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                            U.S. IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES - APRIL 2020

U.S. import prices declined 2.6 percent in April, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today, 
following a 2.4-percent decrease in March. Both monthly declines were led by falling fuel prices. Prices for 
U.S. exports fell 3.3 percent in April, after decreasing 1.7 percent the previous month.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
           Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on April 2020 Import and Export Price Index Data
           
The Bureau of Labor Statistics did not make any changes to either the collection method or estimation 
methodology for the April release of U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes. Survey response rates for April 
were 6.5 percentage points lower than those in April 2019. A small number of indexes that are normally 
published were not published in April. Additional information is available at 
www.bls.gov/bls/import-export-price-indexes-covid19-impacts-april-2020.htm.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Imports

U.S. import prices fell 2.6 percent in April, the largest monthly drop since the index declined 3.2 percent in 
January 2015. The April decrease followed a 2.4-percent drop in March and a 0.7-percent decline in 
February. Prices for U.S. imports also fell on a 12-month basis, decreasing 6.8 percent for the year ended in 
April. The decrease was the largest 12-month drop since the index declined 8.3 percent from December 
2014 to December 2015. (See table 1.)

Fuel Imports: Import fuel prices declined 31.5 percent in April, after decreasing 26.0 percent in March. 
The April decline was the largest 1-month drop since the index was first published monthly in September 
1992. The decline in fuel prices was led by a 33.0-percent drop in the price index for import petroleum; 
natural gas prices also fell in April, decreasing 3.3 percent. Prices for import fuel declined 56.6 percent from 
April 2019 to April 2020, the largest 12-month drop since the index was first published in December 1984. 
Petroleum prices declined 58.5 percent over the past year, and more than offset a 5.9-percent advance in 
natural gas prices.  
 
All Imports Excluding Fuel: Prices for imports excluding fuel fell 0.5 percent in April following no 
change the previous month. In April, the drop was driven by lower prices for industrial supplies and 
materials; foods, feeds, and beverages; and consumer goods, which more than offset rising prices for 
automotive vehicles and capital goods. Nonfuel import prices declined 1.0 percent over the past 12 months.

Nonfuel Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonfuel industrial supplies and materials prices declined 3.2 
percent in April, after rising 0.2 percent in March. The April decrease was led by lower prices for unfinished 
metals, selected building materials, and chemicals. 
	
Finished Goods: Finished goods prices were mixed in April. Automotive vehicles prices rose 0.4 percent, 
driven by higher prices for passenger cars. Prices for capital goods ticked up 0.1 percent and have not 
declined since November. Despite the recent advances, prices for import capital goods fell 0.7 percent over 
the past 12 months. In contrast, the price index for consumer goods declined 0.2 percent in April. 

Foods, Feeds, and Beverages: Prices for foods, feeds, and beverages fell 1.3 percent in April, after declining 
1.0 percent the previous month. The April drop was led by lower prices for fruit, meat, and food oils.

Table A. Percent change in Import and Export Price Indexes, selected categories

Month	IMPORTS			EXPORTS
	All imports	Fuel imports	Nonfuel imports	All exports	Agri- cultural exports	Non- agricultural exports
2019
April	0.2	1.9	-0.1	0.1	-1.4	0.2
May	0.2	3.6	-0.3	-0.3	-1.1	-0.2
June	-1.1	-7.8	-0.3	-0.6	2.4	-0.9
July	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.2
August	-0.6	-4.2	-0.1	-0.6	-2.4	-0.3
September	0.1	1.0	-0.1	-0.3	-1.6	-0.2
October	-0.4	-1.6	-0.3	0.0	1.7	-0.2
November	0.2	2.2	-0.1	0.1	2.4	-0.1
December	0.2	1.3	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	-0.2
2020
January	0.2	-0.1	0.3	0.6	(r)2.0	0.6
February	-0.7	(r)-9.1	(r)0.2	(r)-1.2	(r)-2.8	-1.1
March	(r)-2.4	(r)-26.0	0.0	(r)-1.7	(r)-1.5	(r)-1.7
April	-2.6	-31.5	-0.5	-3.3	-3.1	-3.3
Apr. 2018 to 2019	-0.2	6.5	-0.9	0.2	-2.7	0.5
Apr. 2019 to 2020	-6.8	-56.6	-1.0	-7.0	-4.1	-7.3
Footnotes (r) Revised

Exports 

The price index for U.S. exports decreased 3.3 percent in April following declines of 1.7 percent in March 
and 1.2 percent in February. The April drop was the largest 1-month decrease in export prices since the 
index was first published on a monthly basis in December 1988. Declining prices for both nonagricultural 
exports and agricultural exports contributed to the April decrease. Prices for U.S. exports fell 7.0 percent 
from April 2019 to April 2020, the largest over-the-year decline since a 7.3-percent drop for the year ended 
September 2015. (See table 2.)

Agricultural Exports: Prices for agricultural exports fell 3.1 percent in April, after decreasing 1.5 percent 
in March and 2.8 percent in February. The April drop was the largest decline since the index fell 5.2 percent 
in July 2018. Lower prices for corn, meat, cotton, fruit, soybeans, and nuts all contributed to the overall 
decline in April. The price index for agricultural exports decreased 4.1 percent over the past year, driven by 
falling prices for cotton, vegetables, corn, and meat.  

All Exports Excluding Agriculture: Nonagricultural export prices decreased 3.3 percent in April 
following a 1.7-percent decline in March and a 1.1-percent drop in February. The April decrease was the 
largest decline since the index was first published on a monthly basis in December 1988. In April, the drop 
was driven by lower nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials prices; lower consumer goods prices 
also contributed to the decline. The price index for nonagricultural exports decreased 7.3 percent over the 
past 12 months, the largest over-the-year drop since the index was first published in March 1985.     

Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials: Prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies and 
materials declined 10.0 percent in April, after a 4.8-percent drop in March. The April decrease was led by a 
28.2-percent drop in fuel prices and was the largest decline in nonagricultural industrial supplies and 
materials prices since the index was first published monthly in September 1992.   

Finished Goods: Prices for finished goods were down overall in April. Consumer goods prices declined 0.3 
percent following a 0.6-percent drop in March. The April decline was driven by lower prices for medicinal, 
dental, and pharmaceutical materials. The price indexes for capital goods and automotive vehicles were 
unchanged in April.

Measures of Import and Export Prices by Locality

Imports by Locality of Origin: Prices for imports from China ticked up 0.1 percent in April, the first 
monthly advance since the index rose 0.2 percent in December 2019. The price index for imports from 
China declined 1.1 percent for the year ended in April, the smallest over-the-year decrease since the index 
declined 1.0 percent from March 2018 to March 2019. In contrast, import prices from Japan decreased 0.2 
percent in April, the largest drop since the index fell 0.3 percent in October 2017. Prices for imports from 
Japan edged down 0.1 percent over the past year. Driven by lower petroleum prices, the price index for 
imports from Canada decreased 10.2 percent, the largest decline since the index was first published on a 
monthly basis in September 1992. Import prices from Canada fell 23.5 percent for the year ended in April. 
Prices for imports from the European Union decreased 0.7 percent in April and prices for imports from 
Mexico declined 0.4 percent. (See table 7.)

Exports by Locality of Destination: Export prices to China fell 2.1 percent in April, after decreasing 2.7 
percent in March and 1.0 percent in February. Prices for exports to China declined 8.2 percent over the past 
12 months, the largest over-the-year drop since the index was first published in December 2017. The price 
index for exports to Japan declined 3.9 percent in April following a 3.4-percent drop in March. Those were 
the 2 largest monthly decreases since the index was first published in December 2017. Export prices to 
Canada fell 2.6 percent in April, after a 2.5-percent drop the previous month. Those were the largest 
decreases since the index declined 2.9 percent in January 2019. Prices for exports to the European Union 
fell 2.4 percent in April and the price index for exports to Mexico decreased 5.2 percent. (See table 8.)

Terms of Trade Indexes: Terms of Trade indexes are based on country, region, or grouping and measure 
the change in the purchasing power of exports relative to imports. The index for U.S. terms of trade with 
China fell 2.2 percent in April following a 2.7-percent drop the previous month. The drop in April resulted 
from both a decrease in export prices to China and an increase in import prices from China. The U.S. terms 
of trade with Japan declined 3.6 percent in April, after a 3.4-percent drop in March. The indexes for U.S. 
terms of trade with the European Union and Mexico also fell in April, decreasing 1.7 percent and 4.8 
percent, respectively. In contrast, the U.S. terms of trade with Canada increased 8.5 percent in April, and 
advanced 22.0 percent over the past year. (See table 9.)

Import and Export Services

Imports: Import air passenger fares fell 12.3 percent in April, after declining 9.8 percent the previous 
month. The April decrease was the largest drop since the index was first published monthly in December 
2000. The decline in April was driven by a 26.0-percent decrease in European fares. Import air passenger 
fares fell 16.2 percent for the year ended in April, the largest over-the-year drop since the index decreased 
19.5 percent from August 2008 to August 2009. Import air freight prices rose 38.5 percent in April, the 
largest advance since the index was first published monthly in December 2005. The price index for import 
air freight increased 40.4 percent over the past 12 months. (See table 10.)

Exports: Export air passenger fares fell 7.9 percent in April following decreases of 4.2 percent in March 
and 9.3 percent in February. The index for export air passenger fares declined 14.1 percent over the past 
year, the largest 12-month drop since the index fell 14.6 percent for the year ended December 2015. The 
price index for export air freight declined 2.6 percent in April and 3.3 percent over the past 12 months, the 
largest over-the-year decrease since the index fell 6.0 percent for the year ended January 2010.  

Import and Export Price Index data for May are scheduled for release on Friday, June 12, 2020 at 8:30 a.m. 
(EDT).

