Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, February 1, 2022	USDL-22-0152
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

			      JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – DECEMBER 2021

The number of job openings was little changed at 10.9 million on the last business day of December, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires and total separations decreased to 6.3 million and 
5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was little changed at 2.9 percent. The layoffs 
and discharges rate was little changed at 0.8 percent, a series low. This release includes estimates of the 
number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, by four 
geographic regions, and by establishment size class. 
    
Job Openings

On the last business day of December, the number of job openings was little changed at 10.9 million. 
The job openings rate was unchanged at 6.8 percent. Job openings increased in several industries with 
the largest increases in accommodation and food services (+133,000), information (+40,000), and 
nondurable goods manufacturing and state and local government education (+31,000 each). Job 
openings decreased in finance and insurance (-89,000) and in wholesale trade (-48,000). The number of 
job openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.)

Hires

In December, the number of hires decreased to 6.3 million (-333,000). The hires rate was little changed 
at 4.2 percent. Hires decreased in professional and business services (-159,000). Hires decreased in the 
West region. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

In December, the number of total separations decreased to 5.9 million (-305,000). The total separations 
rate was little changed at 4.0 percent. Among the industries, only federal government had an increase in 
total separations (+15,000). Total separations decreased in the Northeast and South regions. (See table 
3.)

The number of quits edged down in December to 4.3 million (-161,000) following a series high in 
November. The quits rate was little changed at 2.9 percent. Quits decreased in health care and social 
assistance (-89,000), accommodation and food services (-64,000), and construction (-44,000). Quits 
increased in nondurable goods manufacturing (+19,000). The number of quits decreased in the South 
region. (See table 4.)

In December, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges were little changed at 1.2 million and 0.8 
percent, respectively; both series lows. Layoffs and discharges decreased in retail trade (-67,000) but 
increased in federal government (+14,000). The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in the 
Northeast region. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in December at 392,000. Other separations 
decreased in durable goods manufacturing (-7,000). The other separations level increased in educational 
services and in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+3,000 each). Other separations increased in the West 
region. (See table 6.) 

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in December 2021, hires totaled 75.3 million and separations totaled 68.9 
million, yielding a net employment gain of 6.4 million. These totals include workers who may have been 
hired and separated more than once during the year.

