For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Tuesday, January 8, 2019	USDL-19-0017

Technical information:  (202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – NOVEMBER 2018

The number of job openings fell to 6.9 million on the last business day of November, the U.S. Bureau of 
Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, hires edged down to 5.7 million, quits edged down to 
3.4 million, and total separations were little changed at 5.5 million. Within separations, the quits rate and 
the layoffs and discharges rate were unchanged at 2.3 percent and 1.2 percent, respectively. This release 
includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the nonfarm sector 
by industry and by four geographic regions.

Job Openings

On the last business day of November, the job openings level fell to 6.9 million (-243,000). The job 
openings rate was 4.4 percent. The number of job openings decreased for total private (-237,000) and 
was little changed for government. Job openings increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities 
(+40,000). The job openings level decreased in a number of industries, with the largest decreases in 
other services (-66,000) and construction (-45,000). Job openings fell in the West region. (See table 1.)

Hires

The number of hires edged down to 5.7 million (-218,000) in November. The hires rate was 3.8 percent. 
The hires level fell for total private (-236,000) and was little changed for government. Hires increased in 
federal government (+8,000) but decreased in professional and business services (-167,000). The 
number of hires decreased in the South region. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations was little changed at 5.5 million in November. The total separations 
rate was 3.7 percent. The number of total separations was little changed for total private and for 
government. Total separations decreased in professional and business services (-122,000) and in 
accommodation and food services (-88,000). The number of total separations was little changed in all 
four regions. (See table 3.)

The number of quits edged down in November to 3.4 million (-112,000). The quits rate was 2.3 percent. 
The quits level edged down for total private (-122,000) and was little changed for government. Quits fell 
in professional and business services (-84,000) and in accommodation and food services (-62,000). The 
number of quits was little changed in all four regions. (See table 4.)

The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in November at 1.8 million. The layoffs and 
discharges rate was 1.2 percent. The layoffs and discharges level was little changed for total private and 
for government. Layoffs and discharges increased in educational services (+17,000). The number of 
layoffs and discharges was little changed in all four regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed at 332,000 in November. The other separations 
level was little changed for total private and for government. Other separations increased in arts, 
entertainment, and recreation (+5,000) and in federal government (+4,000), but decreased in 
professional and business services (-22,000). The number of other separations increased in the Northeast 
region, but decreased in the Midwest and West regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising. Over the 12 months ending in November, hires totaled 68.0 million 
and separations totaled 65.6 million, yielding a net employment gain of 2.4 million. These totals 
include workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.

____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for December 2018 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, February 12, 2019 at 10:00 a.m. (EST).

