From December 2022 to March 2023, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector establishments in Minnesota were 142,357, while gross job losses from closing and contracting private-sector establishments were 121,788, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Regional Commissioner Jason Palmer noted that the difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net employment gain of 20,569 jobs in the private sector during the first quarter of 2023. During the previous quarter, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses by 1,605. (See chart 1.)

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.)

Gross job gains

In the first quarter of 2023, gross job gains represented 5.7 percent of private-sector employment in Minnesota; nationally, gross job gains accounted for 6.2 percent of private-sector employment. (See chart 2.) Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. In Minnesota, gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 115,607 in the first quarter of 2023, a decrease of 2,757 jobs compared to the previous quarter. (See table 1.) Opening establishments accounted for 26,750 jobs gained in the first quarter of 2023, a decrease of 857 jobs from the previous quarter.

Gross job losses

In the first quarter of 2023, gross job losses represented 4.9 percent of private-sector employment in Minnesota; nationally, gross job losses accounted for 5.4 percent of private-sector employment. (See chart 3.) Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at closing establishments. In Minnesota, contracting establishments lost 102,948 jobs in the first quarter of 2023, a decrease of 9,705 jobs from the prior quarter. Closing establishments lost 18,840 jobs, a decrease of 12,873 jobs from the previous quarter.

Industries

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 8 of the 11 industry sectors in Minnesota in the first quarter of 2023. Leisure and hospitality had the largest over-the-quarter net job increase, with a gain of 5,423 jobs. This was the result of 27,466 gross job gains and 22,043 gross job losses. The education and health services industry had a net gain of 5,094 jobs. Transportation and warehousing showed a net loss of 896 jobs.

For more information

The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size class. BED data for the states have been included in table 2 of this release. Additional information is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm/.

The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2023 are scheduled to be released on Tuesday, January 30, 2024.

Technical Note

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.

In the BED program, the QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses in the economy. BED statistics track these changes in employment at private business establishments from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing establishments and the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at closing establishments. The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment.

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quarters. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.

Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.

The full Technical Note for the Business Employment Dynamics program, which includes information on coverage, concepts, and methodology, can be found in the current quarterly news release online at www.bls.gov/news.release/cewbd.htm.

Information in this release will be made available to individuals with sensory impairments upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Telecommunications Relay Service: 7-1-1.

Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, Minnesota, seasonally adjusted