Establishment Size Class

In December, the hires rate decreased in large establishments with 5,000 or more employees. For a more 
in-depth description of the JOLTS establishment size class estimates, please visit 
www.bls.gov/jlt/sizeclassmethodology.htm.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for January 2022 are scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, March 9, 2022 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|				Upcoming Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates				 |
|													 |
|As part of an annual process, the January 2022 release on March 9, 2022 will incorporate the annual 	 |
|updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment	 | 
|factors. Unadjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January 2017 forward are subject to revision.|
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|				 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact					 |
|			       Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data				 |
|													 |
|More information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including 		 |
|information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-	 |
|covid-19-pandemic-on-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm.						 |
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	6,752	10,775	10,925	5,411	6,596	6,263	5,582	6,205	5,900
Total private	6,094	9,753	9,882	5,072	6,202	5,870	5,236	5,856	5,548
Mining and logging	21	41	46	24	23	23	19	20	15
Construction	267	358	337	399	419	373	352	387	330
Manufacturing	479	853	856	398	463	433	387	411	426
Durable goods	271	507	479	224	255	237	213	229	225
Nondurable goods	209	346	377	174	207	196	173	182	201
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,215	1,892	1,868	1,199	1,388	1,340	1,123	1,327	1,258
Wholesale trade	173	322	274	160	182	160	151	171	151
Retail trade	764	1,025	1,014	814	879	861	737	895	867
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	277	546	580	225	327	319	235	260	240
Information	109	177	217	72	104	102	74	96	117
Financial activities	295	529	445	212	227	213	182	207	200
Finance and insurance	231	407	318	134	151	137	113	139	130
Real estate and rental and leasing	65	122	128	78	75	76	69	68	70
Professional and business services	1,478	1,854	1,875	1,121	1,273	1,114	1,007	1,181	1,121
Education and health services	1,277	2,006	2,067	700	815	803	681	827	760
Educational services	90	180	207	67	102	102	102	88	82
Health care and social assistance	1,187	1,826	1,859	633	713	701	579	739	679
Leisure and hospitality	747	1,585	1,716	758	1,232	1,208	1,221	1,166	1,085
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	62	185	183	60	160	144	173	143	126
Accommodation and food services	685	1,400	1,533	698	1,073	1,063	1,049	1,023	958
Other services	205	458	456	187	258	261	190	235	236
Government	659	1,021	1,042	339	394	393	346	348	353
Federal	98	164	174	47	54	49	50	40	55
State and local	561	858	868	292	341	344	296	309	297
State and local education	217	331	362	145	185	189	141	150	144
State and local, excluding education	344	526	506	147	155	155	155	158	153
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	4.5	6.8	6.8	3.8	4.4	4.2	3.9	4.2	4.0
Total private	4.8	7.1	7.2	4.2	4.9	4.6	4.3	4.6	4.4
Mining and logging	3.4	5.9	6.6	4.0	3.6	3.5	3.1	3.1	2.3
Construction	3.5	4.5	4.3	5.4	5.6	4.9	4.8	5.1	4.4
Manufacturing	3.8	6.4	6.4	3.3	3.7	3.4	3.2	3.3	3.4
Durable goods	3.4	6.1	5.8	2.9	3.3	3.0	2.8	2.9	2.9
Nondurable goods	4.3	6.8	7.3	3.8	4.4	4.1	3.7	3.8	4.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.3	6.4	6.3	4.4	5.0	4.8	4.1	4.8	4.5
Wholesale trade	3.0	5.3	4.5	2.9	3.2	2.8	2.7	3.0	2.6
Retail trade	4.8	6.2	6.2	5.3	5.7	5.6	4.8	5.8	5.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	4.3	7.7	8.1	3.6	5.0	4.9	3.8	4.0	3.6
Information	3.9	6.0	7.2	2.7	3.7	3.7	2.8	3.4	4.2
Financial activities	3.3	5.6	4.8	2.4	2.5	2.4	2.1	2.3	2.2
Finance and insurance	3.4	5.8	4.6	2.0	2.3	2.1	1.7	2.1	2.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	2.8	5.0	5.2	3.5	3.2	3.2	3.1	2.9	3.0
Professional and business services	6.7	8.0	8.0	5.5	6.0	5.2	4.9	5.5	5.2
Education and health services	5.2	7.8	8.0	3.0	3.4	3.4	2.9	3.5	3.2
Educational services	2.6	4.7	5.4	2.0	2.8	2.8	3.1	2.4	2.2
Health care and social assistance	5.6	8.3	8.4	3.2	3.5	3.5	2.9	3.7	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	5.4	9.2	9.9	5.8	7.9	7.7	9.3	7.5	6.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3.5	7.6	7.5	3.5	7.1	6.4	10.1	6.4	5.7
Accommodation and food services	5.7	9.5	10.2	6.1	8.0	7.9	9.2	7.6	7.1
Other services	3.6	7.3	7.3	3.4	4.5	4.5	3.5	4.0	4.1
Government	3.0	4.5	4.5	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.6
Federal	3.3	5.4	5.7	1.6	1.9	1.7	1.7	1.4	1.9
State and local	2.9	4.3	4.4	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.6
State and local education	2.2	3.2	3.5	1.5	1.8	1.9	1.5	1.5	1.4
State and local, excluding education	3.7	5.5	5.3	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.7
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 
other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Industries are classified in 
accordance with the North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working.

Job Openings.  Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting Internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future, positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work, and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires.  Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations.  Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 
establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size class. The 
establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 
Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state unemployment insurance 
laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates 
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the 
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.

Birth/death model.  The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. Also within the first year, new businesses may go out of business, 
referred to as a death. Because not all births and deaths of establishments can be reflected on the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from them during their early 
existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity from previous 
years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to the 
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment.  The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences as well as sampling and non- sampling errors between the two surveys historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and re-seasonally adjust.

