For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, April 9, 2019	USDL-19-0610

Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt    
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                         JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – FEBRUARY 2019

The number of job openings fell to 7.1 million on the last business day of February, the U.S. Bureau of 
Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, hires and separations were little changed at 5.7 million 
and 5.6 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was unchanged at 2.3 percent and the 
layoffs and discharges rate was little changed at 1.2 percent. This release includes estimates of the 
number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the nonfarm sector by industry and by four 
geographic regions.

    
Job Openings

On the last business day of February, the job openings level fell to 7.1 million (-538,000). The job 
openings rate was 4.5 percent. The number of job openings fell for total private (-523,000) and was little 
changed for government. Job openings decreased in a number of industries, with the largest decreases in 
accommodation and food services (-103,000), real estate and rental and leasing (-72,000), and 
transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-66,000). The number of job openings fell in the Northeast, 
South, and Midwest regions. (See table 1.)

Hires

The number of hires was little changed at 5.7 million in February. The hires rate was 3.8 percent. The 
hires level was little changed for total private and fell for government (-40,000). The number of hires 
decreased in construction (-73,000), nondurable goods manufacturing (-33,000), and state and local 
government education (-22,000). The number of hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 
2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations was little changed at 5.6 million in February. The total separations rate 
was 3.7 percent. The number of total separations was little changed for total private and for government. 
Total separations increased in educational services (+30,000), but decreased in nondurable goods 
manufacturing (-32,000) and real estate and rental and leasing (-26,000). The number of total 
separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 3.)

The number of quits was little changed in February at 3.5 million. The quits rate was 2.3 percent. The 
quits level was little changed for total private and for government. Quits increased in educational 
services (+23,000) but decreased in real estate and rental and leasing (-15,000). The number of quits was 
little changed in all four regions. (See table 4.)

The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in February at 1.7 million. The layoffs and 
discharges rate was 1.2 percent. The layoffs and discharges level was little changed for total private and 
for government. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in federal government (-4,000). The 
number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in all four regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in February. The other separations level was little 
changed for total private and edged up for government (+9,000). Other separations increased in federal 
government (+5,000), but decreased in construction (-13,000) and real estate and rental and leasing 
(-6,000). The number of other separations fell in the South region. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising. Over the 12 months ending in February, hires totaled 69.3 million 
and separations totaled 66.6 million, yielding a net employment gain of 2.7 million. These totals include 
workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.

