Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, March 8, 2023    USDL-23-0434
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2023

The number of job openings decreased to 10.8 million on the last business day of January, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations 
changed little at 6.4 million and 5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.9 million) 
decreased, while layoffs and discharges (1.7 million) increased. This release includes estimates of the 
number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class. This release also presents 2022 annual estimates for job openings, hires, and 
separations. 
       
Job Openings

On the last business day of January, the number and rate of job openings decreased to 10.8 million 
(-410,000) and 6.5 percent, respectively. In January, the largest decreases in job openings were in 
construction (-240,000), accommodation and food services (-204,000), and finance and insurance 
(-100,000). The number of job openings increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+94,000) 
and in nondurable goods manufacturing (+50,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In January, the number and rate of hires changed little at 6.4 million and 4.1 percent, respectively. Hires 
changed little in all industries. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

In January, the number of total separations changed little at 5.9 million. The rate was unchanged at 3.8 
percent. The number of total separations decreased in federal government (-13,000). (See table 3.)

In January, the number of quits decreased to 3.9 million (-207,000), and the rate was little changed at 
2.5 percent. Quits decreased in professional and business services (-221,000), educational services 
(-14,000), and federal government (-5,000). (See table 4.)

In January, the number of layoffs and discharges increased to 1.7 million (+241,000). The rate was 
little changed at 1.1 percent. Layoffs and discharges increased in professional and business services 
(+190,000) but decreased in federal government (-5,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in January at 302,000. Other separations decreased 
in professional and business services (-29,000), finance and insurance (-20,000), and health care and 
social assistance (-18,000). The number of other separations increased in accommodation and food 
services (+15,000); information (+11,000); and arts, entertainment, and recreation (+4,000). 
(See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In January, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw little change in their job openings rate, hires rate, 
and total separations rate, but quits rate decreased. Establishments with more than 5,000 employees saw 
little change in their job openings rate, hires rate, and total separations rate. (See table 7.)

Annual Levels and Rates

Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data each year 
with the January news release. 

The annual average level of job openings is the average of the 12 monthly levels. Annual levels for hires 
and separations are the sum of the 12 monthly levels. 

Annual average rates for job openings are computed by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment levels plus the 
sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Annual average rates for hires and separations are computed by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 
JOLTS levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels, and 
multiplying that quotient by 100.

In 2022, the annual average job openings level was 11.2 million, an increase of 1.2 million from 2021. 
The annual average job openings rate was 6.8 percent in 2022, compared to 6.4 percent in 2021. 
(See tables 15 and 16.)
In 2022, there were 77.2 million hires, an increase of 1.2 million from 2021. Total separations increased 
by 3.2 million in 2022 to 72.3 million. Accounting for 70.0 percent of total separations, quits numbered 
50.6 million in 2022, the highest annual level in the survey’s history (JOLTS annual estimates are 
available back to 2001). Layoffs and discharges increased by 461,000 in 2022 to 17.6 million and 
accounted for 24.3 percent of total separations. Other separations decreased by 138,000 in 2022 to 4.1 
million and accounted for 5.7 percent of total separations. (See tables 17 through 26.)

The annual average hires rate for 2022 was 4.2 percent, similar to the rate of 4.3 percent from 2021. The 
annual average total separations rate for 2022 was 3.9 percent, unchanged from the previous year. The 
annual average rates for the components of total separations were 2.8 percent for quits, 1.0 percent for 
layoffs and discharges, and 0.2 percent for other separations. (See tables 17 through 26.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, April 4, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|                   Changes to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data			         |
|                                                                                                        |
|Effective with this release, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) estimates have been     | 
|revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment data and the  | 
|JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from       | 
|January 2018 forward were subject to revision. Also effective with this release, JOLTS converted to the | 
|2022 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which had a minimal          |
|impact on the published JOLTS data series. For more information on the 2022 NAICS, visit                |
|www.census.gov/naics.                                                                                   |
|                                                                                                        |
|Also effective with this release, JOLTS published two new tables presenting annual average job          | 
|openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each year with January   | 
|data.) In addition, JOLTS modified its method for calculating annual estimates for hires and separations| 
|rates. Annual rates are computed as annual averages, instead of annual totals, to make the estimates    | 
|more helpful for data users and to be consistent with other Bureau of Labor Statistics programs.        |
|                                                                                                        |
|JOLTS also introduced several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with this release.   | 
|Two tables displaying JOLTS data by size class were added to the news release: one for seasonally       | 
|adjusted estimates and the other for not seasonally adjusted estimates. JOLTS also introduced over-the- |
|month change columns for levels and rates to tables 1 through 6. To accommodate the new tables, tables  | 
|starting with table 7 were renumbered.                                                                  |
|                                                                                                        |
|Additional information about these changes, including the annual average calculation method and         | 
|sample table shells for all news release tables, is available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm.|
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|


Table A.  Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |      Job openings     |         Hires         |    Total separations	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
           Category             |Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	|Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	|Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	
                                |2022	|2022	|2023p	|2022	|2022	|2023p	|2022	|2022	|2023p	
--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
      LEVELS BY INDUSTRY        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
        (in thousands)          |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................|11,487	|11,234	|10,824	|6,496	|6,251	|6,372	|6,235	|5,906	|5,902	
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
 Total private..................|10,441	|10,126	|9,770	|6,099	|5,809	|5,952	|5,861	|5,502	|5,523	
  Mining and logging............|36	|39	|38	|20	|22	|25	|20	|20	|22	
  Construction..................|396	|488	|248	|324	|380	|391	|325	|335	|365	
  Manufacturing.................|905	|797	|803	|482	|405	|417	|460	|384	|399	
   Durable goods................|556	|519	|476	|263	|234	|224	|244	|206	|218	
   Nondurable goods.............|349	|278	|328	|218	|171	|193	|216	|178	|182	
  Trade, transportation,        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   and utilities................|1,842	|1,763	|1,814	|1,293	|1,289	|1,338	|1,324	|1,277	|1,341	
   Wholesale trade..............|323	|265	|315	|183	|175	|186	|163	|165	|172	
   Retail trade.................|987	|964	|870	|812	|753	|778	|839	|765	|794	
   Transportation, warehousing, |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    and utilities...............|532	|534	|628	|298	|361	|374	|322	|347	|375	
  Information...................|238	|106	|141	|131	|97	|100	|119	|99	|105	
  Financial activities..........|538	|610	|459	|252	|213	|207	|247	|198	|200	
   Finance and insurance........|401	|445	|345	|175	|132	|116	|174	|129	|117	
   Real estate and              |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    rental and leasing..........|138	|165	|114	|76	|82	|91	|73	|69	|83	
  Professional and business     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services.....................|2,213	|2,087	|2,182	|1,332	|1,155	|1,190	|1,212	|1,125	|1,065	
  Education and health          |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services.....................|2,112	|2,080	|2,081	|841	|904	|901	|814	|825	|766	
   Educational services.........|155	|181	|187	|107	|98	|96	|98	|89	|76	
   Health care and social       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    assistance..................|1,957	|1,899	|1,894	|734	|806	|805	|717	|736	|690	
  Leisure and hospitality.......|1,683	|1,859	|1,665	|1,211	|1,107	|1,183	|1,110	|1,010	|1,064	
   Arts, entertainment, and     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    recreation..................|165	|180	|189	|163	|161	|165	|162	|130	|146	
   Accommodation and food       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    services....................|1,518	|1,679	|1,475	|1,048	|947	|1,017	|947	|880	|919	
  Other services................|477	|297	|340	|213	|237	|201	|232	|228	|196	
 Government.....................|1,046	|1,109	|1,053	|397	|442	|421	|373	|404	|379	
  Federal.......................|132	|156	|142	|44	|45	|38	|44	|45	|32	
  State and local...............|913	|953	|911	|353	|397	|382	|329	|359	|347	
   State and local education....|339	|325	|303	|182	|175	|183	|166	|166	|169	
   State and local, excluding   |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    education...................|574	|628	|608	|171	|222	|200	|163	|193	|179	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     RATES BY INDUSTRY          |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
         (percent)              |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................|7.1	|6.8	|6.5	|4.3	|4.0	|4.1	|4.2	|3.8	|3.8	
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
 Total private..................|7.5	|7.1	|6.9	|4.8	|4.4	|4.5	|4.6	|4.2	|4.2	
  Mining and logging............|5.8	|5.8	|5.6	|3.4	|3.5	|3.9	|3.4	|3.2	|3.5	
  Construction..................|5.0	|5.8	|3.0	|4.3	|4.8	|5.0	|4.3	|4.3	|4.6	
  Manufacturing.................|6.7	|5.8	|5.8	|3.8	|3.1	|3.2	|3.6	|3.0	|3.1	
   Durable goods................|6.6	|6.0	|5.5	|3.4	|2.9	|2.8	|3.1	|2.5	|2.7	
   Nondurable goods.............|6.8	|5.4	|6.3	|4.6	|3.5	|4.0	|4.5	|3.6	|3.7	
  Trade, transportation,        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   and utilities................|6.1	|5.8	|5.9	|4.6	|4.5	|4.6	|4.7	|4.4	|4.7	
   Wholesale trade..............|5.2	|4.2	|5.0	|3.1	|2.9	|3.1	|2.8	|2.7	|2.8	
   Retail trade.................|6.0	|5.9	|5.3	|5.3	|4.9	|5.0	|5.4	|4.9	|5.1	
   Transportation, warehousing, |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    and utilities...............|7.0	|6.8	|7.9	|4.2	|5.0	|5.1	|4.6	|4.8	|5.1	
  Information...................|7.4	|3.3	|4.3	|4.4	|3.1	|3.2	|4.0	|3.2	|3.4	
  Financial activities..........|5.7	|6.3	|4.8	|2.8	|2.3	|2.3	|2.8	|2.2	|2.2	
   Finance and insurance........|5.7	|6.2	|4.9	|2.6	|2.0	|1.7	|2.6	|1.9	|1.7	
   Real estate and rental       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    and leasing.................|5.6	|6.4	|4.5	|3.3	|3.4	|3.8	|3.1	|2.9	|3.4	
  Professional and business     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services.....................|9.1	|8.4	|8.7	|6.0	|5.1	|5.2	|5.5	|4.9	|4.6	
  Education and health          |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services.....................|8.1	|7.7	|7.7	|3.5	|3.6	|3.6	|3.4	|3.3	|3.1	
   Educational services.........|4.0	|4.5	|4.6	|2.9	|2.5	|2.5	|2.6	|2.3	|2.0	
   Health care and social       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    assistance..................|8.8	|8.3	|8.3	|3.6	|3.8	|3.8	|3.6	|3.5	|3.3	
   Leisure and hospitality......|9.9	|10.2	|9.2	|7.9	|6.8	|7.2	|7.2	|6.2	|6.5	
    Arts, entertainment, and    |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     recreation.................|6.9	|7.0	|7.3	|7.4	|6.7	|6.9	|7.3	|5.4	|6.0	
    Accommodation and food      |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     services...................|10.3	|10.8	|9.5	|8.0	|6.8	|7.2	|7.2	|6.3	|6.5	
   Other services...............|7.8	|4.9	|5.5	|3.8	|4.1	|3.4	|4.1	|3.9	|3.4	
 Government.....................|4.5	|4.7	|4.5	|1.8	|2.0	|1.9	|1.7	|1.8	|1.7	
  Federal.......................|4.4	|5.1	|4.7	|1.5	|1.5	|1.3	|1.5	|1.6	|1.1	
  State and local...............|4.5	|4.7	|4.5	|1.8	|2.0	|2.0	|1.7	|1.8	|1.8	
   State and local education....|3.2	|3.1	|2.9	|1.8	|1.7	|1.8	|1.6	|1.6	|1.6	
   State and local, excluding   |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    education...................|6.0	|6.4	|6.2	|1.9	|2.4	|2.2	|1.8	|2.1	|1.9	
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  (p) Preliminary
 NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current 
 Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