Table 1. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: April 2019 to April 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Mar. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
All commodities		100.000	121.3	118.2	-6.8	0.2	-0.7	-2.4	-2.6
All imports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		86.848	99.1	98.7	-0.8	0.2	0.1	0.0	-0.4
All imports excluding petroleum		93.523	112.1	111.5	-1.1	0.1	0.2	-0.2	-0.5
All imports excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		93.173	116.2	115.6	-1.0	0.3	0.2	0.0	-0.5
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	6.325	178.9	176.5	-4.1	0.5	1.2	-1.0	-1.3
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	4.877	193.5	190.4	-6.0	0.1	1.1	-1.0	-1.6
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	1.448	146.8	145.9	2.7	1.8	1.5	-0.9	-0.6
Industrial supplies & materials	1	21.067	163.5	143.4	-26.4	0.1	-3.3	-10.1	-12.3
Industrial supplies & materials excluding petroleum		14.799	155.0	150.1	-3.2	-0.3	0.3	-0.3	-3.2
Industrial supplies & materials excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		14.258	176.1	170.5	-3.6	0.2	0.9	0.2	-3.2
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		9.048	171.2	164.0	-2.1	0.7	1.6	0.6	-4.2
Industrial supplies & materials nondurable excluding petroleum		5.543	134.7	132.6	-5.1	-1.9	-1.6	-1.8	-1.6
Fuels & lubricants	10	6.827	142.7	97.8	-56.6	-0.1	-9.1	-26.0	-31.5
Petroleum & petroleum products	100	6.477	152.5	102.1	-58.5	0.4	-8.9	-26.5	-33.0
Crude	10000	3.953	138.8	86.7	-66.6	-0.3	-10.8	-33.1	-37.5
Fuels, n.e.s.-coals & gas	101	0.350	93.5	90.9	0.4	-10.5	-12.3	-13.4	-2.8
Gas-natural	10110	0.288	81.8	79.1	5.9	-12.8	-14.0	-15.7	-3.3
Paper & paper base stocks	11	0.514	108.9	107.5	-13.0	-1.2	-0.7	-0.5	-1.3
Materials associated with nondurable supplies & materials	12	4.679	153.5	151.2	-5.2	-0.6	-0.2	-0.5	-1.5
Selected building materials	13	1.602	148.4	141.5	-1.2	-0.1	1.7	1.9	-4.6
Unfinished metals related to durable goods	14	3.794	248.3	228.6	-3.2	2.1	3.5	1.2	-7.9
Finished metals related to durable goods	15	1.813	155.5	155.7	-2.0	0.1	-0.7	-0.7	0.1
Nonmetals related to durable goods	16	1.839	112.5	112.3	-0.8	-0.4	-0.2	-0.4	-0.2
Capital goods	2	29.261	87.8	87.9	-0.7	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Electric generating equipment	20	3.722	120.9	120.9	1.7	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.0
Nonelectrical machinery	21	23.122	79.7	79.8	-1.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	2.417	135.1	135.3	-0.4	-0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	16.057	110.4	110.8	0.9	0.5	0.0	0.2	0.4
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	27.289	106.5	106.3	-0.6	0.0	0.0	-0.3	-0.2
Nondurables, manufactured	40	13.474	123.9	123.9	0.6	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Durables, manufactured	41	12.575	90.8	91.1	-0.5	0.0	-0.1	-0.1	0.3
Nonmanufactured consumer goods	42	-	111.3	-	-	0.1	0.0	-4.5	-
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 2. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: April 2019 to April 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Mar. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
All commodities		100.000	122.2	118.2	-7.0	0.6	-1.2	-1.7	-3.3
Agricultural commodities		9.438	176.3	170.8	-4.1	2.0	-2.8	-1.5	-3.1
All exports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		82.087	101.7	101.1	-0.7	0.4	0.3	0.0	-0.6
Nonagricultural commodities		90.562	118.1	114.2	-7.3	0.6	-1.1	-1.7	-3.3
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	8.753	180.4	175.0	-3.2	2.3	-2.9	-1.6	-3.0
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	8.194	178.8	173.0	-3.2	2.3	-3.1	-1.4	-3.2
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	0.560	212.0	213.7	-2.0	2.1	-0.4	-3.9	0.8
Industrial supplies & materials	1	31.119	140.4	126.8	-20.5	0.9	-3.3	-4.7	-9.7
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		10.868	170.6	167.4	0.5	1.3	1.7	-0.6	-1.9
Industrial supplies & materials, nondurable		20.251	127.8	110.1	-29.6	0.6	-5.7	-6.8	-13.8
Agricultural industrial supplies & materials	10	1.214	166.5	162.4	-9.4	0.3	-1.0	-2.1	-2.5
Nonagricultural industrial supplies & materials		29.904	139.5	125.6	-20.9	0.9	-3.4	-4.8	-10.0
Fuels & lubricants	11	9.160	134.9	96.8	-50.4	1.1	-10.7	-13.6	-28.2
Nonagricultural supplies & materials excluding fuels & building materials	12	19.799	157.4	154.2	-2.7	0.7	0.8	-0.4	-2.0
Selected building materials	13	0.945	117.8	117.8	-4.1	-0.6	0.0	1.5	0.0
Capital goods	2	37.500	111.6	111.6	0.8	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0
Electrical generating equipment	20	3.880	120.0	120.0	1.7	0.7	1.6	0.0	0.0
Nonelectrical machinery	21	24.393	95.3	95.2	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	-0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	9.227	184.3	184.6	1.4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	10.046	114.4	114.4	-0.4	0.5	0.1	0.0	0.0
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	12.582	109.8	109.5	-0.7	0.1	0.1	-0.6	-0.3
Nondurables, manufactured	40	6.083	108.0	107.5	-0.4	0.1	0.0	-0.3	-0.5
Durables, manufactured	41	5.079	107.7	107.7	0.6	0.1	0.3	0.4	0.0
Nonmanufactured consumer goods (Dec. 2018=100)	42	-	93.4	-	-	-0.1	-0.2	-5.4	-
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 3. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: April 2019 to April 2020 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Mar. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
