4	117.4	0.7	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	0.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.352	118.5	118.4	-0.4	-0.1	0.2	-0.5	-0.1
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 4. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: April 2018 to April 2019 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Mar. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
Nonmanufacturing		9.405	138.9	138.2	-1.2	-4.9	1.6	2.2	-0.5
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	4.890	155.0	151.2	-6.4	-3.7	0.6	1.2	-2.5
Crop production	111	4.538	161.9	157.8	-5.6	-4.0	0.4	1.1	-2.5
Mining	21	4.514	91.0	92.5	6.3	-6.2	2.8	3.2	1.6
Mining (except oil and gas)	212	1.359	119.9	121.4	7.6	0.9	0.8	0.6	1.3
Manufacturing		89.350	117.0	117.4	0.8	0.0	0.6	0.4	0.3
Manufacturing, part 1	31	6.735	140.7	140.5	-0.4	0.0	0.1	0.3	-0.1
Food manufacturing	311	4.577	157.8	157.5	-0.9	0.1	0.0	0.6	-0.2
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	0.659	124.0	123.9	0.9	-0.4	0.2	-1.3	-0.1
Manufacturing, part 2	32	25.312	116.4	117.3	0.5	-0.9	1.5	1.6	0.8
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2017=100)	321	0.534	100.7	100.8	-3.3	1.0	0.7	-2.4	0.1
Paper manufacturing	322	1.744	130.2	127.5	-0.9	-2.9	0.8	-0.7	-2.1
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	6.359	112.8	116.5	2.0	-2.9	5.5	6.8	3.3
Chemical manufacturing	325	13.356	119.2	119.4	0.1	0.0	0.3	-0.1	0.2
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.256	116.4	116.7	1.5	0.1	0.5	-0.1	0.3
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.839	117.6	117.9	0.9	0.0	-0.1	0.9	0.3
Manufacturing, part 3	33	57.303	114.9	115.1	1.0	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.2
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.013	146.9	147.9	0.3	0.9	1.2	0.2	0.7
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	2.936	146.1	146.6	4.6	1.6	0.0	0.5	0.3
Machinery manufacturing	333	9.478	129.6	129.8	2.0	0.4	0.7	0.0	0.2
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	13.839	82.6	82.3	-1.2	0.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.4
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	3.789	118.1	118.2	1.3	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	17.537	128.6	129.1	1.9	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.4
Furniture and related product manufacturing (Dec. 2011=100)	337	0.390	121.2	122.3	3.0	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.320	120.0	120.0	0.0	-0.6	0.2	-0.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 5. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: April 2018 to April 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative importance Mar. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
Live animals; animal products	I	1.399	198.2	201.0	1.8	0.2	0.8	2.5	1.4
Meat and edible meat offal	02	0.370	258.6	273.5	9.6	1.6	1.9	2.3	5.8
Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates	03	0.742	142.8	142.2	-1.4	-0.1	-0.1	3.2	-0.4
Vegetable products	II	1.843	209.9	225.0	4.2	-2.4	1.7	-3.5	7.2
Edible vegetables, roots, and tubers	07	0.480	520.1	586.1	35.0	-14.7	2.8	0.2	12.7
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.608	113.0	126.9	-1.6	9.0	-2.0	-5.8	12.3
Coffee, tea, mate and spices	09	0.318	199.9	199.9	-7.4	-1.4	-1.5	-0.8	0.0
Animal or vegetable fats and oils (Dec. 2009=100)	III	0.238	90.5	88.1	-18.5	1.4	-0.8	-0.9	-2.7
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	2.814	165.5	166.3	-0.3	-0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.5
Cocoa and cocoa preparations (Dec. 2009=100)	18	0.221	96.8	97.3	-4.0	-1.0	0.1	0.9	0.5
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts, or other parts of plants	20	0.363	172.2	168.8	0.2	-0.3	-0.2	-0.6	-2.0
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar	22	1.063	132.3	134.4	2.3	-0.2	0.2	-0.1	1.6