                      	  Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data
                       
The JOLTS data are revised annually to reflect updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
employment estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-adjusted to the CES 
employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. This annual 
benchmarking process results in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 
JOLTS data series. The seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 
updated seasonal adjustment factors. Further, the alignment methodology creates a dependency of the 
not seasonally adjusted estimates on the seasonal adjustment process. Therefore, the data series that are 
not seasonally adjusted are also recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect the effect of the 
updated seasonal adjustment factors on the alignment process.
With this annual revision, JOLTS also converted to the 2022 North American Industry Classification 
System (NAICS) from NAICS 2017. The conversion had a minimal impact on the published JOLTS 
data series.
Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2022. The 
December 2022 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 
final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2018 through 
December 2022 will be available on the JOLTS website later in the day following the release. The 
website also contains all revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision 
tables and data can be accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/.

Table B. Revisions in job openings data January 2022 - December 2022,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2022   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|   11,283   | 11,487  |    204     |     7.0    |  7.1    |    0.1
February..|   11,344   | 11,601  |    257     |     7.0    |  7.1    |     .1
March.....|   11,855   | 12,027  |    172     |     7.3    |  7.4    |     .1
April.....|   11,681   | 11,755  |     74     |     7.2    |  7.2    |     .0
May.......|   11,303   | 11,443  |    140     |     6.9    |  7.0    |     .1
June......|   11,040   | 10,961  |    -79     |     6.8    |  6.7    |    -.1
July......|   11,170   | 11,380  |    210     |     6.8    |  6.9    |     .1
August....|   10,280   | 10,198  |    -82     |     6.3    |  6.2    |    -.1
September.|   10,687   | 10,854  |    167     |     6.5    |  6.6    |     .1
October...|   10,512   | 10,471  |    -41     |     6.4    |  6.4    |     .0
November..|   10,440   | 10,746  |    306     |     6.4    |  6.5    |     .1
December..|   11,012   | 11,234  |    222     |     6.7    |  6.8    |     .1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table C. Revisions in hires data January 2022 - December 2022,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2022   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    6,426   |  6,496  |     70     |     4.3    |  4.3    |    0.0
February..|    6,832   |  6,800  |    -32     |     4.5    |  4.5    |     .0
March.....|    6,645   |  6,577  |    -68     |     4.4    |  4.3    |    -.1
April.....|    6,527   |  6,572  |     45     |     4.3    |  4.3    |     .0
May.......|    6,507   |  6,545  |     38     |     4.3    |  4.3    |     .0
June......|    6,456   |  6,448  |     -8     |     4.2    |  4.2    |     .0
July......|    6,238   |  6,340  |    102     |     4.1    |  4.1    |     .0
August....|    6,334   |  6,478  |    144     |     4.1    |  4.2    |     .1
September.|    6,096   |  6,226  |    130     |     4.0    |  4.1    |     .1
October...|    6,111   |  6,164  |     53     |     4.0    |  4.0    |     .0
November..|    6,034   |  6,253  |    219     |     3.9    |  4.1    |     .2
December..|    6,165   |  6,251  |     86     |     4.0    |  4.0    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table D. Revisions in total separations data January 2022 - December 2022,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2022   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    6,044   |  6,235  |    191     |     4.0    |  4.2    |    0.2
February..|    6,082   |  6,071  |    -11     |     4.0    |  4.0    |     .0
March.....|    6,248   |  6,194  |    -54     |     4.1    |  4.1    |     .0
April.....|    5,965   |  6,175  |    210     |     3.9    |  4.1    |     .2
May.......|    6,017   |  6,025  |      8     |     4.0    |  4.0    |     .0
June......|    6,009   |  5,991  |    -18     |     4.0    |  3.9    |    -.1
July......|    5,794   |  5,864  |     70     |     3.8    |  3.8    |     .0
August....|    6,058   |  6,244  |    186     |     4.0    |  4.1    |     .1
September.|    5,665   |  5,810  |    145     |     3.7    |  3.8    |     .1
October...|    5,756   |  5,846  |     90     |     3.8    |  3.8    |     .0
November..|    5,831   |  5,945  |    114     |     3.8    |  3.9    |     .1
December..|    5,890   |  5,906  |     16     |     3.8    |  3.8    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table E. Revisions in quits data January 2022 - December 2022,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2022   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    4,258   |  4,391  |    133     |     2.8    |  2.9    |    0.1
February..|    4,384   |  4,313  |    -71     |     2.9    |  2.9    |     .0
March.....|    4,449   |  4,452  |      3     |     2.9    |  2.9    |     .0
April.....|    4,327   |  4,497  |    170     |     2.9    |  3.0    |     .1
May.......|    4,274   |  4,208  |    -66     |     2.8    |  2.8    |     .0
June......|    4,253   |  4,161  |    -92     |     2.8    |  2.7    |    -.1
July......|    4,058   |  4,016  |    -42     |     2.7    |  2.6    |    -.1
August....|    4,184   |  4,242  |     58     |     2.7    |  2.8    |     .1
September.|    4,060   |  4,065  |      5     |     2.7    |  2.6    |    -.1
October...|    4,047   |  4,048  |      1     |     2.6    |  2.6    |     .0
November..|    4,102   |  4,148  |     46     |     2.7    |  2.7    |     .0
December..|    4,087   |  4,091  |      4     |     2.7    |  2.6    |    -.1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data January 2022 - December 2022,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2022   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    1,403   |  1,425  |     22     |     0.9    |  0.9    |    0.0
February..|    1,354   |  1,423  |     69     |      .9    |   .9    |     .0
March.....|    1,416   |  1,395  |    -21     |      .9    |   .9    |     .0
April.....|    1,312   |  1,342  |     30     |      .9    |   .9    |     .0
May.......|    1,416   |  1,482  |     66     |      .9    |  1.0    |     .1
June......|    1,400   |  1,477  |     77     |      .9    |  1.0    |     .1
July......|    1,390   |  1,497  |    107     |      .9    |  1.0    |     .1
August....|    1,490   |  1,627  |    137     |     1.0    |  1.1    |     .1
September.|    1,329   |  1,436  |    107     |      .9    |   .9    |     .0
October...|    1,445   |  1,525  |     80     |      .9    |  1.0    |     .1
November..|    1,418   |  1,485  |     67     |      .9    |  1.0    |     .1
December..|    1,468   |  1,475  |      7     |     1.0    |  1.0    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________     