____________	
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for March 2019 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, May 7, 2019 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	6,530	7,625	7,087	5,594	5,829	5,696	5,270	5,532	5,556
Total private	5,925	6,929	6,406	5,243	5,434	5,341	4,930	5,146	5,187
Mining and logging(1)	27	38	28	35	35	30	29	31	32
Construction(1)	198	313	286	391	433	360	318	387	366
Manufacturing	436	458	477	371	377	349	348	355	341
Durable goods(1)	268	295	308	209	190	196	192	174	193
Nondurable goods(1)	169	163	169	162	187	154	156	180	148
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,292	1,454	1,294	1,087	1,127	1,167	1,016	1,098	1,113
Wholesale trade	197	264	211	134	138	144	134	141	134
Retail trade	827	881	840	718	748	767	682	735	724
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	268	309	243	235	241	256	200	222	255
Information(1)	123	136	125	91	82	89	91	93	88
Financial activities	406	433	320	215	192	202	192	184	183
Finance and insurance	343	291	251	145	112	138	140	113	138
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	63	142	70	70	80	65	52	71	45
Professional and business services	1,138	1,472	1,421	1,171	1,120	1,174	1,101	1,085	1,134
Education and health services	1,173	1,372	1,267	668	724	714	643	662	709
Educational services(1)	91	117	94	90	113	103	107	87	117
Health care and social assistance	1,081	1,254	1,173	578	611	611	537	575	593
Leisure and hospitality	905	1,077	972	1,040	1,116	1,075	1,011	1,043	1,032
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	116	109	106	183	181	179	170	151	162
Accommodation and food services	789	969	866	856	935	896	840	892	870
Other services	228	175	215	175	228	180	180	208	189
Government	605	696	681	351	395	355	341	386	369
Federal(1)	73	121	111	31	35	36	35	32	36
State and local	532	576	571	320	360	319	305	353	333
State and local education	202	226	223	163	184	162	157	182	170
State and local, excluding education(1)	330	350	348	157	176	157	149	172	163
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	4.2	4.8	4.5	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.6	3.7	3.7
Total private	4.5	5.1	4.8	4.2	4.2	4.2	3.9	4.0	4.0
Mining and logging(1)	3.6	4.8	3.6	4.9	4.6	4.0	4.1	4.1	4.2
Construction(1)	2.7	4.0	3.7	5.4	5.8	4.8	4.4	5.2	4.9
Manufacturing	3.3	3.4	3.6	2.9	2.9	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.7
Durable goods(1)	3.3	3.5	3.7	2.7	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.2	2.4
Nondurable goods(1)	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.9	3.2	3.3	3.8	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.5	5.0	4.4	3.9	4.0	4.2	3.7	3.9	4.0
Wholesale trade	3.3	4.3	3.4	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.3
Retail trade	5.0	5.3	5.0	4.5	4.7	4.8	4.3	4.6	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	4.3	4.8	3.8	4.0	4.0	4.2	3.4	3.6	4.2
Information(1)	4.2	4.6	4.3	3.2	2.9	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.1
Financial activities	4.5	4.8	3.6	2.5	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.1	2.1
Finance and insurance	5.2	4.4	3.8	2.3	1.8	2.2	2.2	1.8	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	2.8	5.8	2.9	3.1	3.5	2.8	2.3	3.1	2.0
Professional and business services	5.2	6.5	6.3	5.6	5.3	5.5	5.3	5.1	5.3
Education and health services	4.8	5.4	5.0	2.8	3.0	3.0	2.7	2.8	3.0
Educational services(1)	2.4	3.0	2.4	2.4	3.0	2.8	2.9	2.3	3.1
Health care and social assistance	5.2	5.8	5.5	2.9	3.0	3.0	2.7	2.8	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	5.3	6.1	5.5	6.4	6.7	6.5	6.2	6.3	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	4.7	4.2	4.1	7.7	7.3	7.3	7.2	6.1	6.5
Accommodation and food services	5.4	6.4	5.8	6.2	6.6	6.3	6.1	6.3	6.1
Other services	3.8	2.9	3.5	3.0	3.9	3.1	3.1	3.5	3.2
Government	2.6	3.0	2.9	1.6	1.8	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.6
Federal(1)	2.6	4.1	3.8	1.1	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3
State and local	2.6	2.8	2.8	1.6	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.8	1.7
State and local education	1.9	2.1	2.1	1.6	1.8	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.6
State and local, excluding education(1)	3.5	3.7	3.6	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.9	1.8
Footnotes (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical. (p) Preliminary

Technical Note


This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects
and compiles JOLTS data monthly from a sample of nonfarm
establishments. A more detailed discussion of JOLTS concepts and
methodology is available online at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch18.pdf.

Coverage and collection

The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. Data are collected for total employment, job
openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and
total separations.

Concepts

Industry classification.  The industry classifications in this release
are in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or
received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the
reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term,
seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period,
are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are
counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where
they are working.

Job openings.  Job openings information is collected for the last
business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that: 1) a
specific position exists and there is work available for that
position, 2) work could start within 30 days whether or not the
employer found a suitable candidate, and 3) the employer is actively
recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position.
Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal
openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking
steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the
Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using
other similar methods.

Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions,
or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start
dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have
been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled
by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed
by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires.  The hires level is the total number of additions to the
payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including
both new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent
employees who returned to work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include
transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning
from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing
companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is
computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying
that quotient by 100.

Separations.  The separations level is the total number of employment
terminations occurring at any time during the reference month, and is
reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations. (Some respondents are only able to report total
separations.) The quits count includes voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). The layoffs and discharges count is comprised of
involuntary separations initiated by the employer and includes layoffs
with no intent to rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last
more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of
permanent or short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal
employees. The other separations count includes retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. The
separations count does not include transfers within the same location
or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing
the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient
by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates
are computed similarly.

Annual estimates.  Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing
the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual
average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This
figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates.
Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published only for
not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news
release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job
openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time,
measurement for the last business day of each month.

Sample and estimation methodology

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 16,000
nonfarm business and government establishments. The sample is
stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment
size class. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.1
million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state
unemployment insurance laws and federal agencies subject to the
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted,
monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates of the CES survey.
A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for
all other JOLTS data elements.

JOLTS business birth/death model

As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as current as
its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an establishment
until its appearance on the sampling frame is approximately one year.
In addition, many of these new units may fail within the first year.
Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the sampling frame
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and
separations from these units during their early existence. To
compensate for the inability to capture data from these
establishments, BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses birth
and death activity from previous years. The estimates of job openings,
hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to
the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.

