Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2015 : BLS Reports: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

September 2016 Report 1062

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Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2015

In 2015, the overall unemployment rate for the United States was 5.3 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. The rates were highest for American Indians and Alaska Natives (9.9 percent) and for Blacks (9.6 percent) and lowest for Asians (3.8 percent). The jobless rate was 4.6 percent for Whites, 5.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 8.4 percent for people of Two or More Races. The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity was 6.6 percent, higher than the rate of 5.0 percent for non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations across the groups in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also includes a limited amount of data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Among the detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories are: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories are expanded into five additional categories—Salvadoran, Other Central American, South American, Dominican, and Other Hispanic or Latino. Estimates for these additional groups are not included in all tables because of their relatively small sample sizes.

The data are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The following sections highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2015.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (79 percent). Blacks and Asians made up an additional 12 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders made up less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force. (See table 1.)

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Chinese, making up 22 percent of all Asians. Asian Indians made up 21 percent, followed by Filipinos (17 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Koreans (8 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder—17 percent—were classified as Other Asian, which includes individuals who reported an Asian group not listed above—such as Pakistani, Cambodian, and Hmong—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. (See table 2.)

Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics (89 percent) in the labor force were White, 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (63 percent). Central Americans—which includes Salvadorans and Other Central Americans (excluding Salvadorans)—made up 10 percent. Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 8 percent were classified as Other Hispanics or Latinos—which includes Dominicans and Other Hispanics or Latinos (excluding Dominicans). (See table 2.)

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders and Hispanics had the highest labor force participation rates, at 66.6 percent and 65.9 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives (60.6 percent) and Blacks (61.5 percent) had the lowest participation rates. The participation rates were 62.8 percent each for Asians and Whites, and 64.5 percent for people of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 4A, and chart 1.)

View Chart Data

Chart 1. Labor force participation rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Race	Percent
Total	62.7
White	62.8
Black or African American	61.5
Asian	62.8
American Indian and Alaska Native	60.6
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	66.6
Two or More Races	64.5
Hispanic or Latino	65.9

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.9 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (67.3 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (74.7 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (72.0 percent). Among adult women, Blacks (62.0 percent) were more likely than Hispanics (58.4 percent), Whites (57.5 percent), and Asians (57.2 percent) to participate in the labor force. (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (that is, the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 54.6 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 62.8 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 55.7 percent for Blacks, 59.0 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, 59.9 percent for Whites, 60.4 percent for Asians, and 61.6 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (age 20 and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (76.3 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Blacks (60.9 percent) had the lowest employment–population ratio, continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 71.9 percent and 68.9 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the employment–population ratios were 56.9 percent for Blacks, 55.2 percent for Asians, 55.1 percent for Whites, and 54.6 percent for Hispanics. (See table 3).

Among teenagers age 16 to 19, the employment–population ratio was higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (31.0 percent) was about 13 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (17.7 percent) and about 11 percentage points higher than the ratio for Black teens (20.1 percent). The ratio for Hispanic teens was 24.9 percent.

Educational attainment

Among people age 25 and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was over 90 percent for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. By contrast, 72 percent of Hispanics in the labor force had completed high school. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college; 61 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 39 percent of Whites, 28 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. (See table 6 and chart 2.)

View Chart Data

Chart 2. Educational attainment of the labor force age 25 and older by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Race	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college	Some college, no degree	Associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher
Hispanic or Latino	28	30	15	8	19
Asian	6	17	9	7	61
Black or African American	8	31	22	12	28
White	8	26	16	11	39

For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment and a lower likelihood of unemployment. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed than were Whites and Asians. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education are typically more likely to be employed in higher-paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. For those age 25 and older, median earnings for all major race and ethnicity groups increased with educational attainment. However, Blacks and Hispanics had lower earnings than Whites and Asians with at least some college education. (See table 17.)

Occupation and industry

Occupational categories

Fifty-one percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 40 percent of employed Whites, 30 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)

View Chart Data

Chart 3. Employed people by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Occupation	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino
Production, transportation, and material moving	11.4	15.4	9.6	16.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance	10.2	5.7	3.1	16.3
Sales and office	22.6	23.7	19.9	21.1
Service	16.2	24.8	16.1	24.9
Management, professional, and related	39.6	30.4	51.3	21.5

Among employed men, 52 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 36 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 18 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas about 1 in 10 employed Asian and White men worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men were also more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-seven percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 12 percent of Black men, and 5 percent of Asian men.

Employed Asian and White women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations—50 percent of Asian women and 44 percent of White women, compared with 35 percent of Black women and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 62 percent of Hispanics worked in two job groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 57 percent of Blacks, 50 percent of Whites, and 43 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 16 percent of total employment but were over represented by a substantial amount in several detailed occupational categories, including miscellaneous agricultural workers (51 percent), painters, construction and maintenance (49 percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent), and construction laborers (46 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for one-quarter or more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (38 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (29 percent), licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (29 percent), and bus drivers (28 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (57 percent), software developers (34 percent), and physicians and surgeons (18 percent). Whites made up 79 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 97 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 91 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (19 percent) than were Whites (13 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (3 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than other employed men to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent). Nineteen percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of Whites (13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black men (11 percent). A large share of employed women in all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services—Blacks (41 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (29 percent). (See table 9.)

Families and mothers

Among Asian families, 89 percent had an employed family member, compared with 86 percent of Hispanic families, 80 percent of White families, and 78 percent of Black families. (See table 10.)

Families maintained by Black women (that is, without a spouse present) comprised 44 percent of Black families, and Hispanics women without a spouse present maintained 26 percent of Hispanic families. Women without a spouse present maintained about 16 percent of White families and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (84 percent). In comparison, 73 percent of Black families, 76 percent of White families, and 78 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women without a spouse present are less likely to have an employed family member than married-couple families and families maintained by men.

Among mothers with children under 18, 76.6 percent of Black mothers were in the labor force, higher than the participation rates for White (69.4 percent), Asian (62.4 percent), or Hispanic (61.4 percent) mothers. (See table 11.)

Unemployment

Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (9.9 percent) and Blacks (9.6 percent) had the highest unemployment rates while the rate was lowest for Asians (3.8 percent). The jobless rate was 4.6 percent for Whites, 5.7 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 8.4 percent for people of Two or More Races. The unemployment rate was 6.6 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A and charts 4 and 5.)

View Chart Data

Chart 4. Unemployment rates by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Race	Percent
Total	5.3
White	4.6
Black or African American	9.6
Asian	3.8
American Indian and Alaska Native	9.9
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	5.7
Two or More Races	8.4
Hispanic or Latino	6.6

Among the largest race and ethnicity groups, adult Black men and women (age 20 and older) had jobless rates of 9.5 percent and 8.2 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for adult Hispanic men was 5.7 percent, and the rate for adult Hispanic women was 6.5 percent. In comparison, the jobless rate for adult White men was 4.3 percent, and the rate for adult White women was 4.1 percent. For adult Asian men and women, the unemployment rates were 3.7 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)

Among teenagers, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate—28.4 percent. The unemployment rate for Hispanic teenagers was 19.3 percent; White teenagers, 14.8 percent; and Asian teenagers 14.4 percent.

Unemployed Blacks and Asians experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Blacks and Asians was 15.5 weeks and 13.1 weeks, respectively, compared with 10.5 weeks for Whites and 10.4 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)

Of the 8.3 million unemployed people, 49 percent were job losers (that is, workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31 percent), new entrants (11 percent), and job leavers (10 percent) constituted the balance of unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each large race and ethnicity group, 51 percent of Whites and 50 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 46 percent of Blacks and 42 percent of Asians. Eighteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent each of unemployed Hispanics and unemployed Blacks, and 9 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)

Not in the labor force

Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian labor force, but 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. People marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were not in the labor force, wanted to work and were available to work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force—79 percent of the labor force versus 66 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (28 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were $604 for Hispanics and $641 for Blacks, compared with $835 for Whites and $993 for Asians. Among men, the earnings for Whites ($920), Blacks ($680), and Hispanics ($631) were 81 percent, 60 percent, and 56 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asians ($1,129). The median earnings of White women ($743), Black women ($615), and Hispanic women ($566) were 85 percent, 70 percent, and 65 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($877). (See table 16.)

Men

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,560) and White men ($1,399) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupation group) were well above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,127) and Black men ($1,075) in the same occupation group. (See table 18.)