Seasonal adjustment.  BLS uses X-13 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal adjustment 
methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up 
to and including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models 
and REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally adjusted CES 
employment trends are applied to the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trends (hires minus 
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates.  The JOLTS estimates are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment 
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-
adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The 
seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment 
factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS 
data series, for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be 
approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are 
published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news release each year. Annual 
estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the 
last business day of each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs when a sample 
is surveyed rather than the entire population. There is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true 
population values they represent. The difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample 
selected. This variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 
the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 
sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons 
including: the failure to include a segment of the population; the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample; 
the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 
made in the collection or processing of the data; and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	6,752	10,629	10,602	11,091	10,775	10,925	4.5	6.7	6.7	7.0	6.8	6.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,094	9,775	9,614	10,173	9,753	9,882	4.8	7.2	7.1	7.4	7.1	7.2
Mining and logging	21	38	37	36	41	46	3.4	5.6	5.4	5.2	5.9	6.6
Construction	267	358	354	455	358	337	3.5	4.6	4.5	5.7	4.5	4.3
Manufacturing	479	869	948	955	853	856	3.8	6.5	7.1	7.1	6.4	6.4
Durable goods	271	488	568	552	507	479	3.4	5.9	6.8	6.6	6.1	5.8
Nondurable goods	209	381	380	402	346	377	4.3	7.5	7.5	7.8	6.8	7.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,215	2,035	2,020	1,972	1,892	1,868	4.3	6.9	6.8	6.6	6.4	6.3
Wholesale trade	173	269	319	339	322	274	3.0	4.5	5.3	5.6	5.3	4.5
Retail trade	764	1,196	1,073	1,057	1,025	1,014	4.8	7.2	6.5	6.4	6.2	6.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	277	570	629	576	546	580	4.3	8.2	8.9	8.1	7.7	8.1
Information	109	179	155	173	177	217	3.9	6.1	5.3	5.8	6.0	7.2
Financial activities	295	474	438	450	529	445	3.3	5.1	4.7	4.8	5.6	4.8
Finance and insurance	231	288	322	324	407	318	3.4	4.2	4.7	4.7	5.8	4.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	65	186	115	126	122	128	2.8	7.5	4.7	5.1	5.0	5.2
Professional and business services	1,478	1,869	1,784	1,871	1,854	1,875	6.7	8.2	7.8	8.1	8.0	8.0
Education and health services	1,277	1,782	1,940	2,043	2,006	2,067	5.2	7.0	7.6	7.9	7.8	8.0
Educational services	90	182	134	174	180	207	2.6	4.8	3.6	4.6	4.7	5.4
Health care and social assistance	1,187	1,600	1,806	1,869	1,826	1,859	5.6	7.4	8.2	8.5	8.3	8.4
Leisure and hospitality	747	1,683	1,530	1,750	1,585	1,716	5.4	9.9	9.1	10.1	9.2	9.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	62	224	186	178	185	183	3.5	9.5	7.8	7.4	7.6	7.5
Accommodation and food services	685	1,459	1,344	1,571	1,400	1,533	5.7	10.0	9.3	10.5	9.5	10.2
Other services	205	487	407	469	458	456	3.6	7.8	6.6	7.5	7.3	7.3
Government	659	853	988	918	1,021	1,042	3.0	3.7	4.3	4.0	4.5	4.5
Federal	98	135	136	137	164	174	3.3	4.5	4.5	4.6	5.4	5.7
State and local	561	718	852	781	858	868	2.9	3.6	4.3	3.9	4.3	4.4
State and local education	217	297	261	303	331	362	2.2	2.8	2.5	2.9	3.2	3.5
State and local, excluding education	344	421	591	477	526	506	3.7	4.5	6.2	5.0	5.5	5.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,142	1,833	1,806	1,839	1,913	1,950	4.2	6.4	6.3	6.4	6.6	6.7
South	2,645	4,134	4,051	4,198	4,013	4,079	4.8	7.1	6.9	7.2	6.8	6.9
Midwest	1,465	2,239	2,364	2,569	2,391	2,381	4.5	6.6	6.9	7.4	6.9	6.9
West	1,501	2,422	2,382	2,485	2,458	2,515	4.3	6.6	6.4	6.7	6.6	6.7
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	5,411	6,497	6,546	6,506	6,596	6,263	3.8	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,072	6,140	6,206	6,140	6,202	5,870	4.2	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.6
Mining and logging	24	24	18	23	23	23	4.0	3.7	2.8	3.6	3.6	3.5
Construction	399	391	361	375	419	373	5.4	5.3	4.8	5.0	5.6	4.9