Nonmanufacturing		6.436	78.4	58.9	-52.3	-0.4	-7.9	-24.7	-24.9
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	1.908	174.9	169.9	-11.0	1.0	1.5	-1.8	-2.9
Crop production	111	1.551	185.2	179.8	-12.5	0.1	2.9	-1.1	-2.9
Mining	21	4.527	65.6	43.3	-62.9	-0.7	-10.3	-31.5	-34.0
Oil and gas extraction	211	4.267	63.9	40.8	-65.0	-0.7	-10.9	-32.5	-36.2
Manufacturing		93.257	110.4	109.2	-2.0	0.2	0.1	-0.5	-1.1
Manufacturing, part 1	31	11.657	125.5	125.1	-0.2	0.1	0.2	-0.2	-0.3
Food manufacturing	311	3.605	154.4	152.4	-2.5	0.1	0.0	-0.6	-1.3
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	1.207	129.3	129.3	4.5	0.4	2.1	0.2	0.0
Textile mills (Dec. 2011=100)	313	0.375	97.8	97.0	-3.5	-0.1	-0.7	-0.7	-0.8
Textile product mills	314	0.958	107.0	106.8	-1.7	-0.6	0.2	0.2	-0.2
Apparel manufacturing	315	3.827	112.5	112.8	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3
Leather and allied product manufacturing	316	1.685	124.2	124.2	0.9	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.0
Manufacturing, part 2	32	18.407	122.1	116.8	-7.7	0.2	-0.6	-1.9	-4.3
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2019=100)	321	0.870	106.6	97.6	-	-0.3	3.1	3.7	-8.4
Paper manufacturing	322	1.014	107.2	105.8	-8.5	-0.6	-0.3	0.0	-1.3
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	2.308	83.8	61.3	-39.5	2.4	-4.5	-13.3	-26.8
Chemical manufacturing	325	10.481	137.6	136.4	-2.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.3	-0.9
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.430	118.6	118.7	-0.4	0.0	-0.3	-0.3	0.1
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	1.105	131.2	131.3	0.1	0.2	-0.2	-0.1	0.1
Manufacturing, part 3	33	63.192	103.6	103.3	-0.6	0.2	0.2	0.0	-0.3
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.319	163.0	152.6	-3.5	1.9	2.7	0.9	-6.4
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.295	125.9	126.3	-0.2	-0.4	0.0	-0.2	0.3
Machinery manufacturing	333	7.929	119.3	119.4	0.6	0.5	0.1	-0.1	0.1
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	17.455	71.8	72.1	-1.4	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.4
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	5.630	117.6	117.5	0.3	0.1	-0.1	0.2	-0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	17.120	109.5	109.8	0.6	0.5	0.0	0.1	0.3
Furniture and related product manufacturing	337	1.944	115.3	115.2	-2.0	0.0	0.0	-0.2	-0.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.500	117.3	115.4	-2.5	-0.3	0.2	-1.4	-1.6
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 4. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: April 2019 to April 2020 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Mar. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
Nonmanufacturing		8.410	104.3	92.5	-32.4	0.2	-7.1	-12.9	-11.3
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	4.669	148.5	141.5	-6.4	3.5	-4.1	-1.5	-4.7
Crop production	111	4.318	155.7	147.6	-6.5	3.8	-4.0	-1.6	-5.2
Mining	21	3.742	52.8	42.5	-53.2	-2.5	-9.7	-24.0	-19.5
Mining (except oil and gas)	212	1.209	96.1	95.0	-19.4	-4.5	-0.4	-1.0	-1.1
Manufacturing		90.298	115.7	112.8	-3.9	0.7	-0.6	-0.4	-2.5
Manufacturing, part 1	31	6.809	139.5	138.0	-1.8	0.9	-1.1	-1.3	-1.1
Food manufacturing	311	4.658	157.0	154.1	-2.2	0.9	-1.7	-1.8	-1.8
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	0.650	121.9	124.3	0.5	1.0	0.2	-0.7	2.0
Manufacturing, part 2	32	24.203	109.2	99.5	-15.2	1.0	-2.9	-1.0	-8.9
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2017=100)	321	0.469	94.4	97.0	-3.4	-0.9	-0.2	1.8	2.8
Paper manufacturing	322	1.511	117.5	117.9	-7.6	-1.2	-0.3	-0.3	0.3
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	5.384	93.3	61.4	-47.3	4.5	-11.5	-4.2	-34.2
Chemical manufacturing	325	13.393	116.4	113.8	-4.7	0.1	-0.1	-0.5	-2.2
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.359	117.2	116.6	0.3	-0.1	0.3	0.1	-0.5
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.881	122.7	122.0	3.6	0.1	0.2	5.2	-0.6
Manufacturing, part 3	33	59.287	116.2	116.0	0.8	0.5	0.5	0.0	-0.2
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.388	160.6	158.4	7.2	2.4	3.5	-0.6	-1.4
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.134	150.1	149.7	2.1	0.7	0.1	-0.1	-0.3
Machinery manufacturing	333	10.031	130.8	130.7	0.8	0.5	0.1	0.2	-0.1
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	14.084	82.5	82.5	0.2	0.4	0.6	0.2	0.0
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	3.861	118.0	118.0	-0.2	0.0	0.3	0.2	0.0
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	17.971	129.7	129.9	0.6	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2
Furniture and related product manufacturing (Dec. 2011=100)	337	0.408	124.8	124.8	1.9	0.0	1.0	0.9	0.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.410	118.6	118.2	-1.6	0.0	0.2	-1.2	-0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 5. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: April 2019 to April 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative importance Mar. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
Live animals; animal products	I	1.382	193.6	190.6	-4.1	0.9	-1.2	-2.5	-1.5
Meat and edible meat offal	02	0.373	257.3	251.4	-5.3	-3.0	-1.0	-3.8	-2.3
Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates	03	0.747	139.8	138.2	-2.3	3.4	-1.7	-1.4	-1.1
Vegetable products	II	1.904	204.2	200.2	-11.5	0.1	2.9	-1.3	-2.0
Edible vegetables, roots, and tubers	07	0.406	421.1	430.4	-26.5	-1.4	1.9	-15.5	2.2
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.695	115.7	108.6	-15.7	1.5	6.9	6.8	-6.1
