Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, January 30, 2024    USDL-24-0143
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – DECEMBER 2023

The number of job openings changed little at 9.0 million on the last business day of December, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations 
were little changed at 5.6 million and 5.4 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.4 million) 
and layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number 
and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class.
    
Job Openings

On the last business day of December, the number of job openings changed little at 9.0 million; this 
measure is down from a series high of 12.0 million in March 2022. Over the month, the rate was 
unchanged at 5.4 percent. Job openings increased in professional and business services (+239,000) but 
decreased in wholesale trade (-83,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In December, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.6 million and 3.6 percent, 
respectively. The number of hires decreased in health care and social assistance (-119,000) but increased 
in state and local government, excluding education (+35,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. The quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ 
willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the 
employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to 
other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations in December changed little at 5.4 million, and the rate was unchanged 
at 3.4 percent. Over the month, the number of total separations decreased in health care and social 
assistance (-91,000) but increased in wholesale trade (+39,000). (See table 3.)

In December, the number of quits changed little at 3.4 million, and the rate was unchanged at 2.2 
percent. The number of quits decreased in health care and social assistance (-71,000) and in 
transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-35,000). The number of quits increased in wholesale trade 
(+63,000). (See table 4.)

In December, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million, and the rate was 1.0 
percent for the fourth month in a row. The number of layoffs and discharges increased in transportation, 
warehousing, and utilities (+43,000) and in state and local government, excluding education (+18,000).  
(See table 5.)

The number of other separations changed little in December at 358,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In December, the job openings, hires, and total separations rates changed little for establishments with 1 
to 9 employees. The job openings rate increased for establishments with 5,000 or more employees.   
(See table 7.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for January 2024 are scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, March 6, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|                     Upcoming Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates and Industry Titles                         |
|                                                                                                           |
|Effective with the release of January 2024 data on March 6, 2024, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover      | 
|Survey (JOLTS) estimates will incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics          | 
|employment data and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and                | 
|seasonally adjusted data from January 2019 forward are subject to revision.                                |
|                                                                                                           |
|Also, with the release of data for January 2024, the “education and health services” industry will be      | 
|renamed “private education and health services.” In addition, “educational services” will be renamed       | 
|“private educational services.” This change is being made to align the industry titles with those used in  | 
|the Current Employment Statistics program.                                                                 |
|___________________________________________________________________________________________________________|









     

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	11,234	8,925	9,026	6,251	5,554	5,621	5,906	5,401	5,365
Total private	10,126	7,911	8,010	5,809	5,191	5,208	5,502	5,064	5,012
Mining and logging	39	32	32	22	20	15	20	23	19
Construction	488	470	449	380	363	368	335	345	341
Manufacturing	797	553	601	405	349	327	384	343	318
Durable goods	519	379	408	234	197	182	206	189	173
Nondurable goods	278	174	192	171	151	145	178	154	144
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,763	1,382	1,315	1,289	1,098	1,118	1,277	1,130	1,116
Wholesale trade	265	307	224	175	154	182	165	144	183
Retail trade	964	612	662	753	623	634	765	663	607
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	534	463	429	361	321	302	347	323	326
Information	106	162	127	97	71	73	99	79	61