Manufacturing	398	476	483	482	463	433	3.3	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.7	3.4
Durable goods	224	260	264	270	255	237	2.9	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.0
Nondurable goods	174	216	219	212	207	196	3.8	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.4	4.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,199	1,411	1,375	1,384	1,388	1,340	4.4	5.1	5.0	5.0	5.0	4.8
Wholesale trade	160	194	179	171	182	160	2.9	3.4	3.1	3.0	3.2	2.8
Retail trade	814	932	896	875	879	861	5.3	6.1	5.8	5.7	5.7	5.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	225	284	301	338	327	319	3.6	4.4	4.7	5.2	5.0	4.9
Information	72	105	109	126	104	102	2.7	3.8	3.9	4.5	3.7	3.7
Financial activities	212	201	299	207	227	213	2.4	2.3	3.4	2.3	2.5	2.4
Finance and insurance	134	126	224	129	151	137	2.0	1.9	3.4	2.0	2.3	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	78	75	75	78	75	76	3.5	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.2	3.2
Professional and business services	1,121	1,200	1,230	1,237	1,273	1,114	5.5	5.7	5.8	5.8	6.0	5.2
Education and health services	700	815	808	801	815	803	3.0	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4
Educational services	67	139	59	104	102	102	2.0	3.8	1.6	2.9	2.8	2.8
Health care and social assistance	633	676	749	697	713	701	3.2	3.4	3.7	3.5	3.5	3.5
Leisure and hospitality	758	1,274	1,243	1,241	1,232	1,208	5.8	8.4	8.1	8.0	7.9	7.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	60	194	193	166	160	144	3.5	9.0	8.8	7.5	7.1	6.4
Accommodation and food services	698	1,080	1,050	1,075	1,073	1,063	6.1	8.2	8.0	8.1	8.0	7.9
Other services	187	245	279	264	258	261	3.4	4.3	4.9	4.6	4.5	4.5
Government	339	357	340	366	394	393	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.8	1.8
Federal	47	47	42	44	54	49	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.9	1.7
State and local	292	310	298	321	341	344	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.8
State and local education	145	161	127	164	185	189	1.5	1.6	1.3	1.6	1.8	1.9
State and local, excluding education	147	149	171	157	155	155	1.6	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.7	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	867	972	1,033	1,034	1,012	1,004	3.3	3.6	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7
South	2,156	2,659	2,662	2,636	2,689	2,534	4.1	4.9	4.9	4.8	4.9	4.6
Midwest	1,203	1,349	1,365	1,349	1,376	1,358	3.9	4.2	4.3	4.2	4.3	4.2
West	1,184	1,518	1,485	1,486	1,518	1,367	3.5	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.4	3.9
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	5,582	6,032	6,147	5,891	6,205	5,900	3.9	4.1	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,236	5,735	5,821	5,538	5,856	5,548	4.3	4.6	4.6	4.4	4.6	4.4
Mining and logging	19	19	16	22	20	15	3.1	2.9	2.5	3.4	3.1	2.3
Construction	352	384	321	340	387	330	4.8	5.2	4.3	4.5	5.1	4.4
Manufacturing	387	444	452	420	411	426	3.2	3.6	3.6	3.4	3.3	3.4
Durable goods	213	248	243	232	229	225	2.8	3.2	3.1	3.0	2.9	2.9
Nondurable goods	173	196	209	188	182	201	3.7	4.2	4.4	4.0	3.8	4.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,123	1,381	1,282	1,257	1,327	1,258	4.1	5.0	4.6	4.5	4.8	4.5
Wholesale trade	151	200	167	158	171	151	2.7	3.5	2.9	2.7	3.0	2.6
Retail trade	737	959	861	866	895	867	4.8	6.2	5.6	5.6	5.8	5.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	235	223	255	233	260	240	3.8	3.5	3.9	3.6	4.0	3.6
Information	74	80	97	101	96	117	2.8	2.9	3.5	3.6	3.4	4.2
Financial activities	182	196	267	187	207	200	2.1	2.2	3.0	2.1	2.3	2.2
Finance and insurance	113	128	207	117	139	130	1.7	2.0	3.2	1.8	2.1	2.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	69	67	59	70	68	70	3.1	2.9	2.6	3.0	2.9	3.0
Professional and business services	1,007	1,126	1,134	1,120	1,181	1,121	4.9	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.5	5.2
Education and health services	681	742	806	783	827	760	2.9	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.5	3.2
Educational services	102	71	89	88	88	82	3.1	1.9	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.2
Health care and social assistance	579	672	717	694	739	679	2.9	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.7	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,221	1,180	1,158	1,067	1,166	1,085	9.3	7.7	7.5	6.9	7.5	6.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	173	120	167	149	143	126	10.1	5.6	7.6	6.7	6.4	5.7
Accommodation and food services	1,049	1,060	992	918	1,023	958	9.2	8.1	7.5	6.9	7.6	7.1
Other services	190	181	288	241	235	236	3.5	3.2	5.0	4.2	4.0	4.1
Government	346	297	326	353	348	353	1.6	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6
Federal	50	43	45	48	40	55	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.4	1.9