Mineral products	V	10.829	221.4	226.0	7.0	4.6	10.1	7.0	2.1
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	10.519	218.7	223.5	6.9	4.7	10.4	7.0	2.2
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	8.890	157.5	157.4	-0.2	-0.8	0.8	-0.5	-0.1
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.561	320.9	330.3	4.7	-6.4	2.9	-3.3	2.9
Organic chemicals	29	2.017	127.2	128.2	-3.2	-0.7	0.0	-0.4	0.8
Pharmaceutical products	30	4.332	152.9	152.6	0.9	-0.6	1.3	-0.1	-0.2
Fertilizers (Dec. 2009=100)	31	0.292	88.9	81.1	1.4	-0.2	-0.4	-2.0	-8.8
Essential oils and resinoids (Dec. 2016=100)	33	0.595	102.9	102.8	-0.9	-0.2	-0.1	0.2	-0.1
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	0.584	103.8	103.5	-3.5	0.9	-0.6	-1.6	-0.3
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	3.453	140.5	140.4	-0.5	-0.1	-0.5	0.1	-0.1
Plastics and articles thereof	39	2.319	143.9	143.6	0.2	-0.4	-0.5	-0.1	-0.2
Rubber and articles thereof	40	1.134	135.8	136.2	-1.7	0.4	-0.4	0.4	0.3
Raw hides, skins, leather, furskins, travel goods, etc	VIII	0.618	125.3	124.7	0.2	0.4	-0.2	0.0	-0.5
Articles of leather; travel goods, bags, etc. of various materials	42	0.589	131.7	131.1	0.8	0.5	-0.2	0.0	-0.5
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, basketware and wickerwork	IX	0.866	149.2	145.1	-16.8	-1.0	1.7	-0.5	-2.7
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.111	122.1	121.8	5.4	0.2	0.1	-0.7	-0.2
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.733	111.8	111.4	4.4	-0.2	0.3	-0.2	-0.4
Textile and textile articles	XI	4.839	114.4	114.4	0.0	0.2	0.0	-0.3	0.0
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted	61	1.961	104.8	104.7	0.7	0.5	-0.3	0.0	-0.1
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted	62	1.625	120.4	120.2	0.8	0.1	0.0	0.0	-0.2
Made-up or worn textile articles	63	0.645	103.7	103.7	-0.5	0.1	0.1	-0.2	0.0
Headgear, umbrellas, artificial flowers, etc.	XII	1.347	122.3	122.1	0.1	0.1	-0.2	-0.5	-0.2
Footwear and parts of such articles	64	1.119	121.3	121.0	0.2	0.2	-0.2	-0.6	-0.2
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.939	131.9	132.0	-0.1	-0.2	0.4	0.0	0.1
Ceramic products	69	0.265	135.9	136.2	0.8	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.2
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	2.710	179.0	177.9	1.9	2.5	0.7	0.5	-0.6
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	5.882	177.9	178.9	-1.4	-1.3	0.4	0.4	0.6
Iron and steel	72	1.346	219.5	222.7	-2.3	-2.7	-1.4	0.2	1.5
Articles of iron or steel	73	1.722	151.3	151.6	-0.7	0.0	-0.1	0.5	0.2
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.463	294.7	294.7	-0.2	-2.8	4.1	2.0	0.0
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	1.009	133.5	134.5	-1.8	-1.7	0.4	0.2	0.7
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof	82	0.439	124.0	124.0	0.9	-0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.517	137.2	136.2	-0.9	0.3	-0.2	-0.1	-0.7
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	29.936	79.8	79.4	-1.7	-0.2	0.0	-0.3	-0.5
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	14.923	86.3	85.8	-1.5	0.0	0.0	-0.3	-0.6
Electrical machinery and equip, sound and TV recorders & reproducers, parts	85	15.013	73.8	73.5	-1.9	-0.4	-0.1	0.0	-0.4
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.820	113.8	113.6	-0.8	-0.3	-0.1	0.0	-0.2
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	12.646	112.8	112.6	-0.7	-0.3	0.0	-0.1	-0.2
Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof (Dec. 2002=100)	88	1.066	114.6	114.6	-1.5	-0.2	-0.1	-0.2	0.0
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	3.962	102.0	101.7	-1.5	-0.5	0.3	-0.2	-0.3
Optical, photographic, measuring and medical instruments	90	3.696	98.6	98.3	-1.5	-0.6	0.3	-0.1	-0.3
Clocks and watches and parts thereof	91	0.206	141.4	141.5	-2.7	0.4	0.1	-0.6	0.1
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	4.427	112.7	112.3	0.4	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	-0.4