Women

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were fairly close across some occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $489 for Asians, $467 for Whites, $440 for Blacks, and $430 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Gender and race	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
Total	250,801	157,130	62.7	148,834	59.3	8,296	5.3	93,671
Men	121,101	83,620	69.1	79,131	65.3	4,490	5.4	37,481
Women	129,700	73,510	56.7	69,703	53.7	3,807	5.2	56,190
White	196,868	123,607	62.8	117,944	59.9	5,662	4.6	73,261
Men	96,147	67,018	69.7	63,892	66.5	3,126	4.7	29,129
Women	100,720	56,589	56.2	54,052	53.7	2,537	4.5	44,132
Black	31,386	19,318	61.5	17,472	55.7	1,846	9.6	12,068
Men	14,268	9,099	63.8	8,164	57.2	935	10.3	5,169
Women	17,118	10,218	59.7	9,308	54.4	911	8.9	6,899
Asian	14,420	9,053	62.8	8,706	60.4	347	3.8	5,366
Men	6,737	4,811	71.4	4,620	68.6	191	4.0	1,925
Women	7,683	4,242	55.2	4,086	53.2	156	3.7	3,441
American Indian and Alaska Native	2,844	1,724	60.6	1,553	54.6	171	9.9	1,120
Men	1,400	923	65.9	820	58.6	103	11.1	477
Women	1,444	801	55.5	733	50.8	68	8.5	643
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	1,007	671	66.6	633	62.8	38	5.7	336
Men	497	367	73.7	346	69.5	21	5.7	131
Women	510	304	59.7	287	56.3	17	5.6	206
Two or More Races	4,276	2,757	64.5	2,525	59.0	232	8.4	1,519
Men	2,051	1,402	68.4	1,288	62.8	114	8.1	649
Women	2,225	1,355	60.9	1,236	55.6	118	8.7	870
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
Total	250,801	157,130	62.7	148,834	59.3	8,296	5.3	93,671
Men	121,101	83,620	69.1	79,131	65.3	4,490	5.4	37,481
Women	129,700	73,510	56.7	69,703	53.7	3,807	5.2	56,190
Asian	14,420	9,053	62.8	8,706	60.4	347	3.8	5,366
Men	6,737	4,811	71.4	4,620	68.6	191	4.0	1,925
Women	7,683	4,242	55.2	4,086	53.2	156	3.7	3,441
Asian Indian	2,854	1,884	66.0	1,807	63.3	78	4.1	970
Chinese	3,332	1,997	59.9	1,932	58.0	64	3.2	1,335
Filipino	2,271	1,546	68.1	1,479	65.1	67	4.3	726
Japanese	798	447	56.0	436	54.6	11	2.4	351
Korean	1,301	765	58.8	740	56.9	25	3.3	535
Vietnamese	1,439	906	62.9	872	60.6	34	3.7	533
Other Asian	2,424	1,508	62.2	1,440	59.4	69	4.6	916
Hispanic or Latino	39,617	26,126	65.9	24,400	61.6	1,726	6.6	13,491
Men	19,745	15,054	76.2	14,111	71.5	943	6.3	4,691
Women	19,872	11,072	55.7	10,289	51.8	783	7.1	8,800
Mexican	24,711	16,392	66.3	15,342	62.1	1,050	6.4	8,319
Men	12,476	9,675	77.5	9,099	72.9	576	6.0	2,801
Women	12,234	6,716	54.9	6,243	51.0	474	7.1	5,518
Puerto Rican	3,679	2,220	60.4	2,022	55.0	198	8.9	1,459
Men	1,756	1,172	66.7	1,062	60.5	110	9.4	584
Women	1,923	1,048	54.5	961	50.0	88	8.4	874
Cuban	1,760	1,079	61.3	1,010	57.4	69	6.4	681
Men	883	610	69.1	566	64.1	44	7.3	273
Women	876	468	53.5	444	50.6	25	5.3	408
Central American	3,609	2,552	70.7	2,392	66.3	160	6.3	1,057
Men	1,863	1,543	82.8	1,455	78.1	87	5.7	321
Women	1,746	1,010	57.8	937	53.7	73	7.2	736
Salvadoran	1,401	1,000	71.3	945	67.4	55	5.5	401
Men	706	585	82.9	558	79.0	28	4.7	121
Women	695	414	59.6	387	55.7	27	6.5	280
Other Central American(1)	2,208	1,553	70.3	1,447	65.5	106	6.8	655
Men	1,157	957	82.7	897	77.6	60	6.2	200
Women	1,051	596	56.7	550	52.3	46	7.7	455
South American	2,517	1,776	70.5	1,689	67.1	86	4.9	741
Men	1,185	953	80.4	910	76.8	43	4.5	232
Women	1,332	823	61.8	779	58.5	43	5.3	509
Other Hispanic or Latino	3,342	2,107	63.0	1,944	58.2	163	7.7	1,235
Men	1,581	1,101	69.6	1,019	64.4	82	7.5	480
Women	1,761	1,006	57.1	925	52.5	81	8.0	755
Dominican	1,371	896	65.4	817	59.6	79	8.9	475
Men	616	434	70.5	400	64.9	35	8.0	182
Women	755	462	61.2	417	55.2	45	9.7	293
Other Hispanic or Latino(2)	1,971	1,211	61.4	1,127	57.2	84	6.9	760
Men	965	667	69.1	619	64.1	48	7.1	298
Women	1,006	544	54.1	508	50.5	36	6.6	462
Hispanic or Latino	39,617	26,126	65.9	24,400	61.6	1,726	6.6	13,491
Men	19,745	15,054	76.2	14,111	71.5	943	6.3	4,691
Women	19,872	11,072	55.7	10,289	51.8	783	7.1	8,800
White Hispanic or Latino	35,314	23,199	65.7	21,710	61.5	1,489	6.4	12,116
Men	17,635	13,486	76.5	12,664	71.8	821	6.1	4,149
Women	17,680	9,713	54.9	9,046	51.2	667	6.9	7,967
Black Hispanic or Latino	1,669	1,122	67.3	1,017	60.9	106	9.4	546
Men	767	549	71.7	500	65.3	49	8.9	217
Women	902	573	63.5	516	57.2	57	9.9	329
Asian Hispanic or Latino	390	281	72.1	272	69.8	9	3.2	109
Men	200	157	78.2	154	76.7	3	2.0	44
Women	189	124	65.6	118	62.4	6	4.8	65
Non-Hispanic or Latino	211,183	131,004	62.0	124,434	58.9	6,570	5.0	80,179
Men	101,356	68,566	67.6	65,020	64.2	3,546	5.2	32,789
Women	109,828	62,438	56.9	59,414	54.1	3,024	4.8	47,390
White non-Hispanic or Latino	161,553	100,408	62.2	96,234	59.6	4,174	4.2	61,145
Men	78,513	53,532	68.2	51,228	65.2	2,304	4.3	24,981
Women	83,041	46,876	56.4	45,006	54.2	1,870	4.0	36,165
Black non-Hispanic or Latino	29,717	18,195	61.2	16,455	55.4	1,740	9.6	11,522
Men	13,501	8,550	63.3	7,664	56.8	886	10.4	4,952
Women	16,216	9,645	59.5	8,792	54.2	854	8.9	6,570
Asian non-Hispanic or Latino	14,030	8,773	62.5	8,435	60.1	338	3.9	5,258
Men	6,536	4,654	71.2	4,467	68.3	188	4.0	1,882
Women	7,494	4,118	55.0	3,968	52.9	150	3.6	3,376
(1) Excludes Salvadoran. (2) Excludes Dominican. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian noninstitutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
		Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
Total
Total, 16 years and older	250,801	157,130	62.7	148,834	59.3	8,296	5.3	93,671
16 to 19 years	16,619	5,700	34.3	4,734	28.5	966	16.9	10,919
20 years and older	234,182	151,430	64.7	144,099	61.5	7,330	4.8	82,752
20 to 24 years	21,971	15,523	70.7	14,022	63.8	1,501	9.7	6,448
25 to 54 years	125,109	101,152	80.9	96,638	77.2	4,515	4.5	23,957
55 to 64 years	40,594	25,954	63.9	24,975	61.5	978	3.8	14,640
65 years and older	46,509	8,801	18.9	8,465	18.2	337	3.8	37,708
Men, 16 years and older	121,101	83,620	69.1	79,131	65.3	4,490	5.4	37,481
16 to 19 years	8,430	2,885	34.2	2,354	27.9	531	18.4	5,545
20 years and older	112,671	80,735	71.7	76,776	68.1	3,959	4.9	31,936
20 to 24 years	11,012	8,038	73.0	7,173	65.1	865	10.8	2,974
25 to 54 years	61,425	54,226	88.3	51,851	84.4	2,374	4.4	7,199
55 to 64 years	19,518	13,627	69.8	13,092	67.1	536	3.9	5,891
65 years and older	20,717	4,845	23.4	4,661	22.5	184	3.8	15,872
Women, 16 years and older	129,700	73,510	56.7	69,703	53.7	3,807	5.2	56,190
16 to 19 years	8,189	2,815	34.4	2,380	29.1	435	15.5	5,374
20 years and older	121,511	70,695	58.2	67,323	55.4	3,371	4.8	50,816
20 to 24 years	10,959	7,485	68.3	6,849	62.5	636	8.5	3,474
25 to 54 years	63,684	46,926	73.7	44,786	70.3	2,140	4.6	16,758
55 to 64 years	21,076	12,326	58.5	11,884	56.4	442	3.6	8,749
65 years and older	25,792	3,957	15.3	3,804	14.7	153	3.9	21,835
White
Total, 16 years and older	196,868	123,607	62.8	117,944	59.9	5,662	4.6	73,261
16 to 19 years	12,323	4,487	36.4	3,824	31.0	662	14.8	7,836
20 years and older	184,545	119,120	64.5	114,120	61.8	5,000	4.2	65,425
20 to 24 years	16,171	11,755	72.7	10,784	66.7	970	8.3	4,416
25 to 54 years	95,856	78,300	81.7	75,276	78.5	3,024	3.9	17,556
55 to 64 years	33,005	21,534	65.2	20,783	63.0	751	3.5	11,471
65 years and older	39,513	7,531	19.1	7,276	18.4	255	3.4	31,982
Men, 16 years and older	96,147	67,018	69.7	63,892	66.5	3,126	4.7	29,129
16 to 19 years	6,282	2,308	36.7	1,934	30.8	375	16.2	3,974
20 years and older	89,865	64,710	72.0	61,959	68.9	2,751	4.3	25,155
20 to 24 years	8,164	6,165	75.5	5,585	68.4	581	9.4	1,999
25 to 54 years	47,831	42,829	89.5	41,198	86.1	1,630	3.8	5,003
55 to 64 years	16,067	11,489	71.5	11,088	69.0	400	3.5	4,579
65 years and older	17,802	4,227	23.7	4,088	23.0	139	3.3	13,575
Women, 16 years and older	100,720	56,589	56.2	54,052	53.7	2,537	4.5	44,132
16 to 19 years	6,040	2,178	36.1	1,891	31.3	288	13.2	3,862
20 years and older	94,680	54,410	57.5	52,161	55.1	2,249	4.1	40,270
20 to 24 years	8,007	5,589	69.8	5,200	64.9	390	7.0	2,418
25 to 54 years	48,024	35,472	73.9	34,078	71.0	1,393	3.9	12,553
55 to 64 years	16,938	10,045	59.3	9,695	57.2	351	3.5	6,893
65 years and older	21,711	3,304	15.2	3,188	14.7	116	3.5	18,407
Black or African American
Total, 16 years and older	31,386	19,318	61.5	17,472	55.7	1,846	9.6	12,068
16 to 19 years	2,491	701	28.1	502	20.1	199	28.4	1,790
20 years and older	28,895	18,616	64.4	16,970	58.7	1,646	8.8	10,278
20 to 24 years	3,425	2,337	68.2	1,953	57.0	384	16.4	1,089
25 to 54 years	16,545	12,984	78.5	11,924	72.1	1,061	8.2	3,561
55 to 64 years	4,718	2,584	54.8	2,433	51.6	151	5.8	2,134
65 years and older	4,207	711	16.9	660	15.7	51	7.2	3,496
Men, 16 years and older	14,268	9,099	63.8	8,164	57.2	935	10.3	5,169
16 to 19 years	1,237	326	26.3	226	18.2	100	30.8	911
20 years and older	13,031	8,773	67.3	7,938	60.9	835	9.5	4,258
20 to 24 years	1,662	1,145	68.9	936	56.3	209	18.3	517
25 to 54 years	7,547	6,105	80.9	5,591	74.1	514	8.4	1,442
55 to 64 years	2,130	1,204	56.5	1,115	52.3	89	7.4	927
65 years and older	1,692	320	18.9	297	17.5	23	7.2	1,372
Women, 16 years and older	17,118	10,218	59.7	9,308	54.4	911	8.9	6,899
16 to 19 years	1,254	376	29.9	276	22.0	99	26.4	879
20 years and older	15,863	9,843	62.0	9,032	56.9	811	8.2	6,021
20 to 24 years	1,764	1,192	67.6	1,017	57.7	174	14.6	572
25 to 54 years	8,998	6,880	76.5	6,333	70.4	547	8.0	2,118
55 to 64 years	2,588	1,381	53.4	1,319	51.0	62	4.5	1,207
65 years and older	2,515	391	15.6	363	14.4	28	7.2	2,123
Asian
Total, 16 years and older	14,420	9,053	62.8	8,706	60.4	347	3.8	5,366
16 to 19 years	833	172	20.6	147	17.7	25	14.4	661
20 years and older	13,587	8,882	65.4	8,559	63.0	322	3.6	4,705
20 to 24 years	1,293	682	52.8	625	48.4	57	8.4	610
25 to 54 years	8,317	6,476	77.9	6,283	75.5	193	3.0	1,842
55 to 64 years	1,960	1,315	67.1	1,263	64.4	53	4.0	644
65 years and older	2,017	408	20.2	388	19.3	20	4.8	1,609