Category	Gross job gains and losses (3 months ended)					Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment (3 months ended)
	Mar. 2022	June 2022	Sept. 2022	Dec. 2022	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2022	June 2022	Sept. 2022	Dec. 2022	Mar. 2023
Total private (1)
Gross job gains	150,770	158,220	161,515	145,971	142,357	6.2	6.4	6.5	5.9	5.7
At expanding establishments	127,172	129,288	123,558	118,364	115,607	5.2	5.2	5.0	4.8	4.6
At opening establishments	23,598	28,932	37,957	27,607	26,750	1.0	1.2	1.5	1.1	1.1
Gross job losses	131,747	158,206	146,246	144,366	121,788	5.4	6.4	5.9	5.8	4.9
At contracting establishments	109,376	121,227	118,878	112,653	102,948	4.5	4.9	4.8	4.5	4.1
At closing establishments	22,371	36,979	27,368	31,713	18,840	0.9	1.5	1.1	1.3	0.8
Net employment change (2)	19,023	14	15,269	1,605	20,569	0.8	0.0	0.6	0.1	0.8
Construction
Gross job gains	13,940	16,454	13,295	13,584	15,465	10.5	12.3	10.0	10.3	11.5
At expanding establishments	11,501	13,391	9,830	10,522	12,009	8.7	10.0	7.4	8.0	8.9
At opening establishments	2,439	3,063	3,465	3,062	3,456	1.8	2.3	2.6	2.3	2.6
Gross job losses	13,213	14,256	15,573	16,977	12,010	10.0	10.7	11.8	13.0	8.9
At contracting establishments	10,869	10,260	12,162	13,419	10,679	8.2	7.7	9.2	10.3	7.9
At closing establishments	2,344	3,996	3,411	3,558	1,331	1.8	3.0	2.6	2.7	1.0
Net employment change (2)	727	2,198	-2,278	-3,393	3,455	0.5	1.6	-1.8	-2.7	2.6
Manufacturing
Gross job gains	11,161	10,838	12,555	11,612	10,628	3.5	3.4	3.9	3.6	3.3
At expanding establishments	10,552	9,880	11,042	10,727	9,673	3.3	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.0
At opening establishments	609	958	1,513	885	955	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.3
Gross job losses	7,554	11,078	10,590	8,828	9,785	2.4	3.5	3.3	2.7	3.0
At contracting establishments	6,655	9,552	9,619	7,815	8,835	2.1	3.0	3.0	2.4	2.7
At closing establishments	899	1,526	971	1,013	950	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3
Net employment change (2)	3,607	-240	1,965	2,784	843	1.1	-0.1	0.6	0.9	0.3
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains	6,472	6,324	7,714	6,054	5,319	5.0	4.8	5.9	4.6	4.0
At expanding establishments	5,526	4,865	5,240	4,870	4,140	4.3	3.7	4.0	3.7	3.1
At opening establishments	946	1,459	2,474	1,184	1,179	0.7	1.1	1.9	0.9	0.9
Gross job losses	5,497	6,276	5,689	5,301	4,809	4.2	4.8	4.3	4.0	3.6
At contracting establishments	4,045	4,139	4,321	3,688	3,881	3.1	3.2	3.3	2.8	2.9
At closing establishments	1,452	2,137	1,368	1,613	928	1.1	1.6	1.0	1.2	0.7
Net employment change (2)	975	48	2,025	753	510	0.8	0.0	1.6	0.6	0.4
Retail trade
Gross job gains	18,555	16,803	17,118	15,613	16,670	6.6	5.9	6.1	5.6	5.9
At expanding establishments	17,201	14,710	14,714	13,957	14,661	6.1	5.2	5.2	5.0	5.2
At opening establishments	1,354	2,093	2,404	1,656	2,009	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.6	0.7
Gross job losses	12,516	17,638	19,789	16,523	13,376	4.5	6.2	7.0	5.9	4.7
At contracting establishments	10,905	14,833	17,800	14,004	11,861	3.9	5.2	6.3	5.0	4.2
At closing establishments	1,611	2,805	1,989	2,519	1,515	0.6	1.0	0.7	0.9	0.5
Net employment change (2)	6,039	-835	-2,671	-910	3,294	2.1	-0.3	-0.9	-0.3	1.2
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains	7,210	5,374	7,017	7,717	5,337	7.5	5.6	7.4	7.9	5.5
At expanding establishments	6,230	4,470	6,074	6,765	4,605	6.5	4.7	6.4	6.9	4.7
At opening establishments	980	904	943	952	732	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.8
Gross job losses	6,326	6,873	4,870	5,280	6,233	6.5	7.2	5.1	5.3	6.4
At contracting establishments	5,710	5,763	4,102	3,975	5,648	5.9	6.0	4.3	4.0	5.8