Furniture & stuffed furnishings; lamps & lighting fittings, nesoi; prefab bldgs	94	2.781	118.7	118.4	0.5	0.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.3
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	1.376	102.6	102.3	0.2	-0.8	-0.1	0.0	-0.3
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	96	0.270	129.6	128.8	0.2	-0.4	0.1	-0.1	-0.6
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 6. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: April 2018 to April 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative import- ance Mar. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
Live animals; animal products	I	1.938	212.5	211.5	0.0	0.1	0.5	1.5	-0.5
Meat & edible meat offal (Dec. 2006=100)	02	1.119	162.7	163.5	-2.3	-0.1	0.2	0.7	0.5
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates (Dec. 2016=100)	03	0.417	124.1	121.1	-3.0	0.9	1.2	1.9	-2.4
Vegetable products	II	4.581	200.6	193.0	-4.5	-4.7	0.0	2.0	-3.8
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.986	138.9	134.1	-9.1	3.8	-0.1	-1.8	-3.5
Cereals	10	1.355	192.5	189.2	-4.3	-	-	-2.8	-1.7
Oilseeds and misc. grains, seeds, fruits, plants, straw and fodder	12	1.688	189.3	188.7	-11.6	-	-	-1.0	-0.3
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	2.986	153.3	153.5	0.5	0.7	0.1	0.1	0.1
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.561	97.9	97.6	0.3	0.0	0.9	1.9	-0.3
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar (Dec. 2008=100)	22	0.525	106.2	106.5	-2.7	0.4	0.8	0.5	0.3
Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed	23	0.712	221.3	222.5	-1.1	1.1	-0.1	-1.9	0.5
Mineral products	V	11.069	230.4	236.6	3.3	-4.4	4.4	5.2	2.7
Ores, slag and ash (Dec. 2012=100)	26	0.416	100.9	102.5	-7.4	-1.1	2.6	2.5	1.6
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	10.456	221.8	228.0	3.9	-4.6	4.6	5.4	2.8
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	10.885	139.2	139.4	0.3	0.2	0.4	-0.3	0.1
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.733	149.1	149.7	-10.8	0.6	3.9	-0.8	0.4
Organic chemicals	29	2.654	147.5	147.0	2.7	1.5	-0.7	-0.5	-0.3
Pharmaceutical products	30	2.988	105.5	105.6	-1.9	-1.1	0.8	-0.1	0.1
Tanning or dyeing extracts, dyes, paints varnish, putty, & inks (Dec. 2015=100)	32	0.523	100.3	102.2	0.6	0.6	0.2	-1.6	1.9
Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery cosmetic or toilet preparations	33	0.859	133.3	132.6	0.9	0.5	1.5	-0.1	-0.5
Soap; lubricants; waxes, polishing or scouring products; candles, pastes	34	0.484	123.3	124.4	4.0	0.7	-0.1	0.4	0.9
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	1.969	157.1	158.3	3.9	-0.1	0.3	0.4	0.8
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	5.195	144.3	144.4	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.1
Plastics and articles thereof	39	4.321	141.4	141.5	0.6	-0.1	-0.1	0.7	0.1
Rubber and articles thereof	40	0.874	154.7	154.6	-2.0	0.1	0.6	-1.0	-0.1
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, baskets and wickerwork (Dec. 2014=100)	IX	0.640	99.2	99.4	-6.4	0.6	0.5	-0.9	0.2
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.942	128.7	126.3	-3.1	-3.4	-0.6	-1.0	-1.9
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	1.098	128.3	126.6	-0.5	-2.2	0.2	-0.1	-1.3
Textile and textile articles	XI	1.747	123.3	124.2	-1.0	-1.6	0.5	-0.2	0.7
Cotton, including yarns and woven fabrics thereof	52	0.511	126.3	129.2	-8.7	-5.4	1.8	0.0	2.3
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.811	127.0	127.0	2.3	1.0	0.0	0.9	0.0
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	4.167	243.7	244.0	1.5	1.6	1.3	0.0	0.1
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	4.746	161.4	162.9	-0.6	-0.3	0.4	0.9	0.9
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.509	191.2	192.9	-4.0	-3.3	3.9	3.5	0.9