Financial activities	610	419	457	213	201	217	198	207	210
Finance and insurance	445	292	303	132	129	133	129	135	128
Real estate and rental and leasing	165	128	154	82	72	84	69	71	82
Professional and business services	2,087	1,480	1,719	1,155	980	1,036	1,125	994	1,055
Education and health services	2,080	1,945	2,018	904	921	806	825	824	737
Educational services	181	178	189	98	99	103	89	85	90
Health care and social assistance	1,899	1,767	1,830	806	822	703	736	738	647
Leisure and hospitality	1,859	1,126	995	1,107	975	1,040	1,010	933	970
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	180	159	150	161	139	169	130	137	155
Accommodation and food services	1,679	967	846	947	837	870	880	796	815
Other services	297	342	296	237	213	208	228	188	186
Government	1,109	1,014	1,016	442	364	413	404	336	353
Federal	156	169	183	45	38	44	45	39	37
State and local	953	845	833	397	325	369	359	297	317
State and local education	325	297	272	175	168	176	166	155	154
State and local, excluding education	628	548	561	222	158	193	193	143	162
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	6.8	5.4	5.4	4.0	3.5	3.6	3.8	3.4	3.4
Total private	7.1	5.6	5.6	4.4	3.9	3.9	4.2	3.8	3.7
Mining and logging	5.8	4.7	4.7	3.5	3.1	2.4	3.2	3.5	2.9
Construction	5.8	5.5	5.3	4.8	4.5	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.2
Manufacturing	5.8	4.1	4.4	3.1	2.7	2.5	3.0	2.6	2.4
Durable goods	6.0	4.4	4.8	2.9	2.4	2.2	2.5	2.3	2.1
Nondurable goods	5.4	3.5	3.8	3.5	3.1	3.0	3.6	3.2	3.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5.8	4.6	4.4	4.5	3.8	3.9	4.4	3.9	3.9
Wholesale trade	4.2	4.8	3.5	2.9	2.5	3.0	2.7	2.4	3.0
Retail trade	5.9	3.8	4.1	4.9	4.0	4.1	4.9	4.3	3.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	6.8	6.0	5.6	5.0	4.4	4.2	4.8	4.5	4.5
Information	3.3	5.1	4.0	3.1	2.3	2.4	3.2	2.6	2.0
Financial activities	6.3	4.4	4.8	2.3	2.2	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.3
Finance and insurance	6.2	4.2	4.3	2.0	1.9	2.0	1.9	2.0	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	6.4	5.0	5.9	3.4	3.0	3.4	2.9	2.9	3.4
Professional and business services	8.4	6.1	7.0	5.1	4.3	4.5	4.9	4.3	4.6
Education and health services	7.7	7.0	7.2	3.6	3.6	3.1	3.3	3.2	2.8
Educational services	4.5	4.3	4.5	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.3	2.1	2.3
Health care and social assistance	8.3	7.5	7.7	3.8	3.8	3.2	3.5	3.4	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	10.2	6.3	5.6	6.8	5.8	6.2	6.2	5.6	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	7.0	6.0	5.6	6.7	5.6	6.7	5.4	5.5	6.2
Accommodation and food services	10.8	6.4	5.6	6.8	5.9	6.1	6.3	5.6	5.7
Other services	4.9	5.5	4.8	4.1	3.6	3.5	3.9	3.2	3.1
Government	4.7	4.2	4.2	2.0	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.5	1.5
Federal	5.1	5.4	5.8	1.5	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.3	1.2
State and local	4.7	4.1	4.0	2.0	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.5	1.6
State and local education	3.1	2.7	2.5	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.5
State and local, excluding education	6.4	5.5	5.6	2.4	1.7	2.1	2.1	1.5	1.7
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)
Total	11,234	9,350	8,852	8,925	9,026	101	6.8	5.6	5.3	5.4	5.4	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,126	8,381	7,845	7,911	8,010	99	7.1	5.9	5.5	5.6	5.6	0.0
Mining and logging	39	35	23	32	32	0	5.8	5.2	3.4	4.7	4.7	0.0
Construction	488	427	416	470	449	-21	5.8	5.1	4.9	5.5	5.3	-0.2
Manufacturing	797	601	561	553	601	48	5.8	4.4	4.1	4.1	4.4	0.3
Durable goods	519	357	362	379	408	29	6.0	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.8	0.4
Nondurable goods	278	243	200	174	192	18	5.4	4.8	4.0	3.5	3.8	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,763	1,333	1,299	1,382	1,315	-67	5.8	4.4	4.3	4.6	4.4	-0.2
Wholesale trade	265	233	217	307	224	-83	4.2	3.7	3.4	4.8	3.5	-1.3
Retail trade	964	645	550	612	662	50	5.9	4.0	3.4	3.8	4.1	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	534	455	532	463	429	-34	6.8	5.9	6.8	6.0	5.6	-0.4
Information	106	133	127	162	127	-35	3.3	4.1	4.0	5.1	4.0	-1.1
Financial activities	610	616	387	419	457	38	6.3	6.3	4.1	4.4	4.8	0.4
Finance and insurance	445	441	253	292	303	11	6.2	6.2	3.6	4.2	4.3	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	165	175	133	128	154	26	6.4	6.7	5.2	5.0	5.9	0.9
Professional and business services	2,087	1,658	1,642	1,480	1,719	239	8.4	6.7	6.7	6.1	7.0	0.9
Education and health services	2,080	1,906	1,861	1,945	2,018	73	7.7	6.9	6.8	7.0	7.2	0.2
Educational services	181	177	172	178	189	11	4.5	4.3	4.2	4.3	4.5	0.2
Health care and social assistance	1,899	1,729	1,689	1,767	1,830	63	8.3	7.4	7.2	7.5	7.7	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	1,859	1,359	1,240	1,126	995	-131	10.2	7.5	6.9	6.3	5.6	-0.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	180	190	183	159	150	-9	7.0	7.1	6.8	6.0	5.6	-0.4
Accommodation and food services	1,679	1,168	1,057	967	846	-121	10.8	7.6	6.9	6.4	5.6	-0.8
Other services	297	313	289	342	296	-46	4.9	5.1	4.7	5.5	4.8	-0.7
Government	1,109	970	1,008	1,014	1,016	2	4.7	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.2	0.0