Table G. Revisions in other separations data January 2022 - December 2022,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2022   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|      383   |    419  |     36     |     0.3    |  0.3    |    0.0
February..|      344   |    335  |     -9     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
March.....|      384   |    347  |    -37     |      .3    |   .2    |    -.1
April.....|      327   |    336  |      9     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
May.......|      328   |    334  |      6     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
June......|      356   |    353  |     -3     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
July......|      346   |    351  |      5     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
August....|      383   |    375  |     -8     |      .3    |   .2    |    -.1
September.|      276   |    308  |     32     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
October...|      264   |    272  |      8     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
November..|      311   |    312  |      1     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
December..|      336   |    340  |      4     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)
Total	11,487	10,471	10,746	11,234	10,824	-410	7.1	6.4	6.5	6.8	6.5	-0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,441	9,519	9,671	10,126	9,770	-356	7.5	6.7	6.8	7.1	6.9	-0.2
Mining and logging	36	41	42	39	38	-1	5.8	6.2	6.3	5.8	5.6	-0.2
Construction	396	398	348	488	248	-240	5.0	4.8	4.3	5.8	3.0	-2.8
Manufacturing	905	735	829	797	803	6	6.7	5.4	6.0	5.8	5.8	0.0
Durable goods	556	476	517	519	476	-43	6.6	5.6	6.0	6.0	5.5	-0.5
Nondurable goods	349	258	312	278	328	50	6.8	5.0	6.0	5.4	6.3	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,842	1,591	1,531	1,763	1,814	51	6.1	5.2	5.1	5.8	5.9	0.1
Wholesale trade	323	281	213	265	315	50	5.2	4.5	3.4	4.2	5.0	0.8
Retail trade	987	818	852	964	870	-94	6.0	5.0	5.2	5.9	5.3	-0.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	532	491	465	534	628	94	7.0	6.3	6.0	6.8	7.9	1.1
Information	238	230	213	106	141	35	7.4	6.9	6.4	3.3	4.3	1.0
Financial activities	538	603	576	610	459	-151	5.7	6.2	6.0	6.3	4.8	-1.5
Finance and insurance	401	413	405	445	345	-100	5.7	5.8	5.7	6.2	4.9	-1.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	138	190	171	165	114	-51	5.6	7.4	6.6	6.4	4.5	-1.9
Professional and business services	2,213	1,890	2,121	2,087	2,182	95	9.1	7.7	8.5	8.4	8.7	0.3
Education and health services	2,112	2,151	2,068	2,080	2,081	1	8.1	8.0	7.7	7.7	7.7	0.0
Educational services	155	160	160	181	187	6	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.5	4.6	0.1
Health care and social assistance	1,957	1,991	1,908	1,899	1,894	-5	8.8	8.7	8.4	8.3	8.3	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,683	1,612	1,629	1,859	1,665	-194	9.9	9.1	9.1	10.2	9.2	-1.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	165	197	164	180	189	9	6.9	7.7	6.4	7.0	7.3	0.3
Accommodation and food services	1,518	1,415	1,465	1,679	1,475	-204	10.3	9.3	9.6	10.8	9.5	-1.3
Other services	477	268	314	297	340	43	7.8	4.5	5.2	4.9	5.5	0.6
Government	1,046	952	1,075	1,109	1,053	-56	4.5	4.1	4.6	4.7	4.5	-0.2
Federal	132	127	138	156	142	-14	4.4	4.2	4.6	5.1	4.7	-0.4
State and local	913	824	937	953	911	-42	4.5	4.1	4.6	4.7	4.5	-0.2
State and local education	339	295	336	325	303	-22	3.2	2.8	3.2	3.1	2.9	-0.2
State and local, excluding education	574	530	601	628	608	-20	6.0	5.5	6.2	6.4	6.2	-0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,989	1,775	1,645	1,746	1,744	-2	6.9	6.1	5.6	6.0	5.9	-0.1
South	4,364	4,038	4,323	4,415	4,372	-43	7.3	6.6	7.0	7.1	7.1	0.0
Midwest	2,537	2,129	2,270	2,536	2,346	-190	7.3	6.1	6.4	7.1	6.6	-0.5
West	2,596	2,528	2,507	2,537	2,361	-176	6.8	6.5	6.4	6.5	6.1	-0.4
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)
Total	6,496	6,164	6,253	6,251	6,372	121	4.3	4.0	4.1	4.0	4.1	0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,099	5,777	5,825	5,809	5,952	143	4.8	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.5	0.1
Mining and logging	20	21	24	22	25	3	3.4	3.4	3.8	3.5	3.9	0.4
Construction	324	351	337	380	391	11	4.3	4.5	4.3	4.8	5.0	0.2
Manufacturing	482	442	407	405	417	12	3.8	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.2	0.1
Durable goods	263	233	222	234	224	-10	3.4	2.9	2.7	2.9	2.8	-0.1
Nondurable goods	218	209	186	171	193	22	4.6	4.3	3.8	3.5	4.0	0.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,293	1,244	1,253	1,289	1,338	49	4.6	4.3	4.4	4.5	4.6	0.1
Wholesale trade	183	167	172	175	186	11	3.1	2.8	2.9	2.9	3.1	0.2
Retail trade	812	722	706	753	778	25	5.3	4.7	4.6	4.9	5.0	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	298	355	375	361	374	13	4.2	4.9	5.2	5.0	5.1	0.1
Information	131	99	112	97	100	3	4.4	3.2	3.6	3.1	3.2	0.1
Financial activities	252	218	248	213	207	-6	2.8	2.4	2.7	2.3	2.3	0.0
Finance and insurance	175	142	162	132	116	-16	2.6	2.1	2.4	2.0	1.7	-0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	76	77	86	82	91	9	3.3	3.2	3.6	3.4	3.8	0.4
Professional and business services	1,332	1,168	1,163	1,155	1,190	35	6.0	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.2	0.1
Education and health services	841	823	863	904	901	-3	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.6	3.6	0.0
Educational services	107	98	98	98	96	-2	2.9	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	0.0
Health care and social assistance	734	724	765	806	805	-1	3.6	3.5	3.7	3.8	3.8	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,211	1,191	1,203	1,107	1,183	76	7.9	7.4	7.4	6.8	7.2	0.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	163	135	160	161	165	4	7.4	5.7	6.7	6.7	6.9	0.2
Accommodation and food services	1,048	1,056	1,043	947	1,017	70	8.0	7.7	7.5	6.8	7.2	0.4
Other services	213	221	214	237	201	-36	3.8	3.8	3.7	4.1	3.4	-0.7
Government	397	387	428	442	421	-21	1.8	1.7	1.9	2.0	1.9	-0.1
Federal	44	43	39	45	38	-7	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.3	-0.2
State and local	353	344	389	397	382	-15	1.8	1.8	2.0	2.0	2.0	0.0
State and local education	182	176	191	175	183	8	1.8	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.8	0.1
State and local, excluding education	171	167	198	222	200	-22	1.9	1.8	2.2	2.4	2.2	-0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,012	883	913	923	951	28	3.8	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.4	0.1
South	2,623	2,548	2,599	2,628	2,571	-57	4.7	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.5	-0.1
Midwest	1,303	1,282	1,300	1,361	1,352	-9	4.1	3.9	3.9	4.1	4.1	0.0
West	1,558	1,451	1,441	1,338	1,498	160	4.4	4.0	4.0	3.7	4.1	0.4
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)
Total	6,235	5,846	5,945	5,906	5,902	-4	4.2	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.8	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,861	5,488	5,582	5,502	5,523	21	4.6	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	0.0
Mining and logging	20	18	17	20	22	2	3.4	2.9	2.7	3.2	3.5	0.3
Construction	325	325	294	335	365	30	4.3	4.2	3.8	4.3	4.6	0.3
Manufacturing	460	397	393	384	399	15	3.6	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.1	0.1
Durable goods	244	204	213	206	218	12	3.1	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.7	0.2
Nondurable goods	216	192	181	178	182	4	4.5	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.7	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,324	1,220	1,299	1,277	1,341	64	4.7	4.2	4.5	4.4	4.7	0.3
Wholesale trade	163	151	159	165	172	7	2.8	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.8	0.1
Retail trade	839	742	713	765	794	29	5.4	4.8	4.6	4.9	5.1	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	322	327	426	347	375	28	4.6	4.5	5.9	4.8	5.1	0.3
Information	119	94	98	99	105	6	4.0	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.4	0.2
Financial activities	247	222	275	198	200	2	2.8	2.4	3.0	2.2	2.2	0.0
Finance and insurance	174	142	197	129	117	-12	2.6	2.1	2.9	1.9	1.7	-0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	73	79	77	69	83	14	3.1	3.3	3.2	2.9	3.4	0.5
Professional and business services	1,212	1,125	1,166	1,125	1,065	-60	5.5	4.9	5.1	4.9	4.6	-0.3
Education and health services	814	749	779	825	766	-59	3.4	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.1	-0.2
Educational services	98	102	86	89	76	-13	2.6	2.7	2.2	2.3	2.0	-0.3
Health care and social assistance	717	647	694	736	690	-46	3.6	3.1	3.3	3.5	3.3	-0.2
Leisure and hospitality	1,110	1,123	1,093	1,010	1,064	54	7.2	7.0	6.7	6.2	6.5	0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	162	133	143	130	146	16	7.3	5.6	6.0	5.4	6.0	0.6
Accommodation and food services	947	990	950	880	919	39	7.2	7.2	6.8	6.3	6.5	0.2
Other services	232	216	168	228	196	-32	4.1	3.8	2.9	3.9	3.4	-0.5
Government	373	358	364	404	379	-25	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.8	1.7	-0.1
Federal	44	37	40	45	32	-13	1.5	1.3	1.4	1.6	1.1	-0.5
State and local	329	321	324	359	347	-12	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.8	0.0
State and local education	166	166	157	166	169	3	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6	0.0