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.715	106.4	108.9	-9.6	-0.4	-2.8	1.4	2.3
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.335	155.1	155.1	2.0	0.1	0.0	1.4	0.0
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	27.970	98.1	98.0	0.7	0.2	0.3	0.0	-0.1
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	16.260	116.5	116.4	1.2	0.5	0.3	0.1	-0.1
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts and accessories thereof	85	11.710	78.4	78.4	0.1	-0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.602	136.6	137.1	1.6	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.4
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	8.267	116.4	116.8	0.4	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.3
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	5.794	108.9	108.9	-0.4	-0.3	0.3	-0.1	0.0
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	1.366	112.9	113.0	0.6	-0.2	0.4	0.0	0.1
Furniture; stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings nesoi;	94	0.759	130.5	131.0	1.6	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.4
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	0.452	88.5	88.5	1.0	0.2	1.0	0.1	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 7. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes by locality of origin: April 2018 to April 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Mar. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
				Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	127.8	128.1	2.7	2.8	2.8	1.2	0.2
Nonmanufacturing	11.696	198.8	205.0	33.4	42.9	25.1	9.2	3.1
Manufacturing	87.684	121.2	121.0	-0.6	0.1	0.6	0.2	-0.2
Canada	100.000	143.7	145.6	9.4	8.5	7.6	3.0	1.3
Nonmanufacturing	31.395	195.0	201.6	37.8	49.5	27.2	9.7	3.4
Manufacturing	67.677	131.2	131.7	-1.0	-0.6	1.1	0.3	0.4
European Union	100.000	137.3	137.4	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.1
Manufacturing	98.677	133.6	133.7	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
France (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	128.0	128.3	-0.3	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.2
Germany (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	112.7	112.3	-0.1	0.4	0.1	0.3	-0.4
United Kingdom (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	121.3	122.0	0.4	0.2	0.0	0.7	0.6
Latin America(3)	100.000	147.7	149.1	-1.1	-1.1	1.2	-0.2	0.9
Nonmanufacturing	16.547	254.9	273.1	3.1	-1.8	5.7	-0.5	7.1
Manufacturing	83.173	121.0	120.7	-1.9	-0.9	0.4	-0.2	-0.2
Mexico (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	127.5	128.9	0.2	-1.3	0.5	-0.1	1.1
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	8.387	137.7	159.6	19.8	-9.0	3.1	2.5	15.9
Manufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	91.349	87.6	87.4	-1.6	-0.6	0.2	-0.3	-0.2
Pacific Rim (Dec. 2003=100)(4)	100.000	98.7	98.6	-0.6	-0.2	0.0	0.0	-0.1
China (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	99.5	99.3	-1.1	-0.3	-0.1	0.0	-0.2
Japan	100.000	96.7	96.6	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	-0.1
Taiwan (Dec. 2018=100)	100.000	99.5	98.8	-	-0.1	-0.5	0.1	-0.7
Asian NICs(5)	100.000	88.5	88.7	-0.6	-0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
ASEAN (Dec. 2003=100)(6)	100.000	97.1	97.0	-1.7	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Asia Near East (Dec. 2003=100)(7)	100.000	180.5	189.0	4.1	-2.7	0.5	4.2	4.7
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries. (5) Asian Newly Industrialized Countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. (6) Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. (7) Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 8. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes by locality of destination: April 2018 to April 2019 [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Mar. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
				Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	103.9	103.6	1.6	-1.2	0.9	0.9	-0.3
Nonmanufacturing	9.331	121.2	117.4	21.3	-11.8	4.4	8.6	-3.1
Manufacturing	89.606	102.7	102.7	0.3	-0.1	0.6	0.1	0.0
Canada	100.000	105.9	105.1	2.1	-2.9	0.4	1.4	-0.8
European Union	100.000	104.5	105.2	1.9	0.3	0.7	0.2	0.7
Nonmanufacturing	7.604	110.2	116.2	10.9	0.6	1.9	2.5	5.4
Manufacturing	91.317	104.2	104.5	1.3	0.3	0.6	0.0	0.3
Germany	100.000	101.9	102.5	0.2	0.9	-0.2	-0.1	0.6
Latin America(3)	100.000	102.9	102.9	0.9	-1.2	0.9	1.5	0.0
Nonmanufacturing	7.083	107.8	106.4	4.2	-7.7	0.4	0.7	-1.3
Manufacturing	92.505	102.6	102.7	0.7	-0.7	0.9	1.6	0.1
Mexico	100.000	102.2	101.8	0.4	-1.3	0.5	1.4	-0.4
Nonmanufacturing	6.331	103.7	99.8	-1.5	-11.5	-0.2	1.7	-3.8
Manufacturing	93.189	102.0	101.9	0.5	-0.6	0.6	1.3	-0.1
Pacific Rim(4)	100.000	100.6	100.9	-0.7	-0.3	0.5	0.3	0.3
Nonmanufacturing	14.222	98.9	102.9	-1.1	0.3	1.8	1.2	4.0
Manufacturing	83.735	101.1	100.9	-0.4	-0.3	0.5	0.0	-0.2
China	100.000	99.1	99.7	-2.7	-0.6	0.7	0.5	0.6
Nonmanufacturing	20.342	96.9	101.2	-3.8	-0.8	2.3	1.0	4.4
Manufacturing	75.860	100.5	100.2	-1.7	-0.3	0.7	0.4	-0.3
Japan	100.000	100.3	101.3	-0.6	-1.4	1.2	0.3	1.0
Nonmanufacturing	18.876	103.4	107.6	0.7	-1.3	3.2	1.5	4.1
Manufacturing	79.998	99.3	99.5	-1.4	-1.5	0.6	0.0	0.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 9. U.S. terms of trade indexes and percent changes by locality: April 2018 to April 2019(1) [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Index		Percent change
	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
			Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	99.5	99.0	-1.1	-3.8	-1.9	-0.3	-0.5
Canada	96.8	94.8	-6.7	-10.5	-6.7	-1.5	-2.1
European Union	102.4	103.1	1.9	0.2	0.4	-0.1	0.7
Germany	104.1	105.1	0.3	0.5	-0.2	-0.4	1.0
Latin America(3)	103.7	102.8	2.1	-0.1	-0.4	1.7	-0.9
Mexico	103.4	101.9	0.3	0.1	0.0	1.5	-1.5
Pacific Rim(4)	100.3	100.7	-0.1	-0.1	0.5	0.3	0.4
China	99.7	100.5	-1.7	-0.3	0.8	0.5	0.8
Japan	99.1	100.1	-0.6	-1.4	1.1	0.2	1.0
Footnotes (1) Terms of trade indexes are derived by dividing the export price index by the corresponding import price index and multiplying by 100. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 10. U.S. international price indexes and percent changes for selected transportation services: April 2018 to April 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Mar. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019	Annual	Monthly
				Apr. 2018 to Apr. 2019	Dec. 2018 to Jan. 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019
Air Freight
Import Air Freight	100.000	175.3	176.6	-7.8	-1.0	-6.1	0.1	0.7
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	27.781	149.3	149.0	-2.2	2.4	-1.4	-0.1	-0.2
Asia	59.048	161.8	163.9	-11.4	-2.6	-9.5	0.6	1.3
Export Air Freight	100.000	165.5	164.9	1.2	-0.1	0.4	0.1	-0.4
Europe (Dec. 2006=100)	31.427	149.8	149.1	0.9	2.4	-1.4	-0.3	-0.5
Inbound Air Freight	100.000	167.0	164.8	-4.8	0.2	-4.4	0.4	-1.3
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	28.569	137.9	136.2	-1.5	4.4	-2.4	-0.1	-1.2
Asia	56.404	153.5	151.6	-7.1	-2.1	-6.5	0.9	-1.2
Outbound Air Freight	100.000	144.8	143.3	0.8	-1.2	0.2	0.2	-1.0
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	32.841	151.0	150.4	1.6	2.1	-0.9	0.2	-0.4
Asia	44.899	140.5	137.5	0.3	-4.3	1.4	0.0	-2.1
Air Passenger Fares
Import Air Passenger Fares	100.000	175.4	162.7	-10.6	-3.8	-2.0	-5.7	-7.2
Europe	56.058	206.0	182.3	-14.7	4.2	-1.7	-8.5	-11.5
Asia	18.657	124.6	124.7	-5.1	-12.3	-9.0	-0.7	0.1
Latin America/Caribbean	6.530	154.5	155.5	-6.9	-16.7	4.9	-0.6	0.6
Export Air Passenger Fares	100.000	149.2	147.1	-3.5	7.0	-8.9	1.6	-1.4
Europe	29.262	195.8	189.6	-5.2	-2.7	-2.4	0.8	-3.2
Asia	27.521	131.2	124.7	0.0	12.5	-13.6	1.2	-5.0
Latin America/Caribbean	25.169	154.7	160.1	-3.3	14.6	-11.6	3.2	3.5
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