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	5,931	7,131	6,888	5,505	5,928	5,710	5,253	5,621	5,507
Total private	5,427	6,503	6,266	5,151	5,578	5,342	4,897	5,267	5,141
Mining and logging(1)	19	31	26	34	33	32	29	30	33
Construction(1)	225	323	278	357	361	379	330	326	383
Manufacturing	391	504	493	344	386	378	325	350	364
Durable goods(1)	248	318	324	197	229	208	177	205	207
Nondurable goods(1)	143	187	169	146	157	169	148	145	157
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,187	1,322	1,275	1,058	1,219	1,152	1,015	1,172	1,125
Wholesale trade(1)	168	216	177	142	173	187	121	155	170
Retail trade	853	848	800	698	777	711	696	776	730
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	166	258	298	218	270	253	198	241	225
Information(1)	88	150	133	79	84	83	73	73	82
Financial activities	349	400	380	192	195	213	173	181	196
Finance and insurance	271	271	290	125	128	134	133	121	133
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	77	129	90	67	67	79	40	60	63
Professional and business services	976	1,227	1,176	1,156	1,214	1,047	1,158	1,138	1,016
Education and health services	1,095	1,240	1,272	691	751	768	637	694	724
Educational services(1)	100	102	112	107	99	102	85	95	104
Health care and social assistance	995	1,138	1,160	584	652	666	552	599	620
Leisure and hospitality	865	1,008	1,003	1,038	1,119	1,060	992	1,098	1,017
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	77	85	91	168	175	172	165	159	166
Accommodation and food services	789	923	911	870	943	887	827	939	851
Other services(1)	234	296	230	204	217	231	166	206	200
Government	504	628	622	354	350	368	356	353	366
Federal(1)	71	107	89	30	35	43	38	31	34
State and local	432	521	533	324	315	324	318	322	332
State and local education	157	205	217	162	161	175	156	177	179
State and local, excluding education(1)	275	316	316	162	154	149	162	145	153
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	3.9	4.5	4.4	3.7	4.0	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.7
Total private	4.2	4.9	4.7	4.1	4.4	4.2	3.9	4.1	4.0
Mining and logging(1)	2.7	4.0	3.3	4.8	4.4	4.2	4.2	4.0	4.4
Construction(1)	3.1	4.2	3.7	5.1	4.9	5.2	4.7	4.5	5.2
Manufacturing	3.0	3.8	3.7	2.7	3.0	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.8
Durable goods(1)	3.1	3.8	3.9	2.5	2.9	2.6	2.3	2.6	2.6
Nondurable goods(1)	2.9	3.8	3.4	3.1	3.3	3.5	3.1	3.0	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.1	4.5	4.4	3.8	4.4	4.1	3.7	4.2	4.0
Wholesale trade(1)	2.8	3.5	2.8	2.4	2.9	3.1	2.0	2.6	2.8
Retail trade	5.1	5.1	4.8	4.4	4.9	4.5	4.4	4.9	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	2.8	4.2	4.8	3.8	4.5	4.2	3.4	4.0	3.8
Information(1)	3.1	5.1	4.6	2.8	3.0	3.0	2.6	2.6	3.0
Financial activities	3.9	4.4	4.2	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.0	2.1	2.3
Finance and insurance	4.1	4.1	4.4	2.0	2.0	2.1	2.1	1.9	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	3.4	5.4	3.8	3.0	2.9	3.5	1.8	2.6	2.8
Professional and business services	4.5	5.5	5.3	5.6	5.7	4.9	5.6	5.4	4.8
Education and health services	4.5	5.0	5.1	3.0	3.2	3.2	2.7	2.9	3.0
Educational services(1)	2.6	2.7	2.9	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.3	2.5	2.8
Health care and social assistance	4.8	5.4	5.5	3.0	3.3	3.3	2.8	3.0	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	5.1	5.8	5.7	6.4	6.8	6.4	6.1	6.7	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3.2	3.4	3.7	7.2	7.3	7.2	7.1	6.6	7.0
Accommodation and food services	5.4	6.2	6.1	6.3	6.7	6.3	6.0	6.7	6.1
Other services(1)	3.9	4.8	3.8	3.5	3.7	3.9	2.8	3.5	3.4
Government	2.2	2.7	2.7	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6
Federal(1)	2.5	3.7	3.1	1.1	1.3	1.6	1.4	1.1	1.2
State and local	2.2	2.6	2.7	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.7
State and local education	1.5	1.9	2.0	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.5	1.7	1.7
State and local, excluding education(1)	2.9	3.3	3.3	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.8	1.6	1.7
Footnotes (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, and federal government data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Technical Note


This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects
and compiles JOLTS data monthly from a sample of nonfarm
establishments. A more detailed discussion of JOLTS concepts and
methodology is available online at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch18.pdf.

Coverage and collection

The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. Data are collected for total employment, job
openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and
total separations.

Concepts

Industry classification.  The industry classifications in this release
are in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or
received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the
reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term,
seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period,
are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are
counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where
they are working.

Job openings.  Job openings information is collected for the last
business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that: 1) a
specific position exists and there is work available for that
position, 2) work could start within 30 days whether or not the
employer found a suitable candidate, and 3) the employer is actively
recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position.
Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal
openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking
steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the
Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using
other similar methods.

Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions,
or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start
dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have
been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled
by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed
by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires.  The hires level is the total number of additions to the
payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including
both new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent
employees who returned to work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include
transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning
from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing
companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is
computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying
that quotient by 100.

Separations.  The separations level is the total number of employment
terminations occurring at any time during the reference month, and is
reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations. (Some respondents are only able to report total
separations.) The quits count includes voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). The layoffs and discharges count is comprised of
involuntary separations initiated by the employer and includes layoffs
with no intent to rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last
more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of
permanent or short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal
employees. The other separations count includes retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. The
separations count does not include transfers within the same location
or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing
the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient
by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates
are computed similarly.

Annual estimates.  Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing
the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual
average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This
figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates.
Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published only for
not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news
release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job
openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time,
measurement for the last business day of each month.

Sample and estimation methodology

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 16,000
nonfarm business and government establishments. The sample is
stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment
size class. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.1
million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state
unemployment insurance laws and federal agencies subject to the
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted,
monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates of the CES survey.
A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for
all other JOLTS data elements.

JOLTS business birth/death model

As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as current as
its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an establishment
until its appearance on the sampling frame is approximately one year.
In addition, many of these new units may fail within the first year.
Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the sampling frame
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and
separations from these units during their early existence. To
compensate for the inability to capture data from these
establishments, BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses birth
and death activity from previous years. The estimates of job openings,
hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to
the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.