Men, 16 years and older	6,737	4,811	71.4	4,620	68.6	191	4.0	1,925
16 to 19 years	406	83	20.5	69	16.9	15	17.7	322
20 years and older	6,331	4,728	74.7	4,552	71.9	176	3.7	1,603
20 to 24 years	656	347	53.0	318	48.6	29	8.4	308
25 to 54 years	3,911	3,488	89.2	3,389	86.7	99	2.9	423
55 to 64 years	883	664	75.1	630	71.3	34	5.1	219
65 years and older	882	229	25.9	215	24.4	14	6.1	653
Women, 16 years and older	7,683	4,242	55.2	4,086	53.2	156	3.7	3,441
16 to 19 years	428	89	20.8	79	18.4	10	11.4	339
20 years and older	7,256	4,154	57.2	4,008	55.2	146	3.5	3,102
20 to 24 years	637	335	52.6	307	48.2	28	8.4	302
25 to 54 years	4,407	2,988	67.8	2,894	65.7	93	3.1	1,419
55 to 64 years	1,077	652	60.5	633	58.8	19	2.9	425
65 years and older	1,135	179	15.8	174	15.3	6	3.2	956
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	39,617	26,126	65.9	24,400	61.6	1,726	6.6	13,491
16 to 19 years	3,705	1,144	30.9	922	24.9	221	19.3	2,562
20 years and older	35,912	24,983	69.6	23,477	65.4	1,505	6.0	10,929
20 to 24 years	4,697	3,365	71.6	3,027	64.4	338	10.0	1,332
25 to 54 years	23,262	18,315	78.7	17,326	74.5	989	5.4	4,948
55 to 64 years	4,255	2,666	62.7	2,523	59.3	143	5.4	1,589
65 years and older	3,698	637	17.2	601	16.3	36	5.6	3,061
Men, 16 years and older	19,745	15,054	76.2	14,111	71.5	943	6.3	4,691
16 to 19 years	1,886	610	32.4	487	25.8	124	20.3	1,275
20 years and older	17,860	14,444	80.9	13,624	76.3	820	5.7	3,416
20 to 24 years	2,396	1,851	77.3	1,655	69.1	196	10.6	545
25 to 54 years	11,810	10,722	90.8	10,206	86.4	516	4.8	1,089
55 to 64 years	2,050	1,515	73.9	1,432	69.9	83	5.5	535
65 years and older	1,604	356	22.2	331	20.7	25	7.0	1,248
Women, 16 years and older	19,872	11,072	55.7	10,289	51.8	783	7.1	8,800
16 to 19 years	1,820	533	29.3	436	23.9	98	18.3	1,287
20 years and older	18,052	10,539	58.4	9,853	54.6	686	6.5	7,513
20 to 24 years	2,301	1,514	65.8	1,372	59.6	142	9.4	787
25 to 54 years	11,452	7,593	66.3	7,120	62.2	473	6.2	3,859
55 to 64 years	2,205	1,151	52.2	1,091	49.5	60	5.2	1,054
65 years and older	2,094	280	13.4	270	12.9	11	3.9	1,813
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
1972	60.4	78.9	43.9	60.4	79.6	43.2	59.9	73.6	48.7	–	–	–	–	–	–
1973	60.8	78.8	44.7	60.8	79.4	44.1	60.2	73.4	49.3	–	–	–	60.2	81.5	41.0
1974	61.3	78.7	45.7	61.4	79.4	45.2	59.8	72.9	49.0	–	–	–	61.1	81.7	42.4
1975	61.2	77.9	46.3	61.5	78.7	45.9	58.8	70.9	48.8	–	–	–	60.8	80.7	43.2
1976	61.6	77.5	47.3	61.8	78.4	46.9	59.0	70.0	49.8	–	–	–	60.8	79.6	44.3
1977	62.3	77.7	48.4	62.5	78.5	48.0	59.8	70.6	50.8	–	–	–	61.6	80.9	44.3
1978	63.2	77.9	50.0	63.3	78.6	49.4	61.5	71.5	53.1	–	–	–	62.9	81.1	46.6
1979	63.7	77.8	50.9	63.9	78.6	50.5	61.4	71.3	53.1	–	–	–	63.6	81.3	47.4
1980	63.8	77.4	51.5	64.1	78.2	51.2	61.0	70.3	53.1	–	–	–	64.0	81.4	47.4
1981	63.9	77.0	52.1	64.3	77.9	51.9	60.8	70.0	53.5	–	–	–	64.1	80.6	48.3
1982	64.0	76.6	52.6	64.3	77.4	52.4	61.0	70.1	53.7	–	–	–	63.6	79.7	48.1
1983	64.0	76.4	52.9	64.3	77.1	52.7	61.5	70.6	54.2	–	–	–	63.8	80.3	47.7
1984	64.4	76.4	53.6	64.6	77.1	53.3	62.2	70.8	55.2	–	–	–	64.9	80.6	49.6
1985	64.8	76.3	54.5	65.0	77.0	54.1	62.9	70.8	56.5	–	–	–	64.6	80.3	49.3
1986	65.3	76.3	55.3	65.5	76.9	55.0	63.3	71.2	56.9	–	–	–	65.4	81.0	50.1
1987	65.6	76.2	56.0	65.8	76.8	55.7	63.8	71.1	58.0	–	–	–	66.4	81.0	52.0
1988	65.9	76.2	56.6	66.2	76.9	56.4	63.8	71.0	58.0	–	–	–	67.4	81.9	53.2
1989	66.5	76.4	57.4	66.7	77.1	57.2	64.2	71.0	58.7	–	–	–	67.6	82.0	53.5
1990	66.5	76.4	57.5	66.9	77.1	57.4	64.0	71.0	58.3	–	–	–	67.4	81.4	53.1
1991	66.2	75.8	57.4	66.6	76.5	57.4	63.3	70.4	57.5	–	–	–	66.5	80.3	52.4
1992	66.4	75.8	57.8	66.8	76.5	57.7	63.9	70.7	58.5	–	–	–	66.8	80.7	52.8
1993	66.3	75.4	57.9	66.8	76.2	58.0	63.2	69.6	57.9	–	–	–	66.2	80.2	52.1
1994	66.6	75.1	58.8	67.1	75.9	58.9	63.4	69.1	58.7	–	–	–	66.1	79.2	52.9
1995	66.6	75.0	58.9	67.1	75.7	59.0	63.7	69.0	59.5	–	–	–	65.8	79.1	52.6
1996	66.8	74.9	59.3	67.2	75.8	59.1	64.1	68.7	60.4	–	–	–	66.5	79.6	53.4
1997	67.1	75.0	59.8	67.5	75.9	59.5	64.7	68.3	61.7	–	–	–	67.9	80.1	55.1
1998	67.1	74.9	59.8	67.3	75.6	59.4	65.6	69.0	62.8	–	–	–	67.9	79.8	55.6
1999	67.1	74.7	60.0	67.3	75.6	59.6	65.8	68.7	63.5	–	–	–	67.7	79.8	55.9
2000	67.1	74.8	59.9	67.3	75.5	59.5	65.8	69.2	63.1	67.2	76.1	59.2	69.7	81.5	57.5
2001	66.8	74.4	59.8	67.0	75.1	59.4	65.3	68.4	62.8	67.2	76.2	59.0	69.5	81.0	57.6
2002	66.6	74.1	59.6	66.8	74.8	59.3	64.8	68.4	61.8	67.2	75.9	59.1	69.1	80.2	57.6
2003	66.2	73.5	59.5	66.5	74.2	59.2	64.3	67.3	61.9	66.4	75.6	58.3	68.3	80.1	55.9
2004	66.0	73.3	59.2	66.3	74.1	58.9	63.8	66.7	61.5	65.9	75.0	57.6	68.6	80.4	56.1
2005	66.0	73.3	59.3	66.3	74.1	58.9	64.2	67.3	61.6	66.1	74.8	58.2	68.0	80.1	55.3
2006	66.2	73.5	59.4	66.5	74.3	59.0	64.1	67.0	61.7	66.2	75.0	58.3	68.7	80.7	56.1
2007	66.0	73.2	59.3	66.4	74.0	59.0	63.7	66.8	61.1	66.5	75.1	58.6	68.8	80.5	56.5
2008	66.0	73.0	59.5	66.3	73.7	59.2	63.7	66.7	61.3	67.0	75.3	59.4	68.5	80.2	56.2
2009	65.4	72.0	59.2	65.8	72.8	59.1	62.4	65.0	60.3	66.0	74.6	58.2	68.0	78.8	56.5
2010	64.7	71.2	58.6	65.1	72.0	58.5	62.2	65.0	59.9	64.7	73.2	57.0	67.5	77.8	56.5
2011	64.1	70.5	58.1	64.5	71.3	58.0	61.4	64.2	59.1	64.6	73.2	56.8	66.5	76.5	55.9
2012	63.7	70.2	57.7	64.0	71.0	57.4	61.5	63.6	59.8	63.9	72.2	56.5	66.4	76.1	56.6
2013	63.2	69.7	57.2	63.5	70.5	56.9	61.2	63.5	59.2	64.6	73.0	57.1	66.0	76.3	55.7
2014	62.9	69.2	57.0	63.1	69.8	56.7	61.2	63.6	59.2	63.6	72.4	55.8	66.1	76.1	56.0
2015	62.7	69.1	56.7	62.8	69.7	56.2	61.5	63.8	59.7	62.8	71.4	55.2	65.9	76.2	55.7
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)
Year	American Indian and Alaska Native			Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander			Two or More Races
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
2003	64.4	71.0	58.0	68.9	75.0	63.9	67.6	73.2	62.4
2004	63.8	70.9	57.1	71.8	76.6	67.7	67.0	74.0	60.3
2005	63.5	70.0	57.2	73.4	77.1	69.8	67.0	72.0	62.3
2006	63.1	68.6	57.9	74.5	80.8	68.6	65.9	72.3	59.7
2007	63.3	69.9	57.0	73.0	78.4	68.2	66.3	71.9	60.8
2008	63.7	70.2	57.6	72.5	78.9	66.6	65.5	70.7	60.4
2009	59.0	64.1	54.2	69.4	77.3	62.3	65.6	70.4	61.0
2010	57.7	64.0	51.8	68.4	71.3	65.5	65.4	70.9	60.3
2011	59.2	65.2	53.2	69.4	75.6	63.6	64.0	68.9	59.5
2012	59.3	66.4	52.6	71.4	73.9	69.1	65.3	70.4	60.5
2013	59.2	65.3	53.3	70.0	73.7	66.6	63.3	69.2	57.8
2014	60.9	67.2	54.7	67.6	73.8	61.6	64.2	69.7	59.0
2015	60.6	65.9	55.5	66.6	73.7	59.7	64.5	68.4	60.9
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
1972	57.0	75.0	41.0	57.4	76.0	40.7	53.7	66.8	43.0	–	–	–	–	–	–
1973	57.8	75.5	42.0	58.2	76.5	41.8	54.5	67.5	43.8	–	–	–	55.6	76.0	37.3
1974	57.8	74.9	42.6	58.3	75.9	42.4	53.5	65.8	43.5	–	–	–	56.2	75.7	38.4
1975	56.1	71.7	42.0	56.7	73.0	42.0	50.1	60.6	41.6	–	–	–	53.4	71.5	37.4
1976	56.8	72.0	43.2	57.5	73.4	43.2	50.8	60.6	42.8	–	–	–	53.8	71.1	38.6
1977	57.9	72.8	44.5	58.6	74.1	44.5	51.4	61.4	43.3	–	–	–	55.4	73.6	39.1
1978	59.3	73.8	46.4	60.0	75.0	46.3	53.6	63.3	45.8	–	–	–	57.2	74.9	41.3
1979	59.9	73.8	47.5	60.6	75.1	47.5	53.8	63.4	46.0	–	–	–	58.3	75.6	42.5
1980	59.2	72.0	47.7	60.0	73.4	47.8	52.3	60.4	45.7	–	–	–	57.6	73.5	42.4
1981	59.0	71.3	48.0	60.0	72.8	48.3	51.3	59.1	45.1	–	–	–	57.4	72.4	43.0
1982	57.8	69.0	47.7	58.8	70.6	48.1	49.4	56.0	44.2	–	–	–	54.9	68.9	41.3
1983	57.9	68.8	48.0	58.9	70.4	48.5	49.5	56.3	44.1	–	–	–	55.1	69.4	41.1
1984	59.5	70.7	49.5	60.5	72.1	49.8	52.3	59.2	46.7	–	–	–	57.9	72.1	44.2
1985	60.1	70.9	50.4	61.0	72.3	50.7	53.4	60.0	48.1	–	–	–	57.8	72.1	43.8
1986	60.7	71.0	51.4	61.5	72.3	51.7	54.1	60.6	48.8	–	–	–	58.5	72.5	44.7
1987	61.5	71.5	52.5	62.3	72.7	52.8	55.6	62.0	50.3	–	–	–	60.5	74.0	47.4
1988	62.3	72.0	53.4	63.1	73.2	53.8	56.3	62.7	51.2	–	–	–	61.9	75.3	48.8
1989	63.0	72.5	54.3	63.8	73.7	54.6	56.9	62.8	52.0	–	–	–	62.2	75.8	48.8
1990	62.8	72.0	54.3	63.7	73.3	54.7	56.7	62.6	51.9	–	–	–	61.9	74.9	48.6
1991	61.7	70.4	53.7	62.6	71.6	54.2	55.4	61.3	50.6	–	–	–	59.8	72.1	47.3
1992	61.5	69.8	53.8	62.4	71.1	54.2	54.9	59.9	50.8	–	–	–	59.1	71.2	46.8
1993	61.7	70.0	54.1	62.7	71.4	54.6	55.0	60.0	50.9	–	–	–	59.1	71.7	46.3
1994	62.5	70.4	55.3	63.5	71.8	55.8	56.1	60.8	52.3	–	–	–	59.5	71.7	47.2
1995	62.9	70.8	55.6	63.8	72.0	56.1	57.1	61.7	53.4	–	–	–	59.7	72.1	47.3
1996	63.2	70.9	56.0	64.1	72.3	56.3	57.4	61.1	54.4	–	–	–	60.6	73.3	47.9
1997	63.8	71.3	56.8	64.6	72.7	57.0	58.2	61.4	55.6	–	–	–	62.6	74.5	50.2
1998	64.1	71.6	57.1	64.7	72.7	57.1	59.7	62.9	57.2	–	–	–	63.1	74.7	51.0
1999	64.3	71.6	57.4	64.8	72.8	57.3	60.6	63.1	58.6	–	–	–	63.4	75.3	51.7
2000	64.4	71.9	57.5	64.9	73.0	57.4	60.9	63.6	58.6	64.8	73.3	57.1	65.7	77.4	53.6
2001	63.7	70.9	57.0	64.2	72.0	57.0	59.7	62.1	57.8	64.2	72.7	56.4	64.9	76.2	53.3
2002	62.7	69.7	56.3	63.4	70.8	56.4	58.1	61.1	55.8	63.2	71.3	55.8	63.9	74.5	52.9
2003	62.3	68.9	56.1	63.0	70.1	56.3	57.4	59.5	55.6	62.4	70.9	54.9	63.1	74.3	51.2
2004	62.3	69.2	56.0	63.1	70.4	56.1	57.2	59.3	55.5	63.0	71.6	55.1	63.8	75.1	51.8
2005	62.7	69.6	56.2	63.4	70.8	56.3	57.7	60.2	55.7	63.4	71.8	55.9	64.0	75.8	51.5
2006	63.1	70.1	56.6	63.8	71.3	56.6	58.4	60.6	56.5	64.2	72.7	56.5	65.2	76.8	52.8
2007	63.0	69.8	56.6	63.6	70.9	56.7	58.4	60.7	56.5	64.3	72.8	56.6	64.9	76.2	53.0
2008	62.2	68.5	56.2	62.8	69.7	56.3	57.3	59.1	55.8	64.3	72.2	57.2	63.3	74.1	51.9
2009	59.3	64.5	54.4	60.2	66.0	54.8	53.2	53.7	52.8	61.2	68.7	54.4	59.7	68.9	50.1
2010	58.5	63.7	53.6	59.4	65.1	54.0	52.3	53.1	51.7	59.9	67.5	53.0	59.0	68.0	49.6
2011	58.4	63.9	53.2	59.4	65.3	53.7	51.7	52.8	50.8	60.0	68.2	52.6	58.9	67.9	49.3
2012	58.6	64.4	53.1	59.4	65.8	53.3	53.0	54.1	52.2	60.1	68.1	53.1	59.5	68.6	50.4
2013	58.6	64.4	53.2	59.4	65.7	53.3	53.2	54.5	52.0	61.2	69.0	54.3	60.0	69.6	50.4
2014	59.0	64.9	53.5	59.7	66.1	53.7	54.3	55.9	52.9	60.4	68.6	53.3	61.2	71.0	51.4
2015	59.3	65.3	53.7	59.9	66.5	53.7	55.7	57.2	54.4	60.4	68.6	53.2	61.6	71.5	51.8

Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)
Year	American Indian and Alaska Native			Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander			Two or More Races
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
2003	57.7	63.1	52.4	63.6	69.8	58.4	61.4	66.4	56.8
2004	57.7	64.0	51.8	67.4	71.4	64.1	61.2	67.6	55.0
2005	57.6	63.9	51.5	70.2	73.4	67.1	61.6	66.3	57.2
2006	58.1	63.2	53.3	70.6	75.7	65.7	61.5	67.0	56.2
2007	58.1	64.3	52.3	69.4	74.2	65.3	61.5	66.5	56.6
2008	57.4	62.6	52.5	67.8	72.8	63.3	59.3	63.6	55.2
2009	51.2	54.2	48.3	61.8	68.3	56.0	56.7	60.4	53.2
2010	49.0	53.0	45.2	60.1	61.6	58.7	56.5	60.8	52.5
2011	50.5	55.2	45.9	62.2	67.0	57.7	55.3	59.2	51.7
2012	52.1	58.5	45.9	63.0	64.7	61.4	57.6	61.9	53.5
2013	51.6	56.6	46.9	62.9	65.5	60.4	56.4	61.3	51.7
2014	54.0	59.2	48.9	63.5	69.6	57.5	57.6	62.1	53.4
2015	54.6	58.6	50.8	62.8	69.5	56.3	59.0	62.8	55.6
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Total, 25 years and older	Less than a high school diploma	High school graduates, no college (1)	Some college, no degree	Associate's degree	Bachelor's degree and higher (2)
Total
Civilian noninstitutional population	212,211	24,175	61,712	35,326	20,937	70,061
Civilian labor force	135,907	10,971	35,322	22,706	14,774	52,133
Percent of population	64	45	57	64	71	74
Employed	130,077	10,098	33,402	21,573	14,213	50,792
Employment–population ratio	61	42	54	61	68	73
Unemployed	5,830	873	1,920	1,134	562	1,341
Unemployment rate	4.3	8.0	5.4	5.0	3.8	2.6
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	101,659	12,137	30,388	16,644	9,020	33,471
Civilian labor force	72,698	7,081	20,416	11,862	6,911	26,429
Percent of population	72	58	67	71	77	79
Employed	69,604	6,573	19,302	11,293	6,660	25,776
Employment–population ratio	69	54	64	68	74	77
Unemployed	3,094	507	1,114	569	251	654
Unemployment rate	4.3	7.2	5.5	4.8	3.6	2.5
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	110,552	12,038	31,325	18,682	11,918	36,590
Civilian labor force	63,209	3,891	14,906	10,845	7,864	25,704
Percent of population	57	32	48	58	66	70
Employed	60,474	3,525	14,100	10,280	7,553	25,016
Employment–population ratio	55	29	45	55	63	68
Unemployed	2,735	366	806	565	311	687
Unemployment rate	4.3	9.4	5.4	5.2	4.0	2.7
White
Civilian noninstitutional population	168,374	18,672	49,012	27,796	16,983	55,911
Civilian labor force	107,365	8,723	27,790	17,588	11,904	41,361
Percent of population	64	47	57	63	70	74
Employed	103,336	8,128	26,508	16,820	11,501	40,380
Employment–population ratio	61	44	54	61	68	72
Unemployed	4,030	595	1,282	768	404	981
Unemployment rate	3.8	6.8	4.6	4.4	3.4	2.4
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	81,701	9,594	24,260	13,278	7,479	27,090
Civilian labor force	58,544	5,841	16,367	9,431	5,718	21,188
Percent of population	72	61	68	71	76	78
Employed	56,374	5,484	15,617	9,037	5,533	20,702
Employment–population ratio	69	57	64	68	74	76
Unemployed	2,170	357	750	393	185	485
Unemployment rate	3.7	6.1	4.6	4.2	3.2	2.3
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	86,673	9,078	24,752	14,518	9,504	28,821
Civilian labor force	48,821	2,882	11,422	8,157	6,187	20,173
Percent of population	56	32	46	56	65	70
Employed	46,962	2,643	10,891	7,782	5,968	19,677
Employment–population ratio	54	29	44	54	63	68
Unemployed	1,860	238	532	375	219	496
Unemployment rate	3.8	8.3	4.7	4.6	3.5	2.5
Black or African American
Civilian noninstitutional population	25,469	3,271	8,566	5,135	2,580	5,917
Civilian labor force	16,280	1,228	5,035	3,526	1,891	4,600
Percent of population	64	38	59	69	73	78
Employed	15,017	1,033	4,549	3,242	1,775	4,418
Employment–population ratio	59	32	53	63	69	75
Unemployed	1,263	196	486	284	115	182
Unemployment rate	7.8	15.9	9.7	8.0	6.1	4.0
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	11,370	1,532	4,207	2,233	955	2,442
Civilian labor force	7,628	641	2,676	1,612	727	1,973
Percent of population	67	42	64	72	76	81
Employed	7,003	545	2,407	1,477	679	1,895
Employment–population ratio	62	36	57	66	71	78
Unemployed	626	97	269	135	47	78
Unemployment rate	8.2	15.1	10.0	8.4	6.5	4.0
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	14,100	1,739	4,359	2,902	1,625	3,475
Civilian labor force	8,651	587	2,359	1,914	1,164	2,627
Percent of population	61	34	54	66	72	76
Employed	8,014	488	2,142	1,765	1,096	2,523
Employment–population ratio	57	28	49	61	68	73
Unemployed	637	99	217	149	68	104
Unemployment rate	7.4	16.8	9.2	7.8	5.9	4.0
Asian
Civilian noninstitutional population	12,294	1,217	2,385	1,165	754	6,773
Civilian labor force	8,199	497	1,402	763	545	4,993
Percent of population	67	41	59	66	72	74
Employed	7,934	470	1,344	737	528	4,855
Employment–population ratio	65	39	56	63	70	72
Unemployed	265	27	57	26	17	138
Unemployment rate	3.2	5.4	4.1	3.4	3.1	2.8
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,675	476	1,017	571	311	3,300
Civilian labor force	4,380	258	723	409	257	2,734
Percent of population	77	54	71	72	83	83
Employed	4,233	240	690	393	248	2,663
Employment–population ratio	75	50	68	69	80	81
Unemployed	147	18	33	16	9	71
Unemployment rate	3.4	7.1	4.6	3.8	3.6	2.6
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,619	741	1,368	594	443	3,474
Civilian labor force	3,819	239	679	354	288	2,259
Percent of population	58	32	50	60	65	65
Employed	3,701	230	655	344	280	2,192
Employment–population ratio	56	31	48	58	63	63
Unemployed	118	8	24	11	8	67
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.5	3.5	3.0	2.7	3.0
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population	31,215	10,094	9,261	4,401	2,373	5,086
Civilian labor force	21,618	5,986	6,444	3,295	1,817	4,076
Percent of population	69	59	70	75	77	80
Employed	20,450	5,592	6,064	3,119	1,739	3,936
Employment–population ratio	66	55	66	71	73	77
Unemployed	1,167	394	379	175	78	140
Unemployment rate	5.4	6.6	5.9	5.3	4.3	3.4
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population	15,464	5,222	4,716	2,094	1,053	2,378
Civilian labor force	12,593	4,017	3,872	1,726	905	2,072
Percent of population	81	77	82	82	86	87
Employed	11,969	3,787	3,664	1,642	875	2,001
Employment–population ratio	77	73	78	78	83	84
Unemployed	623	230	209	83	30	71
Unemployment rate	5.0	5.7	5.4	4.8	3.3	3.4
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population	15,751	4,872	4,544	2,307	1,320	2,708
Civilian labor force	9,025	1,969	2,571	1,569	913	2,003
Percent of population	57	40	57	68	69	74
Employed	8,481	1,805	2,401	1,477	864	1,935
Employment–population ratio	54	37	53	64	66	71
Unemployed	544	164	171	92	48	69
Unemployment rate	6.0	8.3	6.6	5.9	5.3	3.4
(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Occupation and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)	148,834	117,944	17,472	8,706	24,400
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	38.9	39.6	30.4	51.3	21.5
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	16.2	17.0	11.3	17.3	9.3
Management occupations	11.4	12.2	7.1	10.9	6.8
Business and financial operations occupations	4.8	4.8	4.2	6.4	2.6
Professional and related occupations	22.7	22.7	19.1	33.9	12.2
Computer and mathematical occupations	2.9	2.5	2.1	10.0	1.2
Architecture and engineering occupations	2.0	2.0	1.0	3.9	1.0
Life, physical, and social science occupations	0.9	0.9	0.5	2.3	0.4
Community and social service occupations	1.7	1.7	2.6	1.1	1.1
Legal occupations	1.2	1.3	0.7	0.9	0.6
Education, training, and library occupations	6.0	6.3	5.3	4.6	3.6
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	2.1	2.2	1.1	1.8	1.3
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	5.9	5.7	5.8	9.3	2.9
Service occupations	17.4	16.2	24.8	16.1	24.9
Healthcare support occupations	2.4	1.9	5.4	2.3	2.4
Protective service occupations	2.1	2.0	3.4	0.9	1.8
Food preparation and serving related occupations	5.5	5.2	6.4	5.7	8.4
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3.8	3.8	4.7	1.9	8.9
Personal care and service occupations	3.6	3.3	4.8	5.3	3.5
Sales and office occupations	22.6	22.6	23.7	19.9	21.1
Sales and related occupations	10.5	10.8	9.5	10.2	9.7
Office and administrative support occupations	12.0	11.8	14.2	9.7	11.4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	9.2	10.2	5.7	3.1	16.3
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.7	0.8	0.3	0.2	2.0
Construction and extraction occupations	5.1	5.7	3.0	1.1	10.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	3.4	3.6	2.4	1.8	3.9
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	11.9	11.4	15.4	9.6	16.1
Production occupations	5.7	5.6	6.1	6.0	7.8
Transportation and material-moving occupations	6.1	5.8	9.3	3.6	8.4
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)	79,131	63,892	8,164	4,620	14,111
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	35.5	36.0	24.9	52.3	17.8
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	17.2	18.2	10.9	17.1	9.1
Management occupations	13.1	14.0	7.5	11.7	7.1
Business and financial operations occupations	4.1	4.2	3.4	5.4	2.0
Professional and related occupations	18.3	17.8	14.0	35.1	8.7
Computer and mathematical occupations	4.2	3.6	3.0	14.1	1.6
Architecture and engineering occupations	3.2	3.2	1.8	5.9	1.4
Life, physical, and social science occupations	0.9	0.9	0.5	2.5	0.3
Community and social service occupations	1.1	1.1	1.7	0.9	0.6
Legal occupations	1.1	1.3	0.5	0.6	0.4
Education, training, and library occupations	3.0	3.0	2.8	3.4	1.6
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	2.0	2.1	1.4	1.6	1.4
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	2.8	2.6	2.3	6.1	1.3
Service occupations	14.2	13.1	21.6	12.7	19.9
Healthcare support occupations	0.6	0.4	1.3	1.0	0.6
Protective service occupations	3.1	3.0	5.0	1.3	2.3
Food preparation and serving related occupations	4.7	4.2	6.6	6.0	7.6
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	4.3	4.2	5.8	2.0	8.1
Personal care and service occupations	1.6	1.3	2.8	2.5	1.3
Sales and office occupations	16.4	16.2	17.4	17.0	14.3
Sales and related occupations	10.1	10.4	8.1	10.2	7.8
Office and administrative support occupations	6.3	5.8	9.3	6.8	6.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	16.5	17.9	11.5	5.4	26.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1.0	1.1	0.5	0.2	2.6
Construction and extraction occupations	9.4	10.3	6.2	2.1	17.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	6.1	6.5	4.8	3.2	6.5
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	17.4	16.8	24.7	12.6	21.3
Production occupations	7.7	7.6	8.4	6.6	9.1
Transportation and material-moving occupations	9.8	9.2	16.3	6.0	12.2
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)	69,703	54,052	9,308	4,086	10,289
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	42.9	44.0	35.2	50.2	26.6
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	15.1	15.6	11.7	17.5	9.7
Management occupations	9.5	10.1	6.7	9.9	6.3
Business and financial operations occupations	5.5	5.5	4.9	7.6	3.4
Professional and related occupations	27.8	28.4	23.6	32.6	16.9
Computer and mathematical occupations	1.5	1.3	1.4	5.3	0.7
Architecture and engineering occupations	0.6	0.6	0.3	1.6	0.4
Life, physical, and social science occupations	0.9	0.9	0.5	2.2	0.5
Community and social service occupations	2.4	2.4	3.4	1.2	1.8
Legal occupations	1.3	1.4	0.9	1.3	0.8
Education, training, and library occupations	9.4	10.1	7.5	6.0	6.4
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	2.1	2.3	0.9	2.1	1.3
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	9.4	9.4	8.8	12.9	5.1
Service occupations	21.1	19.8	27.7	20.0	31.8
Healthcare support occupations	4.4	3.6	9.1	3.8	4.9
Protective service occupations	0.9	0.8	2.0	0.4	1.1
Food preparation and serving related occupations	6.4	6.4	6.2	5.4	9.5
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	3.4	3.4	3.8	1.9	10.0
Personal care and service occupations	6.0	5.6	6.6	8.5	6.4
Sales and office occupations	29.6	30.1	29.2	23.2	30.4
Sales and related occupations	11.1	11.2	10.7	10.2	12.2
Office and administrative support occupations	18.5	18.9	18.5	13.0	18.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	0.9	1.0	0.6	0.4	2.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.4	0.4	0.1	0.2	1.2
Construction and extraction occupations	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3
Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations	5.5	5.1	7.3	6.2	9.1
Production occupations	3.5	3.2	4.1	5.4	5.9
Transportation and material-moving occupations	2.0	1.9	3.2	0.8	3.2
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Occupation	Total employed	Percent of total employed
Occupation	Total employed	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	148,834	79.2	11.7	5.8	16.4
Management, professional, and related occupations	57,960	80.7	9.2	7.7	9.1
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	24,108	83.1	8.2	6.3	9.4
Management occupations	16,994	84.7	7.3	5.6	9.7
Chief executives	1,517	89.5	3.6	4.7	5.5
General and operations managers	899	85.8	6.9	4.7	10.8
Legislators	13	–	–	–	–
Advertising and promotions managers	67	93.1	–	5.5	6.6
Marketing and sales managers	1,006	85.8	6.2	5.8	9.7
Public relations and fundraising managers	61	81.6	10.6	5.2	5.6
Administrative services managers	195	84.5	9.9	3.0	7.2
Computer and information systems managers	652	77.4	5.6	14.2	4.8
Financial managers	1,197	82.9	7.2	7.9	9.4
Compensation and benefits managers	23	–	–	–	–
Human resources managers	290	84.1	11.9	2.2	10.8
Training and development managers	41	–	–	–	–
Industrial production managers	280	89.9	5.1	4.3	6.7
Purchasing managers	198	77.6	11.4	7.2	12.9
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	263	86.7	8.2	3.4	19.2
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers	1,052	97.0	0.9	0.6	4.3
Construction managers	737	90.6	3.3	3.2	12.9
Education administrators	928	80.3	13.4	3.8	9.3
Architectural and engineering managers	110	82.3	6.3	7.6	9.0
Food service managers	1,192	75.6	11.1	10.6	17.0
Funeral service managers	15	–	–	–	–
Gaming managers	23	–	–	–	–
Lodging managers	159	75.5	7.2	10.9	16.8
Medical and health services managers	636	79.9	13.1	5.2	8.0
Natural sciences managers	25	–	–	–	–
Postmasters and mail superintendents	24	–	–	–	–
Property, real estate, and community association managers	685	85.8	7.6	3.6	11.1
Social and community service managers	378	77.7	12.1	5.3	9.9
Emergency management directors	10	–	–	–	–
Managers, all other	4,315	85.1	7.2	5.4	10.1
Business and financial operations occupations	7,114	79.3	10.3	7.9	8.8
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes	46	–	–	–	–
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products	10	–	–	–	–
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products	190	80.8	6.3	7.5	11.0
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products	280	85.5	6.7	5.8	11.5
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators	321	80.0	14.6	3.1	10.4
Compliance officers	246	82.5	11.4	4.2	9.5
Cost estimators	112	95.1	0.4	3.0	8.1
Human resources workers	662	76.3	15.4	4.9	10.7
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists	68	76.5	14.1	6.9	8.4
Training and development specialists	118	78.8	13.7	2.0	7.0
Logisticians	117	77.4	14.4	4.2	20.2
Management analysts	848	78.2	9.3	10.1	5.9
Meeting, convention, and event planners	159	78.4	11.1	5.6	12.3
Fundraisers	77	89.4	7.2	1.1	1.9
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	261	87.6	4.8	6.9	9.7
Business operations specialists, all other	213	81.6	9.2	7.0	9.0
Accountants and auditors	1,732	77.6	9.5	11.3	7.4
Appraisers and assessors of real estate	76	91.4	5.9	0.9	3.9
Budget analysts	44	–	–	–	–
Credit analysts	21	–	–	–	–
Financial analysts	322	70.4	11.1	16.2	6.4
Personal financial advisors	498	82.7	7.6	7.4	9.4
Insurance underwriters	107	85.2	8.9	5.8	5.3
Financial examiners	15	–	–	–	–
Credit counselors and loan officers	332	75.8	14.0	6.0	10.6
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	58	73.6	17.0	9.4	13.5
Tax preparers	109	76.4	14.4	4.7	18.8
Financial specialists, all other	71	83.3	6.7	8.5	7.6
Professional and related occupations	33,852	78.9	9.8	8.7	8.8
Computer and mathematical occupations	4,369	68.4	8.6	19.9	6.8
Computer and information research scientists	24	–	–	–	–
Computer systems analysts	552	68.2	9.6	19.6	6.9
Information security analysts	70	87.3	3.0	3.4	5.2
Computer programmers	480	70.5	7.0	18.9	6.9
Software developers, applications and systems software	1,353	57.5	5.0	33.8	5.4