State and local, excluding education	163	156	167	193	179	-14	1.8	1.7	1.8	2.1	1.9	-0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	883	797	797	880	862	-18	3.3	2.9	2.9	3.2	3.1	-0.1
South	2,575	2,500	2,412	2,400	2,487	87	4.6	4.4	4.2	4.2	4.3	0.1
Midwest	1,275	1,237	1,183	1,247	1,235	-12	4.0	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.7	-0.1
West	1,502	1,312	1,554	1,379	1,317	-62	4.2	3.6	4.3	3.8	3.6	-0.2
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)
Total	4,391	4,048	4,148	4,091	3,884	-207	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.5	-0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,159	3,829	3,932	3,858	3,665	-193	3.2	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.8	-0.1
Mining and logging	12	13	11	14	15	1	2.0	2.1	1.7	2.2	2.5	0.3
Construction	177	153	135	153	176	23	2.3	2.0	1.7	2.0	2.2	0.2
Manufacturing	313	273	267	263	260	-3	2.5	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.0	0.0
Durable goods	155	144	143	137	144	7	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.8	0.1
Nondurable goods	158	129	125	125	116	-9	3.3	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.4	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,010	904	1,002	916	969	53	3.6	3.1	3.5	3.2	3.4	0.2
Wholesale trade	109	97	101	96	104	8	1.9	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.7	0.1
Retail trade	682	595	598	598	633	35	4.4	3.8	3.9	3.9	4.1	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	219	212	303	222	232	10	3.1	2.9	4.2	3.1	3.2	0.1
Information	52	32	41	46	40	-6	1.7	1.0	1.3	1.5	1.3	-0.2
Financial activities	177	142	131	134	140	6	2.0	1.6	1.4	1.5	1.5	0.0
Finance and insurance	122	93	82	88	94	6	1.8	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.4	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	55	49	49	46	46	0	2.4	2.1	2.0	1.9	1.9	0.0
Professional and business services	768	712	733	719	498	-221	3.5	3.1	3.2	3.1	2.2	-0.9
Education and health services	616	583	619	629	595	-34	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4	-0.1
Educational services	64	56	54	55	41	-14	1.7	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.1	-0.3
Health care and social assistance	552	527	565	574	554	-20	2.7	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.6	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	875	871	884	806	837	31	5.7	5.4	5.4	4.9	5.1	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	71	74	78	77	81	4	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.3	0.1
Accommodation and food services	804	796	807	729	756	27	6.1	5.8	5.8	5.2	5.4	0.2
Other services	159	146	108	177	136	-41	2.8	2.5	1.9	3.1	2.3	-0.8
Government	232	219	217	233	219	-14	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
Federal	24	16	19	21	16	-5	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.5	-0.2
State and local	209	203	198	213	204	-9	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.0	-0.1
State and local education	108	105	100	103	102	-1	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
State and local, excluding education	101	98	98	110	101	-9	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.1	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	590	522	504	539	517	-22	2.2	1.9	1.8	2.0	1.9	-0.1
South	1,857	1,818	1,760	1,748	1,666	-82	3.3	3.2	3.1	3.0	2.9	-0.1
Midwest	883	821	798	835	803	-32	2.8	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.4	-0.1
West	1,061	887	1,087	969	897	-72	3.0	2.4	3.0	2.7	2.4	-0.3
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)
Total	1,425	1,525	1,485	1,475	1,716	241	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,351	1,451	1,409	1,378	1,620	242	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.2	0.2
Mining and logging	7	4	5	5	5	0	1.2	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.1
Construction	140	167	146	166	172	6	1.8	2.1	1.9	2.1	2.2	0.1
Manufacturing	118	102	101	99	112	13	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.1
Durable goods	70	48	53	54	57	3	0.9	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.0
Nondurable goods	48	54	47	44	55	11	1.0	1.1	1.0	0.9	1.1	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	246	276	255	304	322	18	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.1	0.0
Wholesale trade	37	44	49	59	62	3	0.6	0.7	0.8	1.0	1.0	0.0
Retail trade	138	127	96	138	137	-1	0.9	0.8	0.6	0.9	0.9	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	71	104	110	107	123	16	1.0	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.7	0.2
Information	61	47	46	46	47	1	2.0	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	0.0
Financial activities	33	63	122	38	53	15	0.4	0.7	1.3	0.4	0.6	0.2
Finance and insurance	21	39	102	19	22	3	0.3	0.6	1.5	0.3	0.3	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	12	24	19	18	31	13	0.5	1.0	0.8	0.8	1.3	0.5
Professional and business services	321	360	360	338	528	190	1.4	1.6	1.6	1.5	2.3	0.8
Education and health services	158	143	133	149	140	-9	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.0
Educational services	24	39	22	29	28	-1	0.6	1.0	0.6	0.8	0.7	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	134	103	111	120	112	-8	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	207	226	187	193	198	5	1.3	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	88	55	63	52	59	7	4.0	2.4	2.7	2.2	2.5	0.3
Accommodation and food services	119	170	124	141	139	-2	0.9	1.2	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.0
Other services	59	64	55	41	41	0	1.1	1.1	1.0	0.7	0.7	0.0
Government	74	74	75	97	97	0	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.0
Federal	7	7	7	10	5	-5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
State and local	67	68	69	87	92	5	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.1
State and local education	32	34	29	37	45	8	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local, excluding education	35	33	40	50	47	-3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	221	239	239	279	279	0	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.0
South	543	595	548	521	713	192	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9	1.2	0.3
Midwest	313	343	327	356	371	15	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1	0.0
West	348	349	372	319	352	33	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9	1.0	0.1
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)
Total	419	272	312	340	302	-38	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	352	208	240	266	239	-27	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	1	1	1	2	2	0	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.0
Construction	8	5	14	16	17	1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Manufacturing	28	22	26	23	27	4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Durable goods	18	13	17	15	17	2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nondurable goods	10	9	9	8	10	2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	68	40	41	57	50	-7	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Wholesale trade	17	10	9	10	7	-3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Retail trade	19	20	19	29	24	-5	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	32	10	13	18	20	2	0.5	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
Information	6	14	12	7	18	11	0.2	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.6	0.4
Financial activities	37	16	22	26	7	-19	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	-0.2
Finance and insurance	32	10	14	21	1	-20	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.0	-0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	5	6	9	5	6	1	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.0
Professional and business services	123	53	72	68	39	-29	0.6	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Education and health services	40	23	27	47	31	-16	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Educational services	9	6	9	5	7	2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health care and social assistance	30	17	18	42	24	-18	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	28	26	21	11	30	19	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	3	2	1	5	4	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Accommodation and food services	25	24	20	9	24	15	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other services	13	6	5	10	19	9	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Government	67	65	72	73	63	-10	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
Federal	14	14	14	14	11	-3	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	-0.1
State and local	53	51	58	59	52	-7	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
State and local education	26	26	29	26	21	-5	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local, excluding education	28	25	29	33	30	-3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	71	36	54	62	65	3	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
South	175	87	104	131	108	-23	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Midwest	80	73	58	55	61	6	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