Seasonal adjustment

BLS uses X-13 ARIMA to seasonally adjust several JOLTS series
utilizing moving averages as seasonal filters. A concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment
factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and
including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both
additive and multiplicative models and REGARIMA (regression with auto-
correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors
at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for
outliers in the series.

Alignment procedure

The JOLTS measures for hires minus separations can be used to derive a
measure of net employment change. This change should be comparable to
the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. However,
definitional differences as well as sampling and nonsampling errors
between the two surveys historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES
over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the
JOLTS hires and separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly
Alignment Method.

This method applies the CES employment trends to the seasonally
adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus separations)
forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the
seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two series are seasonally
adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS implied employment
change and the CES net employment change is calculated. Next, the
JOLTS implied employment change is adjusted to equal the CES net
employment change through a proportional adjustment. This procedure
adjusts the two components (hires, separations) proportionally to
their contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the Monthly Alignment Method has been used to adjust
the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the adjusted
levels.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling
error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS
analysis is generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling
error. Sampling error estimates are available at 
www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to
include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from
all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents
to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors
from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	5,931	7,077	7,293	6,960	7,131	6,888	3.9	4.5	4.7	4.4	4.5	4.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,427	6,384	6,595	6,340	6,503	6,266	4.2	4.8	4.9	4.8	4.9	4.7
Mining and logging(3)	19	33	36	34	31	26	2.7	4.3	4.6	4.3	4.0	3.3
Construction(3)	225	275	317	272	323	278	3.1	3.7	4.2	3.6	4.2	3.7
Manufacturing	391	496	508	485	504	493	3.0	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.7
Durable goods(3)	248	289	304	307	318	324	3.1	3.5	3.7	3.7	3.8	3.9
Nondurable goods(3)	143	207	204	178	187	169	2.9	4.2	4.1	3.6	3.8	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,187	1,333	1,267	1,282	1,322	1,275	4.1	4.6	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.4
Wholesale trade(3)	168	261	221	230	216	177	2.8	4.2	3.5	3.7	3.5	2.8
Retail trade	853	773	760	772	848	800	5.1	4.6	4.6	4.6	5.1	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	166	300	287	280	258	298	2.8	4.9	4.6	4.5	4.2	4.8
Information(3)	88	146	149	104	150	133	3.1	5.0	5.1	3.6	5.1	4.6
Financial activities	349	396	450	345	400	380	3.9	4.4	5.0	3.9	4.4	4.2
Finance and insurance	271	309	354	264	271	290	4.1	4.6	5.3	4.0	4.1	4.4
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	77	88	96	81	129	90	3.4	3.8	4.1	3.4	5.4	3.8
Professional and business services	976	1,244	1,374	1,248	1,227	1,176	4.5	5.6	6.1	5.6	5.5	5.3
Education and health services	1,095	1,247	1,275	1,278	1,240	1,272	4.5	5.0	5.1	5.1	5.0	5.1
Educational services(3)	100	120	123	83	102	112	2.6	3.1	3.2	2.2	2.7	2.9
Health care and social assistance	995	1,127	1,152	1,195	1,138	1,160	4.8	5.4	5.5	5.6	5.4	5.5
Leisure and hospitality	865	993	996	1,058	1,008	1,003	5.1	5.7	5.7	6.1	5.8	5.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	77	93	94	95	85	91	3.2	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.4	3.7
Accommodation and food services	789	900	901	963	923	911	5.4	6.0	6.0	6.4	6.2	6.1
Other services(3)	234	220	223	234	296	230	3.9	3.6	3.7	3.8	4.8	3.8
Government	504	693	698	620	628	622	2.2	3.0	3.0	2.7	2.7	2.7
Federal(3)	71	96	108	89	107	89	2.5	3.3	3.7	3.1	3.7	3.1
State and local	432	597	591	531	521	533	2.2	3.0	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.7
State and local education	157	213	206	200	205	217	1.5	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.9	2.0
State and local, excluding education(3)	275	383	384	331	316	316	2.9	4.0	4.0	3.5	3.3	3.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	973	1,201	1,177	1,191	1,174	1,164	3.5	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.0