Web developers	204	76.9	9.1	9.6	6.2
Computer support specialists	475	74.2	12.5	9.6	8.4
Database administrators	93	80.7	6.2	9.6	2.1
Network and computer systems administrators	218	76.1	11.5	10.4	9.4
Computer network architects	114	74.1	8.9	16.5	6.5
Computer occupations, all other	547	74.1	11.8	12.0	9.5
Actuaries	21	–	–	–	–
Mathematicians	6	–	–	–	–
Operations research analysts	123	72.6	15.3	10.2	9.3
Statisticians	86	73.9	12.4	11.4	3.7
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations	4	–	–	–	–
Architecture and engineering occupations	2,954	80.5	6.0	11.4	8.2
Architects, except naval	203	85.0	5.8	7.6	5.7
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists	38	–	–	–	–
Aerospace engineers	138	75.1	2.1	18.6	13.1
Agricultural engineers	6	–	–	–	–
Biomedical engineers	16	–	–	–	–
Chemical engineers	84	79.4	2.8	16.3	6.5
Civil engineers	360	84.2	3.6	10.2	9.0
Computer hardware engineers	72	62.2	12.1	23.4	11.0
Electrical and electronics engineers	302	77.2	6.0	14.3	7.2
Environmental engineers	40	–	–	–	–
Industrial engineers, including health and safety	214	85.9	4.2	8.9	7.3
Marine engineers and naval architects	11	–	–	–	–
Materials engineers	40	–	–	–	–
Mechanical engineers	323	80.5	6.2	11.2	5.6
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	15	–	–	–	–
Nuclear engineers	6	–	–	–	–
Petroleum engineers	44	–	–	–	–
Engineers, all other	440	75.9	7.6	14.7	5.9
Drafters	133	94.4	3.7	1.1	15.0
Engineering technicians, except drafters	403	76.5	10.0	10.7	9.7
Surveying and mapping technicians	65	88.7	3.5	4.1	7.2
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,404	77.0	6.1	14.5	7.0
Agricultural and food scientists	25	–	–	–	–
Biological scientists	86	81.9	6.6	10.8	8.2
Conservation scientists and foresters	25	–	–	–	–
Medical scientists	157	58.5	5.9	35.1	5.4
Life scientists, all other	1	–	–	–	–
Astronomers and physicists	19	–	–	–	–
Atmospheric and space scientists	12	–	–	–	–
Chemists and materials scientists	99	75.2	8.4	13.5	5.9
Environmental scientists and geoscientists	92	89.6	1.3	6.2	7.3
Physical scientists, all other	232	70.1	4.4	23.9	6.2
Economists	34	–	–	–	–
Survey researchers	-	–	–	–	–
Psychologists	193	91.2	4.1	2.5	5.8
Sociologists	1	–	–	–	–
Urban and regional planners	25	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers	45	–	–	–	–
Agricultural and food science technicians	25	–	–	–	–
Biological technicians	18	–	–	–	–
Chemical technicians	82	78.4	11.7	7.5	9.7
Geological and petroleum technicians	21	–	–	–	–
Nuclear technicians	3	–	–	–	–
Social science research assistants	4	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians	203	75.1	7.7	12.5	6.6
Community and social service occupations	2,596	75.7	17.4	3.6	10.7
Counselors	802	75.8	18.4	2.5	9.5
Social workers	765	71.4	22.0	3.0	12.5
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists	99	68.9	23.3	4.0	12.1
Social and human service assistants	194	70.4	21.2	2.2	16.0
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers	117	76.8	14.2	5.2	16.5
Clergy	469	81.1	10.2	6.6	7.3
Directors, religious activities and education	78	90.3	7.5	1.1	5.1
Religious workers, all other	73	90.9	2.3	5.2	6.2
Legal occupations	1,803	86.8	6.8	4.5	7.5
Lawyers	1,160	89.0	4.6	4.8	5.1
Judicial law clerks	13	–	–	–	–
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	58	81.8	11.8	6.2	6.4
Paralegals and legal assistants	400	82.9	10.3	3.9	13.4
Miscellaneous legal support workers	172	83.8	10.9	4.1	10.8
Education, training, and library occupations	8,908	82.9	10.4	4.5	9.9
Postsecondary teachers	1,341	80.3	5.1	12.6	7.6
Preschool and kindergarten teachers	695	77.5	16.1	3.4	12.2
Elementary and middle school teachers	3,152	84.9	10.8	2.5	8.5
Secondary school teachers	1,144	86.4	8.7	2.5	7.8
Special education teachers	330	87.0	9.5	2.3	7.5
Other teachers and instructors	876	79.5	12.1	6.1	11.2
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians	53	92.2	2.7	–	8.5
Librarians	166	86.3	8.5	2.8	4.8
Library technicians	31	–	–	–	–
Teacher assistants	960	80.3	13.8	3.0	18.7
Other education, training, and library workers	161	81.5	12.5	4.1	12.0
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	3,051	85.7	6.3	5.2	10.8
Artists and related workers	222	89.5	2.7	4.1	9.4
Designers	899	87.0	3.5	6.9	12.3
Actors	49	–	–	–	–
Producers and directors	169	85.1	5.3	5.6	6.8
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers	296	83.6	11.1	2.7	10.1
Dancers and choreographers	19	–	–	–	–
Musicians, singers, and related workers	202	83.5	10.5	2.6	8.8
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other	41	–	–	–	–
Announcers	55	74.4	14.8	5.6	19.1
News analysts, reporters and correspondents	68	89.8	6.5	1.7	13.7
Public relations specialists	147	83.0	9.8	4.8	7.7
Editors	160	88.3	2.0	7.7	7.9
Technical writers	68	86.6	9.2	1.2	6.0
Writers and authors	208	87.0	4.9	3.5	5.3
Miscellaneous media and communication workers	84	80.0	5.8	13.4	35.8
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators	119	84.0	11.3	0.8	14.5
Photographers	180	87.8	3.3	7.8	9.5
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors	64	87.7	4.5	6.0	15.4
Media and communication equipment workers, all other	2	–	–	–	–
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	8,766	76.9	11.5	9.2	8.1
Chiropractors	75	92.6	3.2	3.2	8.7
Dentists	196	79.0	2.9	16.8	8.6
Dietitians and nutritionists	108	76.2	14.2	9.6	5.3
Optometrists	39	–	–	–	–
Pharmacists	282	74.1	8.7	15.3	5.4
Physicians and surgeons	1,007	73.6	6.4	18.4	6.4
Physician assistants	74	88.9	3.7	7.1	6.5
Podiatrists	15	–	–	–	–
Audiologists	16	–	–	–	–
Occupational therapists	116	83.4	7.2	8.6	6.5
Physical therapists	274	81.2	4.3	12.5	4.9
Radiation therapists	13	–	–	–	–
Recreational therapists	11	–	–	–	–
Respiratory therapists	108	77.5	15.2	6.0	9.2
Speech-language pathologists	158	91.1	4.9	2.9	7.1
Exercise physiologists	5	–	–	–	–
Therapists, all other	189	85.7	7.9	3.8	15.4
Veterinarians	90	91.7	3.4	4.7	2.5
Registered nurses	2,973	76.7	12.2	8.7	6.6
Nurse anesthetists	27	–	–	–	–
Nurse midwives	7	–	–	–	–
Nurse practitioners	149	85.3	8.2	3.5	2.5
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other	17	–	–	–	–
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	327	65.6	17.3	13.5	12.4
Dental hygienists	177	87.5	3.6	6.6	5.4
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians	322	84.5	7.9	5.2	8.7
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics	220	85.3	10.6	1.2	8.3
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians	626	75.7	14.2	7.5	13.0
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses	670	62.1	28.5	5.7	13.9
Medical records and health information technicians	200	79.6	12.1	3.6	8.4
Opticians, dispensing	52	87.2	8.4	4.0	13.3
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians	117	73.7	14.2	7.8	11.4
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations	108	83.7	8.8	3.3	9.0
Service occupations	25,896	73.6	16.8	5.4	23.5
Healthcare support occupations	3,514	62.8	27.1	5.7	16.5
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	2,032	52.5	37.7	5.6	14.8
Occupational therapy assistants and aides	23	–	–	–	–
Physical therapist assistants and aides	68	83.9	5.6	6.0	10.8
Massage therapists	189	81.3	4.8	9.1	9.1
Dental assistants	286	77.8	9.6	6.6	23.8
Medical assistants	524	76.1	13.0	5.6	27.5
Medical transcriptionists	42	–	–	–	–
Pharmacy aides	36	–	–	–	–
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers	38	–	–	–	–
Phlebotomists	106	66.9	25.2	3.5	13.8
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers	170	67.8	25.1	4.1	8.5
Protective service occupations	3,109	74.6	19.2	2.4	13.9
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	52	70.0	24.7	2.7	6.3
First-line supervisors of police and detectives	110	80.1	14.0	1.3	6.6
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers	49	–	–	–	–
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	81	80.9	14.7	2.0	10.5
Firefighters	293	86.7	8.4	1.1	7.8
Fire inspectors	19	–	–	–	–
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers	443	70.4	26.0	1.2	11.8
Detectives and criminal investigators	144	88.5	8.5	0.8	11.9
Fish and game wardens	6	–	–	–	–
Parking enforcement workers	10	–	–	–	–
Police and sheriff's patrol officers	688	81.0	13.5	2.0	15.5
Transit and railroad police	1	–	–	–	–
Animal control workers	5	–	–	–	–
Private detectives and investigators	100	81.3	12.7	5.0	14.6
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers	869	62.0	28.8	4.0	18.6
Crossing guards	57	62.5	33.2	3.1	17.3
Transportation security screeners	38	–	–	–	–
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers	144	84.9	9.1	1.5	12.6
Food preparation and serving related occupations	8,142	75.8	13.8	6.1	25.3
Chefs and head cooks	415	64.5	15.2	16.8	19.3
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	527	77.9	14.9	3.8	16.5
Cooks	2,091	71.4	18.5	5.3	35.7
Food preparation workers	858	75.3	15.1	5.6	27.4
Bartenders	451	87.8	4.4	3.3	13.2
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food	420	68.5	21.6	3.7	17.3
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop	233	79.6	10.7	6.2	18.2
Waiters and waitresses	2,057	81.4	8.2	6.9	21.1
Food servers, nonrestaurant	190	67.3	20.6	8.7	19.4
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	321	75.2	13.9	6.1	29.1
Dishwashers	281	72.8	14.7	5.1	39.7
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	293	80.8	11.2	3.6	19.2
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	5	–	–	–	–
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	5,716	78.3	14.5	2.9	38.0
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers	293	74.5	19.7	2.4	20.5
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers	215	91.0	4.0	2.0	23.6
Janitors and building cleaners	2,263	75.4	17.6	3.4	31.4
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	1,510	74.0	16.1	4.4	48.9
Pest control workers	85	82.7	13.0	1.3	14.0
Grounds maintenance workers	1,349	86.5	7.9	0.9	44.5
Personal care and service occupations	5,415	71.7	15.6	8.5	15.5
First-line supervisors of gaming workers	168	86.8	4.8	5.1	8.7
First-line supervisors of personal service workers	185	70.3	11.9	16.2	8.9
Animal trainers	54	95.6	1.2	–	11.5
Nonfarm animal caretakers	252	88.0	5.4	1.8	13.0
Gaming services workers	89	65.6	8.0	22.0	8.2
Motion picture projectionists	6	–	–	–	–
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	44	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers	221	78.7	12.8	2.1	15.7
Embalmers and funeral attendants	9	–	–	–	–
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors	35	–	–	–	–
Barbers	116	50.3	40.7	6.4	20.7
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	707	81.4	12.3	3.9	15.3
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers	324	33.7	7.0	56.5	8.5
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges	76	55.1	21.0	10.5	32.9
Tour and travel guides	54	84.3	3.4	10.1	5.3
Childcare workers	1,206	77.1	15.3	3.3	19.1
Personal care aides	1,251	63.1	24.2	8.1	17.9
Recreation and fitness workers	429	81.4	10.7	2.1	10.4
Residential advisors	38	–	–	–	–
Personal care and service workers, all other	149	72.2	15.6	4.9	20.8
Sales and office occupations	33,598	79.3	12.3	5.2	15.3
Sales and related occupations	15,700	80.9	10.6	5.7	15.0
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	3,245	81.7	9.5	6.1	13.0
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers	1,242	86.6	6.2	5.9	12.8
Cashiers	3,246	71.0	17.4	6.8	20.6
Counter and rental clerks	109	83.0	12.2	2.9	18.8
Parts salespersons	124	89.8	5.0	1.5	18.1
Retail salespersons	3,346	77.6	12.8	6.3	17.3
Advertising sales agents	200	83.7	9.4	4.8	11.3
Insurance sales agents	615	87.2	7.3	3.5	12.7
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents	258	86.6	4.8	5.8	7.0
Travel agents	89	78.1	3.3	17.7	8.7
Sales representatives, services, all other	479	90.0	5.7	2.8	13.3
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing	1,281	90.9	4.0	3.3	10.0
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters	68	84.3	5.6	6.5	15.1
Real estate brokers and sales agents	906	87.5	5.7	4.9	9.4
Sales engineers	42	–	–	–	–
Telemarketers	60	68.5	25.9	2.2	27.3
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers	156	85.0	10.5	2.5	21.7
Sales and related workers, all other	236	88.2	6.5	3.9	10.6
Office and administrative support occupations	17,897	78.0	13.9	4.7	15.6
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	1,474	80.5	11.7	4.7	13.1
Switchboard operators, including answering service	16	–	–	–	–
Telephone operators	34	–	–	–	–
Communications equipment operators, all other	5	–	–	–	–
Bill and account collectors	168	72.5	20.6	3.9	18.4
Billing and posting clerks	473	80.8	13.0	3.3	13.5
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	1,182	84.0	7.5	4.9	10.6
Gaming cage workers	14	–	–	–	–
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	138	83.5	7.3	4.8	15.5
Procurement clerks	40	–	–	–	–
Tellers	357	80.9	8.4	6.4	20.7
Financial clerks, all other	69	65.6	24.6	7.6	7.0
Brokerage clerks	3	–	–	–	–
Correspondence clerks	3	–	–	–	–
Court, municipal, and license clerks	71	79.0	11.9	3.3	16.6
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	52	84.7	10.4	2.5	15.8
Customer service representatives	2,271	74.9	16.6	4.7	18.0
Eligibility interviewers, government programs	74	67.8	25.1	2.3	33.3
File clerks	203	79.2	12.9	4.2	13.4
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks	156	64.1	18.0	10.7	18.7
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	151	77.4	16.1	3.7	18.3
Library assistants, clerical	98	81.7	8.0	7.5	10.6
Loan interviewers and clerks	139	81.5	12.8	4.1	16.5
New accounts clerks	26	–	–	–	–
Order clerks	84	77.7	14.5	4.4	16.6
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	59	74.4	18.9	3.5	7.1
Receptionists and information clerks	1,232	79.2	13.4	3.7	17.7
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	111	70.9	16.4	6.4	18.6
Information and record clerks, all other	127	71.6	17.7	7.5	13.4
Cargo and freight agents	21	–	–	–	–
Couriers and messengers	235	72.8	20.4	4.0	18.6
Dispatchers	277	82.6	13.4	2.3	12.8
Meter readers, utilities	41	–	–	–	–
Postal service clerks	130	56.2	33.5	8.7	6.3
Postal service mail carriers	320	70.4	20.3	6.8	13.1
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	64	59.8	29.9	8.1	9.4
Production, planning, and expediting clerks	286	81.5	10.3	4.6	12.0
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks	575	78.4	14.7	3.5	27.0
Stock clerks and order fillers	1,529	73.2	18.2	4.5	20.2
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	72	75.5	13.1	6.6	23.7
Secretaries and administrative assistants	2,870	83.3	10.4	3.5	11.9
Computer operators	69	80.7	13.5	5.3	13.7
Data entry keyers	281	75.1	13.8	7.7	15.1
Word processors and typists	103	74.5	15.0	5.0	9.9
Desktop publishers	1	–	–	–	–
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	287	75.2	17.7	5.0	7.7
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	81	58.4	25.1	10.9	18.4
Office clerks, general	1,288	76.0	13.4	6.7	18.6
Office machine operators, except computer	37	–	–	–	–
Proofreaders and copy markers	8	–	–	–	–
Statistical assistants	17	–	–	–	–
Office and administrative support workers, all other	477	79.9	12.9	3.9	13.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,733	87.3	7.3	1.9	29.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,073	89.3	5.1	1.3	45.7
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers	54	89.4	1.4	–	41.6
Agricultural inspectors	18	–	–	–	–
Animal breeders	8	–	–	–	–
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	97	73.8	18.6	3.8	54.3
Miscellaneous agricultural workers	789	91.4	3.5	1.1	50.7
Fishers and related fishing workers	39	–	–	–	–
Hunters and trappers	-	–	–	–	–
Forest and conservation workers	18	–	–	–	–
Logging workers	51	88.2	10.4	–	11.0
Construction and extraction occupations	7,652	88.2	6.9	1.3	33.3
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	712	89.3	6.2	1.2	16.7
Boilermakers	20	–	–	–	–
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons	172	92.5	5.3	–	43.3
Carpenters	1,281	90.3	5.4	1.2	32.8
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers	156	86.2	6.2	2.1	47.1
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers	54	81.7	12.1	–	49.2
Construction laborers	1,649	85.8	8.1	1.9	45.5
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	12	–	–	–	–
Pile-driver operators	2	–	–	–	–