Seasonal adjustment

BLS uses X-13 ARIMA to seasonally adjust several JOLTS series
utilizing moving averages as seasonal filters. A concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment
factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and
including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both
additive and multiplicative models and REGARIMA (regression with auto-
correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors
at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for
outliers in the series.

Alignment procedure

The JOLTS measures for hires minus separations can be used to derive a
measure of net employment change. This change should be comparable to
the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. However,
definitional differences as well as sampling and nonsampling errors
between the two surveys historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES
over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the
JOLTS hires and separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly
Alignment Method.

This method applies the CES employment trends to the seasonally
adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus separations)
forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the
seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two series are seasonally
adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS implied employment
change and the CES net employment change is calculated. Next, the
JOLTS implied employment change is adjusted to equal the CES net
employment change through a proportional adjustment. This procedure
adjusts the two components (hires, separations) proportionally to
their contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the Monthly Alignment Method has been used to adjust
the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the adjusted
levels.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling
error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS
analysis is generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling
error. Sampling error estimates are available at 
www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to
include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from
all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents
to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors
from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	6,530	7,593	7,626	7,479	7,625	7,087	4.2	4.8	4.8	4.7	4.8	4.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,925	6,956	6,962	6,860	6,929	6,406	4.5	5.2	5.2	5.1	5.1	4.8
Mining and logging(3)	27	36	35	29	38	28	3.6	4.6	4.4	3.8	4.8	3.6
Construction(3)	198	278	279	299	313	286	2.7	3.6	3.6	3.9	4.0	3.7
Manufacturing	436	500	501	435	458	477	3.3	3.8	3.8	3.3	3.4	3.6
Durable goods(3)	268	311	315	298	295	308	3.3	3.7	3.8	3.6	3.5	3.7
Nondurable goods(3)	169	189	185	137	163	169	3.4	3.8	3.7	2.8	3.3	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,292	1,558	1,642	1,482	1,454	1,294	4.5	5.3	5.6	5.1	5.0	4.4
Wholesale trade	197	219	217	178	264	211	3.3	3.6	3.6	2.9	4.3	3.4
Retail trade	827	1,080	1,103	986	881	840	5.0	6.4	6.5	5.9	5.3	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	268	259	322	318	309	243	4.3	4.1	5.0	5.0	4.8	3.8
Information(3)	123	149	124	123	136	125	4.2	5.0	4.2	4.2	4.6	4.3
Financial activities	406	435	412	380	433	320	4.5	4.8	4.6	4.2	4.8	3.6
Finance and insurance	343	303	324	317	291	251	5.2	4.6	4.9	4.8	4.4	3.8
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	63	132	88	63	142	70	2.8	5.5	3.7	2.7	5.8	2.9
Professional and business services	1,138	1,363	1,313	1,391	1,472	1,421	5.2	6.0	5.8	6.1	6.5	6.3
Education and health services	1,173	1,285	1,324	1,348	1,372	1,267	4.8	5.1	5.3	5.3	5.4	5.0
Educational services(3)	91	92	96	91	117	94	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.4	3.0	2.4
Health care and social assistance	1,081	1,192	1,228	1,258	1,254	1,173	5.2	5.6	5.8	5.9	5.8	5.5
Leisure and hospitality	905	1,039	1,050	1,102	1,077	972	5.3	5.9	6.0	6.2	6.1	5.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	116	94	102	154	109	106	4.7	3.7	4.0	5.9	4.2	4.1
Accommodation and food services	789	944	948	948	969	866	5.4	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.4	5.8
Other services	228	314	282	271	175	215	3.8	5.1	4.6	4.4	2.9	3.5
Government	605	637	665	619	696	681	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.7	3.0	2.9
Federal(3)	73	101	110	87	121	111	2.6	3.5	3.8	3.0	4.1	3.8
State and local	532	536	554	532	576	571	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.8	2.8
State and local education	202	231	230	229	226	223	1.9	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1
State and local, excluding education(3)	330	304	325	304	350	348	3.5	3.2	3.4	3.2	3.7	3.6
REGION(4)
Northeast	1,100	1,277	1,284	1,230	1,281	1,169	3.9	4.4	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.1