State and local	296	255	281	305	309	297	1.6	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6
State and local education	141	125	149	145	150	144	1.5	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.4
State and local, excluding education	155	130	132	160	158	153	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.8	1.8	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	858	888	922	930	958	815	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.0
South	2,186	2,370	2,476	2,389	2,569	2,405	4.2	4.4	4.6	4.4	4.7	4.4
Midwest	1,166	1,401	1,381	1,242	1,327	1,295	3.8	4.4	4.3	3.9	4.1	4.0
West	1,372	1,374	1,367	1,330	1,351	1,384	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.8	3.9	4.0
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	3,407	4,270	4,362	4,157	4,499	4,338	2.4	2.9	3.0	2.8	3.0	2.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,224	4,087	4,166	3,945	4,283	4,129	2.7	3.3	3.3	3.1	3.4	3.2
Mining and logging	9	10	9	14	12	11	1.6	1.6	1.4	2.1	1.9	1.7
Construction	161	192	192	191	225	181	2.2	2.6	2.6	2.5	3.0	2.4
Manufacturing	240	312	324	298	294	308	2.0	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.3	2.5
Durable goods	135	170	172	163	166	162	1.8	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.1
Nondurable goods	105	141	152	135	128	147	2.3	3.0	3.2	2.8	2.7	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	816	1,041	976	953	1,012	1,044	3.0	3.8	3.5	3.4	3.6	3.8
Wholesale trade	97	158	126	117	129	115	1.7	2.8	2.2	2.0	2.2	2.0
Retail trade	549	730	686	691	707	759	3.6	4.8	4.4	4.5	4.6	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	170	153	164	145	176	170	2.7	2.4	2.5	2.2	2.7	2.6
Information	39	43	49	54	54	60	1.5	1.5	1.8	1.9	1.9	2.1
Financial activities	108	126	150	113	136	130	1.2	1.4	1.7	1.3	1.5	1.5
Finance and insurance	69	85	113	66	84	78	1.1	1.3	1.7	1.0	1.3	1.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	38	41	37	47	53	52	1.7	1.8	1.6	2.0	2.3	2.2
Professional and business services	581	701	719	730	800	776	2.8	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.7	3.6
Education and health services	471	597	625	606	653	558	2.0	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.7	2.3
Educational services	52	44	63	60	61	55	1.6	1.2	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.5
Health care and social assistance	419	552	562	546	592	503	2.1	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.9	2.5
Leisure and hospitality	687	934	955	840	966	906	5.2	6.1	6.2	5.4	6.2	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	71	68	117	79	78	83	4.2	3.2	5.3	3.6	3.5	3.7
Accommodation and food services	616	867	838	761	887	823	5.4	6.6	6.4	5.7	6.6	6.1
Other services	113	132	167	146	132	153	2.1	2.3	2.9	2.5	2.3	2.6
Government	183	183	196	212	215	210	0.9	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0
Federal	21	20	22	23	22	21	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7
State and local	162	163	174	188	194	188	0.9	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0
State and local education	81	77	92	88	89	88	0.8	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
State and local, excluding education	81	86	82	101	105	100	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	436	619	616	611	649	623	1.7	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.3
South	1,465	1,706	1,805	1,723	1,905	1,799	2.8	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.3
Midwest	761	1,024	949	888	973	965	2.5	3.2	3.0	2.8	3.0	3.0
West	746	921	992	936	971	951	2.2	2.7	2.9	2.7	2.8	2.7
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	1,823	1,385	1,396	1,350	1,309	1,169	1.3	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,734	1,330	1,333	1,283	1,245	1,097	1.4	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.9
Mining and logging	9	8	5	7	6	3	1.5	1.2	0.8	1.0	1.0	0.4
Construction	183	168	113	132	154	130	2.5	2.3	1.5	1.8	2.0	1.7
Manufacturing	120	104	105	99	84	95	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.8
Durable goods	64	60	59	53	42	50	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.6
Nondurable goods	56	44	47	45	42	45	1.2	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.9	1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	243	271	246	252	250	157	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.6
Wholesale trade	40	31	32	36	37	31	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5
Retail trade	156	186	145	146	142	75	1.0	1.2	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	46	54	70	70	72	51	0.7	0.9	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.8
Information	30	25	38	37	32	43	1.1	0.9	1.4	1.3	1.1	1.5
Financial activities	50	44	47	37	34	41	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5
Finance and insurance	23	24	30	20	20	25	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	27	20	17	17	14	15	1.2	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.7