West	93	77	95	91	68	-23	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Change from: Dec. 2022 - Jan. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	10,441	9,519	9,671	10,126	9,770	-356	7.5	6.7	6.8	7.1	6.9	-0.2
1 to 9 employees	1,768	1,761	1,724	1,818	2,116	298	7.9	7.1	7.2	7.8	8.1	0.3
10 to 49 employees	3,023	2,973	3,018	3,188	3,013	-175	7.6	6.2	6.6	7.0	6.4	-0.6
50 to 249 employees	2,944	2,670	2,761	2,953	2,690	-263	7.1	7.1	6.9	7.4	6.9	-0.5
250 to 999 employees	1,665	1,203	1,180	1,235	1,044	-191	7.8	6.8	6.4	6.4	6.1	-0.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	785	607	665	634	591	-43	7.9	6.9	7.1	6.6	6.6	0.0
5,000 or more employees	256	305	322	298	317	19	6.8	6.9	7.5	6.8	6.9	0.1
HIRES
Total private	6,099	5,777	5,825	5,809	5,952	143	4.8	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.5	0.1
1 to 9 employees	856	835	715	800	903	103	4.2	3.6	3.2	3.7	3.8	0.1
10 to 49 employees	1,824	1,965	1,997	1,912	1,957	45	5.0	4.4	4.7	4.5	4.4	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	2,030	1,755	1,856	1,858	1,884	26	5.3	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.2	0.2
250 to 999 employees	931	775	807	804	794	-10	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.5	5.0	0.5
1,000 to 4,999 employees	393	366	370	362	334	-28	4.3	4.5	4.3	4.0	4.0	0.0
5,000 or more employees	65	81	80	73	80	7	1.9	2.0	2.0	1.8	1.9	0.1
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,861	5,488	5,582	5,502	5,523	21	4.6	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	861	789	813	826	733	-93	4.2	3.4	3.7	3.8	3.1	-0.7
10 to 49 employees	1,734	1,905	1,776	1,923	1,975	52	4.7	4.3	4.2	4.5	4.5	0.0
50 to 249 employees	1,946	1,675	1,753	1,594	1,743	149	5.1	4.8	4.7	4.3	4.8	0.5
250 to 999 employees	881	711	800	723	680	-43	4.5	4.3	4.6	4.0	4.2	0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	375	342	372	375	333	-42	4.1	4.2	4.3	4.2	4.0	-0.2
5,000 or more employees	64	65	67	61	59	-2	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.4	-0.1
QUITS
Total private	4,159	3,829	3,932	3,858	3,665	-193	3.2	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.8	-0.1
1 to 9 employees	535	415	525	566	450	-116	2.6	1.8	2.4	2.6	1.9	-0.7
10 to 49 employees	1,308	1,450	1,337	1,403	1,384	-19	3.6	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.1	-0.2
50 to 249 employees	1,429	1,226	1,261	1,142	1,177	35	3.7	3.5	3.4	3.1	3.3	0.2
250 to 999 employees	616	475	522	458	418	-40	3.1	2.9	3.0	2.6	2.6	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	232	221	243	248	198	-50	2.6	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.4	-0.4
5,000 or more employees	39	43	43	41	39	-2	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.0	0.9	-0.1
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,351	1,451	1,409	1,378	1,620	242	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.2	0.2
1 to 9 employees	267	336	210	206	235	29	1.3	1.5	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.0
10 to 49 employees	334	385	384	440	517	77	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.2	0.2
50 to 249 employees	418	400	440	382	511	129	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.4	0.4
250 to 999 employees	209	215	251	235	227	-8	1.1	1.3	1.5	1.3	1.4	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	107	100	110	103	118	15	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.4	0.3
5,000 or more employees	16	14	15	12	12	0	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	352	208	240	266	239	-27	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	59	38	79	54	48	-6	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.3	0.2	-0.1
10 to 49 employees	92	70	55	80	74	-6	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
50 to 249 employees	99	49	52	70	56	-14	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
250 to 999 employees	55	21	26	30	35	5	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	36	21	19	24	17	-7	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
5,000 or more employees	9	8	9	8	8	0	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
Total	11,432	10,164	10,767	7.2	6.1	6.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,414	9,097	9,741	7.6	6.4	6.9
Mining and logging	37	38	39	6.1	5.6	5.9
Construction	408	390	256	5.3	4.8	3.3
Manufacturing	890	730	791	6.6	5.3	5.8
Durable goods	544	467	464	6.5	5.4	5.4
Nondurable goods	346	263	327	6.8	5.1	6.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,692	1,579	1,667	5.7	5.1	5.5
Wholesale trade	333	221	327	5.4	3.5	5.2
Retail trade	836	873	721	5.2	5.2	4.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	523	485	618	6.9	6.0	7.8
Information	240	107	143	7.5	3.3	4.4
Financial activities	595	579	504	6.3	6.0	5.3
Finance and insurance	439	426	374	6.2	6.0	5.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	156	153	130	6.4	6.0	5.2
Professional and business services	2,309	1,912	2,278	9.6	7.7	9.2
Education and health services	2,244	1,975	2,210	8.7	7.3	8.2
Educational services	171	153	204	4.5	3.8	5.1
Health care and social assistance	2,073	1,821	2,006	9.4	8.0	8.7
Leisure and hospitality	1,491	1,518	1,482	9.3	8.7	8.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	160	147	185	7.6	6.1	7.9
Accommodation and food services	1,331	1,372	1,296	9.5	9.1	8.8
Other services	508	268	373	8.4	4.4	6.1
Government	1,018	1,068	1,025	4.4	4.5	4.4
Federal	135	141	145	4.5	4.6	4.8
State and local	884	927	880	4.4	4.5	4.3
State and local education	313	302	279	3.0	2.8	2.6
State and local, excluding education	571	625	601	6.0	6.4	6.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	2,031	1,639	1,782	7.1	5.6	6.1
South	4,295	3,932	4,301	7.2	6.4	7.0
Midwest	2,462	2,220	2,277	7.2	6.3	6.5
West	2,645	2,372	2,407	7.0	6.1	6.2
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
Total	6,273	4,641	6,143	4.2	3.0	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,905	4,373	5,754	4.7	3.3	4.4
Mining and logging	22	16	27	3.8	2.5	4.3
Construction	296	235	362	4.1	3.0	4.8
Manufacturing	490	281	423	3.9	2.2	3.3
Durable goods	274	163	232	3.5	2.0	2.9
Nondurable goods	216	119	191	4.6	2.4	3.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,149	1,080	1,194	4.1	3.7	4.2
Wholesale trade	193	127	197	3.3	2.1	3.3
Retail trade	680	596	651	4.4	3.8	4.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	276	356	346	3.9	4.7	4.7
Information	136	63	104	4.6	2.0	3.4
Financial activities	280	135	234	3.1	1.5	2.6
Finance and insurance	198	78	138	3.0	1.2	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	81	57	97	3.6	2.4	4.1
Professional and business services	1,352	901	1,205	6.2	3.9	5.4
Education and health services	917	679	984	3.9	2.7	4.0
Educational services	120	44	108	3.3	1.1	2.9
Health care and social assistance	797	635	876	4.0	3.0	4.2
Leisure and hospitality	1,051	802	1,023	7.2	5.0	6.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	108	100	108	5.5	4.5	5.0
Accommodation and food services	943	702	915	7.5	5.1	6.8
Other services	213	180	199	3.9	3.1	3.5
Government	367	268	388	1.7	1.2	1.7
Federal	42	43	36	1.5	1.5	1.3
State and local	326	225	352	1.7	1.1	1.8
State and local education	185	83	188	1.8	0.8	1.8
State and local, excluding education	140	142	165	1.6	1.6	1.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	916	650	861	3.5	2.3	3.2
South	2,641	1,969	2,574	4.8	3.4	4.5
Midwest	1,191	1,055	1,233	3.8	3.2	3.8
West	1,525	966	1,475	4.4	2.6	4.1
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
Total	6,595	5,598	6,437	4.5	3.6	4.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,262	5,237	6,101	5.0	3.9	4.7
Mining and logging	24	18	26	4.2	2.9	4.2
Construction	363	385	413	5.0	5.0	5.5
Manufacturing	441	317	386	3.5	2.4	3.0
Durable goods	239	165	213	3.1	2.0	2.6
Nondurable goods	203	152	173	4.3	3.1	3.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,610	1,306	1,785	5.7	4.4	6.2
Wholesale trade	171	145	188	2.9	2.4	3.1
Retail trade	962	764	924	6.3	4.8	6.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	476	396	674	6.7	5.2	9.2
Information	141	101	124	4.8	3.2	4.0
Financial activities	292	160	245	3.3	1.8	2.7
Finance and insurance	198	107	139	3.0	1.6	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	94	53	106	4.1	2.2	4.5
Professional and business services	1,260	1,119	1,124	5.8	4.9	5.0
Education and health services	884	725	827	3.7	2.9	3.3
Educational services	97	75	75	2.7	1.9	2.0
Health care and social assistance	787	650	752	3.9	3.1	3.6
Leisure and hospitality	1,033	902	991	7.1	5.7	6.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	143	127	129	7.3	5.7	6.0
Accommodation and food services	891	775	862	7.0	5.7	6.4
Other services	213	204	180	3.9	3.5	3.1
Government	333	361	336	1.5	1.6	1.5
Federal	49	56	35	1.7	1.9	1.2
State and local	284	305	301	1.5	1.5	1.6
State and local education	132	124	135	1.3	1.2	1.3
State and local, excluding education	152	182	166	1.7	2.0	1.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	992	890	988	3.8	3.2	3.6
South	2,703	2,195	2,696	4.9	3.8	4.7
Midwest	1,337	1,214	1,343	4.2	3.7	4.1
West	1,562	1,300	1,410	4.5	3.5	3.9
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
Total	4,282	3,540	3,785	2.9	2.3	2.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,082	3,353	3,598	3.2	2.5	2.8