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	357	88.1	7.5	0.1	21.1
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers	151	90.2	5.5	0.2	61.8
Electricians	773	86.6	8.8	1.9	19.3
Glaziers	47	–	–	–	–
Insulation workers	49	–	–	–	–
Painters, construction and maintenance	572	90.0	5.6	1.8	49.3
Paperhangers	1	–	–	–	–
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	573	89.5	6.8	1.1	25.0
Plasterers and stucco masons	28	–	–	–	–
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	10	–	–	–	–
Roofers	221	85.9	6.0	1.4	51.2
Sheet metal workers	122	94.1	2.4	0.7	15.7
Structural iron and steel workers	58	90.8	6.4	2.8	19.8
Solar photovoltaic installers	11	–	–	–	–
Helpers, construction trades	52	83.5	7.0	2.8	44.7
Construction and building inspectors	90	83.4	9.5	1.0	8.2
Elevator installers and repairers	30	–	–	–	–
Fence erectors	34	–	–	–	–
Hazardous materials removal workers	42	–	–	–	–
Highway maintenance workers	103	81.5	13.4	0.9	16.5
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	11	–	–	–	–
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	12	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous construction and related workers	32	–	–	–	–
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	34	–	–	–	–
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	29	–	–	–	–
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	9	–	–	–	–
Mining machine operators	67	91.8	4.1	–	16.3
Roof bolters, mining	2	–	–	–	–
Roustabouts, oil and gas	9	–	–	–	–
Helpers--extraction workers	4	–	–	–	–
Other extraction workers	64	94.6	3.1	0.5	26.8
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	5,008	85.4	8.3	3.1	18.9
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	262	85.3	8.5	3.3	11.4
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	241	71.1	18.4	8.2	9.8
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers	158	76.1	11.7	8.2	11.8
Avionics technicians	5	–	–	–	–
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers	23	–	–	–	–
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	1	–	–	–	–
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility	20	–	–	–	–
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	18	–	–	–	–
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers	38	–	–	–	–
Security and fire alarm systems installers	74	86.9	6.0	1.0	23.1
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians	140	85.2	8.3	3.1	13.6
Automotive body and related repairers	154	88.5	5.4	0.6	22.9
Automotive glass installers and repairers	22	–	–	–	–
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	924	84.9	8.2	4.0	25.7
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	345	87.3	7.5	2.6	15.8
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics	233	90.6	4.8	1.5	14.3
Small engine mechanics	54	95.0	–	1.3	10.4
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers	81	87.2	4.5	1.0	24.4
Control and valve installers and repairers	29	–	–	–	–
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	408	87.8	7.6	2.2	21.6
Home appliance repairers	53	83.0	3.7	6.0	26.8
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics	425	89.1	6.6	1.5	13.6
Maintenance and repair workers, general	527	82.3	11.2	2.4	21.9
Maintenance workers, machinery	29	–	–	–	–
Millwrights	57	91.7	5.6	0.5	8.4
Electrical power-line installers and repairers	119	91.7	5.2	1.7	11.1
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	177	80.8	12.9	3.1	19.7
Precision instrument and equipment repairers	66	88.2	6.3	3.3	10.5
Wind turbine service technicians	4	–	–	–	–
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	48	–	–	–	–
Commercial divers	1	–	–	–	–
Locksmiths and safe repairers	21	–	–	–	–
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	5	–	–	–	–
Riggers	10	–	–	–	–
Signal and track switch repairers	8	–	–	–	–
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers	28	–	–	–	–
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers	200	90.0	5.1	2.1	25.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17,647	76.5	15.3	4.7	22.3
Production occupations	8,522	77.8	12.5	6.2	22.3
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers	817	84.7	8.0	4.6	16.3
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	14	–	–	–	–
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers	133	57.1	16.9	22.0	22.5
Engine and other machine assemblers	11	–	–	–	–
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	32	–	–	–	–
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	1,026	72.0	16.1	6.9	22.2
Bakers	231	71.4	15.4	9.6	23.5
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers	302	66.2	22.4	8.0	35.4
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders	14	–	–	–	–
Food batchmakers	101	78.4	14.1	7.0	29.6
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	13	–	–	–	–
Food processing workers, all other	135	71.9	16.6	7.6	35.1
Computer control programmers and operators	88	84.4	8.4	3.7	9.8
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	9	–	–	–	–
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	8	–	–	–	–
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	15	–	–	–	–
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	82	73.6	20.1	1.4	14.5
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	–	–	–	–
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51	87.3	11.5	0.2	29.0
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	11	–	–	–	–
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	-	–	–	–	–
Machinists	363	88.0	3.1	6.1	13.8
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters	30	–	–	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic	5	–	–	–	–
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	46	–	–	–	–
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	1	–	–	–	–
Tool and die makers	47	–	–	–	–
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers	615	85.8	7.1	3.3	23.1
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	5	–	–	–	–
Layout workers, metal and plastic	5	–	–	–	–
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	23	–	–	–	–
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	6	–	–	–	–
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	376	73.6	17.6	6.3	22.6
Prepress technicians and workers	22	–	–	–	–
Printing press operators	180	85.7	9.0	3.6	22.7
Print binding and finishing workers	20	–	–	–	–
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers	192	65.6	17.7	10.8	31.8
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	34	–	–	–	–
Sewing machine operators	196	75.5	9.7	12.4	41.8
Shoe and leather workers and repairers	7	–	–	–	–
Shoe machine operators and tenders	2	–	–	–	–
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers	83	77.6	5.3	17.1	22.2
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders	3	–	–	–	–
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	9	–	–	–	–
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	9	–	–	–	–
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders	9	–	–	–	–
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers	-	–	–	–	–
Fabric and apparel patternmakers	4	–	–	–	–
Upholsterers	40	–	–	–	–
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other	16	–	–	–	–
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters	60	92.1	4.3	1.2	20.5
Furniture finishers	15	–	–	–	–
Model makers and patternmakers, wood	1	–	–	–	–
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood	29	–	–	–	–
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	24	–	–	–	–
Woodworkers, all other	31	–	–	–	–
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers	33	–	–	–	–
Stationary engineers and boiler operators	81	82.5	9.4	5.2	10.2
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	89	86.2	7.1	1.5	6.5
Miscellaneous plant and system operators	36	–	–	–	–
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders	63	88.4	4.3	0.4	10.6
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers	86	83.8	10.5	3.1	37.2
Cutting workers	64	78.7	13.4	2.6	24.2
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	28	–	–	–	–
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders	7	–	–	–	–
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	752	77.2	12.5	6.9	17.7
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers	44	–	–	–	–
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians	110	75.3	7.8	13.4	19.1
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	250	67.7	20.4	7.5	36.7
Painting workers	151	76.9	14.2	5.2	23.0
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	33	–	–	–	–
Semiconductor processors	1	–	–	–	–
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders	11	–	–	–	–
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders	4	–	–	–	–
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders	4	–	–	–	–
Etchers and engravers	19	–	–	–	–
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	27	–	–	–	–
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders	30	–	–	–	–
Tire builders	10	–	–	–	–
Helpers--production workers	40	–	–	–	–
Production workers, all other	944	76.8	14.4	4.9	24.9
Transportation and material moving occupations	9,125	75.2	17.8	3.4	22.4
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers	205	81.0	15.0	1.6	20.6
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers	140	94.8	2.6	0.7	5.7
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists	30	–	–	–	–
Flight attendants	86	82.3	12.0	4.5	9.8
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	19	–	–	–	–
Bus drivers	550	65.8	28.0	2.7	14.3
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers	3,469	79.0	15.1	2.7	21.5
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs	446	55.1	27.0	15.1	17.0
Motor vehicle operators, all other	51	77.4	14.2	5.5	21.5
Locomotive engineers and operators	50	70.8	21.3	1.4	8.2
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators	6	–	–	–	–
Railroad conductors and yardmasters	52	77.7	18.6	1.7	2.1
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers	15	–	–	–	–
Sailors and marine oilers	11	–	–	–	–
Ship and boat captains and operators	35	–	–	–	–
Ship engineers	6	–	–	–	–
Bridge and lock tenders	5	–	–	–	–
Parking lot attendants	91	57.5	32.1	5.3	26.5
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	99	84.6	8.2	3.8	12.7
Transportation inspectors	29	–	–	–	–
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants	22	–	–	–	–
Other transportation workers	43	–	–	–	–
Conveyor operators and tenders	7	–	–	–	–
Crane and tower operators	76	89.4	9.1	0.2	10.3
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators	35	–	–	–	–
Hoist and winch operators	6	–	–	–	–
Industrial truck and tractor operators	589	71.9	21.6	2.3	25.9
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	338	81.6	12.3	1.4	39.4
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	1,908	73.5	19.0	2.9	24.1
Machine feeders and offbearers	33	–	–	–	–
Packers and packagers, hand	505	72.3	19.0	5.6	37.5
Pumping station operators	23	–	–	–	–
Refuse and recyclable material collectors	97	73.8	19.1	2.1	30.8
Mine shuttle car operators	1	–	–	–	–
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders	5	–	–	–	–
Material moving workers, all other	43	–	–	–	–
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Industry and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)	148,834	117,944	17,472	8,706	24,400
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	1.6	1.9	0.4	0.2	2.4
Mining	0.6	0.7	0.3	0.3	0.6
Construction	6.7	7.5	3.4	2.0	11.6
Manufacturing	10.3	10.5	8.6	11.6	10.2
Durable goods	6.5	6.7	4.8	7.7	5.6
Nondurable goods	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.9	4.6
Wholesale and retail trade	13.7	13.7	13.2	13.2	14.0
Wholesale trade	2.4	2.6	1.7	2.2	2.5
Retail trade	11.2	11.1	11.5	11.0	11.5
Transportation and utilities	5.2	4.9	7.9	4.1	5.6
Information	2.0	2.0	1.9	2.7	1.4
Financial activities	6.8	6.9	5.7	7.4	4.9
Professional and business services	11.7	11.8	9.5	15.9	11.6
Education and health services	22.6	21.8	28.4	22.8	16.0
Leisure and hospitality	9.3	8.9	10.0	10.4	12.8
Other services	4.9	4.9	4.2	5.9	5.6
Other services, except private households	4.3	4.4	3.8	5.5	4.4
Other services, private households	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.4	1.3
Public administration	4.7	4.4	6.7	3.4	3.3
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)	79,131	63,892	8,164	4,620	14,111
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	2.3	2.7	0.7	0.3	3.2
Mining	1.0	1.1	0.4	0.4	1.0
Construction	11.4	12.5	6.6	3.3	19.0
Manufacturing	13.8	14.1	12.0	13.5	12.2
Durable goods	9.3	9.6	7.1	9.7	7.4
Nondurable goods	4.5	4.5	5.0	3.8	4.8
Wholesale and retail trade	14.2	14.2	14.7	14.0	13.4
Wholesale trade	3.2	3.4	2.6	2.6	3.0
Retail trade	10.9	10.7	12.1	11.3	10.4
Transportation and utilities	7.6	7.0	12.3	6.4	7.6
Information	2.3	2.2	2.2	3.2	1.6
Financial activities	6.0	6.1	4.8	7.0	3.9
Professional and business services	13.0	12.8	11.2	19.0	11.9
Education and health services	10.8	10.2	13.7	15.1	6.7
Leisure and hospitality	8.5	8.0	10.2	10.2	11.6
Other services	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.4	5.0
Other services, except private households	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.3	4.8
Other services, private households	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Public administration	4.8	4.6	6.5	3.2	2.9
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)	69,703	54,052	9,308	4,086	10,289
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	0.9	1.0	0.1	0.1	1.2
Mining	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Construction	1.3	1.5	0.6	0.6	1.4
Manufacturing	6.4	6.4	5.5	9.5	7.5
Durable goods	3.4	3.4	2.8	5.5	3.2
Nondurable goods	3.0	3.0	2.7	4.0	4.2
Wholesale and retail trade	13.1	13.2	11.9	12.4	14.8
Wholesale trade	1.5	1.6	0.9	1.7	1.9
Retail trade	11.5	11.6	11.0	10.7	12.9
Transportation and utilities	2.5	2.3	4.0	1.5	2.8
Information	1.7	1.6	1.7	2.1	1.1
Financial activities	7.7	7.9	6.4	7.9	6.2
Professional and business services	10.3	10.6	7.9	12.3	11.2
Education and health services	36.0	35.7	41.3	31.5	28.9
Leisure and hospitality	10.1	10.0	9.7	10.7	14.4
Other services	5.4	5.5	3.9	7.6	6.5
Other services, except private households	4.3	4.4	3.2	6.9	3.8
Other services, private households	1.1	1.1	0.7	0.7	2.8
Public administration	4.5	4.1	6.8	3.7	3.9
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total families	81,410	64,663	9,854	4,538	12,602
With at least one family member employed	65,360	51,769	7,652	4,020	10,883
As a percent of total families	80.3	80.1	77.7	88.6	86.4
With at least one family member unemployed	5,615	3,908	1,184	260	1,220
As a percent of total families	6.9	6.0	12.0	5.7	9.7
Some family member(s) employed	3,831	2,784	666	213	864
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	68.2	71.2	56.3	82.1	70.8
Some family member(s) employed full time	3,302	2,408	558	191	740
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	58.8	61.6	47.2	73.6	60.7
Married-couple families	59,217	49,801	4,373	3,682	7,792
With at least one family member employed	48,205	40,119	3,630	3,285	6,954
As a percent of total families	81.4	80.6	83.0	89.2	89.2
With at least one family member unemployed	3,292	2,571	395	196	698
As a percent of total families	5.6	5.2	9.0	5.3	9.0
Some family member(s) employed	2,653	2,073	315	168	565
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	80.6	80.6	79.8	85.4	81.0
Some family member(s) employed full time	2,366	1,848	281	152	503
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	71.9	71.9	71.0	77.2	72.1
Families maintained by women	15,693	10,177	4,311	528	3,287
With at least one family member employed	11,765	7,701	3,126	441	2,567
As a percent of total families	75.0	75.7	72.5	83.7	78.1
With at least one family member unemployed	1,666	917	625	35	360
As a percent of total families	10.6	9.0	14.5	6.7	11.0
Some family member(s) employed	804	469	265	23	198
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	48.2	51.1	42.4	64.2	55.0
Some family member(s) employed full time	619	353	209	20	149
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	37.2	38.5	33.4	56.4	41.2
Families maintained by men	6,499	4,684	1,170	328	1,524
With at least one family member employed	5,389	3,948	896	294	1,363
As a percent of total families	82.9	84.3	76.6	89.7	89.5
With at least one family member unemployed	657	421	163	28	161
