Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                                      USDL-19-0949
8:30 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, June 13, 2019

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                                U.S. IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES - MAY 2019                                 

Prices for U.S. imports declined 0.3 percent in May, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today, 
following an increase of 0.1 percent the previous month. Lower fuel and nonfuel prices contributed to the 
May decline in import prices. U.S. export prices fell 0.2 percent in May, after advancing 0.1 percent in 
April, 0.8 percent in March, and 0.6 percent in February.  

Imports

U.S. Import prices fell 0.3 percent in May, the first monthly decline since a 1.4-percent drop in December. 
Import prices advanced 1.8 percent from December to April before the downturn in May. The price index 
for overall imports decreased 1.5 percent over the past 12 months, matching the drop in January. These were 
the largest over-the-year declines since the index fell 2.2 percent in August 2016. (See table 1.) 

Fuel Imports: Import fuel prices declined 1.0 percent in May, after rising 25.4 percent over the previous 4 
months. Lower prices for both petroleum and natural gas contributed to the May decline. Petroleum prices 
fell 0.9 percent in May, after a 4.7-percent advance in April. The May decrease was the first monthly 
decline since a 15.3-percent drop in December. Natural gas prices fell 6.8 percent in May following a 51.1-
percent decline the previous month. Overall fuel prices decreased 1.1 percent over the past year. The decline 
was driven by a 1.9-percent drop in petroleum prices which more than offset a 2.5-percent rise in natural gas 
prices. 

All Imports Excluding Fuel: Prices for nonfuel imports fell 0.3 percent in May following a 0.1-percent 
decline in April and a 0.2-percent decrease in March. Lower prices for nonfuel industrial supplies and 
materials; foods, feeds, and beverages; capital goods; and automotive vehicles all contributed to the May 
decrease in nonfuel prices. The price index for nonfuel imports declined 1.4 percent between May 2018 and 
May 2019.   

Nonfuel Industrial Supplies and Materials: Nonfuel industrial supplies and materials prices decreased 1.0 
percent in May, after falling 0.1 percent in April. The May decline was led by a 1.9-percent drop in 
unfinished metals prices. Lower prices for building materials and paper also contributed to the overall 
decline. 
	
Finished Goods: Finished goods prices were mostly down in May. The price indexes for capital goods and 
automotive vehicles each edged down 0.1 percent following decreases of 0.4 percent and 0.1 percent, 
respectively, in April. Consumer goods prices recorded no change in May, after declining 0.3 percent the 
previous month.   

Foods, Feeds, and Beverages: Prices for foods, feeds, and beverages fell 0.8 percent in May following a 
2.7-percent increase in April. In May, a 10.4-percent drop in vegetable prices more than offset a 7.5-percent 
advance in fruit prices.

Table A. Percent change in Import and Export Price Indexes, selected categories

Month	IMPORTS			EXPORTS
	All imports	Fuel imports	Nonfuel imports	All exports	Agri- cultural exports	Non- agricultural exports
2018
May	0.9	6.1	0.2	0.7	1.6	0.6
June	0.0	2.6	-0.3	0.2	-1.0	0.3
July	-0.1	0.8	-0.2	-0.5	-5.2	0.1
August	-0.4	-2.1	-0.2	-0.1	0.4	-0.2
September	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	-1.3	0.2
October	0.5	3.3	0.1	0.5	-0.1	0.5
November	-1.6	-12.2	-0.2	-0.8	1.7	-1.0
December	-1.4	-13.3	0.0	-0.6	3.8	-1.1
2019
January	0.2	4.6	-0.3	-0.6	-2.1	-0.4
February	1.0	10.2	0.1	(r)0.6	0.2	0.7
March	0.6	6.9	-0.2	(r)0.8	1.0	0.7
April	(r)0.1	(r)1.7	-0.1	(r)0.1	-1.5	(r)0.2
May	-0.3	-1.0	-0.3	-0.2	-1.0	-0.2
May 2017 to 2018	4.5	30.1	1.8	5.0	4.8	4.9
May 2018 to 2019	-1.5	-1.1	-1.4	-0.7	-5.3	-0.2
Footnotes (r) Revised

Exports 

Prices for U.S. exports declined 0.2 percent in May, the first monthly drop since the index fell 0.6 percent in 
January. Lower prices for both agricultural and nonagricultural exports contributed to the May decline. 
Export prices decreased 0.7 percent over the past 12 months, the largest over-the-year decline since the 
index fell 1.1 percent in October 2016. (See table 2.)

Agricultural Exports: The price index for agricultural exports declined 1.0 percent in May, after 
decreasing 1.5 percent the previous month. In May, lower prices for soybeans, wheat, and fruit more than 
offset higher prices for meat and vegetables. Agricultural export prices fell 5.3 percent over the past year, 
the largest 12-month drop since the index declined 9.1 percent in April 2016. A 20.6-percent decrease in 
soybeans prices for the year ended in May led the overall decline in agricultural prices. The drop in 
soybeans prices more than offset higher vegetable prices over the past 12 months.   

All Exports Excluding Agriculture: Nonagricultural export prices decreased 0.2 percent in May following 
a 0.2-percent increase the previous month. In May, falling prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies and 
materials; consumer goods; nonagricultural foods; and automotive vehicles more than offset rising prices for 
capital goods. The price index for nonagricultural exports also declined 0.2 percent for the year ended in 
May. Lower prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies and materials drove the overall decrease. In 
contrast, prices for each of the major finished goods categories rose over the past 12 months.

Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials: Prices for nonagricultural industrial supplies and 
materials decreased 0.4 percent in May, after rising 0.7 percent in April. Decreasing prices for fuel and 
nonferrous metals more than offset advancing chemicals prices.  

Finished Goods: Finished goods prices were mixed in May. Prices for capital goods ticked up 0.1 percent 
for the second consecutive month. A 0.7-percent advance in transportation equipment prices led the May 
increase in capital goods prices. In contrast, consumer goods prices decreased 0.2 percent in May and prices 
for automotive vehicles edged down 0.1 percent.