Federal	156	162	180	169	183	14	5.1	5.2	5.8	5.4	5.8	0.4
State and local	953	808	827	845	833	-12	4.7	3.9	4.0	4.1	4.0	-0.1
State and local education	325	307	299	297	272	-25	3.1	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.5	-0.2
State and local, excluding education	628	501	529	548	561	13	6.4	5.1	5.3	5.5	5.6	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,746	1,571	1,523	1,521	1,533	12	6.0	5.3	5.2	5.1	5.2	0.1
South	4,415	3,804	3,521	3,546	3,661	115	7.1	6.1	5.7	5.7	5.9	0.2
Midwest	2,536	2,002	1,921	2,042	2,020	-22	7.1	5.6	5.4	5.7	5.7	0.0
West	2,537	1,973	1,887	1,816	1,812	-4	6.5	5.1	4.8	4.7	4.7	0.0
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)
Total	6,251	5,904	5,828	5,554	5,621	67	4.0	3.8	3.7	3.5	3.6	0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,809	5,536	5,446	5,191	5,208	17	4.4	4.1	4.1	3.9	3.9	0.0
Mining and logging	22	22	23	20	15	-5	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.1	2.4	-0.7
Construction	380	309	379	363	368	5	4.8	3.9	4.7	4.5	4.6	0.1
Manufacturing	405	390	370	349	327	-22	3.1	3.0	2.8	2.7	2.5	-0.2
Durable goods	234	214	206	197	182	-15	2.9	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.2	-0.2
Nondurable goods	171	176	164	151	145	-6	3.5	3.6	3.4	3.1	3.0	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,289	1,216	1,137	1,098	1,118	20	4.5	4.2	3.9	3.8	3.9	0.1
Wholesale trade	175	161	157	154	182	28	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.5	3.0	0.5
Retail trade	753	750	661	623	634	11	4.9	4.8	4.3	4.0	4.1	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	361	305	318	321	302	-19	5.0	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.2	-0.2
Information	97	74	52	71	73	2	3.1	2.4	1.7	2.3	2.4	0.1
Financial activities	213	202	206	201	217	16	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.4	0.2
Finance and insurance	132	125	132	129	133	4	2.0	1.9	2.0	1.9	2.0	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	82	77	74	72	84	12	3.4	3.2	3.0	3.0	3.4	0.4
Professional and business services	1,155	1,095	1,146	980	1,036	56	5.1	4.8	5.0	4.3	4.5	0.2
Education and health services	904	863	892	921	806	-115	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.6	3.1	-0.5
Educational services	98	96	106	99	103	4	2.5	2.4	2.7	2.5	2.6	0.1
Health care and social assistance	806	767	787	822	703	-119	3.8	3.5	3.6	3.8	3.2	-0.6
Leisure and hospitality	1,107	1,148	1,037	975	1,040	65	6.8	6.9	6.2	5.8	6.2	0.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	161	155	157	139	169	30	6.7	6.2	6.3	5.6	6.7	1.1
Accommodation and food services	947	993	880	837	870	33	6.8	7.0	6.2	5.9	6.1	0.2
Other services	237	217	204	213	208	-5	4.1	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.5	-0.1
Government	442	368	382	364	413	49	2.0	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.8	0.2
Federal	45	44	41	38	44	6	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.3	1.5	0.2
State and local	397	324	341	325	369	44	2.0	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.8	0.2
State and local education	175	170	181	168	176	8	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.7	0.1
State and local, excluding education	222	154	160	158	193	35	2.4	1.6	1.7	1.7	2.1	0.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	923	930	889	898	880	-18	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.1	-0.1
South	2,628	2,515	2,402	2,338	2,340	2	4.6	4.3	4.1	4.0	4.0	0.0
Midwest	1,361	1,185	1,232	1,181	1,121	-60	4.1	3.5	3.7	3.5	3.3	-0.2
West	1,338	1,274	1,304	1,136	1,280	144	3.7	3.4	3.5	3.1	3.4	0.3
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)
Total	5,906	5,595	5,632	5,401	5,365	-36	3.8	3.6	3.6	3.4	3.4	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,502	5,288	5,328	5,064	5,012	-52	4.2	3.9	4.0	3.8	3.7	-0.1
Mining and logging	20	21	24	23	19	-4	3.2	3.3	3.7	3.5	2.9	-0.6
Construction	335	312	345	345	341	-4	4.3	3.9	4.3	4.3	4.2	-0.1
Manufacturing	384	382	376	343	318	-25	3.0	2.9	2.9	2.6	2.4	-0.2
Durable goods	206	207	208	189	173	-16	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.3	2.1	-0.2
Nondurable goods	178	175	168	154	144	-10	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.2	3.0	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,277	1,181	1,134	1,130	1,116	-14	4.4	4.1	3.9	3.9	3.9	0.0
Wholesale trade	165	154	133	144	183	39	2.7	2.5	2.2	2.4	3.0	0.6
Retail trade	765	731	670	663	607	-56	4.9	4.7	4.3	4.3	3.9	-0.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	347	296	331	323	326	3	4.8	4.1	4.6	4.5	4.5	0.0
Information	99	81	71	79	61	-18	3.2	2.6	2.4	2.6	2.0	-0.6
Financial activities	198	204	216	207	210	3	2.2	2.2	2.4	2.3	2.3	0.0
Finance and insurance	129	127	141	135	128	-7	1.9	1.9	2.1	2.0	1.9	-0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	69	77	75	71	82	11	2.9	3.2	3.1	2.9	3.4	0.5
Professional and business services	1,125	1,067	1,164	994	1,055	61	4.9	4.6	5.1	4.3	4.6	0.3
Education and health services	825	766	814	824	737	-87	3.3	3.0	3.2	3.2	2.8	-0.4
Educational services	89	91	108	85	90	5	2.3	2.3	2.7	2.1	2.3	0.2