South	2,137	2,565	2,765	2,506	2,566	2,588	3.8	4.5	4.8	4.4	4.5	4.5
Midwest	1,473	1,707	1,707	1,657	1,765	1,707	4.3	4.9	4.9	4.8	5.1	4.9
West	1,347	1,604	1,644	1,605	1,626	1,430	3.8	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.0
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	5,505	5,713	5,906	5,696	5,928	5,710	3.7	3.8	4.0	3.8	4.0	3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,151	5,366	5,551	5,358	5,578	5,342	4.1	4.2	4.4	4.2	4.4	4.2
Mining and logging	34	38	43	44	33	32	4.8	5.2	5.7	5.9	4.4	4.2
Construction	357	373	366	369	361	379	5.1	5.1	5.0	5.1	4.9	5.2
Manufacturing	344	392	368	322	386	378	2.7	3.1	2.9	2.5	3.0	2.9
Durable goods	197	231	205	184	229	208	2.5	2.9	2.6	2.3	2.9	2.6
Nondurable goods	146	161	163	138	157	169	3.1	3.4	3.4	2.9	3.3	3.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,058	1,142	1,218	1,167	1,219	1,152	3.8	4.1	4.4	4.2	4.4	4.1
Wholesale trade	142	134	164	137	173	187	2.4	2.2	2.7	2.3	2.9	3.1
Retail trade	698	790	818	806	777	711	4.4	5.0	5.1	5.1	4.9	4.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	218	218	236	224	270	253	3.8	3.7	4.0	3.8	4.5	4.2
Information	79	76	77	78	84	83	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	3.0	3.0
Financial activities	192	215	221	225	195	213	2.3	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.3	2.5
Finance and insurance	125	136	141	148	128	134	2.0	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.0	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	67	79	80	77	67	79	3.0	3.5	3.5	3.4	2.9	3.5
Professional and business services	1,156	1,180	1,253	1,180	1,214	1,047	5.6	5.6	5.9	5.6	5.7	4.9
Education and health services	691	701	715	692	751	768	3.0	3.0	3.0	2.9	3.2	3.2
Educational services	107	104	92	92	99	102	2.9	2.8	2.4	2.4	2.6	2.7
Health care and social assistance	584	598	623	601	652	666	3.0	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.3	3.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,038	1,065	1,059	1,079	1,119	1,060	6.4	6.5	6.5	6.6	6.8	6.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	168	146	173	171	175	172	7.2	6.2	7.4	7.2	7.3	7.2
Accommodation and food services	870	918	886	908	943	887	6.3	6.6	6.3	6.5	6.7	6.3
Other services	204	184	231	201	217	231	3.5	3.1	3.9	3.4	3.7	3.9
Government	354	347	355	338	350	368	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6
Federal	30	33	32	38	35	43	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.6
State and local	324	314	322	300	315	324	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.7
State and local education	162	157	173	159	161	175	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.7
State and local, excluding education	162	157	149	141	154	149	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	807	936	880	803	835	867	3.0	3.4	3.2	2.9	3.0	3.1
South	2,260	2,305	2,400	2,388	2,527	2,336	4.2	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.6	4.3
Midwest	1,165	1,271	1,296	1,309	1,276	1,261	3.6	3.9	3.9	4.0	3.9	3.8
West	1,272	1,201	1,330	1,196	1,290	1,246	3.8	3.5	3.9	3.5	3.8	3.6
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	5,253	5,596	5,779	5,641	5,621	5,507	3.6	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,897	5,242	5,422	5,306	5,267	5,141	3.9	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.0
Mining and logging	29	33	35	34	30	33	4.2	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.0	4.4
Construction	330	337	334	343	326	383	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.7	4.5	5.2
Manufacturing	325	358	343	315	350	364	2.6	2.8	2.7	2.5	2.7	2.8
Durable goods	177	195	188	179	205	207	2.3	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.6	2.6
Nondurable goods	148	162	154	136	145	157	3.1	3.4	3.2	2.8	3.0	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,015	1,130	1,206	1,192	1,172	1,125	3.7	4.1	4.3	4.3	4.2	4.0
Wholesale trade	121	125	151	137	155	170	2.0	2.1	2.5	2.3	2.6	2.8
Retail trade	696	806	837	848	776	730	4.4	5.1	5.3	5.3	4.9	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	198	200	218	207	241	225	3.4	3.4	3.7	3.5	4.0	3.8
Information	73	79	83	81	73	82	2.6	2.8	3.0	2.9	2.6	3.0
Financial activities	173	225	231	209	181	196	2.0	2.6	2.7	2.4	2.1	2.3
Finance and insurance	133	145	143	143	121	133	2.1	2.3	2.3	2.3	1.9	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	40	80	88	66	60	63	1.8	3.6	3.9	2.9	2.6	2.8
Professional and business services	1,158	1,118	1,194	1,161	1,138	1,016	5.6	5.3	5.7	5.5	5.4	4.8
Education and health services	637	664	665	646	694	724	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.9	3.0
Educational services	85	97	88	89	95	104	2.3	2.6	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.8
Health care and social assistance	552	566	577	557	599	620	2.8	2.8	2.9	2.8	3.0	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	992	1,058	1,072	1,097	1,098	1,017	6.1	6.5	6.6	6.7	6.7	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	165	138	177	164	159	166	7.1	5.9	7.5	7.0	6.6	7.0