Measures of Import and Export Prices by Locality

Imports by Locality of Origin: The price index for imports from China edged down 0.1 percent in May 
following a 0.2-percent drop the previous month. Import prices from China have not recorded a monthly 
advance since the index rose 0.1 percent in May 2018. Prices for imports from China declined 1.4 percent 
over the past year, the largest 12-month drop since a 1.6-percent decrease in February 2017. Import prices 
from Japan recorded no change in May, after a 0.1-percent decline in April. Prices for imports from Japan 
also recorded no change from May 2018 to May 2019. The price index for imports from Canada declined 
1.0 percent in May, driven by lower fuel prices. The May drop followed a 2.1-percent increase in April. In 
contrast, import prices from Mexico and the European Union advanced 0.4 percent and 0.2 percent, 
respectively. (See table 7.)

Exports by Locality of Destination: Export prices to China fell 1.4 percent in May, after increasing 1.9 
percent over the previous 3 months. The May decrease was led by a 4.6-percent drop in nonmanufacturing 
prices, though lower manufacturing prices also contributed to the overall decline. Prices for exports to China 
decreased 4.3 percent over the past 12 months. The price index for exports to Japan also fell in May, 
declining 0.9 percent. The decrease followed a 0.7-percent advance in April. Export prices to Japan fell 2.0 
percent over the past year. In May, prices for exports to Canada decreased 0.3 percent, after declining 0.7 
percent in April. Export prices to Mexico and the European Union each edged down 0.1 percent in May. 
Prices for exports to Mexico fell 0.4 percent in April and the price index for exports to the European Union 
rose 0.6 percent. (See table 8.)

Terms of Trade Indexes: Terms of Trade indexes are based on country, region, or grouping and measure 
the change in the purchasing power of exports relative to imports. U.S. terms of trade with China fell 1.3 
percent in May following 0.7-percent increases in each of the previous 2 months. The decline in May 
resulted from export prices to China falling more than import prices from China. The index for U.S. terms 
of trade with China decreased 2.9 percent over the past year. U.S. terms of trade with Japan declined 0.9 
percent in May, after rising 0.8 percent in April. The index for U.S. terms of trade with Japan fell 1.9 
percent for the year ended in May. U.S. terms of trade with Mexico and the European Union also decreased 
in May, declining 0.5 percent and 0.3 percent, respectively. In contrast, terms of trade between the United 
States and Canada rose 0.7 percent in May, after falling 2.7 percent the previous month. (See table 9.)

Import and Export Services

Imports: Import air passenger fares increased 6.9 percent in May following a 7.2-percent decline in April 
and a 5.7-percent decrease in March. The May advance was driven by an 8.0-percent rise in European fares 
and a 9.9-percent increase in Asian fares. The index for import air passenger fares fell 1.9 percent for the 
year ended in May. Prices for import air freight rose 0.8 percent in May, after increasing 1.7 percent in 
April. Despite the recent advances, import air freight prices declined 7.9 percent over the past year, the 
largest 12-month drop since the index fell 9.5 percent in July 2016. (See table 10.)

Exports: Export air passenger fares advanced 0.7 percent in May following a 1.4-percent decline in April. 
The May increase was led by a 5.6-percent rise in Asian fares. Despite the advance in May, export air 
passenger fares fell 2.1 percent over the past year and have not recorded a 12-month advance since the index 
rose 2.4 percent in September. The price index for export air freight rose 0.3 percent in May and 1.3 percent 
over the past 12 months.   
		
Import and Export Price Index data for June are scheduled for release on Tuesday, July 16, 2019 at 8:30 a.m. 
(EDT).