South	2,357	2,862	2,878	2,848	2,836	2,648	4.2	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.9	4.6
Midwest	1,548	1,800	1,805	1,767	1,827	1,655	4.5	5.2	5.2	5.1	5.2	4.8
West	1,526	1,655	1,660	1,634	1,681	1,615	4.3	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.4
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	5,594	5,877	5,821	5,717	5,829	5,696	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,243	5,515	5,447	5,353	5,434	5,341	4.2	4.3	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.2
Mining and logging	35	37	32	39	35	30	4.9	4.9	4.2	5.1	4.6	4.0
Construction	391	363	393	399	433	360	5.4	4.9	5.3	5.4	5.8	4.8
Manufacturing	371	382	368	351	377	349	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.7	2.9	2.7
Durable goods	209	228	202	186	190	196	2.7	2.8	2.5	2.3	2.4	2.4
Nondurable goods	162	155	166	165	187	154	3.4	3.3	3.5	3.5	3.9	3.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,087	1,225	1,183	1,176	1,127	1,167	3.9	4.4	4.3	4.2	4.0	4.2
Wholesale trade	134	163	186	151	138	144	2.3	2.8	3.2	2.6	2.3	2.4
Retail trade	718	785	744	802	748	767	4.5	5.0	4.7	5.1	4.7	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	235	277	253	224	241	256	4.0	4.6	4.2	3.7	4.0	4.2
Information	91	85	97	80	82	89	3.2	3.0	3.4	2.8	2.9	3.1
Financial activities	215	170	213	201	192	202	2.5	2.0	2.5	2.3	2.2	2.3
Finance and insurance	145	102	135	133	112	138	2.3	1.6	2.1	2.1	1.8	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	70	68	79	67	80	65	3.1	3.0	3.4	2.9	3.5	2.8
Professional and business services	1,171	1,200	1,136	1,144	1,120	1,174	5.6	5.7	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.5
Education and health services	668	715	692	717	724	714	2.8	3.0	2.9	3.0	3.0	3.0
Educational services	90	97	106	124	113	103	2.4	2.6	2.8	3.3	3.0	2.8
Health care and social assistance	578	618	586	593	611	611	2.9	3.1	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,040	1,114	1,085	1,037	1,116	1,075	6.4	6.8	6.6	6.3	6.7	6.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	183	191	180	154	181	179	7.7	7.9	7.4	6.3	7.3	7.3
Accommodation and food services	856	923	905	883	935	896	6.2	6.6	6.4	6.3	6.6	6.3
Other services	175	224	249	209	228	180	3.0	3.8	4.2	3.6	3.9	3.1
Government	351	362	375	364	395	355	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.8	1.6
Federal	31	37	44	36	35	36	1.1	1.3	1.6	1.3	1.3	1.3
State and local	320	325	331	328	360	319	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.6
State and local education	163	170	178	176	184	162	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.6
State and local, excluding education	157	155	153	152	176	157	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.9	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	853	870	924	871	879	868	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.1
South	2,194	2,394	2,268	2,204	2,334	2,349	4.1	4.4	4.1	4.0	4.2	4.3
Midwest	1,269	1,287	1,312	1,324	1,300	1,276	3.9	3.9	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.9
West	1,279	1,326	1,318	1,318	1,316	1,203	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.5
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	5,270	5,642	5,597	5,469	5,532	5,556	3.6	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,930	5,279	5,230	5,122	5,146	5,187	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.0
Mining and logging	29	31	35	34	31	32	4.1	4.2	4.6	4.5	4.1	4.2
Construction	318	344	380	369	387	366	4.4	4.7	5.2	5.0	5.2	4.9
Manufacturing	348	352	361	342	355	341	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.8	2.7
Durable goods	192	208	203	175	174	193	2.4	2.6	2.5	2.2	2.2	2.4
Nondurable goods	156	144	157	167	180	148	3.3	3.0	3.3	3.5	3.8	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,016	1,195	1,141	1,134	1,098	1,113	3.7	4.3	4.1	4.1	3.9	4.0
Wholesale trade	134	154	165	143	141	134	2.3	2.6	2.8	2.4	2.4	2.3
Retail trade	682	801	741	765	735	724	4.3	5.1	4.7	4.8	4.6	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	200	240	235	226	222	255	3.4	4.0	3.9	3.7	3.6	4.2
Information	91	68	88	87	93	88	3.2	2.4	3.1	3.1	3.3	3.1
Financial activities	192	166	195	180	184	183	2.3	1.9	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.1
Finance and insurance	140	104	132	131	113	138	2.2	1.6	2.1	2.1	1.8	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	52	63	63	49	71	45	2.3	2.8	2.8	2.1	3.1	2.0
Professional and business services	1,101	1,161	1,092	1,116	1,085	1,134	5.3	5.5	5.1	5.3	5.1	5.3
Education and health services	643	663	651	652	662	709	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.8	3.0
Educational services	107	99	101	101	87	117	2.9	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.3	3.1
Health care and social assistance	537	564	549	551	575	593	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	1,011	1,079	1,056	1,007	1,043	1,032	6.2	6.6	6.4	6.1	6.3	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	170	176	177	153	151	162	7.2	7.2	7.3	6.3	6.1	6.5