Health care and social assistance	736	675	706	738	647	-91	3.5	3.1	3.2	3.4	3.0	-0.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,010	1,080	987	933	970	37	6.2	6.5	5.9	5.6	5.8	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	130	167	135	137	155	18	5.4	6.7	5.4	5.5	6.2	0.7
Accommodation and food services	880	914	852	796	815	19	6.3	6.4	6.0	5.6	5.7	0.1
Other services	228	194	198	188	186	-2	3.9	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.1	-0.1
Government	404	306	304	336	353	17	1.8	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.5	0.0
Federal	45	41	36	39	37	-2	1.6	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.2	-0.1
State and local	359	266	268	297	317	20	1.8	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.6	0.1
State and local education	166	136	135	155	154	-1	1.6	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.5	0.0
State and local, excluding education	193	129	133	143	162	19	2.1	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.7	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	880	781	989	858	816	-42	3.2	2.8	3.5	3.1	2.9	-0.2
South	2,400	2,366	2,320	2,139	2,269	130	4.2	4.1	4.0	3.7	3.9	0.2
Midwest	1,247	1,191	1,129	1,157	1,105	-52	3.8	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.3	-0.2
West	1,379	1,256	1,193	1,246	1,176	-70	3.8	3.4	3.2	3.4	3.2	-0.2
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)
Total	4,091	3,646	3,628	3,524	3,392	-132	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,858	3,460	3,448	3,331	3,196	-135	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.4	-0.1
Mining and logging	14	12	14	14	11	-3	2.2	1.8	2.2	2.2	1.8	-0.4
Construction	153	138	173	166	150	-16	2.0	1.7	2.2	2.1	1.9	-0.2
Manufacturing	263	231	234	215	203	-12	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.6	-0.1
Durable goods	137	123	127	124	104	-20	1.7	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.3	-0.2
Nondurable goods	125	108	107	91	99	8	2.6	2.2	2.2	1.9	2.1	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	916	826	774	749	723	-26	3.2	2.9	2.7	2.6	2.5	-0.1
Wholesale trade	96	84	80	71	134	63	1.6	1.4	1.3	1.2	2.2	1.0
Retail trade	598	554	491	477	423	-54	3.9	3.6	3.2	3.1	2.7	-0.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	222	188	203	201	166	-35	3.1	2.6	2.8	2.8	2.3	-0.5
Information	46	45	44	43	33	-10	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.1	-0.3
Financial activities	134	133	124	125	135	10	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.5	0.1
Finance and insurance	88	92	88	82	82	0	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.2	1.2	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	46	41	35	42	52	10	1.9	1.7	1.4	1.7	2.1	0.4
Professional and business services	719	591	676	606	574	-32	3.1	2.6	2.9	2.6	2.5	-0.1
Education and health services	629	550	570	592	528	-64	2.5	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.0	-0.3
Educational services	55	58	74	56	64	8	1.4	1.5	1.9	1.4	1.6	0.2
Health care and social assistance	574	492	496	536	465	-71	2.7	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.1	-0.4
Leisure and hospitality	806	814	727	709	730	21	4.9	4.9	4.3	4.2	4.3	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	77	86	71	71	83	12	3.2	3.5	2.8	2.8	3.3	0.5
Accommodation and food services	729	729	656	639	647	8	5.2	5.1	4.6	4.5	4.5	0.0
Other services	177	120	113	112	108	-4	3.1	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.8	-0.1
Government	233	186	180	193	195	2	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.0
Federal	21	18	16	18	18	0	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.0
State and local	213	168	164	176	178	2	1.1	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.0
State and local education	103	87	80	92	95	3	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.0
State and local, excluding education	110	81	84	83	83	0	1.2	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	539	489	516	509	504	-5	2.0	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.8	0.0
South	1,748	1,632	1,592	1,447	1,507	60	3.0	2.8	2.7	2.5	2.6	0.1
Midwest	835	738	771	802	688	-114	2.5	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.0	-0.4
West	969	787	750	766	692	-74	2.7	2.1	2.0	2.1	1.9	-0.2
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)
Total	1,475	1,610	1,643	1,531	1,616	85	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,378	1,542	1,561	1,447	1,515	68	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.1	0.0
Mining and logging	5	9	7	7	5	-2	0.7	1.4	1.0	1.1	0.8	-0.3
Construction	166	157	163	172	169	-3	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.1	2.1	0.0
Manufacturing	99	131	122	102	92	-10	0.8	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.7	-0.1
Durable goods	54	70	67	48	55	7	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.1
Nondurable goods	44	61	55	54	37	-17	0.9	1.2	1.1	1.1	0.8	-0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	304	290	285	315	334	19	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.2	0.1
Wholesale trade	59	64	47	64	41	-23	1.0	1.1	0.8	1.1	0.7	-0.4
Retail trade	138	136	131	145	145	0	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	107	90	108	106	149	43	1.5	1.2	1.5	1.5	2.1	0.6
Information	46	24	15	27	25	-2	1.5	0.8	0.5	0.9	0.8	-0.1