Accommodation and food services	827	920	895	933	939	851	6.0	6.6	6.4	6.7	6.7	6.1
Other services	166	240	260	228	206	200	2.8	4.1	4.4	3.9	3.5	3.4
Government	356	354	357	335	353	366	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6
Federal	38	34	33	34	31	34	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.2
State and local	318	320	324	301	322	332	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.6	1.7
State and local education	156	160	172	157	177	179	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.7
State and local, excluding education	162	160	152	144	145	153	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	830	773	856	841	760	747	3.1	2.8	3.1	3.1	2.8	2.7
South	2,169	2,311	2,356	2,378	2,282	2,299	4.0	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.2
Midwest	1,096	1,257	1,257	1,255	1,348	1,293	3.4	3.8	3.8	3.8	4.1	3.9
West	1,159	1,256	1,310	1,167	1,229	1,168	3.4	3.7	3.8	3.4	3.6	3.4
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	3,195	3,608	3,648	3,564	3,519	3,407	2.2	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,011	3,422	3,480	3,391	3,338	3,216	2.4	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.5
Mining and logging	15	21	21	21	19	19	2.2	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.5	2.6
Construction	148	178	165	164	166	189	2.1	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.6
Manufacturing	196	217	212	198	205	226	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.8
Durable goods	108	120	119	108	113	124	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.5
Nondurable goods	88	96	93	90	92	102	1.9	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	629	730	759	761	735	707	2.3	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.5
Wholesale trade	84	78	108	85	81	89	1.4	1.3	1.8	1.4	1.4	1.5
Retail trade	432	535	529	569	528	490	2.7	3.4	3.3	3.6	3.3	3.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	113	117	122	106	125	128	2.0	2.0	2.1	1.8	2.1	2.1
Information	46	49	49	47	50	56	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.8	2.0
Financial activities	115	141	155	126	110	98	1.4	1.6	1.8	1.5	1.3	1.1
Finance and insurance	93	77	89	75	63	64	1.5	1.2	1.4	1.2	1.0	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	22	64	66	50	47	34	1.0	2.8	2.9	2.2	2.0	1.5
Professional and business services	712	709	696	704	661	577	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.1	2.7
Education and health services	427	449	469	431	497	518	1.8	1.9	2.0	1.8	2.1	2.2
Educational services	50	45	35	47	58	52	1.4	1.2	0.9	1.3	1.6	1.4
Health care and social assistance	377	404	434	384	439	466	1.9	2.0	2.2	1.9	2.2	2.3
Leisure and hospitality	652	765	777	780	769	699	4.0	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.7	4.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	64	76	84	85	78	69	2.7	3.2	3.6	3.6	3.3	2.9
Accommodation and food services	588	689	693	695	691	629	4.3	4.9	4.9	5.0	4.9	4.5
Other services(3)	71	163	177	159	127	126	1.2	2.8	3.0	2.7	2.2	2.1
Government	184	187	168	174	180	191	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9
Federal	18	14	13	16	16	16	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6
State and local	166	172	155	158	164	175	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9
State and local education	84	91	85	83	89	91	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9
State and local, excluding education	82	82	70	75	75	84	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9
REGION(4)
Northeast	438	442	448	459	403	376	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.4
South	1,337	1,504	1,500	1,533	1,503	1,452	2.5	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7
Midwest	685	824	856	799	815	792	2.1	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.4
West	735	838	845	773	798	787	2.2	2.4	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.3
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	1,734	1,622	1,790	1,707	1,761	1,769	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,627	1,520	1,666	1,609	1,647	1,658	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mining and logging(3)	13	11	13	11	9	12	1.8	1.5	1.7	1.5	1.1	1.6
Construction	174	151	159	169	145	187	2.5	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.0	2.6
Manufacturing	106	120	112	95	127	118	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.7	1.0	0.9
Durable goods	54	60	60	59	80	70	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.7	1.0	0.9
Nondurable goods	52	60	52	36	47	48	1.1	1.3	1.1	0.8	1.0	1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	310	329	384	374	367	342	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.2
Wholesale trade(3)	31	34	38	44	59	56	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	1.0	0.9