Table 1. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: May 2018 to May 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Apr. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
					May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
All commodities		100.000	126.7	126.3	-1.5	1.0	0.6	0.1	-0.3
All imports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		82.895	99.5	99.3	-1.5	0.1	-0.1	-0.3	-0.2
All imports excluding petroleum		89.375	112.6	112.3	-1.4	0.2	0.0	-0.5	-0.3
All imports excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		89.006	116.8	116.5	-1.4	0.1	-0.2	-0.1	-0.3
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	6.111	184.0	182.5	-0.2	0.0	-0.2	2.7	-0.8
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	4.773	202.3	200.5	0.0	0.0	-0.7	3.4	-0.9
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	1.337	142.5	141.9	-0.7	0.0	1.4	0.1	-0.4
Industrial supplies & materials	1	24.958	194.5	192.6	-2.9	4.2	2.9	0.7	-1.0
Industrial supplies & materials excluding petroleum		14.496	154.7	153.0	-4.1	0.8	1.0	-2.8	-1.1
Industrial supplies & materials excluding fuels (Dec. 2001=100)		13.965	176.9	175.2	-4.1	0.3	0.0	-0.1	-1.0
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		8.773	167.6	165.5	-5.3	0.6	0.4	-0.1	-1.3
Industrial supplies & materials nondurable excluding petroleum		5.560	139.0	137.8	-1.8	1.0	1.7	-6.3	-0.9
Fuels & lubricants	10	10.994	224.5	222.2	-1.1	10.2	6.9	1.7	-1.0
Petroleum & petroleum products	100	10.625	246.0	243.8	-1.9	10.2	6.2	4.7	-0.9
Crude	10000	7.818	259.2	252.3	-4.8	14.3	6.8	5.5	-2.7
Fuels, n.e.s.-coals & gas	101	0.369	85.3	81.0	-4.9	10.7	19.7	-44.1	-5.0
Gas-natural	10110	0.276	69.2	64.5	2.5	12.9	23.7	-51.1	-6.8
Paper & paper base stocks	11	0.585	124.0	120.8	3.4	0.2	-0.3	-0.6	-2.6
Materials associated with nondurable supplies & materials	12	4.606	159.5	159.2	-2.6	-0.2	-0.7	-0.1	-0.2
Selected building materials	13	1.478	143.0	140.6	-13.3	1.2	-0.1	-1.4	-1.7
Unfinished metals related to durable goods	14	3.803	236.6	232.1	-4.9	1.2	1.2	0.6	-1.9
Finished metals related to durable goods	15	1.757	158.1	157.4	-4.4	-0.4	-0.2	-0.4	-0.4
Nonmetals related to durable goods	16	1.734	113.2	112.9	0.6	-0.3	0.1	-0.4	-0.3
Capital goods	2	27.599	88.5	88.4	-1.3	0.0	-0.2	-0.4	-0.1
Electric generating equipment	20	3.368	118.4	118.4	0.2	-0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nonelectrical machinery	21	21.968	80.7	80.6	-1.8	-0.1	-0.2	-0.6	-0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	2.263	135.9	135.8	0.6	0.1	-0.1	0.1	-0.1
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	15.549	109.9	109.8	-0.6	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	25.784	106.8	106.8	-0.7	0.3	-0.3	-0.3	0.0
Nondurables, manufactured	40	12.271	123.1	123.2	0.3	0.3	-0.2	-0.2	0.1
Durables, manufactured	41	12.267	91.6	91.4	-1.8	0.0	-0.1	-0.3	-0.2
Nonmanufactured consumer goods	42	1.246	116.5	116.5	-0.8	2.6	-2.6	-0.4	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 2. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: May 2018 to May 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	End Use	Relative import- ance Apr. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
					May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
All commodities		100.000	127.2	126.9	-0.7	0.6	0.8	0.1	-0.2
Agricultural commodities		9.480	178.0	176.2	-5.3	0.2	1.0	-1.5	-1.0
All exports excluding food and fuels (Dec. 2010=100)		80.027	101.8	101.7	-0.1	0.3	0.1	0.1	-0.1
Nonagricultural commodities		90.520	123.3	123.1	-0.2	0.7	0.7	0.2	-0.2
Foods, feeds, & beverages	0	8.780	180.7	178.7	-4.4	0.1	1.3	-1.8	-1.1
Agricultural foods, feeds & beverages, excluding distilled beverages	00	8.163	178.7	176.9	-4.6	0.0	1.2	-1.8	-1.0
Nonagricultural foods (fish, distilled beverages)	01	0.616	218.1	212.9	-1.0	1.7	1.1	-2.1	-2.4
Industrial supplies & materials	1	32.867	159.9	159.1	-2.3	1.6	1.9	0.7	-0.5
Industrial supplies & materials, durable		10.296	166.8	165.5	-1.6	0.9	0.7	0.5	-0.8
Industrial supplies & materials, nondurable		22.571	156.9	156.4	-2.6	1.9	2.5	0.8	-0.3
Agricultural industrial supplies & materials	10	1.288	179.1	177.1	-9.8	0.9	-0.5	0.4	-1.1
Nonagricultural industrial supplies & materials		31.580	159.3	158.6	-2.0	1.6	2.0	0.7	-0.4
Fuels & lubricants	11	11.193	195.5	194.2	-2.8	4.3	5.5	1.7	-0.7
Nonagricultural supplies & materials excluding fuels & building materials	12	19.389	158.8	158.4	-1.8	0.3	0.3	0.1	-0.3
Selected building materials	13	0.997	123.2	122.7	-1.4	0.4	-0.5	1.1	-0.4
Capital goods	2	35.799	110.8	110.9	1.1	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.1
Electrical generating equipment	20	3.743	118.0	118.0	0.9	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.0
Nonelectrical machinery	21	23.407	94.8	94.7	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles (Dec. 2001=100)	22	8.650	182.2	183.5	4.1	0.7	0.3	0.7	0.7
Automotive vehicles, parts & engines	3	10.142	114.9	114.8	0.4	0.5	0.0	0.2	-0.1
Consumer goods, excluding automotives	4	12.412	110.3	110.1	0.2	0.4	0.0	0.3	-0.2
Nondurables, manufactured	40	5.880	107.8	107.7	0.7	0.6	0.0	0.6	-0.1
Durables, manufactured	41	5.100	107.1	107.0	-0.4	0.2	0.1	0.0	-0.1
Nonmanufactured consumer goods (Dec. 2018=100)	42	1.432	99.6	99.3	-	0.0	-0.4	0.0	-0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 3. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: May 2018 to May 2019 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Apr. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
					May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
Nonmanufacturing		10.484	123.1	119.9	-0.5	10.9	5.4	3.6	-2.6
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	2.027	191.4	186.9	0.5	1.3	-2.4	6.6	-2.4
Crop production	111	1.643	205.7	202.5	1.6	1.6	-4.1	8.3	-1.6
Mining	21	8.457	116.2	113.1	-0.8	13.6	7.4	2.9	-2.7
Oil and gas extraction	211	8.210	116.2	113.0	-1.2	14.1	7.4	3.0	-2.8
Manufacturing		89.202	111.4	111.3	-1.2	0.1	0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Manufacturing, part 1	31	11.102	125.3	125.2	-0.2	0.0	0.1	0.2	-0.1
Food manufacturing	311	3.384	156.6	156.2	-1.6	0.2	0.6	0.5	-0.3
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	1.110	122.5	122.3	0.7	0.2	0.0	0.2	-0.2
Textile mills (Dec. 2011=100)	313	0.365	100.5	99.8	-0.3	0.0	-0.3	0.6	-0.7
Textile product mills	314	0.922	108.7	109.4	-0.3	-0.2	-0.2	-0.1	0.6
Apparel manufacturing	315	3.704	112.0	112.1	0.6	-0.2	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Leather and allied product manufacturing	316	1.616	123.1	123.1	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3	0.0
Manufacturing, part 2	32	17.426	126.5	127.0	-0.7	0.6	0.3	0.0	0.4
Paper manufacturing	322	1.060	115.8	113.4	3.4	0.2	-0.3	-0.3	-2.1
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	2.564	101.3	105.6	7.1	1.0	4.7	2.4	4.2
Chemical manufacturing	325	9.506	139.4	139.5	-1.1	0.5	-0.4	-0.3	0.1