As a percent of total families	10.1	9.0	14.0	8.5	10.6
Some family member(s) employed	375	242	86	23	101
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	57.0	57.6	52.5	81.7	62.3
Some family member(s) employed full time	317	208	69	20	88
As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed	48.2	49.4	42.2	69.8	54.5
Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2015 annual averages (Percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
With no children under 18 years
1994	60.2	67.1	53.6	60.6	67.7	53.8	57.2	62.0	52.4	–	–	–	62.3	71.5	51.5
1995	60.2	67.0	53.5	60.5	67.6	53.6	57.5	62.3	52.7	–	–	–	61.2	70.9	50.2
1996	60.1	66.8	53.5	60.5	67.6	53.6	56.9	61.5	52.3	–	–	–	61.6	71.3	50.5
1997	60.4	67.0	53.8	60.8	67.8	53.8	57.3	61.2	53.5	–	–	–	62.6	72.1	51.4
1998	60.3	67.0	53.9	60.6	67.6	53.8	58.0	62.0	54.2	–	–	–	62.8	72.1	51.7
1999	60.4	66.8	54.1	60.7	67.5	53.9	58.3	62.1	54.6	–	–	–	62.5	71.6	52.2
2000	60.6	67.0	54.3	60.9	67.7	54.3	58.4	62.5	54.5	–	–	–	63.7	73.2	52.6
2001	60.4	66.7	54.3	60.8	67.4	54.3	57.9	61.7	54.4	–	–	–	63.0	72.4	52.6
2002	60.0	66.2	53.9	60.4	66.8	54.0	56.8	61.0	52.7	61.2	67.8	55.0	63.9	72.7	53.2
2003	59.7	65.4	54.1	60.1	66.1	54.1	56.5	60.0	53.2	59.7	66.4	53.7	62.8	72.1	51.5
2004	59.6	65.3	54.0	60.0	66.1	54.0	56.4	59.5	53.5	59.1	65.0	53.5	63.5	72.6	52.5
2005	59.8	65.5	54.2	60.1	66.2	54.1	57.3	60.8	53.9	59.9	66.0	54.3	63.0	72.1	51.9
2006	60.0	65.8	54.2	60.4	66.5	54.2	57.1	60.5	53.9	60.0	66.2	54.1	63.7	73.0	52.2
2007	59.8	65.6	54.0	60.3	66.4	54.1	56.5	60.1	53.0	60.2	66.6	54.0	63.7	72.8	52.4
2008	59.9	65.6	54.3	60.3	66.3	54.3	56.9	60.4	53.6	60.3	66.6	54.4	63.5	72.7	52.1
2009	59.3	64.6	54.0	59.9	65.4	54.3	55.9	59.3	52.7	59.0	65.3	53.1	62.6	70.7	52.8
2010	58.7	63.8	53.6	59.1	64.5	53.7	56.0	59.1	52.9	58.1	64.3	52.4	62.0	69.8	52.3
2011	58.1	63.1	53.0	58.6	63.8	53.2	55.1	58.4	51.8	58.0	63.9	52.6	60.8	68.3	51.6
2012	57.7	62.9	52.6	58.1	63.7	52.4	55.2	57.6	52.8	58.1	63.2	53.4	60.7	68.1	52.0
2013	57.2	62.3	52.1	57.4	62.9	52.0	54.5	57.1	52.0	58.8	64.5	53.6	60.6	68.2	51.9
2014	56.7	61.7	51.7	56.9	62.2	51.6	54.8	57.5	52.1	57.0	63.0	51.7	60.5	68.0	51.8
2015	56.5	61.6	51.5	56.7	62.1	51.2	55.3	58.0	52.7	56.5	61.7	51.7	60.4	68.1	51.9
With children under 18 years
1994	79.8	94.1	69.0	80.9	94.8	69.5	74.9	89.5	68.4	–	–	–	70.2	92.1	54.7
1995	80.3	94.1	69.8	81.3	94.9	70.3	76.3	89.6	70.3	–	–	–	71.0	92.2	55.6
1996	81.1	94.5	70.8	81.8	95.3	70.7	78.5	89.7	73.3	–	–	–	72.3	93.7	56.7
1997	81.8	94.6	71.9	82.4	95.4	71.7	79.6	89.6	75.0	–	–	–	74.0	93.4	59.6
1998	81.8	94.6	71.8	82.2	95.3	71.3	81.0	90.4	76.7	–	–	–	74.2	92.9	60.2
1999	82.0	94.6	72.2	82.3	95.4	71.5	82.0	89.3	78.5	–	–	–	74.6	93.8	60.3
2000	82.1	94.7	72.3	82.3	95.3	71.6	82.2	90.3	78.2	–	–	–	75.7	93.8	62.0
2001	81.9	94.6	72.1	82.2	95.3	71.5	81.8	89.7	77.9	–	–	–	75.7	93.6	62.0
2002	81.6	94.3	71.8	81.9	94.8	71.1	81.9	90.3	77.7	78.3	93.2	66.6	75.8	93.2	62.7
2003	81.2	94.1	71.1	81.4	94.7	70.3	81.5	89.7	77.5	78.9	93.5	67.0	75.1	93.4	61.2
2004	80.7	94.1	70.4	81.1	94.8	69.8	80.5	88.4	76.5	77.9	93.8	64.9	74.9	93.9	60.4
2005	80.7	94.1	70.5	81.1	94.8	69.8	80.4	88.7	76.3	77.9	93.1	65.6	74.5	94.2	59.6
2006	81.0	94.1	70.9	81.4	94.9	70.2	80.5	88.1	76.9	78.3	93.2	66.3	75.3	94.2	60.9
2007	81.4	94.3	71.0	81.7	95.0	70.3	81.2	89.6	76.6	78.9	93.1	67.1	76.5	94.8	61.4
2008	81.5	94.1	71.4	81.8	94.8	70.8	81.1	89.7	76.7	80.0	93.0	68.8	76.4	94.4	61.4
2009	81.3	93.8	71.4	81.8	94.5	70.9	80.2	87.7	76.3	80.1	94.1	68.0	76.5	94.2	61.5
2010	80.9	93.7	70.8	81.4	94.5	70.5	79.7	89.0	74.9	78.2	92.2	66.2	76.6	93.9	62.1
2011	80.6	93.5	70.6	81.1	94.3	70.2	79.6	87.9	75.3	78.3	93.0	65.4	76.1	93.5	61.8
2012	80.5	93.3	70.5	81.0	94.0	70.3	80.0	88.9	75.4	76.7	93.0	63.2	76.4	93.7	63.2
2013	80.0	92.8	69.9	80.6	93.6	69.6	80.0	87.9	75.6	77.0	92.7	64.2	75.3	92.9	61.2
2014	80.1	92.8	70.1	80.6	93.5	69.8	79.9	87.9	75.4	77.4	93.3	64.3	75.8	93.1	62.0
2015	80.0	92.7	69.9	80.4	93.5	69.4	80.4	87.3	76.6	76.2	92.9	62.4	75.7	93.4	61.4
With children 6 to 17 years, none younger
1994	83.5	93.1	76.1	84.3	93.9	76.5	79.6	88.0	75.5	–	–	–	74.9	89.7	64.5
1995	83.7	93.0	76.6	84.6	93.7	77.2	80.1	88.1	76.4	–	–	–	75.4	89.7	65.5
1996	84.5	93.5	77.5	85.3	94.4	77.7	81.3	87.9	78.1	–	–	–	77.3	92.3	66.7
1997	84.7	93.6	77.9	85.4	94.4	78.0	81.8	88.1	78.7	–	–	–	77.6	91.2	68.2
1998	84.5	93.5	77.6	84.9	94.2	77.3	83.1	88.2	80.6	–	–	–	77.5	90.6	68.1
1999	84.8	93.4	78.2	85.4	94.4	78.1	83.2	86.7	81.4	–	–	–	78.6	91.2	69.5
2000	85.1	93.5	78.7	85.7	94.3	78.6	83.3	87.8	81.0	–	–	–	79.3	91.5	70.5
2001	85.0	93.6	78.3	85.5	94.5	78.1	83.3	87.5	81.1	–	–	–	79.6	91.7	70.9
2002	84.8	93.3	78.2	85.1	94.0	77.8	84.3	89.2	81.8	82.6	91.6	75.7	79.0	91.1	70.2
2003	84.5	93.1	77.8	84.7	93.7	77.3	84.0	88.0	82.1	82.9	93.5	74.3	78.8	91.5	69.4
2004	84.1	93.1	77.3	84.5	93.9	76.9	82.7	86.3	80.9	82.6	93.8	73.4	79.6	92.8	70.2
2005	83.7	93.0	76.5	84.1	93.8	76.3	82.4	86.9	80.2	80.7	92.3	71.2	78.8	92.9	68.7
2006	83.8	93.1	76.7	84.3	94.0	76.3	82.4	85.7	80.8	80.8	91.8	72.0	79.1	92.6	69.4
2007	84.3	93.2	77.2	84.6	94.0	76.7	83.7	87.7	81.5	81.8	91.7	73.6	80.5	93.1	70.4
2008	84.3	93.1	77.3	84.7	93.9	77.0	83.1	87.8	80.6	82.7	91.8	74.9	80.4	93.2	70.0
2009	84.2	92.7	77.3	84.7	93.7	77.0	82.2	85.7	80.3	82.7	92.9	74.0	80.7	93.6	69.9
2010	83.7	92.8	76.5	84.2	93.6	76.3	81.9	87.1	79.2	81.8	92.2	73.1	80.1	92.6	69.9
2011	83.3	92.6	76.1	83.9	93.5	76.0	81.5	86.5	78.8	80.8	92.2	71.2	79.2	91.9	69.0
2012	82.7	92.3	75.1	83.2	93.0	75.1	81.9	87.3	79.1	78.4	91.6	67.7	79.4	92.7	69.1
2013	82.3	91.9	74.7	83.0	92.8	74.8	81.4	86.4	78.6	78.8	91.7	68.4	78.1	91.8	67.5
2014	82.2	91.6	74.7	82.7	92.4	74.6	81.7	86.5	79.0	80.1	92.6	70.1	78.4	91.9	68.2
2015	82.1	91.8	74.4	82.5	92.5	74.2	81.4	85.5	79.1	79.0	92.0	68.4	78.3	92.3	67.3
With children under 6 years
1994	75.8	95.2	61.2	77.1	95.9	61.6	70.0	91.3	61.2	–	–	–	66.6	94.0	47.0
1995	76.6	95.5	62.3	77.7	96.1	62.6	72.0	91.4	63.9	–	–	–	67.6	94.1	47.7
1996	77.2	95.6	63.2	77.9	96.3	62.7	75.4	91.9	68.2	–	–	–	68.5	94.8	48.7
1997	78.3	95.8	64.8	78.8	96.5	64.1	77.1	91.3	70.8	–	–	–	70.9	95.1	52.3
1998	78.6	96.1	64.9	78.9	96.6	64.1	78.5	93.0	72.0	–	–	–	71.3	94.9	53.0
1999	78.5	96.1	64.8	78.5	96.7	63.4	80.6	92.5	74.9	–	–	–	71.2	95.9	52.1
2000	78.4	96.1	64.6	78.2	96.5	63.0	80.9	93.3	74.9	–	–	–	72.5	95.7	54.5
2001	78.1	95.8	64.3	78.1	96.2	63.0	80.0	92.5	73.9	–	–	–	72.2	95.2	53.8
2002	77.7	95.5	63.7	77.9	95.9	62.7	78.9	91.8	72.5	73.5	94.8	56.3	73.1	94.8	56.1
2003	77.2	95.4	62.8	77.3	96.0	61.5	78.2	92.1	71.8	74.2	93.4	58.5	71.9	94.9	53.4
2004	76.5	95.4	61.8	76.8	96.0	60.7	77.6	91.1	70.8	73.1	93.8	56.0	70.6	94.8	51.2
2005	77.0	95.4	62.8	77.2	96.1	61.6	77.8	91.2	71.4	74.9	94.0	59.3	70.6	95.4	50.9
2006	77.5	95.4	63.5	77.7	95.9	62.5	78.0	91.1	71.8	75.6	94.8	59.9	71.7	95.6	52.7
2007	77.8	95.7	63.3	77.9	96.2	62.3	77.9	92.3	70.4	75.8	94.8	59.9	72.9	96.1	53.0
2008	77.9	95.4	64.0	78.0	95.9	62.9	78.6	92.4	71.7	77.1	94.3	61.9	72.7	95.5	53.0
2009	77.8	95.1	64.2	78.1	95.6	63.3	77.7	90.4	71.4	77.3	95.4	61.4	72.4	94.9	53.1
2010	77.5	94.7	63.9	78.0	95.5	63.4	77.1	91.3	69.8	74.3	92.2	58.3	73.2	95.2	54.6
2011	77.4	94.5	63.9	77.7	95.2	63.0	77.4	89.7	71.1	75.4	93.8	58.4	73.2	95.0	54.7
2012	77.7	94.6	64.8	78.2	95.1	64.3	77.6	91.0	71.0	74.7	94.5	57.8	73.3	94.6	57.0
2013	77.2	93.9	63.9	77.5	94.7	62.9	78.5	89.8	72.1	74.9	93.8	59.3	72.3	94.0	54.5
2014	77.5	94.2	64.2	78.0	94.9	63.7	77.6	89.6	71.0	74.3	94.0	57.4	73.1	94.4	55.2
2015	77.4	93.9	64.2	77.7	94.7	63.3	79.2	89.5	73.4	72.8	94.1	55.0	72.9	94.5	54.7
With children under 3 years
1994	74.0	95.3	57.7	75.6	96.0	58.6	66.0	91.5	55.6	–	–	–	64.4	94.1	42.2
1995	74.8	95.5	58.9	76.0	96.2	59.2	68.9	90.9	60.0	–	–	–	65.7	94.1	43.7
1996	75.4	95.8	59.4	76.2	96.5	59.2	72.1	92.2	63.1	–	–	–	66.2	94.6	44.7
1997	76.6	95.9	61.4	77.5	96.5	61.4	73.6	92.1	65.1	–	–	–	68.6	94.6	48.0
1998	77.2	96.2	61.9	77.7	96.7	61.5	75.8	93.2	67.5	–	–	–	69.5	95.0	48.9
1999	77.0	96.4	61.5	77.0	97.0	60.1	78.7	92.4	72.0	–	–	–	68.8	96.2	47.4
2000	76.3	96.4	60.4	76.3	96.7	59.0	77.6	93.6	69.8	–	–	–	70.4	96.2	50.0
2001	76.0	95.9	60.2	76.1	96.4	58.9	77.3	92.6	69.7	–	–	–	69.7	95.3	48.7
2002	76.1	95.8	60.2	76.3	96.2	59.2	76.9	93.2	68.6	72.1	95.4	53.5	70.3	95.1	50.3
2003	75.2	95.7	58.9	75.6	96.2	57.8	74.7	91.4	67.0	73.0	94.5	55.1	69.5	95.2	47.9
2004	74.4	95.7	57.5	74.9	96.3	56.8	74.7	91.0	66.4	70.2	93.8	50.4	68.2	95.2	46.0
2005	74.8	95.5	58.4	75.1	96.4	57.2	74.7	90.6	67.0	72.4	92.9	55.8	67.7	96.0	45.0
2006	75.8	95.5	60.2	76.2	96.2	59.3	75.0	90.6	67.2	73.4	94.2	56.8	69.5	95.9	48.6
2007	75.6	95.9	59.2	76.0	96.4	58.3	74.8	92.8	65.7	73.6	94.2	56.2	69.9	96.0	47.6
2008	76.1	95.7	60.4	76.4	96.2	59.4	75.0	92.4	66.7	75.9	94.4	59.5	70.3	95.9	47.9
2009	76.1	95.0	61.1	76.6	95.5	60.5	74.5	90.2	66.6	76.1	95.9	58.2	70.0	94.4	49.1
2010	75.7	94.7	60.7	76.4	95.7	60.3	74.2	91.0	65.6	72.2	91.2	55.3	71.3	95.3	50.8
2011	75.7	94.7	60.6	76.1	95.3	60.0	75.0	89.2	67.5	73.8	95.3	54.1	71.3	95.5	50.1
2012	76.0	95.0	61.4	76.6	95.5	61.2	75.5	92.2	67.0	72.4	94.3	53.7	71.2	95.5	52.4
2013	75.8	94.0	61.1	76.2	94.9	60.3	76.6	89.9	68.8	72.5	92.6	55.5	70.3	94.3	50.4
2014	76.0	94.4	61.0	76.6	95.0	60.8	75.9	90.2	67.6	72.6	94.5	53.4	70.8	95.1	50.6
2015	76.1	93.9	61.4	76.4	94.7	60.6	77.5	89.7	70.3	70.8	92.8	52.0	70.9	94.4	50.6
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2015 annual averages (Percent)
Year	Total			White			Black or African American			Asian			Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
1972	5.6	5.0	6.6	5.1	4.5	5.9	10.4	9.3	11.8	–	–	–	–	–	–
1973	4.9	4.2	6.0	4.3	3.8	5.3	9.4	8.0	11.1	–	–	–	7.5	6.7	9.0
1974	5.6	4.9	6.7	5.0	4.4	6.1	10.5	9.8	11.3	–	–	–	8.1	7.3	9.4
1975	8.5	7.9	9.3	7.8	7.2	8.6	14.8	14.8	14.8	–	–	–	12.2	11.4	13.5
1976	7.7	7.1	8.6	7.0	6.4	7.9	14.0	13.7	14.3	–	–	–	11.5	10.8	12.7
1977	7.1	6.3	8.2	6.2	5.5	7.3	14.0	13.3	14.9	–	–	–	10.1	9.0	11.9
1978	6.1	5.3	7.2	5.2	4.6	6.2	12.8	11.8	13.8	–	–	–	9.1	7.7	11.3
1979	5.8	5.1	6.8	5.1	4.5	5.9	12.3	11.4	13.3	–	–	–	8.3	7.0	10.3
1980	7.1	6.9	7.4	6.3	6.1	6.5	14.3	14.5	14.0	–	–	–	10.1	9.7	10.7
1981	7.6	7.4	7.9	6.7	6.5	6.9	15.6	15.7	15.6	–	–	–	10.4	10.2	10.8
1982	9.7	9.9	9.4	8.6	8.8	8.3	18.9	20.1	17.6	–	–	–	13.8	13.6	14.1
1983	9.6	9.9	9.2	8.4	8.8	7.9	19.5	20.3	18.6	–	–	–	13.7	13.6	13.8
1984	7.5	7.4	7.6	6.5	6.4	6.5	15.9	16.4	15.4	–	–	–	10.7	10.5	11.1
1985	7.2	7.0	7.4	6.2	6.1	6.4	15.1	15.3	14.9	–	–	–	10.5	10.2	11.0
1986	7.0	6.9	7.1	6.0	6.0	6.1	14.5	14.8	14.2	–	–	–	10.6	10.5	10.8
1987	6.2	6.2	6.2	5.3	5.4	5.2	13.0	12.7	13.2	–	–	–	8.8	8.7	8.9
1988	5.5	5.5	5.6	4.7	4.7	4.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	–	–	–	8.2	8.1	8.3
1989	5.3	5.2	5.4	4.5	4.5	4.5	11.4	11.5	11.4	–	–	–	8.0	7.6	8.8
1990	5.6	5.7	5.5	4.8	4.9	4.7	11.4	11.9	10.9	–	–	–	8.2	8.0	8.4
1991	6.8	7.2	6.4	6.1	6.5	5.6	12.5	13.0	12.0	–	–	–	10.0	10.3	9.6
1992	7.5	7.9	7.0	6.6	7.0	6.1	14.2	15.2	13.2	–	–	–	11.6	11.7	11.4
1993	6.9	7.2	6.6	6.1	6.3	5.7	13.0	13.8	12.1	–	–	–	10.8	10.6	11.0
1994	6.1	6.2	6.0	5.3	5.4	5.2	11.5	12.0	11.0	–	–	–	9.9	9.4	10.7
1995	5.6	5.6	5.6	4.9	4.9	4.8	10.4	10.6	10.2	–	–	–	9.3	8.8	10.0
1996	5.4	5.4	5.4	4.7	4.7	4.7	10.5	11.1	10.0	–	–	–	8.9	7.9	10.2
1997	4.9	4.9	5.0	4.2	4.2	4.2	10.0	10.2	9.9	–	–	–	7.7	7.0	8.9
1998	4.5	4.4	4.6	3.9	3.9	3.9	8.9	8.9	9.0	–	–	–	7.2	6.4	8.2
1999	4.2	4.1	4.3	3.7	3.6	3.8	8.0	8.2	7.8	–	–	–	6.4	5.6	7.6
2000	4.0	3.9	4.1	3.5	3.4	3.6	7.6	8.0	7.1	3.6	3.6	3.6	5.7	5.0	6.8
2001	4.7	4.8	4.7	4.2	4.2	4.1	8.6	9.3	8.1	4.5	4.5	4.4	6.6	5.9	7.5
2002	5.8	5.9	5.6	5.1	5.3	4.9	10.2	10.7	9.8	5.9	6.1	5.7	7.5	7.2	8.0
2003	6.0	6.3	5.7	5.2	5.6	4.8	10.8	11.6	10.2	6.0	6.2	5.7	7.7	7.2	8.4
2004	5.5	5.6	5.4	4.8	5.0	4.7	10.4	11.1	9.8	4.4	4.5	4.3	7.0	6.5	7.6
2005	5.1	5.1	5.1	4.4	4.4	4.4	10.0	10.5	9.5	4.0	4.0	3.9	6.0	5.4	6.9
2006	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.0	4.0	4.0	8.9	9.5	8.4	3.0	3.0	3.1	5.2	4.8	5.9
2007	4.6	4.7	4.5	4.1	4.2	4.0	8.3	9.1	7.5	3.2	3.1	3.4	5.6	5.3	6.1
2008	5.8	6.1	5.4	5.2	5.5	4.9	10.1	11.4	8.9	4.0	4.1	3.7	7.6	7.6	7.7
2009	9.3	10.3	8.1	8.5	9.4	7.3	14.8	17.5	12.4	7.3	7.9	6.6	12.1	12.5	11.5
2010	9.6	10.5	8.6	8.7	9.6	7.7	16.0	18.4	13.8	7.5	7.8	7.1	12.5	12.7	12.3
2011	8.9	9.4	8.5	7.9	8.3	7.5	15.8	17.8	14.1	7.0	6.8	7.3	11.5	11.2	11.8
2012	8.1	8.2	7.9	7.2	7.4	7.0	13.8	15.0	12.8	5.9	5.8	6.1	10.3	9.9	10.9
2013	7.4	7.6	7.1	6.5	6.8	6.2	13.1	14.2	12.1	5.2	5.6	4.8	9.1	8.8	9.5
2014	6.2	6.3	6.1	5.3	5.4	5.2	11.3	12.2	10.5	5.0	5.3	4.6	7.4	6.8	8.2
2015	5.3	5.4	5.2	4.6	4.7	4.5	9.6	10.3	8.9	3.8	4.0	3.7	6.6	6.3	7.1
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003–2015 annual averages (Percent)
Year	American Indian and Alaska Native			Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander			Two or More Races
Year	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
2003	10.5	11.2	9.6	7.7	6.9	8.6	9.1	9.3	8.9
2004	9.6	9.7	9.4	6.1	6.8	5.4	8.7	8.7	8.7
2005	9.3	8.7	10.1	4.3	4.8	3.9	8.0	7.9	8.2
2006	7.9	7.9	8.0	5.3	6.3	4.3	6.7	7.3	6.0
2007	8.1	7.9	8.4	4.8	5.4	4.3	7.1	7.4	6.8
2008	9.9	10.8	8.8	6.4	7.7	4.9	9.5	10.1	8.7
2009	13.3	15.5	10.8	10.8	11.6	10.0	13.6	14.2	12.9
2010	15.1	17.3	12.7	12.0	13.6	10.4	13.6	14.2	13.0
2011	14.6	15.4	13.7	10.4	11.4	9.3	13.6	14.0	13.1
2012	12.3	11.9	12.7	11.8	12.4	11.2	11.9	12.1	11.5
2013	12.8	13.3	12.1	10.2	11.1	9.3	11.0	11.4	10.5
2014	11.3	11.9	10.6	6.1	5.7	6.6	10.2	10.9	9.5
2015	9.9	11.1	8.5	5.7	5.7	5.6	8.4	8.1	8.7
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Duration of unemployment	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)	8,296	5,662	1,846	347	1,726
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 5 weeks	28.9	30.8	22.6	28.6	31.7
5 to 14 weeks	27.7	28.4	26.0	24.5	28.0
15 to 26 weeks	15.3	14.8	17.0	15.8	15.0
27 weeks and over	28.1	26.0	34.4	31.1	25.3
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)	29.2	27.5	33.8	33.3	25.2
Median duration, in weeks	11.6	10.5	15.5	13.1	10.4
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)	4,490	3,126	935	191	943
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 5 weeks	28.1	30.2	21.2	26.2	33.1
5 to 14 weeks	26.9	27.8	24.9	21.9	27.5
15 to 26 weeks	15.5	15.1	17.2	15.9	15.0
27 weeks and over	29.5	27.0	36.7	36.0	24.4
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)	30.3	28.2	36.0	38.1	23.5
Median duration, in weeks	12.3	11.1	17.2	16.0	10.1
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)	3,807	2,537	911	156	783
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 5 weeks	29.9	31.7	24.0	31.6	30.1
5 to 14 weeks	28.8	29.2	27.2	27.8	28.6
15 to 26 weeks	15.0	14.4	16.7	15.6	14.9
27 weeks and over	26.4	24.7	32.1	25.0	26.4
Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)	27.8	26.7	31.6	27.3	27.3
Median duration, in weeks	10.8	10.0	14.0	10.7	10.8
(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Reason for unemployment	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)	8,296	5,662	1,846	347	1,726
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	49.0	51.4	45.7	41.5	50.4
On temporary layoff	11.7	13.8	6.4	8.0	13.3
Not on temporary layoff	37.2	37.6	39.4	33.5	37.1
Permanent job losers	26.3	27.2	25.7	25.5	24.2
Persons who completed temporary jobs	11.0	10.4	13.7	8.0	12.9
Job leavers	9.9	10.2	7.9	9.7	8.8
Reentrants	30.6	29.1	34.1	31.3	28.4
New entrants	10.6	9.4	12.3	17.5	12.4
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)	4,490	3,126	935	191	943
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	54.4	57.1	49.6	45.1	58.4
On temporary layoff	13.2	15.3	7.5	6.6	16.1
Not on temporary layoff	41.2	41.8	42.1	38.5	42.3
Permanent job losers	28.4	29.4	26.5	31.5	26.6
Persons who completed temporary jobs	12.8	12.4	15.6	7.0	15.8
Job leavers	8.8	9.1	7.1	10.2	7.5
Reentrants	26.2	24.6	30.1	29.9	22.3
New entrants	10.6	9.2	13.2	14.9	11.7
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)	3,807	2,537	911	156	783
Percent	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	42.6	44.4	41.8	37.1	40.8
On temporary layoff	10.1	12.1	5.3	9.7	9.9
Not on temporary layoff	32.6	32.4	36.5	27.5	30.8
Permanent job losers	23.7	24.5	24.8	18.2	21.5
Persons who completed temporary jobs	8.8	7.9	11.7	9.2	9.4
Job leavers	11.1	11.5	8.7	9.1	10.4
Reentrants	35.7	34.6	38.2	33.2	35.6
New entrants	10.6	9.5	11.3	20.6	13.2
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2015 annual averages (Numbers in thousands)
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian labor force(1)	Not in the labor force
		Total	Want a job					Do not want a job now
			Total	Searched for work in previous year, but not in past 4 weeks