Mining and logging	12	11	16	2.1	1.7	2.6
Construction	175	126	172	2.4	1.6	2.3
Manufacturing	282	195	234	2.3	1.5	1.8
Durable goods	141	99	130	1.8	1.2	1.6
Nondurable goods	141	96	104	3.0	2.0	2.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,001	872	968	3.5	3.0	3.4
Wholesale trade	105	74	101	1.8	1.2	1.7
Retail trade	694	549	649	4.5	3.5	4.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	201	249	218	2.8	3.3	3.0
Information	54	41	42	1.8	1.3	1.4
Financial activities	192	105	154	2.2	1.1	1.7
Finance and insurance	133	69	104	2.0	1.0	1.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	60	35	50	2.6	1.5	2.1
Professional and business services	773	619	501	3.5	2.7	2.2
Education and health services	641	554	622	2.7	2.2	2.5
Educational services	63	42	40	1.8	1.1	1.1
Health care and social assistance	578	512	582	2.9	2.4	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	806	684	764	5.5	4.3	4.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	63	61	71	3.2	2.7	3.3
Accommodation and food services	743	623	692	5.9	4.5	5.1
Other services	146	147	125	2.6	2.5	2.2
Government	200	186	187	0.9	0.8	0.8
Federal	23	21	15	0.8	0.7	0.5
State and local	177	166	172	0.9	0.8	0.9
State and local education	87	69	82	0.9	0.6	0.8
State and local, excluding education	90	97	90	1.0	1.1	1.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	591	452	517	2.2	1.6	1.9
South	1,832	1,503	1,639	3.3	2.6	2.9
Midwest	846	729	770	2.7	2.2	2.4
West	1,013	855	860	2.9	2.3	2.4
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
Total	1,836	1,698	2,298	1.2	1.1	1.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,770	1,606	2,214	1.4	1.2	1.7
Mining and logging	10	6	8	1.8	1.0	1.2
Construction	179	242	222	2.5	3.1	2.9
Manufacturing	122	100	116	1.0	0.8	0.9
Durable goods	73	52	59	0.9	0.6	0.7
Nondurable goods	49	49	57	1.0	1.0	1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	539	377	764	1.9	1.3	2.7
Wholesale trade	49	58	81	0.8	1.0	1.3
Retail trade	246	188	247	1.6	1.2	1.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	243	130	436	3.4	1.7	6.0
Information	77	54	60	2.6	1.7	2.0
Financial activities	45	32	64	0.5	0.3	0.7
Finance and insurance	24	18	25	0.4	0.3	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	21	14	40	0.9	0.6	1.7
Professional and business services	352	417	580	1.6	1.8	2.6
Education and health services	191	127	166	0.8	0.5	0.7
Educational services	22	29	26	0.6	0.7	0.7
Health care and social assistance	169	99	140	0.8	0.5	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	200	205	198	1.4	1.3	1.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	78	64	53	4.0	2.9	2.5
Accommodation and food services	122	141	145	1.0	1.0	1.1
Other services	55	47	36	1.0	0.8	0.6
Government	66	92	84	0.3	0.4	0.4
Federal	9	14	6	0.3	0.5	0.2
State and local	57	78	78	0.3	0.4	0.4
State and local education	26	34	37	0.3	0.3	0.4
State and local, excluding education	30	43	41	0.3	0.5	0.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	318	363	392	1.2	1.3	1.4
South	664	565	920	1.2	1.0	1.6
Midwest	408	418	510	1.3	1.3	1.6
West	445	352	476	1.3	1.0	1.3
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
Total	477	361	353	0.3	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	410	277	288	0.3	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	2	1	2	0.3	0.2	0.4
Construction	9	17	19	0.1	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	38	23	36	0.3	0.2	0.3
Durable goods	25	15	23	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nondurable goods	12	7	12	0.3	0.2	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	70	57	53	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	16	13	6	0.3	0.2	0.1
Retail trade	22	27	27	0.1	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	32	17	20	0.4	0.2	0.3
Information	9	7	22	0.3	0.2	0.7
Financial activities	54	24	26	0.6	0.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	41	20	10	0.6	0.3	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	13	4	16	0.6	0.2	0.7
Professional and business services	136	83	43	0.6	0.4	0.2
Education and health services	52	44	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	12	4	9	0.3	0.1	0.2
Health care and social assistance	40	40	31	0.2	0.2	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	28	12	30	0.2	0.1	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	1	5	0.1	0.1	0.2
Accommodation and food services	25	11	25	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other services	13	10	19	0.2	0.2	0.3
Government	67	83	65	0.3	0.4	0.3
Federal	17	21	14	0.6	0.7	0.5
State and local	51	62	51	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local education	19	20	16	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	32	42	36	0.4	0.5	0.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	83	72	78	0.3	0.3	0.3
South	206	129	137	0.4	0.2	0.2
Midwest	83	65	62	0.3	0.2	0.2
West	105	94	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	10,414	9,097	9,741	7.6	6.4	6.9
1 to 9 employees	2,015	1,513	2,415	9.1	6.5	9.3
10 to 49 employees	2,956	2,783	2,908	7.6	6.1	6.3
50 to 249 employees	2,799	2,712	2,519	6.9	6.8	6.6
250 to 999 employees	1,572	1,158	978	7.5	6.0	5.8
1,000 to 4,999 employees	815	634	602	8.3	6.6	6.9
5,000 or more employees	258	297	319	6.9	6.8	7.0
HIRES
Total private	5,905	4,373	5,754	4.7	3.3	4.4
1 to 9 employees	1,029	562	1,089	5.1	2.6	4.6
10 to 49 employees	1,711	1,328	1,820	4.7	3.1	4.2
50 to 249 employees	1,841	1,416	1,702	4.9	3.8	4.8
250 to 999 employees	883	675	744	4.5	3.8	4.7
1,000 to 4,999 employees	370	337	313	4.1	3.7	3.8
5,000 or more employees	72	56	86	2.1	1.4	2.0
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	6,262	5,237	6,101	5.0	3.9	4.7
1 to 9 employees	1,030	767	901	5.1	3.5	3.8
10 to 49 employees	1,759	1,832	2,069	4.9	4.3	4.8
50 to 249 employees	2,034	1,472	1,895	5.4	4.0	5.3
250 to 999 employees	904	710	719	4.7	4.0	4.6
1,000 to 4,999 employees	462	394	450	5.2	4.4	5.5
5,000 or more employees	73	61	67	2.1	1.5	1.6
QUITS
Total private	4,082	3,353	3,598	3.2	2.5	2.8
1 to 9 employees	578	479	486	2.9	2.2	2.1
10 to 49 employees	1,242	1,191	1,324	3.4	2.8	3.1
50 to 249 employees	1,421	976	1,178	3.8	2.6	3.3
250 to 999 employees	582	424	386	3.0	2.4	2.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	221	246	186	2.5	2.7	2.3
5,000 or more employees	38	38	38	1.1	0.9	0.9
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,770	1,606	2,214	1.4	1.2	1.7
1 to 9 employees	369	244	347	1.8	1.1	1.5
10 to 49 employees	405	558	653	1.1	1.3	1.5
50 to 249 employees	507	413	657	1.3	1.1	1.8
250 to 999 employees	260	257	293	1.3	1.4	1.9
1,000 to 4,999 employees	206	121	247	2.3	1.3	3.0
5,000 or more employees	22	14	17	0.6	0.3	0.4
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	410	277	288	0.3	0.2	0.2
1 to 9 employees	83	45	68	0.4	0.2	0.3
10 to 49 employees	112	82	92	0.3	0.2	0.2
50 to 249 employees	105	83	59	0.3	0.2	0.2
250 to 999 employees	62	30	40	0.3	0.2	0.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	35	27	17	0.4	0.3	0.2
5,000 or more employees	13	10	12	0.4	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 15. Annual average job openings levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	7,104	7,161	6,364	9,967	11,168
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,471	6,437	5,646	9,056	10,124
Mining and logging	29	28	14	27	36
Construction	274	319	257	345	400
Manufacturing	466	437	410	822	853
Durable goods	289	273	227	467	530
Nondurable goods	177	164	183	355	323
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,444	1,321	1,159	1,784	1,782
Wholesale trade	210	212	171	284	300
Retail trade	937	787	683	975	968
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	297	322	306	525	514
Information	137	141	111	178	228
Financial activities	389	372	324	431	562
Finance and insurance	300	269	245	312	400
Real estate and rental and leasing	89	104	79	119	161
Professional and business services	1,255	1,271	1,177	1,865	2,135
Education and health services	1,235	1,307	1,199	1,789	2,163
Educational services	105	120	103	167	177
Health care and social assistance	1,129	1,186	1,096	1,621	1,986
Leisure and hospitality	998	996	779	1,425	1,597
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	109	121	103	172	180
Accommodation and food services	889	875	676	1,253	1,418
Other services	244	246	216	391	370
Government	633	724	718	910	1,044
Federal	104	121	125	131	140
State and local	528	603	592	780	905
State and local education	199	222	213	304	327
State and local, excluding education	329	381	380	476	578
REGION(2)
Northeast	1,204	1,186	1,067	1,723	1,831
South	2,595	2,693	2,469	3,872	4,343
Midwest	1,683	1,612	1,379	2,136	2,403
West	1,622	1,670	1,449	2,236	2,591
Footnotes (1) The annual average job openings level is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels divided by 12. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 16. Annual average job openings rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	4.6	4.5	4.3	6.4	6.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	4.9	4.8	4.5	6.8	7.2
Mining and logging	3.9	3.6	2.2	4.6	5.5
Construction	3.6	4.1	3.4	4.4	4.9
Manufacturing	3.5	3.3	3.3	6.2	6.2