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.247	119.2	119.2	-0.4	-0.1	0.0	-0.2	0.0
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	1.027	131.3	131.1	0.5	0.2	0.0	0.2	-0.2
Manufacturing, part 3	33	60.675	103.9	103.6	-1.5	0.1	-0.1	-0.3	-0.3
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.400	158.1	155.5	-4.1	1.3	0.6	0.7	-1.6
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	3.085	126.6	126.4	-1.6	-0.2	0.2	0.0	-0.2
Machinery manufacturing	333	7.218	118.6	118.6	-0.3	-0.1	0.0	-0.2	0.0
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	17.182	73.1	72.9	-3.2	-0.1	-0.3	-0.9	-0.3
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	5.080	116.8	116.8	0.6	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	16.513	109.1	109.0	-0.5	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	337	1.863	117.5	117.5	0.5	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.333	118.4	118.0	-0.8	0.2	-0.5	-0.1	-0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 4. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected industries: May 2018 to May 2019 [December 2005=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	NAICS	Relative import- ance Apr. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
					May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
Nonmanufacturing		9.289	137.4	134.2	-6.0	1.6	2.6	-1.4	-2.3
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	11	4.760	151.1	147.4	-10.4	0.6	1.2	-2.5	-2.4
Crop production	111	4.413	157.8	153.9	-10.1	0.4	1.0	-2.5	-2.5
Mining	21	4.529	91.5	89.5	0.4	2.8	4.1	-0.3	-2.2
Mining (except oil and gas)	212	1.351	119.4	119.9	4.4	0.8	0.1	0.1	0.4
Manufacturing		89.466	117.4	117.4	0.2	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.0
Manufacturing, part 1	31	6.711	140.5	140.6	-0.6	0.1	0.3	-0.1	0.1
Food manufacturing	311	4.557	157.5	158.2	-0.5	0.0	0.6	-0.2	0.4
Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing	312	0.657	123.9	121.9	-3.9	0.2	-1.4	0.0	-1.6
Manufacturing, part 2	32	25.502	117.5	117.7	-0.9	1.5	1.6	0.9	0.2
Wood product manufacturing (Dec. 2017=100)	321	0.534	100.9	100.2	-4.0	0.7	-2.3	0.1	-0.7
Paper manufacturing	322	1.707	127.7	127.2	-2.7	0.3	-0.6	-1.5	-0.4
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324	6.557	116.6	117.3	-3.3	5.5	6.8	3.4	0.6
Chemical manufacturing	325	13.382	119.7	119.9	0.2	0.3	0.0	0.3	0.2
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	326	2.257	116.7	116.8	1.5	0.5	-0.2	0.3	0.1
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327	0.841	118.1	118.1	0.9	-0.1	1.0	0.3	0.0
Manufacturing, part 3	33	57.253	115.1	115.0	0.8	0.3	0.0	0.2	-0.1
Primary metal manufacturing	331	4.025	147.7	145.4	-1.3	1.2	0.2	0.5	-1.6
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	332	2.941	146.6	146.6	4.5	0.0	0.6	0.3	0.0
Machinery manufacturing	333	9.466	129.7	129.7	2.0	0.7	-0.1	0.2	0.0
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	334	13.755	82.3	82.1	-1.6	-0.1	-0.1	-0.5	-0.2
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	335	3.784	118.2	118.1	0.6	0.0	0.1	0.1	-0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	336	17.578	129.1	129.5	2.0	0.4	0.2	0.4	0.3
Furniture and related product manufacturing (Dec. 2011=100)	337	0.393	122.5	122.6	3.3	0.1	0.4	1.0	0.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing	339	5.311	120.0	119.7	-0.3	0.2	-0.2	0.0	-0.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 5. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: May 2018 to May 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative importance Apr. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
					May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
Live animals; animal products	I	1.412	200.0	197.7	0.0	0.8	2.5	1.0	-1.2
Meat and edible meat offal	02	0.384	268.4	267.8	6.4	1.9	2.3	3.8	-0.2
Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates	03	0.741	142.4	140.6	-2.4	-0.1	3.2	-0.3	-1.3
Vegetable products	II	1.986	226.2	223.6	2.6	1.7	-3.5	7.8	-1.1
Edible vegetables, roots, and tubers	07	0.541	586.1	512.2	20.6	2.8	0.2	12.7	-12.6
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.694	128.9	138.4	5.1	-2.0	-5.8	14.1	7.4
Coffee, tea, mate and spices	09	0.318	199.8	194.8	-10.3	-1.5	-0.8	-0.1	-2.5
Animal or vegetable fats and oils (Dec. 2009=100)	III	0.232	88.1	85.2	-18.8	-0.8	-0.9	-2.7	-3.3
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	2.814	165.4	165.1	-1.6	-0.1	0.0	0.0	-0.2
Cocoa and cocoa preparations (Dec. 2009=100)	18	0.222	97.4	97.0	-6.5	0.1	0.9	0.6	-0.4
Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts, or other parts of plants	20	0.358	169.4	169.8	-0.2	-0.2	-0.6	-1.6	0.2
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar	22	1.065	132.6	132.4	0.5	0.2	0.0	0.2	-0.2
Mineral products	V	10.975	224.4	222.1	-1.0	10.1	7.0	1.4	-1.0
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	10.670	221.9	219.6	-1.2	10.4	7.0	1.5	-1.0
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	8.857	156.9	156.9	-1.1	0.8	-0.5	-0.3	0.0
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.542	311.3	308.1	-1.2	2.9	-3.3	-3.0	-1.0
Organic chemicals	29	2.019	127.8	127.9	-4.3	-0.1	-0.5	0.6	0.1
Pharmaceutical products	30	4.303	152.6	152.7	0.1	1.3	-0.1	-0.2	0.1
Fertilizers (Dec. 2009=100)	31	0.280	85.5	86.7	6.1	-0.4	-2.0	-3.8	1.4
Essential oils and resinoids (Dec. 2016=100)	33	0.592	102.8	102.4	-1.1	-0.1	0.2	-0.1	-0.4
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	0.580	103.5	103.4	-3.5	-0.6	-1.6	-0.3	-0.1
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	3.453	140.5	140.7	-0.1	-0.4	0.1	-0.1	0.1
Plastics and articles thereof	39	2.315	143.6	143.6	0.2	-0.5	-0.1	-0.2	0.0
Rubber and articles thereof	40	1.139	136.4	137.0	-0.9	-0.2	0.5	0.2	0.4
Raw hides, skins, leather, furskins, travel goods, etc	VIII	0.615	124.7	124.7	-1.0	-0.2	0.0	-0.5	0.0
Articles of leather; travel goods, bags, etc. of various materials	42	0.587	131.1	131.1	-0.3	-0.2	0.0	-0.5	0.0
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, basketware and wickerwork	IX	0.842	145.2	141.1	-21.4	1.7	-0.5	-2.7	-2.8
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.110	122.0	120.3	3.7	0.2	-0.6	-0.2	-1.4
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	0.732	111.7	111.4	4.0	0.4	0.0	-0.4	-0.3
Textile and textile articles	XI	4.840	114.4	114.4	0.1	-0.1	-0.2	0.0	0.0
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted	61	1.954	104.7	104.7	0.7	-0.3	-0.1	0.0	0.0
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted	62	1.618	120.2	120.4	0.8	0.0	0.0	-0.2	0.2
Made-up or worn textile articles	63	0.643	103.7	103.7	-0.5	0.1	-0.2	0.0	0.0
Headgear, umbrellas, artificial flowers, etc.	XII	1.345	122.1	122.2	0.2	-0.1	-0.5	-0.2	0.1
Footwear and parts of such articles	64	1.117	121.1	121.1	0.2	-0.2	-0.5	-0.2	0.0
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.942	132.2	132.0	-0.2	0.4	0.1	0.2	-0.2