Professional and business services	359	347	359	318	294	247	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.4	1.2
Education and health services	168	111	141	130	131	169	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.7
Educational services	41	21	21	23	21	19	1.2	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5
Health care and social assistance	126	89	120	107	109	150	0.6	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	506	211	177	196	172	142	3.9	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.1	0.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	98	50	46	66	62	37	5.7	2.4	2.1	3.0	2.8	1.6
Accommodation and food services	409	161	131	130	111	105	3.6	1.2	1.0	1.0	0.8	0.8
Other services	66	42	102	76	89	70	1.2	0.7	1.8	1.3	1.5	1.2
Government	89	54	63	67	64	73	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	12	8	10	9	5	19	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.7
State and local	77	46	54	58	59	54	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local education	31	29	27	30	35	31	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local, excluding education	46	17	27	29	24	23	0.5	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	356	205	243	260	239	132	1.4	0.8	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.5
South	576	516	531	505	519	474	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.9	1.0	0.9
Midwest	338	299	346	282	266	263	1.1	0.9	1.1	0.9	0.8	0.8
West	554	365	276	302	285	300	1.7	1.1	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.9
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	352	378	388	385	397	392	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	278	317	322	311	328	322	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
Mining and logging	1	1	2	2	1	1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
Construction	7	24	16	18	9	19	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Manufacturing	27	28	23	24	33	23	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Durable goods	14	18	12	15	21	14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nondurable goods	12	10	10	9	12	9	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	64	69	60	52	65	57	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	13	11	9	4	5	5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	32	43	29	30	47	33	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	19	16	22	18	13	18	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
Information	4	13	10	10	11	14	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.5
Financial activities	24	26	70	37	37	29	0.3	0.3	0.8	0.4	0.4	0.3
Finance and insurance	21	20	64	32	35	27	0.3	0.3	1.0	0.5	0.5	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	3	7	5	6	2	3	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.1
Professional and business services	67	79	55	72	86	98	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.5
Education and health services	43	35	41	47	44	34	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Educational services	9	5	5	6	5	8	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2
Health care and social assistance	34	30	36	42	38	25	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	28	34	27	31	28	36	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	2	4	4	3	6	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3
Accommodation and food services	24	32	23	27	25	30	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services	12	8	18	18	14	12	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
Government	74	60	66	74	69	70	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	17	15	13	16	13	15	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5
State and local	57	46	53	58	56	55	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local education	29	18	30	27	27	25	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
State and local, excluding education	28	28	23	31	29	30	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	66	64	63	59	70	60	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
South	146	149	140	161	144	133	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
Midwest	67	77	86	72	88	67	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2
West	72	88	100	93	96	133	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	6,032	10,147	9,946	4.0	6.3	6.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,422	9,187	8,943	4.3	6.7	6.5
Mining and logging	14	39	42	2.3	5.6	6.0
Construction	211	325	273	2.8	4.1	3.5
Manufacturing	444	819	737	3.5	6.1	5.5
Durable goods	253	502	400	3.2	6.0	4.9
Nondurable goods	191	318	337	4.0	6.3	6.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,086	1,803	1,676	3.7	6.0	5.5