Retail trade	207	230	264	242	205	196	1.3	1.4	1.7	1.5	1.3	1.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	72	66	82	89	102	90	1.2	1.1	1.4	1.5	1.7	1.5
Information	21	24	27	28	20	19	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.7	0.7
Financial activities	44	57	55	59	47	66	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.8
Finance and insurance	27	43	40	44	34	43	0.4	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	17	15	15	14	13	24	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	1.0
Professional and business services	387	326	443	376	402	385	1.9	1.6	2.1	1.8	1.9	1.8
Education and health services	168	167	141	154	162	177	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7
Educational services	33	42	45	33	33	50	0.9	1.1	1.2	0.9	0.9	1.3
Health care and social assistance	136	125	96	121	129	127	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	318	263	265	278	300	283	2.0	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	96	60	87	72	78	90	4.1	2.6	3.7	3.0	3.3	3.8
Accommodation and food services	221	202	177	206	222	193	1.6	1.4	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.4
Other services	86	72	67	65	69	69	1.5	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2
Government	107	102	125	98	113	111	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.5
Federal	12	7	7	6	6	5	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local	95	95	118	92	107	106	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5
State and local education	47	44	60	51	60	61	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6
State and local, excluding education	48	51	57	41	47	45	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5
REGION(4)
Northeast	331	277	322	308	297	289	1.2	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.0
South	709	685	731	714	674	717	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3
Midwest	345	347	348	375	449	439	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.4	1.3
West	350	314	389	311	341	324	1.0	0.9	1.1	0.9	1.0	0.9
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	325	365	341	369	341	332	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	260	300	277	307	281	267	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	1	1	3	1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.4	0.2
Construction(3)	8	8	10	10	15	7	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Manufacturing	24	22	19	22	18	21	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2
Durable goods	15	15	9	12	12	13	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods(3)	9	7	10	10	6	7	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	77	71	64	57	70	76	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Wholesale trade	6	14	6	7	15	25	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.4
Retail trade	57	41	44	37	43	44	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	13	17	14	12	13	7	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Information(3)	6	5	7	6	3	7	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Financial activities	14	27	21	25	24	32	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.4
Finance and insurance	13	25	14	23	23	27	0.2	0.4	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	1	1	7	2	1	5	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.2
Professional and business services	58	84	54	80	75	53	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.3
Education and health services	41	48	54	60	35	29	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.1
Educational services(3)	2	10	8	8	3	2	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance(3)	39	38	47	52	31	27	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	22	30	31	40	29	36	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	5	1	5	8	2	7	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.3
Accommodation and food services(3)	17	28	25	32	27	29	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services(3)	9	5	16	5	10	5	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.1
Government	65	65	64	63	60	64	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	8	13	13	12	9	13	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.4
State and local	57	53	51	51	50	52	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local education	24	25	26	24	28	27	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
State and local, excluding education	33	27	25	27	23	25	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	61	54	86	74	60	83	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
South	124	122	125	131	106	129	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	66	86	53	81	85	62	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
West	74	103	77	83	90	57	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	5,671	7,360	6,540	3.7	4.7	4.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,176	6,741	5,924	3.9	5.0	4.4
Mining and logging	19	31	26	2.6	3.9	3.3
Construction	225	323	278	3.1	4.1	3.6