Ceramic products	69	0.265	136.2	136.2	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	2.694	177.9	176.4	1.5	0.7	0.5	-0.6	-0.8
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	5.900	178.5	176.5	-4.6	0.4	0.3	0.5	-1.1
Iron and steel	72	1.365	222.6	219.2	-5.3	-1.4	0.1	1.5	-1.5
Articles of iron or steel	73	1.716	150.7	150.1	-1.9	-0.1	0.1	-0.1	-0.4
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.461	292.9	287.8	-9.8	4.1	2.0	-0.6	-1.7
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	1.017	134.5	132.3	-8.1	0.4	0.2	0.7	-1.6
Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof	82	0.439	123.8	123.7	0.5	0.0	-0.1	0.0	-0.1
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.513	136.2	136.2	-1.0	-0.2	-0.1	-0.7	0.0
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	29.732	79.3	79.2	-1.9	-0.1	-0.1	-0.6	-0.1
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	14.789	85.6	85.5	-1.7	-0.1	-0.3	-0.7	-0.1
Electrical machinery and equip, sound and TV recorders & reproducers, parts	85	14.944	73.4	73.4	-1.9	-0.1	0.0	-0.5	0.0
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.801	113.6	113.5	-0.7	-0.1	0.0	-0.2	-0.1
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	12.627	112.6	112.6	-0.6	0.0	-0.1	-0.2	0.0
Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof (Dec. 2002=100)	88	1.066	114.6	114.5	-0.9	-0.1	-0.2	0.0	-0.1
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	3.955	101.8	101.5	-1.5	0.3	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3
Optical, photographic, measuring and medical instruments	90	3.688	98.4	98.1	-1.4	0.3	-0.1	-0.2	-0.3
Clocks and watches and parts thereof	91	0.206	141.5	140.4	-2.4	0.1	-0.6	0.1	-0.8
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	4.418	112.4	112.5	0.4	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	0.1
Furniture & stuffed furnishings; lamps & lighting fittings, nesoi; prefab bldgs	94	2.778	118.6	118.7	0.7	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	1.371	102.3	102.1	-0.5	-0.1	0.0	-0.3	-0.2
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	96	0.269	128.8	128.8	0.2	0.1	-0.1	-0.6	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 6. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes for selected categories of goods: May 2018 to May 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Harmo- nized system	Relative import- ance Apr. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
			Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
					May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
Live animals; animal products	I	1.922	211.2	216.0	3.3	0.5	1.4	-0.5	2.3
Meat & edible meat offal (Dec. 2006=100)	02	1.121	163.4	170.0	2.3	0.1	0.7	0.5	4.0
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates (Dec. 2016=100)	03	0.405	120.6	117.2	-0.8	1.1	1.7	-2.6	-2.8
Vegetable products	II	4.402	193.1	188.9	-8.5	-0.1	2.0	-3.7	-2.2
Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons	08	0.935	134.4	132.3	-5.2	-0.1	-1.8	-3.2	-1.6
Cereals	10	1.302	188.7	183.8	-11.8	-	-2.8	-1.9	-2.6
Oilseeds and misc. grains, seeds, fruits, plants, straw and fodder	12	1.651	188.7	179.2	-17.4	-	-1.0	-0.3	-5.0
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco	IV	2.984	153.5	151.6	-1.8	0.1	0.1	0.1	-1.2
Miscellaneous edible preparations (Dec. 2017=100)	21	0.558	97.5	97.6	0.4	0.9	1.8	-0.3	0.1
Beverages, spirits, and vinegar (Dec. 2008=100)	22	0.525	106.5	106.7	-3.5	0.8	0.5	0.3	0.2
Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed	23	0.715	222.4	210.1	-9.9	-0.1	-1.7	0.4	-5.5
Mineral products	V	11.306	235.8	234.4	-2.5	4.4	5.6	1.9	-0.6
Ores, slag and ash (Dec. 2012=100)	26	0.421	102.2	102.8	-6.5	2.6	2.5	1.3	0.6
Mineral fuels, oils and residuals, bituminous substances and mineral waxes	27	10.689	227.2	225.7	-2.3	4.6	5.8	2.0	-0.7
Products of the chemical or allied industries	VI	10.912	139.8	139.6	0.2	0.4	-0.2	0.4	-0.1
Inorganic chemicals	28	0.733	149.2	149.3	-10.5	3.9	-0.8	0.1	0.1
Organic chemicals	29	2.640	147.0	146.0	0.8	-0.7	-0.5	-0.3	-0.7
Pharmaceutical products	30	3.017	106.7	106.7	-0.8	0.8	-0.1	1.1	0.0
Tanning or dyeing extracts, dyes, paints varnish, putty, & inks (Dec. 2015=100)	32	0.540	103.9	105.1	2.3	0.8	-1.0	2.4	1.2
Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery cosmetic or toilet preparations	33	0.853	132.6	132.0	1.1	1.5	-0.1	-0.5	-0.5
Soap; lubricants; waxes, polishing or scouring products; candles, pastes	34	0.486	124.3	124.7	4.4	-0.1	0.4	0.8	0.3
Miscellaneous chemical products	38	1.978	158.1	158.3	3.7	0.4	0.3	0.7	0.1
Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof	VII	5.187	144.4	144.6	0.1	0.0	0.4	0.1	0.1
Plastics and articles thereof	39	4.315	141.5	141.7	0.6	-0.1	0.7	0.1	0.1
Rubber and articles thereof	40	0.872	154.6	154.6	-2.8	0.6	-1.0	-0.1	0.0
Wood, wood charcoal, cork, straw, baskets and wickerwork (Dec. 2014=100)	IX	0.642	99.6	99.0	-7.3	0.5	-0.7	0.2	-0.6
Woodpulp, recovered paper, and paper products	X	1.905	126.5	125.6	-5.4	-0.9	-1.0	-1.4	-0.7
Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or paperboard	48	1.077	126.1	125.7	-2.7	0.0	-0.2	-1.5	-0.3
Textile and textile articles	XI	1.757	124.3	123.6	-2.6	0.5	-0.2	0.8	-0.6
Cotton, including yarns and woven fabrics thereof	52	0.522	129.2	127.0	-12.7	1.8	0.0	2.3	-1.7
Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, ceramics, glass etc.	XIII	0.815	127.9	127.9	3.0	0.0	1.2	0.4	0.0
Pearls, stones, precious metals, imitation jewelry, and coins	XIV	4.162	243.9	241.4	1.3	1.3	0.0	0.1	-1.0
Base metals and articles of base metals	XV	4.772	162.6	160.4	-2.3	0.4	1.0	0.7	-1.4
Copper and articles thereof	74	0.511	192.4	189.0	-4.2	3.9	3.5	0.6	-1.8
Aluminum and articles thereof	76	0.729	108.8	106.4	-14.1	-2.8	1.4	2.3	-2.2
Miscellaneous articles of base metal	83	0.332	154.0	153.0	0.4	0.0	1.4	-0.7	-0.6
Machinery, electrical equipment, TV image and sound recorders, parts, etc.	XVI	27.898	98.1	98.1	0.6	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
Machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	84	16.219	116.4	116.6	1.4	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.2
Electrical machinery and equipment and parts and accessories thereof	85	11.679	78.4	78.3	-0.4	0.1	0.0	0.0	-0.1
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment	XVII	13.632	137.1	137.2	1.5	0.3	0.1	0.4	0.1
Motor vehicles and their parts	87	8.277	116.8	116.7	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.3	-0.1
Optical, photo, measuring, medical & musical instruments; & timepieces	XVIII	5.783	108.9	108.9	-0.5	0.4	-0.1	-0.1	0.0
Miscellaneous manufactured articles	XX	1.364	113.0	113.0	0.8	0.4	0.1	0.0	0.0
Furniture; stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings nesoi;	94	0.761	131.1	131.2	2.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.1
Toys, games and sports equipment; parts and accessories thereof	95	0.451	88.3	88.3	0.9	1.0	0.1	-0.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

Table 7. U.S. import price indexes and percent changes by locality of origin: May 2018 to May 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Apr. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
				May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	128.4	127.9	1.3	2.8	1.2	0.5	-0.4
Nonmanufacturing	12.200	208.3	202.1	20.7	25.0	8.9	5.1	-3.0
Manufacturing	87.195	121.0	121.0	-1.1	0.6	0.2	-0.2	0.0
Canada	100.000	146.6	145.1	5.6	7.6	3.0	2.1	-1.0
Nonmanufacturing	32.376	205.1	199.1	24.3	27.1	9.4	5.5	-2.9
Manufacturing	66.748	131.9	131.9	-2.2	1.1	0.3	0.5	0.0
European Union	100.000	137.2	137.5	-0.1	0.3	0.2	-0.1	0.2
Manufacturing	98.664	133.5	133.9	-0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1	0.3
France (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	128.3	128.2	-0.7	0.2	0.4	0.2	-0.1
Germany (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	112.4	112.3	-0.1	0.1	0.3	-0.3	-0.1
United Kingdom (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	121.8	121.9	-0.2	0.0	0.6	0.5	0.1
Latin America(3)	100.000	148.4	148.2	-2.8	1.2	0.1	0.3	-0.1
Nonmanufacturing	17.254	267.0	264.4	-5.0	5.7	1.3	2.9	-1.0
Manufacturing	82.467	120.5	120.6	-2.1	0.3	-0.2	-0.3	0.1
Mexico (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	128.7	129.2	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.9	0.4
Nonmanufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	9.528	157.8	161.4	15.5	3.1	2.7	14.4	2.3
Manufacturing (Dec. 2008=100)	90.211	87.3	87.5	-1.5	0.1	-0.2	-0.3	0.2
Pacific Rim (Dec. 2003=100)(4)	100.000	98.5	98.3	-1.1	0.0	0.0	-0.2	-0.2
China (Dec. 2003=100)	100.000	99.2	99.1	-1.4	-0.2	0.0	-0.2	-0.1
Japan	100.000	96.6	96.6	0.0	0.1	0.1	-0.1	0.0
Taiwan (Dec. 2018=100)	100.000	98.9	98.7	-	-0.5	0.1	-0.6	-0.2
Asian NICs(5)	100.000	88.6	88.4	-1.4	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.2
ASEAN (Dec. 2003=100)(6)	100.000	96.9	96.8	-2.3	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Asia Near East (Dec. 2003=100)(7)	100.000	187.4	184.1	-1.7	0.5	4.6	3.4	-1.8
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries. (5) Asian Newly Industrialized Countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. (6) Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. (7) Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 8. U.S. export price indexes and percent changes by locality of destination: May 2018 to May 2019 [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Apr. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
				May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	100.000	103.7	103.7	1.1	0.9	1.0	-0.3	0.0
Nonmanufacturing	9.017	116.9	114.7	17.0	4.4	9.4	-4.3	-1.9
Manufacturing	89.915	102.9	103.0	0.1	0.6	0.1	0.2	0.1
Canada	100.000	105.3	105.0	1.3	0.4	1.5	-0.7	-0.3
European Union	100.000	105.2	105.1	1.5	0.7	0.3	0.6	-0.1
Nonmanufacturing	7.924	115.5	113.2	9.6	1.9	3.4	3.9	-2.0
Manufacturing	91.004	104.5	104.6	1.0	0.6	0.0	0.3	0.1
Germany	100.000	102.6	102.7	0.5	-0.2	0.0	0.6	0.1
Latin America(3)	100.000	102.9	102.8	-0.5	0.9	1.5	0.0	-0.1
Nonmanufacturing	7.013	106.8	104.8	-1.0	0.4	1.0	-1.2	-1.9
Manufacturing	92.573	102.7	102.7	-0.4	0.9	1.6	0.1	0.0
Mexico	100.000	101.8	101.7	-0.6	0.5	1.4	-0.4	-0.1
Nonmanufacturing	6.114	99.8	98.0	-6.5	-0.2	1.7	-3.8	-1.8
Manufacturing	93.402	101.9	101.9	-0.2	0.6	1.3	-0.1	0.0
Pacific Rim(4)	100.000	100.9	100.1	-2.0	0.5	0.3	0.3	-0.8
Nonmanufacturing	14.679	102.4	98.3	-7.4	1.8	1.4	3.3	-4.0
Manufacturing	83.293	100.9	100.8	-0.7	0.5	0.0	-0.2	-0.1
China	100.000	99.8	98.4	-4.3	0.7	0.7	0.5	-1.4
Nonmanufacturing	21.251	102.0	97.3	-8.4	2.3	2.1	4.2	-4.6
Manufacturing	75.049	100.1	99.8	-2.0	0.8	0.3	-0.4	-0.3
Japan	100.000	100.8	99.9	-2.0	1.1	0.2	0.7	-0.9
Nonmanufacturing	19.287	106.2	102.9	-3.8	3.2	1.6	2.6	-3.1
Manufacturing	79.518	99.2	99.0	-1.9	0.5	-0.1	0.1	-0.2
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 9. U.S. terms of trade indexes and percent changes by locality: May 2018 to May 2019(1) [December 2017=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Index		Percent change
	Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
			May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
Industrialized Countries(2)	98.9	99.2	-0.3	-1.9	-0.2	-0.7	0.3
Canada	94.4	95.1	-4.1	-6.6	-1.4	-2.7	0.7
European Union	103.2	102.9	1.7	0.4	0.0	0.7	-0.3
Germany	105.1	105.3	0.6	-0.2	-0.3	0.9	0.2
Latin America(3)	103.2	103.3	2.4	-0.3	1.4	-0.3	0.1
Mexico	102.0	101.5	-0.6	0.1	1.4	-1.4	-0.5
Pacific Rim(4)	100.8	100.2	-0.9	0.5	0.3	0.5	-0.6
China	100.7	99.4	-2.9	0.9	0.7	0.7	-1.3
Japan	99.7	98.8	-1.9	1.0	0.1	0.8	-0.9
Footnotes (1) Terms of trade indexes are derived by dividing the export price index by the corresponding import price index and multiplying by 100. (2) Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. (3) Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. (4) China, Japan, Australia, Brunei, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Regions are not mutually exclusive. Dash = Not available

Table 10. U.S. international price indexes and percent changes for selected transportation services: May 2018 to May 2019 [2000=100, unless otherwise noted]

Description	Relative import- ance Apr. 2019(1)	Index		Percent change
		Apr. 2019	May 2019	Annual	Monthly
				May 2018 to May 2019	Jan. 2019 to Feb. 2019	Feb. 2019 to Mar. 2019	Mar. 2019 to Apr. 2019	Apr. 2019 to May 2019
Air Freight
Import Air Freight	100.000	178.0	179.4	-7.9	-6.1	-0.1	1.7	0.8
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	27.307	149.0	148.9	-3.5	-1.4	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1
Asia	59.675	166.1	168.9	-10.6	-9.5	0.4	2.8	1.7
Export Air Freight	100.000	165.7	166.2	1.3	0.4	0.3	-0.1	0.3
Europe (Dec. 2006=100)	31.699	151.2	152.5	3.2	-1.4	0.3	0.3	0.9
Inbound Air Freight	100.000	165.6	167.7	-4.6	-4.4	0.3	-0.8	1.3
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	28.441	136.2	137.2	-2.0	-2.4	-0.1	-1.2	0.7
Asia	56.669	152.9	156.2	-6.2	-6.5	0.8	-0.3	2.2
Outbound Air Freight	100.000	144.3	144.8	3.3	0.2	0.5	-0.6	0.3
Europe (Dec. 2003=100)	33.519	153.6	155.0	4.3	-0.9	1.1	0.9	0.9
Asia	44.081	137.5	137.5	4.2	1.4	0.0	-2.1	0.0
Air Passenger Fares
Import Air Passenger Fares	100.000	162.7	174.0	-1.9	-2.0	-5.7	-7.2	6.9
Europe	53.442	182.3	196.9	-3.0	-1.7	-8.5	-11.5	8.0
Asia	20.129	124.7	137.1	-1.6	-9.0	-0.7	0.1	9.9
Latin America/Caribbean	7.083	155.5	151.8	-1.2	4.9	-0.6	0.6	-2.4
Export Air Passenger Fares	100.000	147.1	148.2	-2.1	-8.9	1.6	-1.4	0.7
Europe	28.735	189.6	191.3	-4.3	-2.4	0.8	-3.2	0.9
Asia	26.537	124.7	131.7	3.4	-13.6	1.2	-5.0	5.6
Latin America/Caribbean	26.418	160.1	151.6	-3.3	-11.6	3.2	3.5	-5.3
Footnotes (1) Relative importance figures are based on 2017 trade values.
NOTES: Data may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. Dash = Not available

                                                TECHNICAL NOTE                                                

Import and Export Goods and Services Price Indexes - All indexes use a modified Laspeyres 
formula and are not seasonally adjusted. Price indexes are reweighted annually, with a 2-year lag in the 
weights. Published series use a base year of 2000=100 where possible. More detailed index series and 
additional information may be obtained at www.bls.gov/mxp or by calling (202) 691-7101.

Merchandise Goods Classification Systems - The merchandise price indexes are published using three 
classification systems. Items are classified by end use according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis 
Classification System, by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System 
(NAICS), and by product category according to the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by 
end use and product category are self-explanatory, some notes are in order for classifying items by 
industry. In the NAICS imports and exports tables, items are classified by output industry, not input 
industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products manufacturing) 
includes outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS 
classification structure also matches the classification system used by the Producer Price Index (PPI) to 
produce the NAICS primary products indexes.

Import Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
States Annotated (TSUSA). Import prices are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The 
prices are generally either "free on board" (f.o.b.) foreign port or "cost, insurance, and freight" (c.i.f.) 
U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude 
petroleum is calculated from data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy.  

Export Price Goods Indexes - Items are classified by the Harmonized Schedule B classification system 
of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prices used are generally either "free alongside ship" (f.a.s.) 
factory or "free on board" (f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual 
industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture.

Services Price Indexes - Indexes for import and export air passenger fares calculate changes in the 
average revenue received per passenger by foreign carriers from U.S. residents and by U.S. carriers from 
foreign residents, respectively. Data are obtained from an airline consulting service and report on tickets 
sold by travel agencies, travel websites, and directly by the airlines. Taxes and fees are included in both 
the import and export air passenger fares indexes. Import air passenger fares data have used the airline 
consulting service source since September 2008. Before April 2018, the export air passenger fares data 
were collected directly by BLS from U.S. airlines. The air freight indexes are calculated from data 
collected directly from airlines. These data exclude mail and passenger baggage. The scope of the 
service being priced is the movement of freight from airport to airport only, and does not include any 
ground transportation or port service. The air freight indexes are presented using two definitions: 
balance of payments (which represents transactions between U.S. and foreign residents) and 
international (which represents transactions inbound to and outbound from the United States.) Fact 
sheets specifying detailed information for each services industry are available at www.bls.gov/mxp 
under "MXP Publications."

Import Price Indexes by Locality of Origin - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the import price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and, 
beginning with January 2002, are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
covering goods-producing industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and 
manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Export Price Indexes by Locality of Destination - Prices used in these indexes are a subset of the data 
collected for the export price indexes. The indexes are specific to a country, region, or grouping and are 
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) covering goods-producing 
industries. Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are 
defined as NAICS 31-33. 

Terms of Trade Indexes - Terms of trade indexes measure the relative price of exports in terms of 
import prices for a specific country, region, or grouping. The indexes are calculated as one country, 
region, or grouping's all-export goods price index divided by the corresponding all-import goods price 
index on a scale of 100. 
   
Relative Importance - A relative importance is a specific index's price-updated value share (expressed 
as a percentage) of overall imports or exports at a specific point in time. Relative importance values are 
affected by the trade weights at the point indexes are reweighted and index changes relative to other 
indexes since the reweight point. If an index is rising in value relative to other indexes over time, the 
relative importance will increase as well. 
 
Revision Policy - To reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents, monthly data 
may be revised in each of the 3 months after original publication. After 3 months, no further data 
revisions take place. For example, data first published in the January release will be subject to revision 
in the releases for February, March, and April.

Rounding Policy - Index values are rounded to the tenth decimal place after being calculated. All 
percent changes are then derived from the rounded index values and subsequently rounded to the tenth 
decimal place.

Uses of the Data - The primary use of the indexes is to deflate trade statistics, notably the foreign trade 
sector of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) constructed by the Department of 
Commerce. Other published indexes are useful for general market analysis. For trade in international 
services, balance of payments indexes are used for deflating NIPA, while international indexes are more 
appropriate for market analysis. 

Email Subscription - The U.S. import and export price indexes news release is available through an 
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Additional Information - More detailed data are available on the Import/Export Price Indexes home 
page at www.bls.gov/mxp. For import and export price indexes data requests, send an email to 
mxpinfo@bls.gov.   
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