				Total	Marginally attached (available to work now)(2)
				Total	Total	Discouraged workers(3)	Other(4)
Total
Total, 16 years and older	157,130	93,671	6,082	2,628	1,956	664	1,291	87,589
16 to 24 years	21,223	17,367	1,842	812	525	159	366	15,525
25 to 54 years	101,152	23,957	2,612	1,256	949	316	632	21,344
55 years and older	34,755	52,347	1,628	561	482	189	293	50,719
Men, 16 years and older	83,620	37,481	2,799	1,292	1,015	404	611	34,681
16 to 24 years	10,923	8,519	942	428	288	103	185	7,578
25 to 54 years	54,226	7,199	1,084	583	479	191	288	6,115
55 years and older	18,472	21,763	774	281	248	109	138	20,989
Women, 16 years and older	73,510	56,190	3,283	1,336	941	261	680	52,907
16 to 24 years	10,300	8,848	900	384	236	55	181	7,947
25 to 54 years	46,926	16,758	1,528	673	470	126	344	15,230
55 years and older	16,283	30,585	854	280	235	80	155	29,731
White
Total, 16 years and older	123,607	73,261	4,179	1,738	1,282	421	861	69,082
16 to 24 years	16,241	12,252	1,247	536	337	96	242	11,006
25 to 54 years	78,300	17,556	1,705	789	591	182	409	15,851
55 years and older	29,065	43,453	1,228	413	354	143	211	42,225
Men, 16 years and older	67,018	29,129	1,924	853	663	260	403	27,206
16 to 24 years	8,474	5,973	646	290	190	65	125	5,327
25 to 54 years	42,829	5,003	689	356	291	110	181	4,314
55 years and older	15,716	18,154	589	206	182	84	97	17,565
Women, 16 years and older	56,589	44,132	2,255	886	619	161	459	41,876
16 to 24 years	7,768	6,279	601	246	147	30	117	5,679
25 to 54 years	35,472	12,553	1,016	433	300	72	228	11,537
55 years and older	13,350	25,299	639	207	172	59	114	24,661
Black or African American
Total, 16 years and older	19,318	12,068	1,189	577	459	183	276	10,880
16 to 24 years	3,038	2,879	375	179	129	47	81	2,504
25 to 54 years	12,984	3,561	549	301	246	108	138	3,012
55 years and older	3,295	5,629	266	97	85	28	57	5,364
Men, 16 years and older	9,099	5,169	550	278	232	104	128	4,619
16 to 24 years	1,471	1,428	184	88	66	27	39	1,244
25 to 54 years	6,105	1,442	251	148	128	63	65	1,191
55 years and older	1,524	2,299	115	43	38	13	25	2,184
Women, 16 years and older	10,218	6,899	639	299	227	80	147	6,261
16 to 24 years	1,567	1,451	190	91	63	20	43	1,261
25 to 54 years	6,880	2,118	297	153	118	45	73	1,821
55 years and older	1,772	3,330	151	55	47	15	32	3,179
Asian
Total, 16 years and older	9,053	5,366	370	158	99	30	69	4,997
16 to 24 years	854	1,271	82	36	16	3	12	1,189
25 to 54 years	6,476	1,842	202	90	55	13	42	1,640
55 years and older	1,723	2,253	86	32	28	13	15	2,167
Men, 16 years and older	4,811	1,925	166	83	58	21	37	1,759
16 to 24 years	431	631	43	18	8	2	6	588
25 to 54 years	3,488	423	77	43	30	9	21	345
55 years and older	892	872	46	23	19	10	10	826
Women, 16 years and older	4,242	3,441	204	75	41	9	32	3,237
16 to 24 years	424	641	39	18	7	1	6	602
25 to 54 years	2,988	1,419	125	47	25	4	21	1,295
55 years and older	831	1,381	40	10	9	3	6	1,341
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	26,126	13,491	1,118	457	340	116	224	12,374
16 to 24 years	4,509	3,894	379	154	109	39	70	3,515
25 to 54 years	18,315	4,948	560	243	181	56	125	4,388
55 years and older	3,303	4,650	179	60	50	22	29	4,471
Men, 16 years and older	15,054	4,691	470	213	166	69	97	4,221
16 to 24 years	2,461	1,820	194	87	63	27	36	1,626
25 to 54 years	10,722	1,089	186	94	75	28	46	902
55 years and older	1,871	1,783	89	32	27	13	14	1,693
Women, 16 years and older	11,072	8,800	648	244	175	47	127	8,152
16 to 24 years	2,047	2,074	185	66	46	12	34	1,889
25 to 54 years	7,593	3,859	373	150	106	27	79	3,486
55 years and older	1,432	2,867	89	28	23	8	14	2,778
(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed. (2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained. Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2015 annual averages
Years	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
1979	$241	$248	$199	–	$194
1980	262	269	212	–	209
1981	284	291	235	–	223
1982	302	310	245	–	240
1983	313	320	261	–	250
1984	326	336	269	–	259
1985	344	356	277	–	270
1986	359	371	291	–	277
1987	374	384	301	–	285
1988	385	395	314	–	290
1989	399	409	319	–	298
1990	412	424	329	–	304
1991	426	442	348	–	312
1992	440	458	357	–	321
1993	459	475	369	–	331
1994	467	484	371	–	324
1995	479	494	383	–	329
1996	490	506	387	–	339
1997	503	519	400	–	351
1998	523	545	426	–	370
1999	549	573	445	–	385
2000	576	590	474	615	399
2001	596	610	491	639	417
2002	608	623	498	658	424
2003	620	636	514	693	440
2004	638	657	525	708	456
2005	651	672	520	753	471
2006	671	690	554	784	486
2007	695	716	569	830	503
2008	722	742	589	861	529
2009	739	757	601	880	541
2010	747	765	611	855	535
2011	756	775	615	866	549
2012	768	792	621	920	568
2013	776	802	629	942	578
2014	791	816	639	953	594
2015	809	835	641	993	604
Men
1979	$292	$298	$227	–	$219
1980	313	320	244	–	234
1981	340	350	268	–	251
1982	364	375	278	–	269
1983	379	387	294	–	274
1984	392	401	303	–	287
1985	407	418	305	–	296
1986	419	433	319	–	299
1987	434	450	327	–	306
1988	449	465	348	–	308
1989	468	482	348	–	315
1990	481	494	361	–	318
1991	493	506	375	–	323
1992	501	514	380	–	339
1993	510	524	392	–	346
1994	522	547	400	–	343
1995	538	566	411	–	350
1996	557	580	412	–	356
1997	579	595	432	–	371
1998	598	615	468	–	390
1999	618	638	488	–	406
2000	641	662	510	685	417
2001	670	689	529	732	440
2002	679	702	524	756	451
2003	695	715	555	772	464
2004	713	732	569	802	480
2005	722	743	559	825	489
2006	743	761	591	882	505
2007	766	788	600	936	520
2008	798	825	620	966	559
2009	819	845	621	952	569
2010	824	850	633	936	560
2011	832	856	653	970	571
2012	854	879	665	1,055	592
2013	860	884	664	1,059	594
2014	871	897	680	1,080	616
2015	895	920	680	1,129	631
Women
1979	$182	$184	$169	–	$157
1980	201	203	185	–	172
1981	219	221	206	–	190
1982	239	242	217	–	203
1983	252	254	232	–	215
1984	265	268	241	–	223
1985	277	281	252	–	230
1986	291	294	264	–	241
1987	303	307	276	–	251
1988	315	318	288	–	260
1989	328	334	301	–	269
1990	346	353	308	–	278
1991	366	373	323	–	292
1992	380	387	335	–	302
1993	393	401	348	–	313
1994	399	408	346	–	305
1995	406	415	355	–	305
1996	418	428	362	–	316
1997	431	444	375	–	318
1998	456	468	400	–	337
1999	473	483	409	–	348
2000	493	502	429	547	366
2001	512	522	454	563	388
2002	529	547	473	566	397
2003	552	567	491	598	410
2004	573	584	505	613	419
2005	585	596	499	665	429
2006	600	609	519	699	440
2007	614	626	533	731	473
2008	638	654	554	753	501
2009	657	669	582	779	509
2010	669	684	592	773	508
2011	684	703	595	751	518
2012	691	710	599	770	521
2013	706	722	606	819	541
2014	719	734	611	841	548
2015	726	743	615	877	566
Women's earnings as a percent of men's
1979	62.3	61.7	74.4	–	71.7
1980	64.2	63.4	75.8	–	73.5
1981	64.4	63.1	76.9	–	75.7
1982	65.7	64.5	78.1	–	75.5
1983	66.5	65.6	78.9	–	78.5
1984	67.6	66.8	79.5	–	77.7
1985	68.1	67.2	82.6	–	77.7
1986	69.5	67.9	82.8	–	80.6
1987	69.8	68.2	84.4	–	82.0
1988	70.2	68.4	82.8	–	84.4
1989	70.1	69.3	86.5	–	85.4
1990	71.9	71.5	85.3	–	87.4
1991	74.2	73.7	86.1	–	90.4
1992	75.8	75.3	88.2	–	89.1
1993	77.1	76.5	88.8	–	90.5
1994	76.4	74.6	86.5	–	88.9
1995	75.5	73.3	86.4	–	87.1
1996	75.0	73.8	87.9	–	88.8
1997	74.4	74.6	86.8	–	85.7
1998	76.3	76.1	85.5	–	86.4
1999	76.5	75.7	83.8	–	85.7
2000	76.9	75.8	84.1	79.9	87.8
2001	76.4	75.8	85.8	76.9	88.2
2002	77.9	77.9	90.3	74.9	88.0
2003	79.4	79.3	88.5	77.5	88.4
2004	80.4	79.8	88.8	76.4	87.3
2005	81.0	80.2	89.3	80.6	87.7
2006	80.8	80.0	87.8	79.3	87.1
2007	80.2	79.4	88.8	78.1	91.0
2008	79.9	79.3	89.4	78.0	89.6
2009	80.2	79.2	93.7	81.8	89.5
2010	81.2	80.5	93.5	82.6	90.7
2011	82.2	82.1	91.1	77.4	90.7
2012	80.9	80.8	90.1	73.0	88.0
2013	82.1	81.7	91.3	77.3	91.1
2014	82.5	81.8	89.9	77.9	89.0
2015	81.1	80.8	90.4	77.7	89.7
Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years and older	$860	$885	$682	$1,031	$631
Less than a high school diploma	493	498	448	475	478
High school graduates, no college(1)	678	706	578	611	611
Some college, no degree	738	767	619	722	686
Associate's degree	798	826	681	793	727
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)	1,230	1,245	1,010	1,351	1,044
Men, 25 years and older	947	974	722	1,157	674
Less than a high school diploma	520	524	492	495	502
High school graduates, no college(1)	759	792	614	654	678
Some college, no degree	850	889	678	825	764
Associate's degree	931	960	765	828	859
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)	1,420	1,448	1,103	1,495	1,167
Women, 25 years and older	761	778	651	902	593
Less than a high school diploma	418	418	406	443	410
High school graduates, no college(1)	586	602	511	577	532
Some college, no degree	637	652	579	616	610
Associate's degree	703	721	630	747	630
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)	1,064	1,070	961	1,162	958
(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2015 annual averages
Occupation and gender	Total	White	Black or African American	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older	$809	$835	$641	$993	$604
Management, professional, and related occupations	1,158	1,165	937	1,402	970
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	1,258	1,286	977	1,372	988
Management occupations	1,351	1,373	1,012	1,530	1,026
Business and financial operations occupations	1,137	1,151	959	1,232	940
Professional and related occupations	1,112	1,109	905	1,416	956
Computer and mathematical occupations	1,428	1,425	1,225	1,559	1,245
Architecture and engineering occupations	1,424	1,426	1,167	1,539	1,326
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,206	1,211	1,149	1,327	1,057
Community and social services occupations	889	916	789	970	852
Legal occupations	1,391	1,421	1,125	1,510	1,100
Education, training, and library occupations	956	966	836	1,085	858
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,001	1,004	744	1,133	788
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations	1,041	1,044	868	1,372	953
Service occupations	509	518	477	518	469
Healthcare support occupations	498	512	462	556	500
Protective service occupations	796	867	633	745	745
Food preparation and serving related occupations	441	454	403	483	420
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	486	490	458	534	444
Personal care and service occupations	498	499	483	512	478
Sales and office occupations	673	692	593	692	593
Sales and related occupations	716	751	504	691	582
Office and administrative support occupations	656	663	616	692	598
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	761	767	699	806	598
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	464	462	515	343	435
Construction and extraction occupations	749	758	673	691	608
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	839	849	770	884	692
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	656	683	584	611	556
Production occupations	663	686	583	620	555
Transportation and material moving occupations	646	679	584	580	556
Men, 16 years and older	895	920	680	1,129	631
Management, professional, and related occupations	1,383	1,399	1,075	1,560	1,127
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	1,436	1,457	1,099	1,547	1,092
Management occupations	1,486	1,513	1,129	1,626	1,131
Business and financial operations occupations	1,327	1,343	1,055	1,416	1,001
Professional and related occupations	1,343	1,345	1,062	1,566	1,144
Computer and mathematical occupations	1,503	1,497	1,253	1,668	1,226
Architecture and engineering occupations	1,452	1,460	1,179	1,548	1,373
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,379	1,366	1,151	1,757	1,072
Community and social services occupations	973	1,034	805	1,069	1,000
Legal occupations	1,877	1,883	2,137	1,833	1,423
Education, training, and library occupations	1,144	1,156	983	1,238	1,023
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	1,088	1,101	722	1,245	857
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations	1,272	1,285	1,004	1,572	1,129
Service occupations	585	601	524	588	496
Healthcare support occupations	577	591	502	661	557
Protective service occupations	851	905	660	742	796
Food preparation and serving related occupations	481	492	412	518	456
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	517	520	502	622	475
Personal care and service occupations	597	621	534	546	588
Sales and office occupations	777	817	602	763	636
Sales and related occupations	880	917	604	830	714
Office and administrative support occupations	693	711	601	711	594
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	770	776	699	808	606
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	477	473	556	344	438
Construction and extraction occupations	751	761	668	681	608
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	842	850	770	890	698
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	704	724	610	659	599
Production occupations	729	748	612	696	605
Transportation and material moving occupations	679	701	609	599	592
Women, 16 years and older	726	743	615	877	566
Management, professional, and related occupations	996	1,001	884	1,210	879
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	1,073	1,087	945	1,199	916
Management occupations	1,139	1,148	947	1,365	942
Business and financial operations occupations	1,004	1,009	942	1,134	883
Professional and related occupations	963	966	844	1,213	853
Computer and mathematical occupations	1,245	1,236	1,108	1,350	1,259
Architecture and engineering occupations	1,257	1,238	947	1,458	1,025
Life, physical, and social science occupations	1,067	1,053	1,148	1,089	1,046
Community and social services occupations	845	863	781	939	817
Legal occupations	1,135	1,138	945	1,440	915
Education, training, and library occupations	907	919	780	1,017	791
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations	942	939	925	997	686
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations	991	995	845	1,280	890
Service occupations	463	467	440	489	430
Healthcare support occupations	490	506	453	518	490
Protective service occupations	655	678	562	888	645
Food preparation and serving related occupations	414	418	396	411	395
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations	419	423	402	424	414
Personal care and service occupations	475	465	459	503	429
Sales and office occupations	627	636	588	651	575
Sales and related occupations	578	598	440	590	496
Office and administrative support occupations	646	650	623	675	599
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	580	561	727	614	437
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	437	434	443	321	430
Construction and extraction occupations	704	662	908	1,059	606
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	761	794	661	617	365
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	512	519	478	550	438
Production occupations	519	520	511	562	449
Transportation and material moving occupations	494	517	447	500	417
Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, this information is available to individuals who are sensory-impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: cpsinfo@bls.gov; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed. Employed people are all those who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, labor dispute, or another reason also are counted as employed.

Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work (except for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major groups:

1. Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended.

2. Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.

3. Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

4. New entrants, people who had never worked.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.

Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed no jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified in the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS). Additional information about these classifications is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes individuals of a group not listed in the CPS—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, or Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.

Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90 percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90 percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability, or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.

A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.