                                                TECHNICAL NOTE                                                

Import and Export Goods and Services Price Indexes - All indexes use a modified Laspeyres 
formula and are not seasonally adjusted. Price indexes are reweighted annually, with a 2-year lag in the 
weights. Published series use a base year of 2000=100 where possible. More detailed index series and 
additional information may be obtained at www.bls.gov/mxp or by calling (202) 691-7101.

Merchandise Goods Classification Systems - The merchandise price indexes are published using three 
classification systems. Items are classified by end use according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Classification System, by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS), and by product category according to the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by 
end use and product category are self-explanatory, some notes are in order for classifying items by 
industry. In the NAICS imports and exports tables, items are classified by output industry, not input 
industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products manufacturing) 
includes outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS 
classification structure also matches the classification system used by the Producer Price Index (PPI) to 
produce the NAICS primary products indexes.

Import Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
States Annotated (TSUSA). Import prices are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The 
prices are generally either "free on board" (f.o.b.) foreign port or "cost, insurance, and freight" (c.i.f.) 
U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude 
petroleum is calculated from data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy.  

Export Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Schedule B classification system 
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prices used are generally either "free alongside ship" (f.a.s.) 
factory or "free on board" (f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual 
industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture.

Services Price Indexes - Indexes for import and export air passenger fares calculate changes in the 
average revenue received per passenger by foreign carriers from U.S. residents and by U.S. carriers from 
foreign residents, respectively. Data are obtained from an airline consulting service and report on tickets 
sold by travel agencies, travel websites, and directly by the airlines. Taxes and fees are included in both 
the import and export air passenger fares indexes. Import air passenger fares data have used the airline 
consulting service source since September 2008. Before April 2018, the export air passenger fares data 
were collected directly by BLS from U.S. airlines. The air freight indexes are calculated from data 
collected directly from airlines. These data exclude mail and passenger baggage. The scope of the 
service being priced is the movement of freight from airport to airport only, and does not include any 
ground transportation or port service. The air freight indexes are presented using two definitions: 
balance of payments (which represents transactions between U.S. and foreign residents) and 
international (which represents transactions inbound to and outbound from the United States.) Fact 
sheets specifying detailed information for each services industry are available at www.bls.gov/mxp 
under "MXP Publications."

Import Price Indexes by Locality of Origin - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the import price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and, 
beginning with January 2002, are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
covering goods-producing industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and 
manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Export Price Indexes by Locality of Destination - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the export price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and are 
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) covering goods-producing 
industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are 
defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Terms of Trade Indexes - Terms of trade indexes measure the relative price of exports in terms of 
import prices for a specific country, region, or grouping. The indexes are calculated as one country, 
region, or grouping's all-export goods price index divided by the corresponding all-import goods price 
index on a scale of 100. 
   
Relative Importance - A relative importance is a specific index's price-updated value share (expressed 
as a percentage) of overall imports or exports at a specific point in time. Relative importance values are 
affected by the trade weights at the point indexes are reweighted and index changes relative to other 
indexes since the reweight point. If an index is rising in value relative to other indexes over time, the 
relative importance will increase as well. 
 
Revision Policy - To reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents, monthly data 
may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. After 3 months, no further data 
revisions take place. For example, data first published in the January release will be subject to revision 
in the releases for February, March, and April.

Rounding Policy - Index values are rounded to the tenth decimal place after being calculated. All 
percent changes are then derived from the rounded index values and subsequently rounded to the tenth 
decimal place.

Uses of the Data - The primary use of the indexes is to deflate trade statistics, notably the foreign trade 
sector of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) constructed by the Department of 
Commerce. Other published indexes are useful for general market analysis. For trade in international 
services, balance of payments indexes are used for deflating NIPA, while international indexes are more 
appropriate for market analysis. 

Email Subscription - The U.S. import and export price indexes news release is available through an 
email subscription service at www.bls.gov/bls/list.htm. 
 
Additional Information - More detailed data are available on the Import/Export Price Indexes home 
page at www.bls.gov/mxp. For import and export price indexes data requests, send an email to 
mxpinfo@bls.gov.   
Information from this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request.  
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