Accommodation and food services	840	904	879	853	892	870	6.1	6.4	6.3	6.0	6.3	6.1
Other services	180	219	233	201	208	189	3.1	3.7	4.0	3.4	3.5	3.2
Government	341	363	367	347	386	369	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.6
Federal	35	32	35	44	32	36	1.3	1.1	1.3	1.6	1.2	1.3
State and local	305	332	332	304	353	333	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.5	1.8	1.7
State and local education	157	185	184	163	182	170	1.5	1.8	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.6
State and local, excluding education	149	147	147	141	172	163	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.9	1.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	792	816	790	820	770	767	2.9	3.0	2.9	3.0	2.8	2.8
South	2,131	2,193	2,253	2,197	2,280	2,332	3.9	4.0	4.1	4.0	4.1	4.2
Midwest	1,093	1,314	1,347	1,231	1,224	1,202	3.4	4.0	4.1	3.7	3.7	3.6
West	1,255	1,319	1,206	1,221	1,258	1,256	3.7	3.8	3.5	3.5	3.6	3.6
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	3,176	3,469	3,379	3,391	3,483	3,480	2.1	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,012	3,287	3,184	3,205	3,282	3,288	2.4	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.6
Mining and logging	20	19	20	22	19	20	2.9	2.5	2.7	2.9	2.5	2.7
Construction	153	180	174	185	185	186	2.1	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.5
Manufacturing	214	205	226	211	212	209	1.7	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.6
Durable goods	119	112	126	111	110	121	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.5
Nondurable goods	95	93	100	100	101	87	2.0	1.9	2.1	2.1	2.1	1.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	649	732	706	715	727	740	2.4	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.7
Wholesale trade	83	85	95	89	87	90	1.4	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.5
Retail trade	450	514	480	493	512	501	2.8	3.3	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	116	133	131	133	128	149	2.0	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.5
Information	48	43	56	43	51	49	1.7	1.5	2.0	1.5	1.8	1.7
Financial activities	114	108	101	106	102	103	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2
Finance and insurance	78	61	64	76	64	79	1.2	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.0	1.3
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	36	47	37	31	38	23	1.6	2.1	1.6	1.3	1.7	1.0
Professional and business services	625	673	625	649	664	645	3.0	3.2	2.9	3.1	3.1	3.0
Education and health services	401	461	451	448	433	459	1.7	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.9
Educational services	53	66	52	52	39	62	1.4	1.8	1.4	1.4	1.0	1.7
Health care and social assistance	349	395	400	397	394	397	1.8	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Leisure and hospitality	685	732	686	706	753	758	4.2	4.4	4.2	4.3	4.5	4.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	75	89	70	56	74	79	3.2	3.7	2.9	2.3	3.0	3.2
Accommodation and food services	609	643	615	650	679	679	4.4	4.6	4.4	4.6	4.8	4.8
Other services	103	134	139	120	137	119	1.8	2.3	2.4	2.0	2.3	2.0
Government	165	182	195	186	201	191	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.9
Federal	14	16	18	20	14	16	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.6
State and local	151	166	178	166	187	175	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.9
State and local education	79	92	96	89	105	99	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	1.0	0.9
State and local, excluding education	72	74	81	77	82	76	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8
REGION(4)
Northeast	451	406	412	464	441	427	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.6	1.5
South	1,341	1,436	1,391	1,423	1,448	1,499	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.7
Midwest	665	797	817	744	797	761	2.0	2.4	2.5	2.3	2.4	2.3
West	719	831	759	760	797	793	2.1	2.4	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.3
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	1,763	1,855	1,889	1,751	1,695	1,742	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,646	1,731	1,780	1,653	1,562	1,626	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.2	1.3
Mining and logging	7	10	13	10	11	9	1.0	1.3	1.8	1.3	1.4	1.3
Construction	161	148	192	164	181	171	2.2	2.0	2.6	2.2	2.4	2.3
Manufacturing	116	130	109	111	123	114	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.9
Durable goods	60	83	60	51	52	59	0.8	1.0	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7
Nondurable goods	56	47	49	60	70	55	1.2	1.0	1.0	1.3	1.5	1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	301	409	366	360	305	313	1.1	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.1
Wholesale trade(3)	43	58	50	45	43	34	0.7	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.6
Retail trade	184	256	221	230	179	185	1.2	1.6	1.4	1.5	1.1	1.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	74	96	94	85	82	94	1.3	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.5