At closing establishments	616	1,110	768	1,305	585	0.6	1.2	0.8	1.3	0.6
Net employment change (2)	884	-1,499	2,147	2,437	-896	1.0	-1.6	2.3	2.6	-0.9
Information
Gross job gains	4,226	2,486	2,858	2,200	1,814	9.5	5.5	6.4	4.9	4.0
At expanding establishments	3,711	1,763	1,930	1,336	1,228	8.3	3.9	4.3	3.0	2.7
At opening establishments	515	723	928	864	586	1.2	1.6	2.1	1.9	1.3
Gross job losses	3,914	2,866	2,052	2,639	2,059	8.8	6.4	4.6	5.8	4.6
At contracting establishments	3,386	1,972	1,350	1,850	1,709	7.6	4.4	3.0	4.1	3.8
At closing establishments	528	894	702	789	350	1.2	2.0	1.6	1.7	0.8
Net employment change (2)	312	-380	806	-439	-245	0.7	-0.9	1.8	-0.9	-0.6
Financial activities
Gross job gains	7,092	11,745	7,925	6,506	5,634	4.0	6.7	4.5	3.7	3.2
At expanding establishments	5,927	10,069	5,593	4,769	4,409	3.3	5.7	3.2	2.7	2.5
At opening establishments	1,165	1,676	2,332	1,737	1,225	0.7	1.0	1.3	1.0	0.7
Gross job losses	8,473	12,521	7,729	8,428	5,856	4.8	7.1	4.4	4.8	3.3
At contracting establishments	6,940	10,203	6,134	6,597	4,731	3.9	5.8	3.5	3.8	2.7
At closing establishments	1,533	2,318	1,595	1,831	1,125	0.9	1.3	0.9	1.0	0.6
Net employment change (2)	-1,381	-776	196	-1,922	-222	-0.8	-0.4	0.1	-1.1	-0.1
Professional and business services
Gross job gains	24,003	25,644	29,946	21,022	21,531	6.3	6.7	7.8	5.4	5.6
At expanding establishments	18,595	19,930	21,155	16,393	16,269	4.9	5.2	5.5	4.2	4.2
At opening establishments	5,408	5,714	8,791	4,629	5,262	1.4	1.5	2.3	1.2	1.4
Gross job losses	22,036	26,834	23,872	26,831	19,491	5.8	7.0	6.2	7.0	5.0
At contracting establishments	17,890	20,613	18,559	21,151	15,990	4.7	5.4	4.8	5.5	4.1
At closing establishments	4,146	6,221	5,313	5,680	3,501	1.1	1.6	1.4	1.5	0.9
Net employment change (2)	1,967	-1,190	6,074	-5,809	2,040	0.5	-0.3	1.6	-1.6	0.6
Education and health services
Gross job gains	20,879	22,866	26,414	23,331	22,200	4.0	4.4	5.0	4.4	4.2
At expanding establishments	18,629	18,761	20,643	18,734	19,085	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.5	3.6
At opening establishments	2,250	4,105	5,771	4,597	3,115	0.4	0.8	1.1	0.9	0.6
Gross job losses	20,957	22,557	18,950	20,712	17,106	4.0	4.3	3.6	3.9	3.2
At contracting establishments	17,338	16,716	15,226	14,334	13,930	3.3	3.2	2.9	2.7	2.6
At closing establishments	3,619	5,841	3,724	6,378	3,176	0.7	1.1	0.7	1.2	0.6
Net employment change (2)	-78	309	7,464	2,619	5,094	0.0	0.1	1.4	0.5	1.0
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains	27,502	28,626	25,397	27,914	27,466	11.1	11.3	9.9	10.9	10.5
At expanding establishments	21,413	22,728	19,511	22,062	21,223	8.6	9.0	7.6	8.6	8.1
At opening establishments	6,089	5,898	5,886	5,852	6,243	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.4
Gross job losses	22,467	25,652	28,004	23,372	22,043	9.1	10.2	11.0	9.1	8.4
At contracting establishments	18,752	19,107	22,392	18,468	18,435	7.6	7.6	8.8	7.2	7.0
At closing establishments	3,715	6,545	5,612	4,904	3,608	1.5	2.6	2.2	1.9	1.4
Net employment change (2)	5,035	2,974	-2,607	4,542	5,423	2.0	1.1	-1.1	1.8	2.1
Other services (3)
Gross job gains	6,658	7,402	7,438	6,837	6,908	8.4	9.2	9.1	8.3	8.3
At expanding establishments	5,285	5,735	4,879	5,318	5,552	6.7	7.1	6.0	6.5	6.7
At opening establishments	1,373	1,667	2,559	1,519	1,356	1.7	2.1	3.1	1.8	1.6
Gross job losses	5,457	6,404	6,484	6,028	5,495	6.9	7.9	7.9	7.3	6.6
At contracting establishments	4,015	3,792	4,998	4,478	4,099	5.1	4.7	6.1	5.4	4.9
At closing establishments	1,442	2,612	1,486	1,550	1,396	1.8	3.2	1.8	1.9	1.7
Net employment change (2)	1,201	998	954	809	1,413	1.5	1.3	1.2	1.0	1.7
Footnotes: (1) Includes unclassified sector not shown separately. (2) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information. (3) Except public administration.

Table 2. Private-sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

Category	Gross job gains as a percent of employment (3 months ended)					Gross job losses as a percent of employment (3 months ended)
	Mar. 2022	June 2022	Sept. 2022	Dec. 2022	Mar. 2023	Mar. 2022	June 2022	Sept. 2022	Dec. 2022	Mar. 2023
United States(1)	6.7	6.6	6.9	6.3	6.2	5.5	6.2	5.9	5.9	5.4
Alabama	6.4	6.6	6.9	6.6	6.4	5.9	6.2	5.9	6.1	5.5
Alaska	10.2	10.2	8.5	10.9	10.4	9.5	9.0	10.4	9.2	8.0
Arizona	6.7	6.5	7.1	6.6	5.9	5.7	6.3	5.5	6.0	5.4
Arkansas	6.3	6.1	6.5	6.2	5.8	5.6	5.5	5.2	5.2	5.0
California	7.3	6.8	6.8	6.6	6.1	5.7	6.7	6.2	6.6	6.4
Colorado	7.5	7.3	7.0	7.6	7.2	6.3	6.6	7.1	6.9	6.5
Connecticut	6.3	6.4	6.3	5.9	6.1	5.3	6.3	6.2	5.9	5.3
Delaware	7.3	6.5	8.6	7.0	6.7	5.5	6.9	6.2	7.5	5.2
District of Columbia	6.1	6.1	7.2	5.6	5.9	5.1	6.3	5.0	5.5	4.8
Florida	6.5	7.5	7.8	6.2	6.3	5.7	6.3	5.6	6.0	5.6
Georgia	7.7	6.8	7.1	6.7	6.2	5.8	6.2	5.9	5.9	5.8
Hawaii	6.3	6.0	6.4	6.0	5.5	5.1	5.5	4.9	4.9	5.0
Idaho	8.6	7.1	7.8	8.4	7.9	6.2	8.4	7.5	6.9	7.5
Illinois	6.3	5.9	5.8	5.4	5.8	5.2	5.5	5.3	5.1	4.8
Indiana	5.9	5.7	6.4	5.7	5.5	4.9	5.9	5.5	5.2	5.0
Iowa	6.5	5.9	5.9	6.4	6.0	5.4	6.2	5.9	6.2	5.4
Kansas	6.4	6.5	7.4	6.3	6.1	5.5	7.1	5.5	5.6	5.4
Kentucky	6.7	6.3	6.6	6.0	6.1	5.7	6.5	5.4	5.3	4.9
Louisiana	6.7	6.7	6.9	6.1	6.3	6.3	6.4	5.7	6.2	5.6
Maine	8.5	7.2	7.6	7.4	7.7	6.3	8.0	7.3	6.8	6.2
Maryland	6.7	6.5	7.4	6.6	6.8	6.9	6.9	6.0	6.9	5.6
Massachusetts	6.8	6.1	6.2	5.5	5.8	5.1	5.5	6.1	5.8	4.7
Michigan	6.3	6.0	5.7	5.9	5.7	4.9	5.9	5.8	5.2	4.9
Minnesota	6.2	6.4	6.5	5.9	5.7	5.4	6.4	5.9	5.8	4.9
Mississippi	6.3	6.6	7.2	6.8	6.1	6.2	6.7	6.3	6.2	5.7
Missouri	6.5	6.2	6.8	6.1	6.5	5.4	5.9	6.3	5.8	5.1
Montana	9.3	8.2	8.7	9.2	8.7	7.6	9.1	7.8	7.8	7.1
Nebraska	6.8	6.4	7.1	6.0	6.3	5.9	6.5	6.1	5.7	5.1
Nevada	6.8	6.9	7.4	6.4	6.2	5.5	5.7	5.8	6.1	5.7
New Hampshire	7.7	6.7	6.9	6.7	7.0	5.6	6.7	6.7	6.0	5.9
New Jersey	7.1	6.6	6.8	6.8	6.1	5.7	6.2	6.4	5.9	5.7
New Mexico	7.6	6.7	8.0	6.7	6.8	6.2	7.1	5.9	6.2	5.9
New York	6.8	7.1	6.6	5.9	6.5	5.4	6.1	5.9	6.0	5.1
North Carolina	6.6	6.4	6.7	6.6	6.4	5.4	6.1	5.8	5.7	5.3
North Dakota	7.5	6.9	7.6	6.4	7.6	6.4	6.5	6.3	6.7	5.6
Ohio	6.4	5.9	5.8	5.9	5.8	4.9	5.9	5.5	5.7	4.9
Oklahoma	6.4	6.7	7.4	6.6	6.3	6.0	6.1	5.6	5.9	5.3
Oregon	7.6	6.0	6.7	6.5	7.3	5.6	7.0	6.0	6.2	6.1
Pennsylvania	6.3	5.5	6.1	5.5	5.5	4.8	5.6	5.1	5.2	4.6
Rhode Island	7.9	7.1	6.7	6.9	7.5	6.0	6.7	7.3	6.4	5.9
South Carolina	7.1	6.6	7.3	6.9	6.8	6.1	6.2	5.6	6.2	5.8
South Dakota	7.7	6.6	7.3	6.5	7.2	6.1	6.5	6.4	6.5	5.9
Tennessee	6.6	6.2	7.0	5.8	5.9	4.8	6.2	5.5	5.6	5.0
Texas	6.3	6.6	7.2	6.2	5.9	5.3	5.8	5.3	5.3	5.0
Utah	7.9	7.0	7.5	6.9	7.0	5.9	6.6	6.8	6.6	6.2
Vermont	8.8	7.5	7.2	7.8	8.2	6.4	7.6	7.8	7.0	6.0
Virginia	6.6	6.5	7.5	6.2	6.2	5.8	6.7	6.1	5.8	5.2
Washington	7.3	7.0	7.2	5.9	6.4	5.4	7.2	6.3	5.3	5.5
West Virginia	7.4	6.7	8.1	6.6	7.1	6.1	8.0	6.9	6.4	5.3
Wisconsin	6.6	6.0	6.0	6.0	6.0	4.8	6.0	5.8	5.5	4.9
Wyoming	9.2	8.4	9.2	9.2	8.9	8.3	9.2	8.4	7.9	7.8
Puerto Rico	7.4	6.7	6.2	6.6	5.1	5.0	6.1	5.3	6.1	5.7
Virgin Islands	7.4	8.0	8.5	5.9	7.5	8.8	9.2	5.5	4.7	6.5
Footnotes (1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands. The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.