Durable goods	3.5	3.3	2.9	5.7	6.2
Nondurable goods	3.6	3.3	3.8	7.1	6.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5.0	4.5	4.2	6.1	5.9
Wholesale trade	3.5	3.5	3.0	4.7	4.8
Retail trade	5.6	4.8	4.4	6.0	5.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	4.7	4.9	4.7	7.3	6.7
Information	4.6	4.7	3.9	5.9	6.9
Financial activities	4.3	4.1	3.6	4.7	5.8
Finance and insurance	4.5	4.0	3.6	4.6	5.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	3.8	4.3	3.5	5.0	6.4
Professional and business services	5.7	5.6	5.5	8.0	8.6
Education and health services	5.0	5.1	4.9	7.0	8.2
Educational services	2.8	3.1	2.9	4.5	4.5
Health care and social assistance	5.4	5.5	5.2	7.5	8.8
Leisure and hospitality	5.8	5.7	5.6	9.1	9.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	4.4	4.7	5.5	8.0	7.3
Accommodation and food services	6.0	5.8	5.6	9.3	9.5
Other services	4.0	4.0	3.9	6.7	6.1
Government	2.7	3.1	3.2	4.0	4.5
Federal	3.6	4.1	4.1	4.3	4.6
State and local	2.6	3.0	3.0	3.9	4.5
State and local education	1.9	2.1	2.1	2.9	3.1
State and local, excluding education	3.5	3.9	4.0	5.0	6.0
REGION(2)
Northeast	4.2	4.1	4.0	6.2	6.3
South	4.5	4.6	4.5	6.6	7.1
Midwest	4.9	4.7	4.3	6.4	6.9
West	4.5	4.5	4.2	6.1	6.7
Footnotes (1) The annual average job openings rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels and the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 17. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	68,620	70,028	72,588	76,006	77,201
INDUSTRY
Total private	64,299	65,587	68,406	71,592	72,339
Mining and logging	448	306	199	228	280
Construction	4,530	4,993	4,978	4,366	4,411
Manufacturing	4,397	4,051	4,814	5,354	5,522
Durable goods	2,514	2,272	2,748	2,962	3,020
Nondurable goods	1,881	1,780	2,065	2,392	2,502
Trade, transportation, and utilities	13,708	13,961	15,453	16,022	15,691
Wholesale trade	1,754	1,777	1,813	2,127	2,175
Retail trade	9,053	9,084	9,846	10,051	9,287
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	2,901	3,095	3,794	3,840	4,226
Information	1,091	1,135	983	1,340	1,295
Financial activities	2,499	2,652	2,656	2,743	2,869
Finance and insurance	1,637	1,682	1,663	1,824	1,905
Real estate and rental and leasing	864	970	994	921	959
Professional and business services	13,740	13,784	13,395	15,091	15,128
Education and health services	8,499	8,652	9,355	9,349	10,278
Educational services	1,157	1,160	1,129	1,247	1,244
Health care and social assistance	7,345	7,492	8,226	8,103	9,037
Leisure and hospitality	12,794	13,447	13,528	14,338	14,157
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,207	1,993	1,635	1,976	1,983
Accommodation and food services	10,586	11,455	11,893	12,363	12,173
Other services	2,596	2,609	3,045	2,756	2,706
Government	4,321	4,439	4,184	4,414	4,861
Federal	422	500	890	517	506
State and local	3,899	3,939	3,293	3,896	4,357
State and local education	2,019	2,054	1,646	2,104	2,152
State and local, excluding education	1,881	1,885	1,647	1,795	2,202
REGION(2)
Northeast	10,497	10,871	11,644	11,500	11,404
South	27,327	28,295	27,984	30,688	32,130
Midwest	15,199	14,907	15,801	16,337	15,938
West	15,595	15,958	17,158	17,485	17,726
Footnotes (1) The annual hires level is the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 18. Annual average hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	3.8	3.9	4.3	4.3	4.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	4.2	4.3	4.7	4.8	4.6
Mining and logging	5.1	3.5	2.8	3.4	3.9
Construction	5.2	5.6	5.7	4.9	4.7
Manufacturing	2.9	2.6	3.3	3.6	3.6
Durable goods	2.6	2.4	3.0	3.2	3.2
Nondurable goods	3.3	3.1	3.7	4.3	4.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.1	4.2	4.8	4.8	4.6
Wholesale trade	2.5	2.5	2.7	3.1	3.0
Retail trade	4.8	4.8	5.5	5.5	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	4.0	4.2	5.1	4.8	4.9
Information	3.2	3.3	3.0	3.9	3.5
Financial activities	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.6
Finance and insurance	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.3	2.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	3.2	3.5	3.7	3.4	3.4
Professional and business services	5.5	5.4	5.5	5.9	5.6
Education and health services	3.0	3.0	3.3	3.3	3.5
Educational services	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.9	2.7
Health care and social assistance	3.1	3.1	3.5	3.4	3.7
Leisure and hospitality	6.5	6.8	8.6	8.4	7.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	7.7	6.8	7.7	8.3	7.2
Accommodation and food services	6.3	6.7	8.7	8.5	7.5
Other services	3.7	3.7	4.8	4.2	4.0
Government	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.8
Federal	1.3	1.5	2.5	1.5	1.5
State and local	1.7	1.7	1.4	1.7	1.9
State and local education	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.7	1.8
State and local, excluding education	1.7	1.7	1.5	1.7	2.0
REGION(2)
Northeast	3.2	3.3	3.8	3.7	3.5
South	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.7	4.7
Midwest	3.9	3.8	4.3	4.3	4.1
West	3.8	3.8	4.3	4.2	4.1
Footnotes (1) The annual average hires rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 19. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	66,174	68,001	80,842	69,032	72,273
INDUSTRY
Total private	62,034	63,763	75,701	65,036	67,735
Mining and logging	392	352	333	207	232
Construction	4,217	4,869	4,977	4,155	4,151
Manufacturing	4,115	4,043	5,376	4,977	5,118
Durable goods	2,286	2,296	3,159	2,721	2,749
Nondurable goods	1,830	1,747	2,215	2,254	2,370
Trade, transportation, and utilities	13,474	13,661	16,097	15,200	15,094
Wholesale trade	1,714	1,740	2,108	1,902	1,969
Retail trade	9,116	9,069	10,323	10,066	9,218
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	2,642	2,849	3,665	3,230	3,905
Information	1,061	1,103	1,165	1,070	1,148
Financial activities	2,335	2,492	2,731	2,519	2,709
Finance and insurance	1,530	1,584	1,640	1,721	1,819
Real estate and rental and leasing	806	911	1,090	795	890
Professional and business services	13,309	13,517	13,958	13,748	14,340
Education and health services	8,036	8,071	10,377	8,824	9,354
Educational services	1,130	1,118	1,473	907	1,090
Health care and social assistance	6,908	6,951	8,904	7,918	8,265
Leisure and hospitality	12,535	13,118	17,106	11,905	13,061
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,119	1,960	2,265	1,548	1,759
Accommodation and food services	10,419	11,158	14,840	10,357	11,301
Other services	2,564	2,537	3,580	2,433	2,527
Government	4,141	4,239	5,139	3,996	4,538
Federal	404	470	820	547	507
State and local	3,737	3,767	4,316	3,452	4,032
State and local education	1,929	1,948	2,437	1,628	1,990
State and local, excluding education	1,810	1,819	1,881	1,823	2,044
REGION(2)
Northeast	10,080	10,390	13,505	10,110	10,465
South	26,292	27,010	30,224	28,315	30,077
Midwest	14,615	14,401	17,970	14,890	14,820
West	15,189	16,201	19,146	15,718	16,911
Footnotes (1) The annual total separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 20. Annual average total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	3.7	3.8	4.7	3.9	3.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	4.1	4.1	5.2	4.4	4.3
Mining and logging	4.5	4.0	4.6	3.1	3.2
Construction	4.8	5.4	5.7	4.7	4.5
Manufacturing	2.7	2.6	3.7	3.4	3.3
Durable goods	2.4	2.4	3.5	3.0	2.9
Nondurable goods	3.2	3.0	4.0	4.0	4.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.1	4.1	5.0	4.6	4.4
Wholesale trade	2.4	2.5	3.1	2.8	2.8
Retail trade	4.8	4.8	5.8	5.5	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	3.7	3.8	4.9	4.0	4.5
Information	3.1	3.2	3.6	3.1	3.1
Financial activities	2.3	2.4	2.6	2.4	2.5
Finance and insurance	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	3.0	3.3	4.1	2.9	3.1
Professional and business services	5.3	5.3	5.7	5.4	5.3
Education and health services	2.8	2.8	3.7	3.1	3.2
Educational services	2.5	2.5	3.5	2.1	2.4
Health care and social assistance	2.9	2.8	3.7	3.3	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	6.4	6.6	10.8	7.0	6.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	7.4	6.7	10.6	6.5	6.4
Accommodation and food services	6.2	6.6	10.9	7.1	7.0
Other services	3.7	3.6	5.6	3.7	3.7
Government	1.5	1.6	1.9	1.5	1.7
Federal	1.2	1.4	2.3	1.6	1.5
State and local	1.6	1.6	1.9	1.5	1.7
State and local education	1.5	1.5	2.0	1.3	1.6
State and local, excluding education	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.9
REGION(2)
Northeast	3.1	3.1	4.4	3.2	3.2
South	4.0	4.1	4.8	4.3	4.4
Midwest	3.7	3.7	4.9	4.0	3.8
West	3.7	3.8	4.8	3.8	3.9
Footnotes (1) The annual average total separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 21. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	40,308	42,125	35,904	47,680	50,596
INDUSTRY
Total private	38,149	39,886	33,566	45,310	47,854
Mining and logging	246	179	105	118	156
Construction	2,058	2,082	1,600	2,126	2,223
Manufacturing	2,503	2,487	2,346	3,488	3,551
Durable goods	1,376	1,397	1,274	1,896	1,889
Nondurable goods	1,126	1,092	1,069	1,593	1,661
Trade, transportation, and utilities	8,478	8,873	8,304	11,236	11,212
Wholesale trade	1,068	1,029	1,002	1,322	1,267
Retail trade	5,935	6,195	5,637	7,867	7,306
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	1,473	1,647	1,666	2,046	2,638
Information	567	552	441	610	602