Financial activities	38	55	62	62	54	-8	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	-0.1
Finance and insurance	19	24	38	39	30	-9	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.4	-0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	18	31	24	23	24	1	0.8	1.3	1.0	0.9	1.0	0.1
Professional and business services	338	401	409	324	393	69	1.5	1.7	1.8	1.4	1.7	0.3
Education and health services	149	174	196	170	154	-16	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.6	-0.1
Educational services	29	28	30	23	22	-1	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.5	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	120	146	167	147	132	-15	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.6	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	193	240	236	206	226	20	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.3	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	52	78	61	63	69	6	2.2	3.1	2.4	2.5	2.7	0.2
Accommodation and food services	141	162	175	142	158	16	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.1	0.1
Other services	41	61	66	62	61	-1	0.7	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.0
Government	97	68	82	84	101	17	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
Federal	10	8	8	8	8	0	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
State and local	87	60	74	76	93	17	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.1
State and local education	37	34	46	40	39	-1	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local, excluding education	50	26	28	36	54	18	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	279	227	401	262	242	-20	1.0	0.8	1.4	0.9	0.9	0.0
South	521	632	570	571	642	71	0.9	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.1	0.1
Midwest	356	389	299	294	352	58	1.1	1.2	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.1
West	319	362	373	403	380	-23	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.0	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)
Total	340	339	361	346	358	12	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	266	286	319	287	301	14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	2	1	3	1	2	1	0.3	0.1	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.1
Construction	16	16	10	7	21	14	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.2
Manufacturing	23	20	20	25	22	-3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Durable goods	15	14	14	17	14	-3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nondurable goods	8	6	6	8	8	0	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	57	65	75	66	59	-7	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Wholesale trade	10	6	7	9	8	-1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Retail trade	29	41	48	41	39	-2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	18	18	20	16	11	-5	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Information	7	12	12	10	2	-8	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.1	-0.2
Financial activities	26	16	30	20	22	2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Finance and insurance	21	11	15	14	16	2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	5	5	15	6	6	0	0.2	0.2	0.6	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Professional and business services	68	76	79	65	87	22	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.1
Education and health services	47	42	48	62	54	-8	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Educational services	5	5	4	6	4	-2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Health care and social assistance	42	37	44	56	50	-6	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	11	26	23	18	14	-4	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1	3	3	3	4	1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Accommodation and food services	9	23	21	14	10	-4	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other services	10	13	19	14	17	3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
Government	73	53	42	59	57	-2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Federal	14	15	11	13	12	-1	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local	59	38	31	45	46	1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local education	26	15	10	22	20	-2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local, excluding education	33	23	21	24	25	1	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	62	65	73	87	70	-17	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.1
South	131	102	159	121	119	-2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Midwest	55	64	59	62	65	3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
West	91	108	70	76	104	28	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Change from: Nov. 2023 - Dec. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	10,126	8,381	7,845	7,911	8,010	99	7.1	5.9	5.5	5.6	5.6	0.0
1 to 9 employees	1,818	1,930	1,691	1,652	1,988	336	7.8	8.3	7.4	7.2	7.7	0.5
10 to 49 employees	3,188	2,456	2,284	2,350	2,111	-239	7.0	5.4	5.2	5.3	4.8	-0.5
50 to 249 employees	2,953	2,219	2,057	1,930	2,031	101	7.4	5.4	5.0	4.8	5.2	0.4
250 to 999 employees	1,235	950	1,008	1,122	986	-136	6.4	5.1	5.1	5.6	5.1	-0.5
1,000 to 4,999 employees	634	584	577	608	612	4	6.6	6.5	5.9	6.5	6.8	0.3
5,000 or more employees	298	242	228	248	282	34	6.8	5.3	5.0	5.1	5.7	0.6
HIRES
Total private	5,809	5,536	5,446	5,191	5,208	17	4.4	4.1	4.1	3.9	3.9	0.0
1 to 9 employees	800	889	895	957	900	-57	3.7	4.2	4.2	4.5	3.8	-0.7
10 to 49 employees	1,912	1,678	1,603	1,482	1,642	160	4.5	3.9	3.8	3.5	3.9	0.4
50 to 249 employees	1,858	1,808	1,752	1,542	1,576	34	5.0	4.6	4.5	4.0	4.3	0.3
250 to 999 employees	804	752	794	803	711	-92	4.5	4.2	4.3	4.3	3.8	-0.5
1,000 to 4,999 employees	362	325	323	327	300	-27	4.0	3.9	3.5	3.8	3.6	-0.2
5,000 or more employees	73	84	78	80	79	-1	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.7	0.0
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,502	5,288	5,328	5,064	5,012	-52	4.2	3.9	4.0	3.8	3.7	-0.1
1 to 9 employees	826	760	799	720	835	115	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.4	3.5	0.1
10 to 49 employees	1,923	1,747	1,610	1,584	1,592	8	4.5	4.0	3.9	3.7	3.8	0.1
50 to 249 employees	1,594	1,738	1,731	1,598	1,542	-56	4.3	4.5	4.5	4.2	4.2	0.0
250 to 999 employees	723	700	772	776	668	-108	4.0	3.9	4.1	4.1	3.6	-0.5
1,000 to 4,999 employees	375	280	363	320	313	-7	4.2	3.3	4.0	3.7	3.7	0.0
5,000 or more employees	61	64	53	66	62	-4	1.5	1.5	1.2	1.4	1.3	-0.1
QUITS
Total private	3,858	3,460	3,448	3,331	3,196	-135	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.4	-0.1
1 to 9 employees	566	362	486	471	489	18	2.6	1.7	2.3	2.2	2.1	-0.1
10 to 49 employees	1,403	1,292	1,091	1,113	1,088	-25	3.3	3.0	2.6	2.6	2.6	0.0
50 to 249 employees	1,142	1,197	1,110	1,060	1,030	-30	3.1	3.1	2.9	2.8	2.8	0.0
250 to 999 employees	458	418	503	465	383	-82	2.6	2.4	2.7	2.5	2.1	-0.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	248	154	226	178	165	-13	2.8	1.8	2.5	2.0	2.0	0.0
5,000 or more employees	41	38	32	43	41	-2	1.0	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.0
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,378	1,542	1,561	1,447	1,515	68	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.1	0.0
1 to 9 employees	206	319	231	218	274	56	1.0	1.5	1.1	1.0	1.2	0.2
10 to 49 employees	440	370	421	350	403	53	1.0	0.9	1.0	0.8	1.0	0.2
50 to 249 employees	382	472	543	468	448	-20	1.0	1.2	1.4	1.2	1.2	0.0
250 to 999 employees	235	255	241	269	248	-21	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.3	-0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	103	108	112	125	127	2	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.4	1.5	0.1
5,000 or more employees	12	17	13	16	14	-2	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	266	286	319	287	301	14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	54	79	82	32	71	39	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.1	0.3	0.2
10 to 49 employees	80	85	98	121	100	-21	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	70	69	78	69	64	-5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
250 to 999 employees	30	28	27	41	37	-4	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	24	18	26	17	21	4	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
5,000 or more employees	8	8	9	8	7	-1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)
Total	10,164	8,262	8,363	6.1	5.0	5.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	9,097	7,283	7,377	6.4	5.1	5.2
Mining and logging	38	32	32	5.6	4.8	4.7
Construction	390	395	374	4.8	4.6	4.5
Manufacturing	730	546	573	5.3	4.0	4.2
Durable goods	467	375	390	5.4	4.4	4.6
Nondurable goods	263	171	183	5.1	3.4	3.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,579	1,239	1,187	5.1	4.0	3.8
Wholesale trade	221	281	184	3.5	4.4	2.9
Retail trade	873	509	616	5.2	3.1	3.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	485	449	386	6.0	5.7	4.9
Information	107	150	121	3.3	4.7	3.8
Financial activities	579	392	437	6.0	4.1	4.6
Finance and insurance	426	276	287	6.0	4.0	4.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	153	116	150	6.0	4.5	5.8
Professional and business services	1,912	1,329	1,657	7.7	5.4	6.7
Education and health services	1,975	1,839	1,943	7.3	6.6	6.9
Educational services	153	165	168	3.8	3.8	4.0
Health care and social assistance	1,821	1,674	1,775	8.0	7.1	7.5
Leisure and hospitality	1,518	1,039	807	8.7	5.9	4.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	147	117	97	6.1	4.7	3.9
Accommodation and food services	1,372	922	710	9.1	6.1	4.8
Other services	268	322	246	4.4	5.2	4.0
Government	1,068	978	986	4.5	4.0	4.1
Federal	141	166	169	4.6	5.3	5.4
State and local	927	812	818	4.5	3.8	3.9
State and local education	302	280	246	2.8	2.5	2.2
State and local, excluding education	625	532	572	6.4	5.4	5.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,639	1,412	1,493	5.6	4.8	5.0
South	3,932	3,238	3,356	6.4	5.2	5.4
Midwest	2,220	1,925	1,835	6.3	5.4	5.2
West	2,372	1,687	1,680	6.1	4.3	4.3
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)
Total	4,641	5,067	4,102	3.0	3.2	2.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,373	4,781	3,850	3.3	3.5	2.9
Mining and logging	16	16	10	2.5	2.5	1.6
Construction	235	272	227	3.0	3.3	2.8
Manufacturing	281	292	220	2.2	2.2	1.7
Durable goods	163	168	126	2.0	2.1	1.5
Nondurable goods	119	124	94	2.4	2.6	1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,080	1,374	892	3.7	4.7	3.0
Wholesale trade	127	125	135	2.1	2.0	2.2
Retail trade	596	723	469	3.8	4.6	2.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	356	526	287	4.7	7.1	3.8
Information	63	69	50	2.0	2.3	1.6
Financial activities	135	176	142	1.5	1.9	1.5
Finance and insurance	78	114	79	1.2	1.7	1.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	57	61	63	2.4	2.5	2.6
Professional and business services	901	889	808	3.9	3.8	3.5
Education and health services	679	762	600	2.7	2.9	2.3
Educational services	44	68	52	1.1	1.7	1.3
Health care and social assistance	635	694	548	3.0	3.2	2.5
Leisure and hospitality	802	765	749	5.0	4.6	4.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	100	93	110	4.5	3.9	4.6
Accommodation and food services	702	672	639	5.1	4.8	4.5
Other services	180	167	152	3.1	2.8	2.6
Government	268	287	252	1.2	1.2	1.1
Federal	43	45	41	1.5	1.5	1.4
State and local	225	242	211	1.1	1.2	1.0
State and local education	83	113	84	0.8	1.0	0.8
State and local, excluding education	142	129	127	1.6	1.4	1.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	650	784	613	2.3	2.8	2.2
South	1,969	2,125	1,715	3.4	3.6	2.9
Midwest	1,055	1,103	844	3.2	3.3	2.5
West	966	1,055	929	2.6	2.8	2.5
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)
Total	5,598	4,784	5,074	3.6	3.0	3.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,237	4,542	4,759	3.9	3.4	3.5
Mining and logging	18	18	16	2.9	2.8	2.5
Construction	385	356	386	5.0	4.4	4.8
Manufacturing	317	286	252	2.4	2.2	1.9
Durable goods	165	154	138	2.0	1.9	1.7
Nondurable goods	152	131	114	3.1	2.7	2.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,306	1,046	1,140	4.4	3.6	3.8
Wholesale trade	145	122	164	2.4	2.0	2.7
Retail trade	764	617	601	4.8	3.9	3.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	396	307	374	5.2	4.1	4.9
Information	101	71	58	3.2	2.3	1.9
Financial activities	160	170	174	1.8	1.9	1.9
Finance and insurance	107	111	105	1.6	1.6	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	53	60	69	2.2	2.4	2.8
Professional and business services	1,119	927	1,081	4.9	4.0	4.7
Education and health services	725	671	636	2.9	2.6	2.4
Educational services	75	50	72	1.9	1.2	1.8
Health care and social assistance	650	621	563	3.1	2.8	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	902	836	849	5.7	5.1	5.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	127	159	153	5.7	6.7	6.4
Accommodation and food services	775	677	696	5.7	4.8	4.9
Other services	204	160	166	3.5	2.7	2.8
Government	361	243	315	1.6	1.0	1.4
Federal	56	34	45	1.9	1.2	1.5
State and local	305	208	270	1.5	1.0	1.3
State and local education	124	84	118	1.2	0.8	1.1
State and local, excluding education	182	124	152	2.0	1.3	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	890	792	815	3.2	2.8	2.9
South	2,195	1,791	2,079	3.8	3.0	3.5
Midwest	1,214	1,066	1,056	3.7	3.2	3.1
West	1,300	1,135	1,124	3.5	3.0	3.0
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)
Total	3,540	3,015	2,852	2.3	1.9	1.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,353	2,868	2,698	2.5	2.1	2.0
Mining and logging	11	11	8	1.7	1.7	1.3
Construction	126	136	119	1.6	1.7	1.5
Manufacturing	195	166	147	1.5	1.3	1.1
Durable goods	99	95	74	1.2	1.2	0.9
Nondurable goods	96	72	73	2.0	1.5	1.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	872	688	666	3.0	2.3	2.2
Wholesale trade	74	53	114	1.2	0.9	1.9
Retail trade	549	438	379	3.5	2.8	2.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	249	198	173	3.3	2.7	2.3
Information	41	38	28	1.3	1.2	0.9
Financial activities	105	108	107	1.1	1.2	1.2
Finance and insurance	69	69	64	1.0	1.0	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	35	39	42	1.5	1.6	1.7
Professional and business services	619	552	482	2.7	2.4	2.1
Education and health services	554	492	455	2.2	1.9	1.7
Educational services	42	36	51	1.1	0.9	1.2
Health care and social assistance	512	455	404	2.4	2.1	1.8
Leisure and hospitality	684	594	601	4.3	3.6	3.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	61	53	67	2.7	2.2	2.8
Accommodation and food services	623	541	534	4.5	3.8	3.8
Other services	147	82	86	2.5	1.4	1.5
Government	186	147	153	0.8	0.6	0.7
Federal	21	16	17	0.7	0.5	0.6
State and local	166	131	136	0.8	0.6	0.7
State and local education	69	57	65	0.6	0.5	0.6
State and local, excluding education	97	75	71	1.1	0.8	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	452	440	421	1.6	1.6	1.5
South	1,503	1,206	1,256	2.6	2.0	2.1
Midwest	729	701	578	2.2	2.1	1.7
West	855	668	597	2.3	1.8	1.6
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)
Total	1,698	1,465	1,826	1.1	0.9	1.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,606	1,409	1,729	1.2	1.0	1.3
Mining and logging	6	6	6	1.0	0.9	1.0
Construction	242	214	246	3.1	2.6	3.1
Manufacturing	100	97	83	0.8	0.7	0.6
Durable goods	52	45	49	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nondurable goods	49	52	33	1.0	1.1	0.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	377	295	416	1.3	1.0	1.4
Wholesale trade	58	61	40	1.0	1.0	0.7
Retail trade	188	140	185	1.2	0.9	1.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	130	94	191	1.7	1.3	2.5
Information	54	23	29	1.7	0.7	1.0
Financial activities	32	52	47	0.3	0.6	0.5
Finance and insurance	18	34	26	0.3	0.5	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	14	18	21	0.6	0.7	0.9
Professional and business services	417	316	480	1.8	1.4	2.1
Education and health services	127	131	128	0.5	0.5	0.5
Educational services	29	11	19	0.7	0.3	0.5
Health care and social assistance	99	121	109	0.5	0.5	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	205	208	231	1.3	1.3	1.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	64	102	82	2.9	4.3	3.5
Accommodation and food services	141	105	149	1.0	0.7	1.1
Other services	47	67	63	0.8	1.1	1.1
Government	92	55	97	0.4	0.2	0.4
Federal	14	8	11	0.5	0.3	0.4
State and local	78	47	86	0.4	0.2	0.4
State and local education	34	17	36	0.3	0.2	0.3
State and local, excluding education	43	30	50	0.5	0.3	0.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	363	271	312	1.3	1.0	1.1
South	565	484	706	1.0	0.8	1.2
Midwest	418	316	403	1.3	0.9	1.2
West	352	394	405	1.0	1.1	1.1
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)
Total	361	305	397	0.2	0.2	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	277	265	331	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	2	0.2	0.2	0.3
Construction	17	6	22	0.2	0.1	0.3
Manufacturing	23	22	22	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	15	14	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	7	8	7	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	57	62	58	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	13	9	10	0.2	0.1	0.2
Retail trade	27	39	37	0.2	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	17	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Information	7	10	1	0.2	0.3	0.0
Financial activities	24	10	20	0.3	0.1	0.2
Finance and insurance	20	8	14	0.3	0.1	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	4	3	6	0.2	0.1	0.2
Professional and business services	83	59	118	0.4	0.3	0.5
Education and health services	44	48	53	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	4	3	3	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	40	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	12	34	17	0.1	0.2	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1	4	4	0.1	0.2	0.1
Accommodation and food services	11	30	13	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other services	10	11	18	0.2	0.2	0.3
Government	83	40	65	0.4	0.2	0.3
Federal	21	11	17	0.7	0.4	0.6
State and local	62	29	48	0.3	0.1	0.2
State and local education	20	10	17	0.2	0.1	0.2
State and local, excluding education	42	19	32	0.5	0.2	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	72	82	82	0.3	0.3	0.3
South	129	102	119	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	65	50	74	0.2	0.1	0.2
West	94	72	121	0.3	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Dec. 2022	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	9,097	7,283	7,377	6.4	5.1	5.2
1 to 9 employees	1,513	1,378	1,747	6.5	6.0	6.8
10 to 49 employees	2,783	2,184	1,870	6.1	4.9	4.2
50 to 249 employees	2,712	1,793	1,911	6.8	4.4	4.9
250 to 999 employees	1,158	1,075	953	6.0	5.4	4.9
1,000 to 4,999 employees	634	602	608	6.6	6.4	6.8
5,000 or more employees	297	251	288	6.8	5.1	5.8
HIRES
Total private	4,373	4,781	3,850	3.3	3.5	2.9
1 to 9 employees	562	751	627	2.6	3.5	2.6
10 to 49 employees	1,328	1,292	1,147	3.1	3.0	2.7
50 to 249 employees	1,416	1,424	1,182	3.8	3.7	3.2
250 to 999 employees	675	839	563	3.8	4.4	3.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	337	401	269	3.7	4.6	3.2
5,000 or more employees	56	74	61	1.4	1.6	1.3
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,237	4,542	4,759	3.9	3.4	3.5
1 to 9 employees	767	591	803	3.5	2.8	3.4
10 to 49 employees	1,832	1,382	1,499	4.3	3.2	3.5
50 to 249 employees	1,472	1,458	1,377	4.0	3.8	3.7
250 to 999 employees	710	734	660	4.0	3.9	3.5
1,000 to 4,999 employees	394	319	358	4.4	3.6	4.3
5,000 or more employees	61	58	62	1.5	1.2	1.3
QUITS
Total private	3,353	2,868	2,698	2.5	2.1	2.0
1 to 9 employees	479	345	402	2.2	1.6	1.7
10 to 49 employees	1,191	950	888	2.8	2.2	2.1
50 to 249 employees	976	922	850	2.6	2.4	2.3
250 to 999 employees	424	437	347	2.4	2.3	1.9
1,000 to 4,999 employees	246	177	174	2.7	2.0	2.1
5,000 or more employees	38	37	38	0.9	0.8	0.8
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,606	1,409	1,729	1.2	1.0	1.3
1 to 9 employees	244	218	339	1.1	1.0	1.4
10 to 49 employees	558	321	501	1.3	0.8	1.2
50 to 249 employees	413	474	450	1.1	1.2	1.2
250 to 999 employees	257	256	269	1.4	1.4	1.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	121	126	155	1.3	1.4	1.8
5,000 or more employees	14	14	16	0.3	0.3	0.3
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	277	265	331	0.2	0.2	0.2
1 to 9 employees	45	29	62	0.2	0.1	0.3
10 to 49 employees	82	111	111	0.2	0.3	0.3
50 to 249 employees	83	62	77	0.2	0.2	0.2
250 to 999 employees	30	41	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	27	15	29	0.3	0.2	0.3
5,000 or more employees	10	7	8	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.