Information	35	21	24	38	32	31	1.3	0.7	0.9	1.3	1.1	1.1
Financial activities	45	34	64	58	57	56	0.5	0.4	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6
Finance and insurance	31	20	44	44	33	37	0.5	0.3	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	15	14	20	14	24	19	0.7	0.6	0.9	0.6	1.0	0.8
Professional and business services	425	418	426	406	358	416	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.7	2.0
Education and health services	181	165	166	155	175	197	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.8
Educational services	44	28	45	42	42	49	1.2	0.8	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.3
Health care and social assistance	138	136	121	112	133	149	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	308	320	329	279	263	258	1.9	1.9	2.0	1.7	1.6	1.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	91	85	100	96	74	82	3.9	3.5	4.1	3.9	3.0	3.3
Accommodation and food services	217	236	230	183	189	176	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.3	1.3	1.2
Other services	66	75	89	73	59	60	1.1	1.3	1.5	1.2	1.0	1.0
Government	117	125	110	98	132	116	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.5
Federal	10	7	5	9	10	6	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2
State and local	107	118	104	89	122	110	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6
State and local education	54	67	63	51	53	48	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5
State and local, excluding education	53	51	42	38	70	61	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.8	0.7
REGION(4)
Northeast	285	350	318	303	280	280	1.0	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.0
South	663	663	720	649	676	710	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.3
Midwest	363	442	464	407	365	380	1.1	1.3	1.4	1.2	1.1	1.1
West	451	401	387	392	374	372	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Oct. 2018	Nov. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	331	318	328	327	355	334	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	272	261	266	263	302	273	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	2	2	1	2	1	2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3
Construction(3)	5	16	14	21	21	8	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.1
Manufacturing	19	16	25	19	21	18	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Durable goods	13	12	17	13	12	13	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nondurable goods(3)	5	4	8	6	9	5	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	66	55	69	59	66	60	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	8	12	20	8	11	10	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2
Retail trade	47	31	40	41	43	39	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	11	12	10	9	12	12	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Information(3)	8	3	7	6	11	7	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.3
Financial activities	33	24	30	15	25	25	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	31	23	24	11	16	21	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	2	1	5	4	9	3	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.2
Professional and business services	51	70	41	61	63	72	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	61	38	33	49	54	53	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	10	5	5	7	6	6	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health care and social assistance(3)	51	33	29	42	48	47	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	18	27	41	22	28	16	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	4	2	7	1	3	1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.0
Accommodation and food services(3)	14	25	34	21	25	15	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other services(3)	11	9	4	9	13	10	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Government	59	57	62	64	53	62	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
Federal	12	9	12	15	8	13	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.3	0.5
State and local	48	48	50	49	44	49	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	24	26	26	23	24	23	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	24	21	24	25	20	26	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	55	61	61	53	49	59	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	127	95	142	125	157	123	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2
Midwest	65	74	66	80	62	61	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	85	88	60	70	87	92	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	6,304	7,487	6,708	4.1	4.8	4.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,730	6,818	6,063	4.4	5.1	4.6
Mining and logging	27	38	28	3.7	4.9	3.6
Construction	198	313	286	2.8	4.2	3.9
Manufacturing	436	458	477	3.4	3.5	3.6
Durable goods	268	295	308	3.3	3.6	3.7