Financial activities	1,408	1,549	1,316	1,583	1,810
Finance and insurance	858	1,002	905	1,048	1,191
Real estate and rental and leasing	551	544	410	533	621
Professional and business services	7,565	7,767	6,651	8,596	9,108
Education and health services	5,381	5,540	5,375	6,719	7,111
Educational services	583	652	489	604	708
Health care and social assistance	4,799	4,888	4,886	6,115	6,403
Leisure and hospitality	8,438	9,225	6,386	9,305	10,356
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	920	944	542	834	916
Accommodation and food services	7,517	8,285	5,844	8,472	9,440
Other services	1,508	1,631	1,043	1,533	1,725
Government	2,157	2,239	2,338	2,369	2,742
Federal	186	209	234	263	251
State and local	1,975	2,030	2,104	2,107	2,492
State and local education	1,044	1,099	1,194	1,008	1,259
State and local, excluding education	932	928	910	1,100	1,233
REGION(2)
Northeast	5,380	5,696	4,800	6,392	6,830
South	16,458	17,250	15,228	20,044	21,772
Midwest	8,984	9,184	8,013	10,378	10,214
West	9,482	9,996	7,863	10,862	11,781
Footnotes (1) The annual quits level is the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 22. Annual average quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	2.3	2.3	2.1	2.7	2.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	2.5	2.6	2.3	3.0	3.1
Mining and logging	2.8	2.1	1.5	1.8	2.1
Construction	2.4	2.3	1.8	2.4	2.4
Manufacturing	1.6	1.6	1.6	2.4	2.3
Durable goods	1.4	1.4	1.4	2.1	2.0
Nondurable goods	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.8	2.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	2.6	2.7	2.6	3.4	3.3
Wholesale trade	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.9	1.8
Retail trade	3.1	3.3	3.2	4.3	3.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.5	3.1
Information	1.7	1.6	1.3	1.8	1.6
Financial activities	1.4	1.5	1.3	1.5	1.7
Finance and insurance	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	2.0	2.0	1.5	2.0	2.2
Professional and business services	3.0	3.0	2.7	3.4	3.4
Education and health services	1.9	1.9	1.9	2.4	2.4
Educational services	1.3	1.5	1.2	1.4	1.6
Health care and social assistance	2.0	2.0	2.1	2.5	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	4.3	4.6	4.0	5.5	5.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3.2	3.2	2.5	3.5	3.3
Accommodation and food services	4.5	4.9	4.3	5.8	5.8
Other services	2.2	2.3	1.6	2.3	2.5
Government	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0
Federal	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.7
State and local	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.1
State and local education	0.8	0.9	1.0	0.8	1.0
State and local, excluding education	0.8	0.8	0.8	1.0	1.1
REGION(2)
Northeast	1.6	1.7	1.6	2.0	2.1
South	2.5	2.6	2.4	3.1	3.2
Midwest	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.8	2.6
West	2.3	2.4	2.0	2.6	2.7
Footnotes (1) The annual average quits rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 23. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	21,807	21,875	40,830	17,103	17,564
INDUSTRY
Total private	20,547	20,616	38,940	16,210	16,581
Mining and logging	126	154	207	73	59
Construction	2,003	2,589	3,226	1,861	1,760
Manufacturing	1,369	1,312	2,755	1,204	1,237
Durable goods	750	748	1,721	648	638
Nondurable goods	618	564	1,031	555	600
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4,164	4,046	7,158	3,291	3,233
Wholesale trade	503	609	1,030	478	560
Retail trade	2,639	2,410	4,361	1,816	1,626
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	1,022	1,025	1,766	996	1,043
Information	412	466	660	359	457
Financial activities	634	640	1,109	523	584
Finance and insurance	416	321	495	316	375
Real estate and rental and leasing	215	319	613	208	212
Professional and business services	4,999	5,048	6,480	4,257	4,351
Education and health services	2,104	2,037	4,478	1,619	1,788
Educational services	478	403	928	247	309
Health care and social assistance	1,624	1,636	3,549	1,374	1,479
Leisure and hospitality	3,797	3,562	10,425	2,259	2,436
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,152	980	1,695	675	818
Accommodation and food services	2,643	2,580	8,727	1,585	1,620
Other services	940	766	2,440	765	679
Government	1,262	1,260	1,891	894	983
Federal	89	121	435	120	93
State and local	1,170	1,138	1,456	771	895
State and local education	602	556	824	382	409
State and local, excluding education	567	582	632	389	481
REGION(2)
Northeast	3,930	3,973	8,050	3,015	2,956
South	8,354	8,256	13,479	6,598	6,697
Midwest	4,789	4,424	9,096	3,625	3,824
West	4,735	5,226	10,204	3,864	4,086
Footnotes (1) The annual layoffs and discharges level is the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 24. Annual average layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	1.2	1.2	2.4	1.0	1.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1.4	1.3	2.7	1.1	1.1
Mining and logging	1.4	1.8	2.9	1.1	0.8
Construction	2.3	2.9	3.7	2.1	1.9
Manufacturing	0.9	0.9	1.9	0.8	0.8
Durable goods	0.8	0.8	1.9	0.7	0.7
Nondurable goods	1.1	1.0	1.9	1.0	1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1.3	1.2	2.2	1.0	0.9
Wholesale trade	0.7	0.9	1.5	0.7	0.8
Retail trade	1.4	1.3	2.4	1.0	0.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	1.4	1.4	2.4	1.2	1.2
Information	1.2	1.4	2.0	1.0	1.2
Financial activities	0.6	0.6	1.1	0.5	0.5
Finance and insurance	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	0.8	1.1	2.3	0.8	0.7
Professional and business services	2.0	2.0	2.7	1.7	1.6
Education and health services	0.7	0.7	1.6	0.6	0.6
Educational services	1.1	0.9	2.2	0.6	0.7
Health care and social assistance	0.7	0.7	1.5	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	1.9	1.8	6.6	1.3	1.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	4.0	3.4	8.0	2.8	3.0
Accommodation and food services	1.6	1.5	6.4	1.1	1.0
Other services	1.3	1.1	3.8	1.2	1.0
Government	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.3	0.4
Federal	0.3	0.4	1.2	0.3	0.3
State and local	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.3	0.4
State and local education	0.5	0.4	0.7	0.3	0.3
State and local, excluding education	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.4
REGION(2)
Northeast	1.2	1.2	2.6	1.0	0.9
South	1.3	1.2	2.1	1.0	1.0
Midwest	1.2	1.1	2.5	1.0	1.0
West	1.1	1.2	2.6	0.9	0.9
Footnotes (1) The annual average layoffs and discharges rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 25. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	4,063	4,001	4,107	4,251	4,113
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,340	3,259	3,198	3,517	3,299
Mining and logging	21	17	19	17	16
Construction	156	203	154	168	167
Manufacturing	245	243	278	283	335
Durable goods	160	152	166	178	223
Nondurable goods	88	88	113	105	111
Trade, transportation, and utilities	832	743	632	671	653
Wholesale trade	145	100	77	103	139
Retail trade	540	464	324	383	288
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	147	180	233	188	226
Information	79	85	64	103	90
Financial activities	293	303	309	414	313
Finance and insurance	258	259	242	358	252
Real estate and rental and leasing	36	44	68	58	61
Professional and business services	742	700	828	895	884
Education and health services	554	494	522	487	458
Educational services	69	64	55	57	74
Health care and social assistance	486	427	467	431	384
Leisure and hospitality	302	332	298	339	265
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	42	36	28	38	26
Accommodation and food services	258	295	264	302	241
Other services	114	141	97	136	121
Government	723	739	910	734	812
Federal	127	140	150	162	163
State and local	596	601	757	572	650
State and local education	283	291	421	239	319
State and local, excluding education	309	310	337	333	331
REGION(2)
Northeast	768	723	644	696	671
South	1,479	1,505	1,527	1,681	1,612
Midwest	844	795	861	885	779
West	969	978	1,074	987	1,050
Footnotes (1) The annual other separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 26. Annual average other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Total	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2
Construction	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2
Retail trade	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3
Information	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Financial activities	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3
Finance and insurance	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Health care and social assistance	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Accommodation and food services	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other services	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Government	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5
State and local	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
State and local education	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.2	0.3
State and local, excluding education	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(2)
Northeast	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Midwest	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) The annual average other separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.