Wholesale trade	159	308	251	2.7	5.1	4.2
Retail trade	682	944	881	4.2	5.6	5.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	245	551	544	3.6	7.6	7.3
Information	107	163	216	3.9	5.5	7.1
Financial activities	279	499	418	3.1	5.3	4.5
Finance and insurance	220	391	297	3.2	5.6	4.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	59	108	121	2.6	4.4	4.9
Professional and business services	1,327	1,736	1,714	6.0	7.4	7.3
Education and health services	1,190	1,943	1,963	4.8	7.5	7.6
Educational services	75	173	189	2.2	4.3	4.8
Health care and social assistance	1,115	1,770	1,774	5.3	8.1	8.1
Leisure and hospitality	569	1,453	1,491	4.2	8.6	8.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	36	151	143	2.2	6.7	6.4
Accommodation and food services	533	1,303	1,347	4.5	8.9	9.2
Other services	195	407	414	3.5	6.6	6.7
Government	610	960	1,004	2.7	4.1	4.3
Federal	89	159	168	3.0	5.2	5.5
State and local	521	801	836	2.7	4.0	4.2
State and local education	196	280	336	1.9	2.6	3.1
State and local, excluding education	325	521	501	3.5	5.5	5.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,029	1,825	1,825	3.8	6.3	6.3
South	2,394	3,790	3,704	4.3	6.4	6.3
Midwest	1,294	2,272	2,144	4.0	6.5	6.2
West	1,315	2,261	2,273	3.8	6.0	6.1
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	4,059	6,132	4,692	2.8	4.1	3.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,858	5,815	4,456	3.2	4.6	3.5
Mining and logging	16	19	15	2.7	2.8	2.3
Construction	245	339	220	3.3	4.5	2.9
Manufacturing	298	417	323	2.4	3.3	2.6
Durable goods	166	232	174	2.2	3.0	2.2
Nondurable goods	132	184	149	2.8	3.9	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,014	1,696	1,104	3.6	6.0	3.9
Wholesale trade	127	164	121	2.3	2.9	2.1
Retail trade	651	1,042	682	4.1	6.6	4.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	236	489	300	3.6	7.2	4.4
Information	51	93	72	1.9	3.3	2.6
Financial activities	144	205	149	1.6	2.3	1.7
Finance and insurance	92	140	96	1.4	2.1	1.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	52	64	53	2.3	2.7	2.2
Professional and business services	938	1,197	927	4.5	5.5	4.3
Education and health services	510	698	606	2.2	2.9	2.5
Educational services	28	73	57	0.8	1.9	1.5
Health care and social assistance	482	625	549	2.4	3.1	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	524	949	856	4.1	6.2	5.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	39	107	82	2.5	5.1	3.9
Accommodation and food services	485	842	775	4.3	6.4	5.8
Other services	118	203	184	2.2	3.5	3.2
Government	200	317	235	0.9	1.4	1.1
Federal	40	61	44	1.4	2.1	1.5
State and local	160	256	191	0.8	1.3	1.0
State and local education	69	123	90	0.7	1.2	0.9
State and local, excluding education	91	133	101	1.0	1.5	1.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	613	902	715	2.3	3.3	2.6
South	1,660	2,510	1,940	3.1	4.6	3.5
Midwest	907	1,298	1,043	2.9	4.0	3.2
West	879	1,421	994	2.6	4.0	2.8
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	5,416	5,652	5,716	3.8	3.8	3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,125	5,378	5,388	4.2	4.2	4.2
Mining and logging	20	15	15	3.3	2.3	2.3
Construction	398	401	357	5.4	5.3	4.8
Manufacturing	344	363	374	2.8	2.9	3.0
Durable goods	188	190	191	2.5	2.4	2.4
Nondurable goods	156	172	183	3.4	3.6	3.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,172	1,242	1,320	4.2	4.4	4.6
Wholesale trade	130	155	125	2.3	2.7	2.2
Retail trade	752	842	897	4.8	5.3	5.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	290	245	297	4.4	3.6	4.3
Information	67	83	116	2.5	2.9	4.1
Financial activities	145	178	160	1.6	2.0	1.8
Finance and insurance	95	121	106	1.4	1.8	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	50	57	54	2.3	2.5	2.3
Professional and business services	1,038	1,106	1,148	5.0	5.1	5.3
Education and health services	586	698	672	2.5	2.9	2.8
Educational services	81	63	64	2.4	1.6	1.7
Health care and social assistance	505	635	607	2.5	3.1	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,168	1,075	992	9.1	7.0	6.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	188	173	138	11.7	8.2	6.6
Accommodation and food services	981	902	854	8.7	6.8	6.4
Other services	187	218	234	3.4	3.8	4.0
Government	291	274	328	1.3	1.2	1.5
Federal	54	36	59	1.8	1.3	2.0
State and local	238	238	268	1.3	1.2	1.4
State and local education	95	97	126	1.0	0.9	1.2
State and local, excluding education	143	141	142	1.6	1.6	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	876	918	812	3.3	3.4	3.0
South	2,069	2,286	2,290	3.9	4.1	4.1
Midwest	1,152	1,232	1,269	3.7	3.8	3.9
West	1,320	1,215	1,345	3.9	3.5	3.8
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	2,961	3,984	3,893	2.1	2.7	2.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,830	3,799	3,714	2.3	3.0	2.9
Mining and logging	6	10	8	1.0	1.5	1.2
Construction	137	198	149	1.9	2.6	2.0
Manufacturing	194	248	255	1.6	2.0	2.0
Durable goods	108	136	129	1.4	1.7	1.7
Nondurable goods	86	112	125	1.8	2.4	2.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	765	940	1,012	2.7	3.3	3.5
Wholesale trade	80	116	94	1.4	2.0	1.6
Retail trade	493	652	722	3.1	4.1	4.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	192	172	196	2.9	2.5	2.8
Information	32	48	54	1.2	1.7	1.9
Financial activities	84	123	101	1.0	1.4	1.1
Finance and insurance	57	74	59	0.9	1.1	0.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	27	49	42	1.2	2.1	1.8
Professional and business services	502	729	704	2.4	3.4	3.3
Education and health services	419	559	496	1.8	2.3	2.1
Educational services	39	46	42	1.2	1.2	1.1
Health care and social assistance	380	513	454	1.9	2.5	2.2
Leisure and hospitality	604	836	802	4.7	5.4	5.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	56	61	72	3.5	2.9	3.4
Accommodation and food services	548	775	730	4.9	5.8	5.5
Other services	87	109	133	1.6	1.9	2.3
Government	131	185	179	0.6	0.8	0.8
Federal	20	21	21	0.7	0.7	0.7
State and local	112	164	158	0.6	0.8	0.8
State and local education	47	68	74	0.5	0.6	0.7
State and local, excluding education	65	96	84	0.7	1.1	1.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	357	574	535	1.4	2.1	2.0
South	1,292	1,677	1,637	2.4	3.0	3.0
Midwest	653	859	850	2.1	2.6	2.6
West	659	874	870	2.0	2.5	2.5
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	2,100	1,334	1,425	1.5	0.9	0.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,015	1,289	1,352	1.7	1.0	1.1
Mining and logging	13	4	7	2.2	0.7	1.0
Construction	252	196	188	3.5	2.6	2.5
Manufacturing	119	85	93	1.0	0.7	0.7
Durable goods	62	36	45	0.8	0.5	0.6
Nondurable goods	57	49	48	1.2	1.0	1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	347	242	257	1.2	0.9	0.9
Wholesale trade	34	35	26	0.6	0.6	0.4
Retail trade	231	146	146	1.5	0.9	0.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	82	61	85	1.2	0.9	1.2
Information	32	26	49	1.2	0.9	1.7
Financial activities	43	21	35	0.5	0.2	0.4
Finance and insurance	23	13	25	0.3	0.2	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	21	8	10	0.9	0.3	0.4
Professional and business services	465	298	342	2.3	1.4	1.6
Education and health services	124	106	143	0.5	0.4	0.6
Educational services	35	14	16	1.0	0.4	0.4
Health care and social assistance	89	92	127	0.4	0.5	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	531	213	148	4.1	1.4	1.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	129	108	60	8.0	5.1	2.9
Accommodation and food services	402	105	88	3.6	0.8	0.7
Other services	88	98	89	1.6	1.7	1.5
Government	85	45	73	0.4	0.2	0.3
Federal	13	5	20	0.4	0.2	0.7
State and local	73	39	53	0.4	0.2	0.3
State and local education	29	17	32	0.3	0.2	0.3
State and local, excluding education	44	22	21	0.5	0.2	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	449	289	213	1.7	1.1	0.8
South	630	477	522	1.2	0.9	0.9
Midwest	419	301	341	1.3	0.9	1.1
West	601	267	349	1.8	0.8	1.0
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021(p)
Total	355	334	398	0.2	0.2	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	280	290	322	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mining and logging	0	1	0	0.1	0.2	0.1
Construction	9	8	20	0.1	0.1	0.3
Manufacturing	31	29	26	0.3	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	17	19	17	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	14	11	10	0.3	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	60	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	16	3	6	0.3	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	28	44	28	0.2	0.3	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	17	13	16	0.3	0.2	0.2
Information	3	9	13	0.1	0.3	0.5
Financial activities	18	34	24	0.2	0.4	0.3
Finance and insurance	15	34	22	0.2	0.5	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	3	0	2	0.1	0.0	0.1
Professional and business services	70	79	102	0.3	0.4	0.5
Education and health services	43	32	33	0.2	0.1	0.1
Educational services	7	3	7	0.2	0.1	0.2
Health care and social assistance	36	30	26	0.2	0.1	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	33	26	42	0.3	0.2	0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	4	6	0.2	0.2	0.3
Accommodation and food services	30	22	36	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other services	12	11	12	0.2	0.2	0.2
Government	75	44	76	0.3	0.2	0.3
Federal	21	10	18	0.7	0.3	0.6
State and local	54	35	58	0.3	0.2	0.3
State and local education	19	12	21	0.2	0.1	0.2
State and local, excluding education	35	23	37	0.4	0.3	0.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	69	55	64	0.3	0.2	0.2
South	146	132	131	0.3	0.2	0.2
Midwest	79	73	77	0.3	0.2	0.2
West	60	74	126	0.2	0.2	0.4
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.