Nondurable goods	169	163	169	3.5	3.3	3.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,195	1,287	1,125	4.2	4.4	3.9
Wholesale trade	193	280	201	3.2	4.6	3.3
Retail trade	735	698	681	4.5	4.2	4.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	268	309	243	4.4	4.8	3.9
Information	123	136	125	4.2	4.7	4.3
Financial activities	384	459	285	4.3	5.1	3.2
Finance and insurance	321	317	216	4.9	4.8	3.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	63	142	70	2.8	5.9	3.0
Professional and business services	1,074	1,465	1,350	5.0	6.6	6.0
Education and health services	1,151	1,471	1,227	4.6	5.8	4.8
Educational services	91	117	94	2.3	3.1	2.4
Health care and social assistance	1,060	1,353	1,133	5.1	6.3	5.3
Leisure and hospitality	917	1,025	952	5.6	6.1	5.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	129	103	113	5.7	4.5	4.8
Accommodation and food services	788	922	840	5.5	6.3	5.7
Other services	225	165	207	3.8	2.8	3.4
Government	574	669	645	2.5	2.9	2.8
Federal	73	121	111	2.6	4.2	3.8
State and local	500	548	535	2.5	2.7	2.6
State and local education	170	198	187	1.5	1.9	1.7
State and local, excluding education	330	350	348	3.5	3.7	3.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,067	1,247	1,095	3.8	4.4	3.8
South	2,274	2,802	2,510	4.1	4.9	4.4
Midwest	1,503	1,759	1,585	4.5	5.1	4.6
West	1,461	1,679	1,517	4.1	4.7	4.2
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	4,652	5,533	4,695	3.2	3.7	3.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,388	5,169	4,436	3.5	4.1	3.5
Mining and logging	30	39	24	4.2	5.2	3.2
Construction	331	394	300	4.8	5.6	4.3
Manufacturing	334	391	309	2.7	3.1	2.4
Durable goods	191	207	174	2.4	2.6	2.2
Nondurable goods	144	184	135	3.1	3.9	2.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	834	934	893	3.1	3.4	3.2
Wholesale trade	118	153	123	2.0	2.6	2.1
Retail trade	554	567	588	3.6	3.6	3.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	162	214	181	2.8	3.5	3.0
Information	79	93	77	2.8	3.4	2.7
Financial activities	179	219	163	2.1	2.6	1.9
Finance and insurance	125	133	118	2.0	2.1	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	54	86	45	2.5	3.8	2.0
Professional and business services	1,049	1,162	1,060	5.1	5.6	5.1
Education and health services	558	760	602	2.4	3.2	2.5
Educational services	72	109	81	1.9	3.0	2.1
Health care and social assistance	486	651	521	2.5	3.2	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	850	947	868	5.5	6.0	5.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	120	123	117	5.6	5.6	5.2
Accommodation and food services	730	824	751	5.4	6.0	5.5
Other services	145	230	141	2.5	3.9	2.4
Government	263	364	259	1.2	1.6	1.1
Federal	26	32	29	0.9	1.2	1.1
State and local	237	332	229	1.2	1.7	1.1
State and local education	122	187	118	1.1	1.8	1.1
State and local, excluding education	115	144	111	1.3	1.6	1.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	639	793	645	2.4	2.9	2.4
South	1,921	2,346	2,061	3.6	4.3	3.8
Midwest	1,020	1,176	1,004	3.2	3.6	3.1
West	1,072	1,218	985	3.2	3.6	2.9
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	4,227	6,026	4,474	2.9	4.1	3.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,017	5,680	4,244	3.2	4.5	3.4
Mining and logging	29	35	31	4.1	4.8	4.2
Construction	269	428	313	3.9	6.1	4.4
Manufacturing	296	348	292	2.4	2.7	2.3
Durable goods	162	175	167	2.1	2.2	2.1
Nondurable goods	134	173	125	2.9	3.7	2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	835	1,420	915	3.1	5.1	3.3
Wholesale trade	114	148	111	2.0	2.5	1.9
Retail trade	573	913	609	3.7	5.8	3.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	148	359	195	2.5	5.9	3.2
Information	82	118	74	2.9	4.2	2.6
Financial activities	160	210	156	1.9	2.5	1.8
Finance and insurance	112	124	116	1.8	2.0	1.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	48	86	40	2.2	3.8	1.8
Professional and business services	948	1,207	984	4.6	5.8	4.7
Education and health services	503	696	560	2.1	2.9	2.3
Educational services	56	83	68	1.5	2.3	1.7
Health care and social assistance	447	613	492	2.3	3.0	2.4
Leisure and hospitality	756	1,018	780	4.9	6.4	4.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	87	113	82	4.1	5.2	3.7
Accommodation and food services	669	904	699	5.0	6.6	5.1
Other services	139	201	138	2.4	3.5	2.4
Government	211	346	230	0.9	1.5	1.0
Federal	29	42	30	1.1	1.5	1.1
State and local	182	304	200	0.9	1.6	1.0
State and local education	83	155	93	0.8	1.5	0.9
State and local, excluding education	98	148	107	1.1	1.6	1.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	602	873	555	2.2	3.2	2.0
South	1,748	2,482	1,929	3.3	4.6	3.5
Midwest	869	1,322	945	2.7	4.1	2.9
West	1,008	1,350	1,045	3.0	3.9	3.0
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	2,579	3,463	2,856	1.8	2.3	1.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,466	3,284	2,727	2.0	2.6	2.2
Mining and logging	18	19	19	2.6	2.5	2.5
Construction	125	173	160	1.8	2.4	2.3
Manufacturing	182	196	179	1.5	1.5	1.4
Durable goods	100	105	103	1.3	1.3	1.3