Coffee, tea, mate and spices	09	0.342	214.1	211.7	6.0	-1.8	3.7	-0.3	-1.1
Animal or vegetable fats and oils (Dec. 2009=100)	III	0.260	89.2	84.3	-4.3	4.8	-0.8	-0.1	-5.5
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.099	170.5	169.5	2.1	0.2	0.9	0.4	-0.6
Cocoa and cocoa preparations (Dec. 2009=100)	18	0.220	105.8	100.7	3.7	0.1	1.4	2.8	-4.8
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts, or other parts of plants	20	0.377	170.7	170.7	0.8	-0.1	-0.3	-0.4	0.0
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar	22	1.157	140.5	140.1	4.6	0.5	2.3	0.2	-0.3
Mineral products	V	6.967	145.5	102.4	-54.5	-0.1	-8.5	-25.2	-29.6
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	6.619	141.0	97.0	-56.4	-0.2	-9.1	-25.9	-31.2
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	9.855	156.2	154.6	-1.5	-0.1	0.1	-0.3	-1.0
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.497	288.0	276.4	-11.3	-3.5	-1.2	-1.4	-4.0
Organic chemicals	29	2.217	126.7	121.6	-4.9	0.1	0.8	-0.2	-4.0
Pharmaceutical products	30	5.041	154.3	154.5	1.2	0.3	-0.2	-0.1	0.1
Essential oils and resinoids (Dec. 2016=100)	33	0.642	103.9	103.7	0.4	1.2	0.0	-0.5	-0.2
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	0.606	101.1	100.9	-2.4	-1.1	0.0	-0.3	-0.2
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	3.710	138.6	137.9	-1.9	-0.1	-0.4	-0.4	-0.5
Plastics and articles thereof	39	2.494	141.0	139.9	-2.6	-0.1	-0.4	-0.5	-0.8
Rubber and articles thereof	40	1.216	135.8	135.9	-0.4	0.0	-0.4	-0.4	0.1
Raw hides, skins, leather, furskins, travel goods, etc	VIII	0.637	125.0	124.9	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.2	-0.1
Articles of leather; travel goods, bags, etc. of various materials	42	0.610	131.8	131.8	0.5	0.2	0.5	0.2	0.0
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, basketware and wickerwork	IX	0.897	154.9	141.9	-2.7	-0.3	3.2	3.8	-8.4
Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal (Dec. 2019=100)	44	0.872	106.9	97.7	-	-0.3	3.2	3.9	-8.6
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.046	112.7	110.8	-9.0	-1.0	-0.4	0.0	-1.7
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.729	107.5	105.7	-5.1	-0.6	-0.2	-0.2	-1.7
Textile and textile articles	XI	4.959	114.1	114.2	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted	61	2.015	105.1	105.2	0.5	-0.2	0.1	-0.3	0.1
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted	62	1.656	121.3	121.8	1.3	0.5	-0.2	0.4	0.4
Made-up or worn textile articles	63	0.653	101.2	101.1	-2.4	-1.0	0.4	0.4	-0.1
Headgear, umbrellas, artificial flowers, etc.	XII	1.414	124.3	124.4	1.8	0.2	0.1	-0.1	0.1
Footwear and parts of such articles	64	1.183	122.7	122.7	1.3	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.0
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.992	132.1	132.2	0.0	0.0	-0.2	-0.2	0.1
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	3.134	208.0	189.4	6.5	2.9	5.4	-0.3	-8.9
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	5.545	166.7	163.7	-8.3	0.1	-0.9	-0.7	-1.8
Iron and steel	72	1.144	200.5	196.4	-11.9	-0.1	1.1	-0.4	-2.0
Articles of iron or steel	73	1.714	145.8	146.3	-2.9	-0.3	-0.3	-0.5	0.3
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.405	253.8	236.2	-19.4	2.4	-7.2	-1.3	-6.9
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.907	124.4	120.4	-10.5	-0.2	-1.3	-0.7	-3.2
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof	82	0.474	123.0	123.0	-0.6	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.544	133.9	134.2	-1.5	-0.3	-0.1	-0.4	0.2
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	31.219	78.8	79.0	-0.4	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	15.831	84.3	84.5	-1.3	-0.2	0.1	0.4	0.2
Electrical machinery and equip, sound and TV recorders & reproducers, parts	85	15.388	73.6	73.8	0.4	0.3	-0.1	0.0	0.3
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	14.165	114.2	114.7	1.0	0.6	0.0	0.1	0.4
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	13.015	113.4	113.9	1.2	0.6	0.0	0.2	0.4
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	4.175	101.7	102.0	0.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.3
Optical, photographic, measuring and medical instruments	90	3.898	97.9	98.1	-0.4	-0.4	-0.1	0.0	0.2
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	4.563	111.3	111.3	-1.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.0
Furniture & stuffed furnishings; lamps & lighting fittings, nesoi; prefab bldgs	94	2.870	117.0	116.8	-1.5	-0.1	0.1	-0.1	-0.2
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	1.417	102.1	102.2	0.0	-0.2	0.0	0.0	0.1
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	96	0.276	127.2	127.2	-1.2	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 6. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: April 2019 to April 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative import- ance Mar. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
			Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
					Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
Live animals; animal products	I	1.972	211.2	204.8	-3.1	0.8	-1.8	-1.4	-3.0
Meat & edible meat offal (Dec. 2006=100)	02	1.177	164.1	155.6	-4.9	0.2	-2.4	0.1	-5.2
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates (Dec. 2016=100)	03	0.347	115.1	117.6	-2.5	2.9	-1.2	-5.2	2.2
Vegetable products	II	4.284	192.6	184.8	-4.4	3.8	-4.6	-1.1	-4.0
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.981	137.2	129.0	-3.7	-5.3	0.1	-0.1	-6.0
Cereals	10	1.451	198.3	185.8	-1.5	3.5	-0.2	-1.0	-6.3
Oilseeds and misc. grains, seeds, fruits, plants, straw and fodder	12	1.465	190.5	186.6	-1.5	4.6	-5.4	1.2	-2.0
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	3.050	151.1	149.1	-2.9	0.4	-1.0	-2.8	-1.3
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants (Dec. 2019=100)	20	0.335	98.6	97.9	-	-0.1	-0.8	-0.5	-0.7
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.604	100.6	100.2	2.8	0.0	0.2	-0.1	-0.4
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar (Dec. 2008=100)	22	0.542	101.4	93.2	-12.3	-4.4	0.9	-5.8	-8.1
Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed	23	0.710	211.2	214.7	-3.5	5.7	-4.2	-6.0	1.7
Mineral products	V	9.114	162.8	117.1	-50.2	1.2	-10.6	-13.5	-28.1
Ores, slag and ash (Dec. 2012=100)	26	0.374	87.3	83.4	-17.1	-2.2	-0.8	-4.6	-4.5
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	8.539	154.4	108.4	-52.1	1.3	-11.2	-14.1	-29.8
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	11.070	136.5	135.0	-3.4	0.1	-0.3	-0.4	-1.1
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.720	139.0	137.8	-7.7	0.6	-5.0	-0.7	-0.9
Organic chemicals	29	2.517	138.2	134.1	-8.8	0.2	0.1	-0.4	-3.0
Pharmaceutical products	30	3.207	107.4	106.3	-0.5	0.4	0.1	-0.7	-1.0
Tanning or dyeing extracts, dyes, paints varnish, putty, & inks (Dec. 2015=100)	32	0.539	103.9	103.8	-0.1	-0.1	0.1	-1.0	-0.1
Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery cosmetic or toilet preparations	33	0.882	128.3	128.1	-3.4	-1.2	-0.5	0.1	-0.2
Soap; lubricants; waxes, polishing or scouring products; candles, pastes	34	0.503	125.6	125.6	1.3	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.0
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	2.063	158.1	157.4	-0.1	1.3	-0.1	0.0	-0.4
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	5.243	141.9	138.9	-3.1	0.1	0.4	0.0	-2.1
Plastics and articles thereof	39	4.341	138.9	136.0	-3.1	0.1	0.4	0.1	-2.1
Rubber and articles thereof	40	0.902	152.6	149.3	-3.4	0.4	0.3	-0.3	-2.2
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, baskets and wickerwork (Dec. 2014=100)	IX	0.575	92.9	95.7	-3.7	-0.4	-0.1	2.5	3.0
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.788	119.3	120.4	-4.8	-1.1	0.4	1.3	0.9
Woodpulp and recovered paper (Dec. 2019=100)	47	0.454	106.2	110.0	-	-4.1	4.8	5.7	3.6
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	1.040	122.6	123.4	-2.1	-0.2	-1.1	0.0	0.7
Textile and textile articles	XI	1.709	119.1	116.1	-6.7	1.9	-0.6	-1.4	-2.5
Cotton, including yarns and woven fabrics thereof	52	0.474	114.2	102.4	-20.7	3.9	-1.6	-4.3	-10.3
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.856	132.1	131.8	3.4	-0.1	0.1	4.3	-0.2
Glass and glassware (Dec. 2019=100)	70	0.398	100.0	100.0	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	4.849	272.4	270.3	10.8	1.9	4.4	-1.9	-0.8
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	4.664	155.4	150.4	-7.6	1.4	-1.1	-0.3	-3.2
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.489	170.6	150.9	-21.6	4.1	-5.1	-1.2	-11.5
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.699	99.2	94.3	-13.3	1.0	1.7	-1.8	-4.9
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.346	155.8	155.8	1.2	1.6	0.0	0.0	0.0
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	29.078	98.2	98.2	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	17.383	116.5	116.5	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.0
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts and accessories thereof	85	11.694	78.5	78.7	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0	0.3
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.658	138.0	138.1	0.7	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.1
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	8.221	116.8	116.7	-0.1	0.4	0.2	0.0	-0.1
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	6.170	110.7	110.2	1.1	0.2	0.3	-0.2	-0.5
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	1.378	113.9	114.1	0.9	-0.2	0.9	0.2	0.2
Furniture; stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings nesoi;	94	0.770	133.0	133.5	1.8	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.4
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	0.449	88.4	88.2	-0.1	-1.1	1.7	-1.1	-0.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 7. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes by locality of origin: April 2019 to April 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Mar. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
		Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
				Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	122.7	118.2	-8.0	-0.2	-1.4	-1.7	-3.7
Nonmanufacturing	8.061	128.1	89.9	-56.8	-2.7	-12.8	-16.7	-29.8
Manufacturing	91.420	121.6	120.0	-1.0	0.2	-0.1	-0.2	-1.3
Canada	100.000	124.6	111.9	-23.5	-0.7	-4.5	-4.8	-10.2
Nonmanufacturing	24.052	123.1	84.6	-58.7	-2.9	-13.5	-17.2	-31.3
Manufacturing	75.053	128.9	124.5	-5.4	0.2	-0.5	-0.1	-3.4
European Union	100.000	137.3	136.4	-0.6	0.4	0.0	-0.2	-0.7
Manufacturing	98.579	133.6	132.9	-0.4	0.4	0.0	-0.1	-0.5
France (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	127.3	126.1	-1.7	0.5	-0.2	-0.4	-0.9
Germany (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	113.5	113.5	1.0	0.4	0.3	-0.2	0.0
United Kingdom (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	124.3	117.2	-3.9	0.3	0.7	0.4	-5.7
Latin America(3)	100.000	140.6	137.2	-7.8	0.3	-0.9	-2.4	-2.4
Nonmanufacturing	12.029	197.0	159.7	-41.0	1.2	-6.6	-19.1	-18.9
Manufacturing	87.675	118.9	118.7	-1.6	0.1	0.2	0.4	-0.2
Mexico (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	124.9	124.4	-3.5	-0.1	-0.2	-0.6	-0.4
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	6.962	113.9	94.1	-40.8	1.1	-3.1	-12.2	-17.4
Manufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	92.746	87.1	87.8	0.5	-0.1	0.0	0.5	0.8
Pacific Rim (Dec. 2003=100)(4)	100.000	97.5	97.5	-1.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.0
China (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	98.0	98.1	-1.1	0.0	-0.2	0.0	0.1
Japan	100.000	96.8	96.6	-0.1	0.1	0.0	-0.1	-0.2
Taiwan (Dec. 2018=100)	100.000	98.6	97.5	-1.3	-0.1	0.1	-0.1	-1.1
Asian NICs(5)	100.000	85.7	85.1	-4.0	-0.2	-0.5	-0.2	-0.7
ASEAN (Dec. 2003=100)(6)	100.000	97.2	96.9	0.0	0.4	0.0	-0.4	-0.3
Asia Near East (Dec. 2003=100)(7)	100.000	135.3	115.7	-37.6	0.1	-2.7	-22.5	-14.5
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries. (5) Asian Newly Industrialized Countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. (6) Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. (7) Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 8. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes by locality of destination: April 2019 to April 2020 [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Mar. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
		Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
				Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	100.5	97.9	-5.5	0.5	-1.1	-1.9	-2.6
Nonmanufacturing	7.994	78.7	67.5	-41.9	0.4	-9.6	-17.6	-14.2
Manufacturing	90.710	103.2	101.7	-1.2	0.6	-0.2	-0.2	-1.5
Canada	100.000	100.8	98.2	-6.7	0.4	-1.5	-2.5	-2.6
European Union	100.000	102.1	99.7	-5.1	0.6	-0.9	-2.0	-2.4
Nonmanufacturing	7.198	73.4	65.0	-42.8	-1.3	-7.6	-20.4	-11.4
Manufacturing	91.386	105.3	103.7	-0.8	0.8	-0.3	0.0	-1.5
Germany	100.000	105.5	104.2	1.4	0.8	-0.2	0.3	-1.2
Latin America(3)	100.000	97.5	91.6	-11.0	1.6	-3.1	-0.9	-6.1
Nonmanufacturing	6.923	94.9	88.6	-17.0	1.8	-5.7	-4.8	-6.6
Manufacturing	92.580	97.7	91.8	-10.5	1.5	-3.0	-0.6	-6.0
Mexico	100.000	97.9	92.8	-8.8	1.2	-2.5	-0.6	-5.2
Nonmanufacturing	5.516	91.7	87.5	-12.3	1.8	-5.1	-1.5	-4.6
Manufacturing	93.897	98.3	93.0	-8.6	1.1	-2.3	-0.5	-5.4
Pacific Rim(4)	100.000	95.7	94.0	-6.7	0.4	-1.1	-2.8	-1.8
Nonmanufacturing	11.502	71.8	63.6	-37.8	1.5	-6.3	-21.0	-11.4
Manufacturing	86.721	100.5	100.2	-0.6	0.1	-0.2	0.1	-0.3
China	100.000	93.5	91.5	-8.2	-0.2	-1.0	-2.7	-2.1
Nonmanufacturing	9.926	67.9	54.4	-46.5	-0.1	-7.9	-22.3	-19.9
Manufacturing	87.842	99.4	99.3	-0.8	-0.3	0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Japan	100.000	95.9	92.2	-8.5	0.0	-1.2	-3.4	-3.9
Nonmanufacturing	16.531	74.9	61.4	-42.3	-0.6	-5.9	-18.9	-18.0
Manufacturing	81.387	100.3	99.5	0.3	0.1	-0.3	0.2	-0.8
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 9. U.S. terms of trade indexes and percent changes by locality: April 2019 to April 2020(1) [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Index		Percent change
	Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
			Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.3	101.4	2.7	0.8	0.3	-0.1	1.1
Canada	106.3	115.3	22.0	1.0	3.2	2.4	8.5
European Union	100.1	98.4	-4.6	0.1	-0.9	-1.8	-1.7
Germany	107.0	105.7	0.4	0.5	-0.5	0.5	-1.2
Latin America(3)	103.3	99.4	-3.5	1.3	-2.3	1.6	-3.8
Mexico	101.1	96.2	-5.5	1.3	-2.2	-0.1	-4.8
Pacific Rim(4)	96.6	94.9	-5.8	0.5	-1.1	-2.7	-1.8
China	95.5	93.4	-7.2	-0.2	-0.8	-2.7	-2.2
Japan	94.6	91.2	-8.3	-0.2	-1.1	-3.4	-3.6
Footnotes (1) Terms of trade indexes are derived by dividing the export price index by the corresponding import price index and multiplying by 100. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 10. U.S. international price indexes and percent changes for selected transportation services: April 2019 to April 2020 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Mar. 2020(1)	Index		Percent change
		Mar. 2020	Apr. 2020	Annual	Monthly
				Apr. 2019 to Apr. 2020	Dec. 2019 to Jan. 2020	Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2020	Feb. 2020 to Mar. 2020	Mar. 2020 to Apr. 2020
Air Freight
Import Air Freight	100.000	180.7	250.2	40.4	-2.3	-1.0	2.5	38.5
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	26.633	143.6	218.2	46.0	0.6	0.2	-0.6	51.9
Asia	59.410	171.9	242.7	46.1	-4.4	-1.7	4.6	41.2
Export Air Freight	100.000	164.4	160.2	-3.3	2.7	-1.4	-1.0	-2.6
Europe (Dec. 2006=100)	32.017	154.6	150.8	-0.3	3.1	-1.1	-0.5	-2.5
Inbound Air Freight	100.000	164.3	202.9	22.5	-0.9	-0.9	0.9	23.5
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	28.443	132.4	165.8	21.5	1.3	-0.2	-0.2	25.2
Asia	57.353	151.9	194.1	26.9	-2.6	-1.3	1.6	27.8
Outbound Air Freight	100.000	153.2	157.2	8.9	1.6	27.2	-19.6	2.6
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	31.822	161.4	176.4	14.8	2.3	-0.6	0.1	9.3
Asia	47.995	152.2	151.3	10.0	1.3	59.0	-33.0	-0.6
Air Passenger Fares
Import Air Passenger Fares	100.000	155.5	136.3	-16.2	-8.7	0.2	-9.8	-12.3
Europe	45.809	181.5	134.4	-26.3	0.8	0.6	-12.9	-26.0
Asia	20.941	112.3	125.5	0.6	-14.7	-7.2	-7.4	11.8
Latin America/Caribbean	8.817	150.7	144.8	-6.9	-19.2	8.7	-7.4	-3.9
Export Air Passenger Fares	100.000	137.1	126.3	-14.1	7.4	-9.3	-4.2	-7.9
Europe	29.012	171.7	143.5	-24.3	-0.9	-2.0	-4.3	-16.4
Asia	25.473	120.9	112.6	-9.7	14.4	-13.9	-5.0	-6.9
Latin America/Caribbean	27.062	150.7	148.8	-7.1	11.9	-13.0	-2.3	-1.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2018 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

                                                TECHNICAL NOTE                                                

Import and Export Goods and Services Price Indexes - All indexes use a modified Laspeyres 
formula and are not seasonally adjusted. Price indexes are reweighted annually, with a 2-year lag in the 
weights. Published series use a base year of 2000=100 where possible. More detailed index series and 
additional information may be obtained at www.bls.gov/mxp or by calling (202) 691-7101.

Merchandise Goods Classification Systems - The merchandise price indexes are published using three 
classification systems. Items are classified by end use according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Classification System, by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS), and by product category according to the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by 
end use and product category are self-explanatory, some notes are in order for classifying items by 
industry. In the NAICS imports and exports tables, items are classified by output industry, not input 
industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products manufacturing) 
includes outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS 
classification structure also matches the classification system used by the Producer Price Index (PPI) to 
produce the NAICS primary products indexes.

Import Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
States Annotated (TSUSA). Import prices are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The 
prices are generally either "free on board" (f.o.b.) foreign port or "cost, insurance, and freight" (c.i.f.) 
U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude 
petroleum is calculated from data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy.  

Export Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Schedule B classification system 
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prices used are generally either "free alongside ship" (f.a.s.) 
factory or "free on board" (f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual 
industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture.

Services Price Indexes - Indexes for import and export air passenger fares calculate changes in the 
average revenue received per passenger by foreign carriers from U.S. residents and by U.S. carriers from 
foreign residents, respectively. Data are obtained from an airline consulting service and report on tickets 
sold by travel agencies, travel websites, and directly by the airlines. Taxes and fees are included in both 
the import and export air passenger fares indexes. Import air passenger fares data have used the airline 
consulting service source since September 2008. Before April 2018, the export air passenger fares data 
were collected directly by BLS from U.S. airlines. The air freight indexes are calculated from data 
collected directly from airlines. These data exclude mail and passenger baggage. The scope of the 
service being priced is the movement of freight from airport to airport only, and does not include any 
ground transportation or port service. The air freight indexes are presented using two definitions: 
balance of payments (which represents transactions between U.S. and foreign residents) and 
international (which represents transactions inbound to and outbound from the United States.) Fact 
sheets specifying detailed information for each services industry are available at www.bls.gov/mxp 
under "MXP Publications."

Import Price Indexes by Locality of Origin - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the import price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and, 
beginning with January 2002, are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
covering goods-producing industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and 
manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Export Price Indexes by Locality of Destination - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the export price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and are 
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) covering goods-producing 
industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are 
defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Terms of Trade Indexes - Terms of trade indexes measure the relative price of exports in terms of 
import prices for a specific country, region, or grouping. The indexes are calculated as one country, 
region, or grouping's all-export goods price index divided by the corresponding all-import goods price 
index on a scale of 100. 
   
Relative Importance - A relative importance is a specific index's price-updated value share (expressed 
as a percentage) of overall imports or exports at a specific point in time. Relative importance values are 
affected by the trade weights at the point indexes are reweighted and index changes relative to other 
indexes since the reweight point. If an index is rising in value relative to other indexes over time, the 
relative importance will increase as well. 
 
Revision Policy - To reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents, monthly data 
may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. After 3 months, no further data 
revisions take place. For example, data first published in the January release will be subject to revision 
in the releases for February, March, and April.

Rounding Policy - Index values are rounded to the tenth decimal place after being calculated. All 
percent changes are then derived from the rounded index values and subsequently rounded to the tenth 
decimal place.

Uses of the Data - The primary use of the indexes is to deflate trade statistics, notably the foreign trade 
sector of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) constructed by the Department of 
Commerce. Other published indexes are useful for general market analysis. For trade in international 
services, balance of payments indexes are used for deflating NIPA, while international indexes are more 
appropriate for market analysis. 

Email Subscription - The U.S. import and export price indexes news release is available through an 
email subscription service at www.bls.gov/bls/list.htm. 
 
Additional Information - More detailed data are available on the Import/Export Price Indexes home 
page at www.bls.gov/mxp. For import and export price indexes data requests, send an email to 
mxpinfo@bls.gov.   
Information from this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request.  
Voice phone: (202)-691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1-(800)-877-8339.