Manufacturing	391	504	493	3.0	3.8	3.7
Durable goods	248	318	324	3.1	3.8	3.9
Nondurable goods	143	187	169	2.9	3.7	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,140	1,409	1,219	3.9	4.8	4.1
Wholesale trade	168	216	177	2.7	3.5	2.8
Retail trade	806	935	744	4.7	5.6	4.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	166	258	298	2.7	4.1	4.7
Information	88	150	133	3.0	5.1	4.6
Financial activities	334	405	368	3.8	4.5	4.1
Finance and insurance	257	277	278	3.9	4.2	4.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	77	129	90	3.4	5.3	3.8
Professional and business services	923	1,302	1,071	4.2	5.7	4.8
Education and health services	1,040	1,293	1,193	4.2	5.1	4.7
Educational services	100	102	112	2.5	2.6	2.8
Health care and social assistance	940	1,191	1,081	4.6	5.6	5.1
Leisure and hospitality	782	1,025	912	4.7	5.9	5.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	64	85	76	2.8	3.5	3.3
Accommodation and food services	718	940	836	5.0	6.3	5.7
Other services	234	296	230	3.9	4.8	3.8
Government	495	619	617	2.1	2.6	2.6
Federal	71	107	89	2.5	3.7	3.1
State and local	424	512	528	2.1	2.5	2.6
State and local education	149	196	211	1.3	1.8	1.9
State and local, excluding education	275	316	316	2.9	3.4	3.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	919	1,214	1,096	3.2	4.2	3.8
South	2,022	2,601	2,452	3.6	4.5	4.2
Midwest	1,460	1,824	1,678	4.3	5.2	4.8
West	1,269	1,721	1,315	3.6	4.7	3.6
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	5,053	6,416	5,221	3.4	4.3	3.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,782	6,083	4,935	3.8	4.8	3.8
Mining and logging	31	35	27	4.4	4.6	3.6
Construction	263	367	282	3.7	4.9	3.8
Manufacturing	278	393	305	2.2	3.1	2.4
Durable goods	162	222	170	2.1	2.8	2.1
Nondurable goods	116	171	135	2.4	3.6	2.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,343	1,513	1,419	4.8	5.4	5.0
Wholesale trade	106	191	145	1.8	3.2	2.4
Retail trade	914	999	906	5.6	6.3	5.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	323	323	367	5.5	5.4	6.0
Information	75	99	79	2.7	3.6	2.9
Financial activities	164	205	184	1.9	2.4	2.1
Finance and insurance	107	132	115	1.7	2.1	1.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	57	73	70	2.6	3.2	3.1
Professional and business services	1,039	1,285	916	5.0	6.0	4.3
Education and health services	561	853	651	2.4	3.6	2.7
Educational services	66	93	67	1.7	2.4	1.7
Health care and social assistance	495	760	584	2.5	3.8	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	869	1,126	880	5.5	6.9	5.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	116	161	118	5.3	6.8	5.3
Accommodation and food services	753	965	761	5.5	6.9	5.5
Other services	159	207	191	2.7	3.5	3.3
Government	272	333	286	1.2	1.5	1.3
Federal	30	36	43	1.1	1.3	1.5
State and local	242	297	243	1.2	1.5	1.2
State and local education	110	159	125	1.0	1.5	1.1
State and local, excluding education	132	138	119	1.5	1.5	1.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	717	878	770	2.6	3.2	2.8
South	2,068	2,744	2,150	3.8	5.0	3.9
Midwest	1,068	1,366	1,134	3.2	4.1	3.4
West	1,201	1,428	1,167	3.5	4.1	3.4
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	4,627	5,740	4,838	3.1	3.8	3.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,380	5,447	4,588	3.5	4.3	3.6
Mining and logging	27	31	29	3.8	4.1	3.8
Construction	323	348	383	4.5	4.6	5.2
Manufacturing	274	359	309	2.2	2.8	2.4
Durable goods	140	203	167	1.8	2.5	2.1
Nondurable goods	133	156	142	2.8	3.3	3.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	892	1,147	985	3.2	4.1	3.5
Wholesale trade	102	166	144	1.7	2.8	2.4
Retail trade	615	746	641	3.8	4.7	3.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	175	234	200	3.0	3.9	3.3
Information	64	71	70	2.3	2.6	2.5
Financial activities	144	176	172	1.7	2.0	2.0
Finance and insurance	107	115	112	1.7	1.8	1.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	38	61	60	1.7	2.7	2.6
Professional and business services	1,068	1,160	922	5.1	5.4	4.3
Education and health services	509	693	583	2.2	2.9	2.4
Educational services	47	69	57	1.2	1.8	1.4
Health care and social assistance	463	624	526	2.3	3.1	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	921	1,248	941	5.8	7.6	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	179	213	179	8.3	9.0	8.0
Accommodation and food services	742	1,035	762	5.4	7.4	5.5
Other services	158	214	195	2.7	3.6	3.3
Government	246	292	250	1.1	1.3	1.1
Federal	35	35	32	1.3	1.2	1.1
State and local	211	258	219	1.1	1.3	1.1
State and local education	76	111	89	0.7	1.0	0.8
State and local, excluding education	136	147	130	1.5	1.6	1.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	752	733	660	2.7	2.6	2.4
South	1,851	2,332	1,969	3.4	4.2	3.6
Midwest	1,000	1,403	1,189	3.0	4.2	3.6
West	1,025	1,273	1,020	3.0	3.7	2.9
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	2,707	3,628	2,885	1.8	2.4	1.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,578	3,478	2,748	2.0	2.7	2.1
Mining and logging	13	20	15	1.8	2.6	2.0
Construction	109	178	150	1.5	2.4	2.0
Manufacturing	144	211	171	1.2	1.7	1.3
Durable goods	78	115	91	1.0	1.4	1.1
Nondurable goods	66	97	80	1.4	2.0	1.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	543	777	613	1.9	2.8	2.2
Wholesale trade	67	93	72	1.1	1.5	1.2
Retail trade	370	544	420	2.3	3.4	2.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	106	140	121	1.8	2.3	2.0
Information	37	50	48	1.3	1.8	1.7
Financial activities	93	112	84	1.1	1.3	1.0
Finance and insurance	71	65	50	1.1	1.0	0.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	22	47	34	1.0	2.0	1.5
Professional and business services	661	694	519	3.2	3.2	2.4
Education and health services	338	512	421	1.4	2.1	1.7
Educational services	31	47	33	0.8	1.2	0.8
Health care and social assistance	308	465	388	1.6	2.3	1.9
Leisure and hospitality	568	798	600	3.6	4.9	3.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	46	79	48	2.1	3.4	2.2
Accommodation and food services	522	719	552	3.8	5.1	4.0
Other services	71	127	126	1.2	2.2	2.1
Government	130	150	137	0.6	0.7	0.6
Federal	16	17	15	0.6	0.6	0.5
State and local	114	133	122	0.6	0.7	0.6
State and local education	50	63	55	0.5	0.6	0.5
State and local, excluding education	64	70	67	0.7	0.8	0.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	388	394	316	1.4	1.4	1.1
South	1,115	1,548	1,216	2.1	2.8	2.2
Midwest	583	856	682	1.8	2.6	2.0
West	621	830	670	1.8	2.4	1.9
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	1,639	1,795	1,674	1.1	1.2	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,563	1,695	1,600	1.2	1.3	1.2
Mining and logging	13	9	12	1.8	1.1	1.6
Construction	206	156	225	2.9	2.1	3.0
Manufacturing	110	129	122	0.9	1.0	1.0
Durable goods	52	76	67	0.7	1.0	0.8
Nondurable goods	59	53	55	1.2	1.1	1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	284	309	311	1.0	1.1	1.1
Wholesale trade	31	59	56	0.5	1.0	0.9
Retail trade	198	168	184	1.2	1.1	1.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	56	82	71	0.9	1.4	1.2
Information	21	19	15	0.8	0.7	0.5
Financial activities	38	43	55	0.4	0.5	0.6
Finance and insurance	23	29	35	0.4	0.5	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	15	14	20	0.7	0.6	0.9
Professional and business services	351	385	357	1.7	1.8	1.7
Education and health services	130	147	133	0.6	0.6	0.6
Educational services	14	19	22	0.4	0.5	0.6
Health care and social assistance	116	128	111	0.6	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	331	421	306	2.1	2.6	1.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	128	131	124	5.9	5.6	5.6
Accommodation and food services	203	290	181	1.5	2.1	1.3
Other services	78	77	64	1.3	1.3	1.1
Government	76	101	74	0.3	0.4	0.3
Federal	13	9	7	0.5	0.3	0.2
State and local	63	92	67	0.3	0.5	0.3
State and local education	16	33	23	0.1	0.3	0.2
State and local, excluding education	47	59	44	0.5	0.6	0.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	319	279	276	1.2	1.0	1.0
South	617	690	630	1.1	1.3	1.1
Midwest	363	468	463	1.1	1.4	1.4
West	341	358	305	1.0	1.0	0.9
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)	Nov. 2017	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018(p)
Total	281	317	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	240	275	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	3	1	0.2	0.4	0.2
Construction	8	15	7	0.1	0.2	0.1
Manufacturing	19	18	17	0.2	0.1	0.1
Durable goods	10	12	9	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nondurable goods	9	6	7	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	65	61	61	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	4	14	16	0.1	0.2	0.3
Retail trade	47	34	37	0.3	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	13	13	7	0.2	0.2	0.1
Information	6	3	7	0.2	0.1	0.2
Financial activities	13	22	32	0.2	0.3	0.4
Finance and insurance	13	21	27	0.2	0.3	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	1	1	5	0.0	0.0	0.2
Professional and business services	55	81	46	0.3	0.4	0.2
Education and health services	41	35	29	0.2	0.1	0.1
Educational services	2	3	2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	39	31	27	0.2	0.2	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	22	29	36	0.1	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5	2	7	0.2	0.1	0.3
Accommodation and food services	17	27	29	0.1	0.2	0.2
Other services	9	10	5	0.2	0.2	0.1
Government	41	42	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	7	9	10	0.2	0.3	0.4
State and local	34	33	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
State and local education	9	14	11	0.1	0.1	0.1
State and local, excluding education	25	19	19	0.3	0.2	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	45	60	67	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	119	93	123	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	54	79	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
West	64	85	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.