Nondurable goods	82	92	76	1.8	1.9	1.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	524	725	617	1.9	2.6	2.2
Wholesale trade	65	92	70	1.1	1.6	1.2
Retail trade	364	521	420	2.3	3.3	2.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	95	113	127	1.6	1.8	2.1
Information	44	57	42	1.6	2.1	1.5
Financial activities	99	99	92	1.2	1.2	1.1
Finance and insurance	63	61	68	1.0	1.0	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	36	38	23	1.6	1.7	1.0
Professional and business services	527	705	543	2.6	3.4	2.6
Education and health services	326	456	373	1.4	1.9	1.5
Educational services	33	38	41	0.8	1.1	1.1
Health care and social assistance	293	417	331	1.5	2.1	1.6
Leisure and hospitality	541	716	616	3.5	4.5	3.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	48	57	52	2.2	2.6	2.3
Accommodation and food services	494	659	564	3.7	4.8	4.1
Other services	80	138	87	1.4	2.4	1.5
Government	113	180	129	0.5	0.8	0.6
Federal	12	15	14	0.4	0.5	0.5
State and local	102	165	115	0.5	0.8	0.6
State and local education	46	90	59	0.4	0.9	0.5
State and local, excluding education	55	75	56	0.6	0.8	0.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	354	471	327	1.3	1.7	1.2
South	1,117	1,450	1,262	2.1	2.7	2.3
Midwest	532	762	602	1.6	2.3	1.8
West	576	781	666	1.7	2.3	1.9
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	1,364	2,145	1,323	0.9	1.4	0.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,306	2,034	1,265	1.1	1.6	1.0
Mining and logging	9	15	11	1.3	2.0	1.5
Construction	140	235	145	2.0	3.3	2.1
Manufacturing	98	127	98	0.8	1.0	0.8
Durable goods	52	56	54	0.7	0.7	0.7
Nondurable goods	46	72	44	1.0	1.5	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	249	609	243	0.9	2.2	0.9
Wholesale trade	43	43	34	0.7	0.7	0.6
Retail trade	164	333	152	1.1	2.1	1.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	43	234	56	0.7	3.8	0.9
Information	30	50	24	1.1	1.8	0.9
Financial activities	36	78	45	0.4	0.9	0.5
Finance and insurance	26	40	31	0.4	0.6	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	10	39	14	0.5	1.7	0.6
Professional and business services	377	409	374	1.8	2.0	1.8
Education and health services	122	187	135	0.5	0.8	0.6
Educational services	18	39	23	0.5	1.1	0.6
Health care and social assistance	103	148	113	0.5	0.7	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	197	274	148	1.3	1.7	0.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	36	54	29	1.7	2.5	1.3
Accommodation and food services	161	220	119	1.2	1.6	0.9
Other services	48	50	41	0.8	0.9	0.7
Government	57	111	58	0.3	0.5	0.3
Federal	8	14	5	0.3	0.5	0.2
State and local	49	97	53	0.2	0.5	0.3
State and local education	25	47	23	0.2	0.4	0.2
State and local, excluding education	24	50	30	0.3	0.6	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	202	346	177	0.7	1.3	0.6
South	522	846	560	1.0	1.6	1.0
Midwest	285	476	297	0.9	1.5	0.9
West	354	476	289	1.0	1.4	0.8
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)	Feb. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019(p)
Total	285	418	295	0.2	0.3	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	244	362	252	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mining and logging	1	2	2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Construction	5	21	8	0.1	0.3	0.1
Manufacturing	16	24	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Durable goods	11	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nondurable goods	5	9	5	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	62	86	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Wholesale trade	6	13	7	0.1	0.2	0.1
Retail trade	45	60	36	0.3	0.4	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	11	12	12	0.2	0.2	0.2
Information	8	11	7	0.3	0.4	0.3
Financial activities	24	32	20	0.3	0.4	0.2
Finance and insurance	22	23	16	0.4	0.4	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	2	9	3	0.1	0.4	0.2
Professional and business services	44	93	66	0.2	0.4	0.3
Education and health services	56	54	52	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	5	6	4	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health care and social assistance	51	48	47	0.3	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	18	28	16	0.1	0.2	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	4	3	1	0.2	0.1	0.0
Accommodation and food services	14	25	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other services	11	13	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Government	41	56	43	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	9	14	11	0.3	0.5	0.4
State and local	31	42	32	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	12	19	11	0.1	0.2	0.1
State and local, excluding education	19	23	21	0.2	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	46	55	51	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	109	187	108	0.2	0.3	0.2
Midwest	52	83	47	0.2	0.3	0.1
West	78	93	89	0.2	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary