Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, May 31, 2023     USDL-23-1193
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – APRIL 2023

The number of job openings edged up to 10.1 million on the last business day of April, the U.S. Bureau 
of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires changed little at 6.1 million. 
Total separations decreased to 5.7 million. Within separations, quits (3.8 million) changed little, while 
layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) decreased. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of 
job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by establishment size 
class.

Job Openings

On the last business day of April, the number of job openings edged up to 10.1 million (+358,000). The 
job openings rate was little changed at 6.1 percent. In April, job openings increased in retail trade 
(+209,000); health care and social assistance (+185,000); and transportation, warehousing, and utilities 
(+154,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In April, the number of hires was little changed at 6.1 million, and the rate held at 3.9 percent. Hires 
decreased in information (-37,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations decreased to 5.7 million (-286,000) in April, and the rate was little 
changed at 3.7 percent. Over the month, the number of total separations was little changed in all 
industries. (See table 3.)

In April, the number and rate of quits changed little at 3.8 million and 2.4 percent, respectively. The 
number of quits increased in wholesale trade (+29,000) but decreased in state and local government, 
excluding education (-18,000). (See table 4.)

In April, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges decreased to 1.6 million (-264,000) and 1.0 
percent, respectively. Layoffs and discharges decreased in construction (-113,000) and in information
(-33,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in April at 333,000. Other separations increased in 
health care and social assistance (+24,000), state and local government, excluding education (+10,000), 
and mining and logging (+2,000). Other separations decreased in accommodation and food services
(-18,000) and in arts, entertainment, and recreation (-3,000). (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In April, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw an increase in their job openings rate and a decrease 
in their layoffs and discharges rate. Establishments with more than 5,000 employees saw an increase in 
both their job openings and hires rates. (See table 7.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for May 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Thursday, July 6, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

     

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	11,755	9,745	10,103	6,572	6,066	6,115	6,175	5,994	5,708
Total private	10,726	8,710	9,140	6,177	5,671	5,739	5,806	5,643	5,357
Mining and logging	42	30	31	25	24	24	17	23	19
Construction	418	315	383	334	383	356	349	454	371
Manufacturing	1,024	702	676	503	373	387	461	394	387
Durable goods	631	422	382	275	216	208	243	225	197
Nondurable goods	393	281	294	229	156	179	218	169	190
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,962	1,436	1,765	1,345	1,195	1,241	1,324	1,241	1,279
Wholesale trade	306	296	261	195	149	174	174	160	183
Retail trade	1,121	733	942	787	701	716	833	747	758
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	535	407	561	363	345	351	317	334	339
Information	274	181	174	109	117	80	82	96	72
Financial activities	534	479	513	286	198	229	260	195	199
Finance and insurance	378	349	412	196	127	147	167	121	126
Real estate and rental and leasing	156	130	102	90	71	82	93	74	74
Professional and business services	2,309	1,805	1,748	1,304	1,169	1,261	1,224	1,134	1,110
Education and health services	2,223	1,932	2,097	881	883	869	813	844	772
Educational services	189	210	189	108	100	101	95	96	83
Health care and social assistance	2,034	1,722	1,907	773	783	769	718	748	689
Leisure and hospitality	1,511	1,463	1,377	1,172	1,089	1,096	1,067	1,053	954
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	156	243	237	157	170	170	154	166	146
Accommodation and food services	1,354	1,220	1,140	1,015	919	925	913	887	809
Other services	429	367	376	217	239	195	209	209	195
Government	1,029	1,034	963	396	395	376	369	351	351
Federal	107	133	130	39	47	43	45	38	40
State and local	922	902	833	356	348	333	324	313	311
State and local education	352	321	298	178	170	173	154	158	163
State and local, excluding education	570	580	535	178	178	160	170	155	148
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	7.2	5.9	6.1	4.3	3.9	3.9	4.1	3.9	3.7
Total private	7.6	6.2	6.4	4.8	4.3	4.3	4.5	4.2	4.0
Mining and logging	6.5	4.6	4.6	4.1	3.8	3.8	2.8	3.7	2.9
Construction	5.2	3.8	4.6	4.3	4.9	4.5	4.5	5.8	4.7
Manufacturing	7.4	5.1	4.9	3.9	2.9	3.0	3.6	3.0	3.0
Durable goods	7.4	5.0	4.5	3.5	2.7	2.6	3.1	2.8	2.4
Nondurable goods	7.5	5.4	5.7	4.7	3.2	3.7	4.5	3.5	3.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	6.4	4.7	5.8	4.7	4.1	4.3	4.6	4.3	4.4
Wholesale trade	4.9	4.7	4.1	3.3	2.5	2.9	2.9	2.6	3.0
Retail trade	6.7	4.5	5.7	5.1	4.5	4.6	5.4	4.8	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	6.9	5.3	7.1	5.1	4.7	4.8	4.4	4.6	4.6
Information	8.3	5.5	5.3	3.6	3.8	2.6	2.7	3.1	2.3
Financial activities	5.6	5.0	5.3	3.2	2.2	2.5	2.9	2.1	2.2
Finance and insurance	5.4	5.0	5.8	2.9	1.9	2.2	2.5	1.8	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	6.2	5.1	4.0	3.8	3.0	3.4	4.0	3.1	3.0
Professional and business services	9.3	7.3	7.1	5.8	5.1	5.5	5.5	5.0	4.8
Education and health services	8.4	7.2	7.7	3.7	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.1
Educational services	4.8	5.1	4.6	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.1
Health care and social assistance	9.1	7.5	8.2	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.2
Leisure and hospitality	8.8	8.1	7.7	7.5	6.6	6.6	6.8	6.4	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	6.5	9.1	8.9	7.0	7.0	7.0	6.8	6.8	6.0
Accommodation and food services	9.2	8.0	7.5	7.6	6.5	6.6	6.8	6.3	5.7
Other services	7.0	5.9	6.0	3.8	4.1	3.3	3.7	3.6	3.3
Government	4.4	4.4	4.1	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6
Federal	3.6	4.4	4.3	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.3	1.4
State and local	4.6	4.4	4.1	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6
State and local education	3.3	3.0	2.8	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.6
State and local, excluding education	5.9	5.9	5.5	2.0	1.9	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.6
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)
Total	11,755	10,563	9,974	9,745	10,103	358	7.2	6.4	6.0	5.9	6.1	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,726	9,536	8,959	8,710	9,140	430	7.6	6.7	6.3	6.2	6.4	0.2
Mining and logging	42	36	39	30	31	1	6.5	5.3	5.8	4.6	4.6	0.0
Construction	418	283	404	315	383	68	5.2	3.5	4.9	3.8	4.6	0.8
Manufacturing	1,024	732	707	702	676	-26	7.4	5.3	5.2	5.1	4.9	-0.2
Durable goods	631	462	459	422	382	-40	7.4	5.4	5.4	5.0	4.5	-0.5
Nondurable goods	393	270	248	281	294	13	7.5	5.2	4.8	5.4	5.7	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,962	1,837	1,671	1,436	1,765	329	6.4	6.0	5.5	4.7	5.8	1.1
Wholesale trade	306	304	291	296	261	-35	4.9	4.8	4.6	4.7	4.1	-0.6
Retail trade	1,121	901	801	733	942	209	6.7	5.5	4.9	4.5	5.7	1.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	535	633	579	407	561	154	6.9	8.0	7.4	5.3	7.1	1.8
Information	274	138	169	181	174	-7	8.3	4.3	5.2	5.5	5.3	-0.2
Financial activities	534	451	461	479	513	34	5.6	4.7	4.8	5.0	5.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	378	337	331	349	412	63	5.4	4.8	4.7	5.0	5.8	0.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	156	114	130	130	102	-28	6.2	4.5	5.1	5.1	4.0	-1.1
Professional and business services	2,309	2,101	1,852	1,805	1,748	-57	9.3	8.4	7.5	7.3	7.1	-0.2
Education and health services	2,223	2,012	1,874	1,932	2,097	165	8.4	7.5	7.0	7.2	7.7	0.5
Educational services	189	178	184	210	189	-21	4.8	4.4	4.5	5.1	4.6	-0.5
Health care and social assistance	2,034	1,834	1,690	1,722	1,907	185	9.1	8.0	7.4	7.5	8.2	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	1,511	1,588	1,428	1,463	1,377	-86	8.8	8.8	8.0	8.1	7.7	-0.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	156	188	218	243	237	-6	6.5	7.2	8.2	9.1	8.9	-0.2
Accommodation and food services	1,354	1,400	1,210	1,220	1,140	-80	9.2	9.1	7.9	8.0	7.5	-0.5
Other services	429	359	353	367	376	9	7.0	5.8	5.7	5.9	6.0	0.1
Government	1,029	1,027	1,015	1,034	963	-71	4.4	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.1	-0.3
Federal	107	169	140	133	130	-3	3.6	5.5	4.6	4.4	4.3	-0.1
State and local	922	858	876	902	833	-69	4.6	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.1	-0.3
State and local education	352	323	331	321	298	-23	3.3	3.0	3.1	3.0	2.8	-0.2
State and local, excluding education	570	535	545	580	535	-45	5.9	5.5	5.6	5.9	5.5	-0.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,838	1,679	1,617	1,623	1,589	-34	6.4	5.7	5.5	5.5	5.4	-0.1
South	4,560	4,312	4,141	4,039	4,059	20	7.5	7.0	6.7	6.5	6.6	0.1
Midwest	2,653	2,311	2,031	2,022	2,159	137	7.6	6.5	5.8	5.7	6.1	0.4
West	2,705	2,261	2,185	2,060	2,296	236	7.0	5.8	5.6	5.3	5.9	0.6
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)
Total	6,572	6,327	6,150	6,066	6,115	49	4.3	4.1	4.0	3.9	3.9	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,177	5,917	5,754	5,671	5,739	68	4.8	4.5	4.3	4.3	4.3	0.0
Mining and logging	25	26	26	24	24	0	4.1	4.1	4.1	3.8	3.8	0.0
Construction	334	387	367	383	356	-27	4.3	4.9	4.7	4.9	4.5	-0.4
Manufacturing	503	420	416	373	387	14	3.9	3.2	3.2	2.9	3.0	0.1
Durable goods	275	219	217	216	208	-8	3.5	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.6	-0.1
Nondurable goods	229	201	199	156	179	23	4.7	4.1	4.1	3.2	3.7	0.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,345	1,335	1,263	1,195	1,241	46	4.7	4.6	4.4	4.1	4.3	0.2
Wholesale trade	195	179	194	149	174	25	3.3	3.0	3.2	2.5	2.9	0.4
Retail trade	787	798	728	701	716	15	5.1	5.1	4.7	4.5	4.6	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	363	358	341	345	351	6	5.1	4.9	4.7	4.7	4.8	0.1
Information	109	85	95	117	80	-37	3.6	2.7	3.1	3.8	2.6	-1.2
Financial activities	286	214	211	198	229	31	3.2	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.5	0.3
Finance and insurance	196	124	118	127	147	20	2.9	1.9	1.8	1.9	2.2	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	90	90	93	71	82	11	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.0	3.4	0.4
Professional and business services	1,304	1,158	1,114	1,169	1,261	92	5.8	5.1	4.9	5.1	5.5	0.4
Education and health services	881	902	863	883	869	-14	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.5	0.0
Educational services	108	99	104	100	101	1	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.6	0.0
Health care and social assistance	773	803	759	783	769	-14	3.8	3.8	3.6	3.7	3.6	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,172	1,182	1,182	1,089	1,096	7	7.5	7.2	7.2	6.6	6.6	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	157	161	193	170	170	0	7.0	6.7	8.0	7.0	7.0	0.0
Accommodation and food services	1,015	1,021	988	919	925	6	7.6	7.3	7.0	6.5	6.6	0.1
Other services	217	210	218	239	195	-44	3.8	3.6	3.7	4.1	3.3	-0.8
Government	396	410	396	395	376	-19	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	-0.1
Federal	39	40	48	47	43	-4	1.4	1.4	1.7	1.6	1.5	-0.1
State and local	356	370	348	348	333	-15	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.7	-0.1
State and local education	178	198	174	170	173	3	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.7	0.1
State and local, excluding education	178	172	173	178	160	-18	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.7	-0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	944	927	915	970	958	-12	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.5	3.4	-0.1
South	2,721	2,576	2,577	2,490	2,556	66	4.8	4.5	4.5	4.3	4.4	0.1
Midwest	1,361	1,319	1,292	1,247	1,290	43	4.2	4.0	3.9	3.8	3.9	0.1
West	1,547	1,505	1,366	1,359	1,310	-49	4.3	4.1	3.7	3.7	3.6	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)
Total	6,175	5,900	5,841	5,994	5,708	-286	4.1	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.7	-0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,806	5,557	5,506	5,643	5,357	-286	4.5	4.2	4.1	4.2	4.0	-0.2
Mining and logging	17	22	26	23	19	-4	2.8	3.5	4.1	3.7	2.9	-0.8
Construction	349	356	352	454	371	-83	4.5	4.5	4.5	5.8	4.7	-1.1
Manufacturing	461	406	409	394	387	-7	3.6	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.0	0.0
Durable goods	243	217	209	225	197	-28	3.1	2.7	2.6	2.8	2.4	-0.4
Nondurable goods	218	189	199	169	190	21	4.5	3.9	4.1	3.5	3.9	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,324	1,300	1,267	1,241	1,279	38	4.6	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.4	0.1
Wholesale trade	174	167	184	160	183	23	2.9	2.8	3.0	2.6	3.0	0.4
Retail trade	833	768	745	747	758	11	5.4	4.9	4.8	4.8	4.9	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	317	365	339	334	339	5	4.4	5.0	4.7	4.6	4.6	0.0
Information	82	104	100	96	72	-24	2.7	3.4	3.2	3.1	2.3	-0.8
Financial activities	260	208	193	195	199	4	2.9	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.2	0.1
Finance and insurance	167	124	117	121	126	5	2.5	1.9	1.7	1.8	1.9	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	93	84	76	74	74	0	4.0	3.5	3.2	3.1	3.0	-0.1
Professional and business services	1,224	1,129	1,062	1,134	1,110	-24	5.5	4.9	4.6	5.0	4.8	-0.2
Education and health services	813	768	794	844	772	-72	3.4	3.1	3.2	3.4	3.1	-0.3
Educational services	95	75	96	96	83	-13	2.5	1.9	2.4	2.5	2.1	-0.4
Health care and social assistance	718	693	699	748	689	-59	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.5	3.2	-0.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,067	1,061	1,112	1,053	954	-99	6.8	6.5	6.7	6.4	5.8	-0.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	154	141	154	166	146	-20	6.8	5.9	6.3	6.8	6.0	-0.8
Accommodation and food services	913	920	958	887	809	-78	6.8	6.6	6.8	6.3	5.7	-0.6
Other services	209	202	190	209	195	-14	3.7	3.5	3.3	3.6	3.3	-0.3
Government	369	343	335	351	351	0	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.6	0.0
Federal	45	35	39	38	40	2	1.6	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.4	0.1
State and local	324	309	295	313	311	-2	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6	0.0
State and local education	154	158	145	158	163	5	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.6	0.1
State and local, excluding education	170	151	151	155	148	-7	1.9	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.6	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	932	889	799	888	810	-78	3.4	3.2	2.9	3.2	2.9	-0.3
South	2,504	2,507	2,548	2,456	2,303	-153	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.3	4.0	-0.3
Midwest	1,367	1,187	1,157	1,221	1,305	84	4.2	3.6	3.5	3.7	3.9	0.2
West	1,372	1,318	1,336	1,430	1,290	-140	3.8	3.6	3.6	3.9	3.5	-0.4
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)
Total	4,497	3,878	3,980	3,842	3,793	-49	3.0	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.4	-0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,265	3,681	3,785	3,630	3,595	-35	3.3	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7	0.0
Mining and logging	13	15	18	15	10	-5	2.1	2.4	2.9	2.3	1.5	-0.8
Construction	228	179	153	143	166	23	3.0	2.3	1.9	1.8	2.1	0.3
Manufacturing	323	267	277	256	244	-12	2.5	2.1	2.1	2.0	1.9	-0.1
Durable goods	165	144	142	144	119	-25	2.1	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.5	-0.3
Nondurable goods	158	123	134	112	125	13	3.3	2.5	2.8	2.3	2.6	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,015	921	885	875	896	21	3.5	3.2	3.1	3.0	3.1	0.1
Wholesale trade	119	101	114	102	131	29	2.0	1.7	1.9	1.7	2.2	0.5
Retail trade	678	592	561	560	550	-10	4.4	3.8	3.6	3.6	3.5	-0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	217	228	210	213	216	3	3.0	3.1	2.9	2.9	3.0	0.1
Information	52	41	43	44	50	6	1.7	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.6	0.2
Financial activities	196	143	107	125	146	21	2.2	1.6	1.2	1.4	1.6	0.2
Finance and insurance	124	97	57	73	89	16	1.9	1.4	0.8	1.1	1.3	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	72	46	51	52	57	5	3.1	1.9	2.1	2.1	2.3	0.2
Professional and business services	828	546	649	664	626	-38	3.7	2.4	2.8	2.9	2.7	-0.2
Education and health services	627	607	614	623	571	-52	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.3	-0.2
Educational services	73	40	58	61	59	-2	1.9	1.0	1.5	1.6	1.5	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	554	567	556	561	512	-49	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.4	-0.3
Leisure and hospitality	846	825	915	751	758	7	5.4	5.0	5.5	4.5	4.6	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	76	79	76	68	81	13	3.4	3.3	3.1	2.8	3.3	0.5
Accommodation and food services	770	746	839	682	678	-4	5.8	5.3	6.0	4.8	4.8	0.0
Other services	138	136	124	135	127	-8	2.4	2.3	2.1	2.3	2.2	-0.1
Government	233	198	195	212	198	-14	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.0
Federal	24	17	20	17	18	1	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.0
State and local	208	180	175	195	180	-15	1.1	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.9	-0.1
State and local education	99	95	88	99	102	3	1.0	0.9	0.8	1.0	1.0	0.0
State and local, excluding education	110	85	87	96	78	-18	1.2	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.8	-0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	611	501	503	528	508	-20	2.3	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8	-0.1
South	1,831	1,680	1,857	1,685	1,649	-36	3.2	2.9	3.2	2.9	2.9	0.0
Midwest	1,016	779	747	777	778	1	3.1	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.3	0.0
West	1,039	919	873	852	858	6	2.9	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.3	0.0
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)
Total	1,342	1,719	1,557	1,845	1,581	-264	0.9	1.1	1.0	1.2	1.0	-0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,269	1,630	1,475	1,763	1,495	-268	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.3	1.1	-0.2
Mining and logging	3	5	7	7	6	-1	0.5	0.8	1.1	1.1	1.0	-0.1
Construction	108	161	182	302	189	-113	1.4	2.0	2.3	3.8	2.4	-1.4
Manufacturing	112	114	113	118	120	2	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.0
Durable goods	61	57	53	66	64	-2	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.8	0.0
Nondurable goods	52	57	61	52	56	4	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.2	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	251	323	326	289	314	25	0.9	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.1	0.1
Wholesale trade	43	61	54	50	49	-1	0.7	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.0
Retail trade	127	142	156	134	160	26	0.8	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.0	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	80	120	116	105	105	0	1.1	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.4	0.0
Information	28	48	49	49	16	-33	0.9	1.5	1.6	1.6	0.5	-1.1
Financial activities	34	54	38	52	47	-5	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.6	0.5	-0.1
Finance and insurance	18	22	20	32	31	-1	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	17	32	18	21	16	-5	0.7	1.3	0.7	0.9	0.7	-0.2
Professional and business services	325	529	382	423	414	-9	1.5	2.3	1.7	1.8	1.8	0.0
Education and health services	144	132	144	188	144	-44	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.6	-0.2
Educational services	16	28	32	32	21	-11	0.4	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.5	-0.3
Health care and social assistance	128	104	112	157	123	-34	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.6	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	204	215	182	276	190	-86	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.7	1.1	-0.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	75	58	72	94	64	-30	3.3	2.4	3.0	3.9	2.6	-1.3
Accommodation and food services	129	157	110	182	126	-56	1.0	1.1	0.8	1.3	0.9	-0.4
Other services	59	49	52	59	55	-4	1.0	0.8	0.9	1.0	0.9	-0.1
Government	73	88	82	82	87	5	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
Federal	7	5	6	6	6	0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local	67	84	76	76	80	4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local education	31	42	36	38	41	3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local, excluding education	36	42	40	38	40	2	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	270	334	258	323	250	-73	1.0	1.2	0.9	1.2	0.9	-0.3
South	524	710	561	652	543	-109	0.9	1.2	1.0	1.1	0.9	-0.2
Midwest	279	350	347	377	436	59	0.9	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.3	0.2
West	269	324	391	493	352	-141	0.7	0.9	1.1	1.3	1.0	-0.3
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)
Total	336	303	304	306	333	27	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	273	246	246	250	267	17	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	1	2	1	1	3	2	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.2
Construction	13	15	18	9	15	6	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Manufacturing	27	25	19	20	22	2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Durable goods	18	16	14	15	14	-1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nondurable goods	9	9	4	5	8	3	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	59	56	57	77	69	-8	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Wholesale trade	11	5	16	8	3	-5	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.0	-0.1
Retail trade	27	34	29	53	48	-5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	20	17	13	16	18	2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Information	3	15	8	4	6	2	0.1	0.5	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.1
Financial activities	30	11	48	17	7	-10	0.3	0.1	0.5	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Finance and insurance	25	5	40	16	6	-10	0.4	0.1	0.6	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	5	5	8	1	1	0	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.0	-0.1
Professional and business services	71	54	31	47	70	23	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Education and health services	42	29	36	33	56	23	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Educational services	7	6	5	4	2	-2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Health care and social assistance	36	23	31	30	54	24	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	17	21	15	27	6	-21	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.0	-0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	4	4	6	4	1	-3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0	-0.2
Accommodation and food services	13	17	9	23	5	-18	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.0	-0.2
Other services	11	17	14	14	13	-1	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Government	63	57	57	56	66	10	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
Federal	14	12	14	15	15	0	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.0
State and local	49	45	44	41	51	10	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
State and local education	25	20	21	21	21	0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local, excluding education	25	25	23	20	30	10	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	51	53	37	37	52	15	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
South	149	117	130	119	110	-9	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Midwest	72	58	63	66	90	24	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
West	64	75	73	85	81	-4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Change from: Mar. 2023 - Apr. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	10,726	9,536	8,959	8,710	9,140	430	7.6	6.7	6.3	6.2	6.4	0.2
1 to 9 employees	1,689	1,906	1,654	1,396	1,785	389	7.5	7.9	7.2	6.1	7.7	1.6
10 to 49 employees	3,323	2,934	2,918	2,829	2,715	-114	7.3	6.4	6.1	6.0	5.8	-0.2
50 to 249 employees	3,142	2,653	2,436	2,525	2,538	13	7.8	6.6	6.2	6.3	6.0	-0.3
250 to 999 employees	1,565	1,102	1,038	1,040	1,172	132	7.9	6.0	5.8	5.6	6.6	1.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	743	647	625	637	634	-3	8.5	7.0	7.0	7.3	8.0	0.7
5,000 or more employees	266	294	289	283	297	14	7.8	7.0	6.5	6.3	7.4	1.1
HIRES
Total private	6,177	5,917	5,754	5,671	5,739	68	4.8	4.5	4.3	4.3	4.3	0.0
1 to 9 employees	991	885	874	930	884	-46	4.7	4.0	4.1	4.4	4.1	-0.3
10 to 49 employees	1,917	1,923	1,978	1,892	1,859	-33	4.6	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.2	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	1,875	1,880	1,743	1,693	1,803	110	5.0	5.0	4.7	4.5	4.6	0.1
250 to 999 employees	934	831	766	773	793	20	5.2	4.8	4.5	4.4	4.8	0.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	383	327	321	312	321	9	4.8	3.8	3.9	3.8	4.4	0.6
5,000 or more employees	77	72	72	71	78	7	2.4	1.8	1.7	1.7	2.1	0.4
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,806	5,557	5,506	5,643	5,357	-286	4.5	4.2	4.1	4.2	4.0	-0.2
1 to 9 employees	863	705	714	865	766	-99	4.1	3.2	3.4	4.1	3.6	-0.5
10 to 49 employees	1,799	1,966	2,008	1,920	1,859	-61	4.3	4.6	4.5	4.4	4.2	-0.2
50 to 249 employees	1,779	1,753	1,654	1,769	1,676	-93	4.8	4.7	4.5	4.7	4.2	-0.5
250 to 999 employees	954	731	730	702	728	26	5.3	4.2	4.3	4.0	4.4	0.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	351	342	334	325	272	-53	4.4	4.0	4.1	4.0	3.7	-0.3
5,000 or more employees	60	59	66	61	57	-4	1.9	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.5	0.0
QUITS
Total private	4,265	3,681	3,785	3,630	3,595	-35	3.3	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7	0.0
1 to 9 employees	656	394	478	461	485	24	3.1	1.8	2.2	2.2	2.3	0.1
10 to 49 employees	1,395	1,395	1,412	1,279	1,304	25	3.3	3.2	3.1	2.9	2.9	0.0
50 to 249 employees	1,306	1,194	1,178	1,213	1,154	-59	3.5	3.2	3.2	3.2	2.9	-0.3
250 to 999 employees	638	452	468	441	447	6	3.5	2.6	2.8	2.5	2.7	0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	228	207	208	198	172	-26	2.8	2.4	2.5	2.4	2.3	-0.1
5,000 or more employees	41	39	41	38	35	-3	1.3	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.0
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,269	1,630	1,475	1,763	1,495	-268	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.3	1.1	-0.2
1 to 9 employees	163	259	156	345	208	-137	0.8	1.2	0.7	1.6	1.0	-0.6
10 to 49 employees	324	507	525	548	439	-109	0.8	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.0	-0.2
50 to 249 employees	404	507	429	501	485	-16	1.1	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.2	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	264	229	246	245	265	20	1.5	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.6	0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	103	115	104	110	83	-27	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.1	-0.2
5,000 or more employees	11	12	16	16	15	-1	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	273	246	246	250	267	17	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	44	52	81	60	73	13	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0
10 to 49 employees	79	64	71	93	116	23	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
50 to 249 employees	69	53	47	55	38	-17	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
250 to 999 employees	52	50	17	16	16	0	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	20	20	23	18	17	-1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
5,000 or more employees	9	8	8	8	7	-1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
Total	12,435	9,592	10,642	7.6	5.8	6.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	11,393	8,536	9,688	8.1	6.1	6.8
Mining and logging	42	31	31	6.7	4.8	4.6
Construction	483	334	438	6.0	4.2	5.3
Manufacturing	1,014	710	663	7.4	5.2	4.9
Durable goods	631	437	367	7.4	5.1	4.3
Nondurable goods	383	273	296	7.4	5.3	5.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,958	1,331	1,768	6.5	4.4	5.8
Wholesale trade	349	300	289	5.6	4.7	4.6
Retail trade	1,067	623	895	6.5	3.9	5.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	542	408	584	7.1	5.3	7.5
Information	284	185	178	8.6	5.7	5.5
Financial activities	578	433	564	6.0	4.6	5.9
Finance and insurance	410	319	454	5.8	4.6	6.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	168	114	109	6.7	4.6	4.4
Professional and business services	2,408	1,789	1,798	9.7	7.3	7.3
Education and health services	2,415	1,862	2,292	9.1	6.9	8.3
Educational services	194	204	194	4.7	4.8	4.6
Health care and social assistance	2,221	1,657	2,097	9.8	7.3	9.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,734	1,498	1,521	10.1	8.5	8.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	178	290	266	7.5	11.4	10.1
Accommodation and food services	1,557	1,208	1,255	10.5	8.0	8.2
Other services	477	363	435	7.8	5.9	6.9
Government	1,042	1,056	954	4.4	4.4	4.0
Federal	127	151	147	4.2	5.0	4.8
State and local	915	905	808	4.5	4.3	3.9
State and local education	334	300	277	3.1	2.7	2.5
State and local, excluding education	581	605	531	6.1	6.2	5.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,902	1,584	1,611	6.6	5.4	5.5
South	4,867	3,983	4,293	8.0	6.5	6.9
Midwest	2,877	2,026	2,351	8.2	5.8	6.6
West	2,788	1,999	2,387	7.2	5.2	6.1
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
Total	6,814	5,507	6,303	4.5	3.6	4.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,506	5,218	6,022	5.0	4.0	4.5
Mining and logging	28	27	28	4.7	4.3	4.4
Construction	447	388	460	5.9	5.1	5.9
Manufacturing	516	356	393	4.1	2.8	3.0
Durable goods	282	213	210	3.6	2.6	2.6
Nondurable goods	234	143	183	4.9	2.9	3.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,274	1,038	1,168	4.5	3.6	4.1
Wholesale trade	215	145	192	3.6	2.4	3.2
Retail trade	781	650	708	5.1	4.2	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	278	242	269	3.9	3.4	3.7
Information	102	100	70	3.4	3.3	2.3
Financial activities	311	165	264	3.5	1.8	2.9
Finance and insurance	202	108	163	3.0	1.6	2.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	108	57	100	4.6	2.4	4.2
Professional and business services	1,400	1,093	1,353	6.3	4.8	5.9
Education and health services	877	789	864	3.6	3.1	3.4
Educational services	80	67	73	2.1	1.7	1.8
Health care and social assistance	797	722	791	3.9	3.4	3.7
Leisure and hospitality	1,309	1,049	1,208	8.5	6.5	7.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	225	175	239	10.2	7.8	10.1
Accommodation and food services	1,085	874	969	8.2	6.3	6.9
Other services	241	213	214	4.3	3.7	3.7
Government	308	289	281	1.4	1.3	1.2
Federal	39	41	41	1.4	1.4	1.4
State and local	269	248	239	1.4	1.2	1.2
State and local education	88	98	83	0.8	0.9	0.8
State and local, excluding education	181	150	157	2.0	1.6	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,033	898	1,074	3.8	3.3	3.9
South	2,771	2,296	2,583	4.9	4.0	4.5
Midwest	1,382	1,130	1,299	4.3	3.4	3.9
West	1,628	1,183	1,347	4.5	3.2	3.7
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
Total	6,208	5,235	5,641	4.1	3.4	3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,931	4,980	5,393	4.6	3.8	4.1
Mining and logging	17	22	18	2.8	3.5	2.8
Construction	325	366	334	4.3	4.8	4.3
Manufacturing	502	406	422	3.9	3.1	3.3
Durable goods	275	240	221	3.5	3.0	2.7
Nondurable goods	227	167	201	4.7	3.4	4.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,299	1,057	1,232	4.6	3.7	4.3
Wholesale trade	187	151	200	3.2	2.5	3.3
Retail trade	814	610	729	5.3	4.0	4.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	297	296	303	4.2	4.1	4.2
Information	91	83	76	3.0	2.7	2.5
Financial activities	280	167	215	3.1	1.8	2.4
Finance and insurance	182	107	142	2.7	1.6	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	98	60	74	4.2	2.5	3.1
Professional and business services	1,315	1,063	1,184	5.9	4.7	5.2
Education and health services	822	741	779	3.4	2.9	3.1
Educational services	78	59	66	2.0	1.5	1.6
Health care and social assistance	745	682	713	3.7	3.2	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,072	875	945	6.9	5.5	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	128	97	123	5.8	4.3	5.2
Accommodation and food services	944	778	822	7.1	5.6	5.9
Other services	208	201	188	3.7	3.5	3.2
Government	277	255	249	1.2	1.1	1.1
Federal	38	30	34	1.3	1.0	1.2
State and local	239	225	215	1.2	1.1	1.1
State and local education	94	91	97	0.9	0.8	0.9
State and local, excluding education	146	134	118	1.6	1.5	1.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	912	706	793	3.4	2.6	2.9
South	2,560	2,301	2,293	4.5	4.0	4.0
Midwest	1,305	1,019	1,232	4.0	3.1	3.7
West	1,432	1,210	1,324	4.0	3.3	3.6
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
Total	4,657	3,444	3,869	3.1	2.2	2.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,470	3,277	3,722	3.5	2.5	2.8
Mining and logging	13	15	10	2.3	2.4	1.6
Construction	221	124	164	2.9	1.6	2.1
Manufacturing	356	267	266	2.8	2.1	2.1
Durable goods	192	157	134	2.4	1.9	1.7
Nondurable goods	164	110	131	3.4	2.3	2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,041	774	907	3.7	2.7	3.2
Wholesale trade	133	98	150	2.2	1.6	2.5
Retail trade	679	465	534	4.4	3.0	3.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	229	210	224	3.2	2.9	3.1
Information	54	37	53	1.8	1.2	1.7
Financial activities	218	107	164	2.4	1.2	1.8
Finance and insurance	140	63	105	2.1	0.9	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	78	44	59	3.3	1.9	2.5
Professional and business services	929	603	699	4.1	2.7	3.1
Education and health services	634	567	579	2.6	2.3	2.3
Educational services	60	41	50	1.5	1.0	1.2
Health care and social assistance	575	526	528	2.8	2.5	2.5
Leisure and hospitality	866	645	759	5.6	4.0	4.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	63	49	68	2.8	2.2	2.9
Accommodation and food services	803	596	691	6.0	4.3	4.9
Other services	136	138	121	2.4	2.4	2.1
Government	188	168	146	0.8	0.7	0.6
Federal	22	15	16	0.8	0.5	0.6
State and local	166	153	130	0.8	0.8	0.7
State and local education	61	60	61	0.6	0.6	0.6
State and local, excluding education	105	92	69	1.2	1.0	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	634	444	529	2.3	1.6	1.9
South	1,926	1,576	1,691	3.4	2.7	2.9
Midwest	1,009	678	762	3.1	2.1	2.3
West	1,089	746	886	3.0	2.0	2.4
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
Total	1,236	1,514	1,449	0.8	1.0	0.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,193	1,468	1,397	0.9	1.1	1.1
Mining and logging	3	6	6	0.5	1.0	0.9
Construction	91	231	153	1.2	3.0	2.0
Manufacturing	119	121	133	0.9	0.9	1.0
Durable goods	64	70	72	0.8	0.9	0.9
Nondurable goods	55	52	61	1.1	1.1	1.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	202	207	255	0.7	0.7	0.9
Wholesale trade	43	44	48	0.7	0.7	0.8
Retail trade	111	93	147	0.7	0.6	1.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	48	70	60	0.7	1.0	0.8
Information	32	43	18	1.0	1.4	0.6
Financial activities	33	48	45	0.4	0.5	0.5
Finance and insurance	18	33	31	0.3	0.5	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	16	15	14	0.7	0.6	0.6
Professional and business services	320	412	418	1.4	1.8	1.8
Education and health services	144	145	139	0.6	0.6	0.6
Educational services	12	17	14	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health care and social assistance	132	129	125	0.6	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	189	206	176	1.2	1.3	1.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	62	44	54	2.8	2.0	2.3
Accommodation and food services	128	162	122	1.0	1.2	0.9
Other services	60	47	54	1.1	0.8	0.9
Government	43	46	52	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	5	4	4	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local	39	42	47	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	18	20	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	20	22	22	0.2	0.2	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	228	229	212	0.8	0.8	0.8
South	502	626	508	0.9	1.1	0.9
Midwest	229	280	376	0.7	0.8	1.1
West	277	380	353	0.8	1.0	1.0
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
Total	315	276	324	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	269	235	273	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	2	0.1	0.1	0.3
Construction	13	10	17	0.2	0.1	0.2
Manufacturing	28	18	23	0.2	0.1	0.2
Durable goods	19	13	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	9	5	8	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	57	76	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Wholesale trade	11	8	3	0.2	0.1	0.0
Retail trade	25	52	48	0.2	0.3	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	21	16	19	0.3	0.2	0.3
Information	5	3	6	0.2	0.1	0.2
Financial activities	29	12	6	0.3	0.1	0.1
Finance and insurance	24	11	5	0.4	0.2	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	5	0	1	0.2	0.0	0.0
Professional and business services	66	47	67	0.3	0.2	0.3
Education and health services	44	29	61	0.2	0.1	0.2
Educational services	6	2	2	0.1	0.0	0.0
Health care and social assistance	38	27	59	0.2	0.1	0.3
Leisure and hospitality	16	24	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	3	1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Accommodation and food services	13	21	9	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other services	11	16	13	0.2	0.3	0.2
Government	46	41	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	11	11	13	0.4	0.4	0.4
State and local	35	30	37	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	14	11	11	0.1	0.1	0.1
State and local, excluding education	21	20	26	0.2	0.2	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	49	33	52	0.2	0.1	0.2
South	132	99	93	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	67	61	94	0.2	0.2	0.3
West	67	83	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	11,393	8,536	9,688	8.1	6.1	6.8
1 to 9 employees	1,974	1,332	2,077	8.6	5.9	8.9
10 to 49 employees	3,599	2,687	2,914	7.9	5.8	6.2
50 to 249 employees	3,282	2,522	2,632	8.1	6.3	6.3
250 to 999 employees	1,564	1,056	1,184	8.0	5.8	6.7
1,000 to 4,999 employees	718	653	595	8.2	7.5	7.6
5,000 or more employees	256	286	285	7.6	6.5	7.2
HIRES
Total private	6,506	5,218	6,022	5.0	4.0	4.5
1 to 9 employees	1,243	822	1,107	6.0	3.9	5.2
10 to 49 employees	2,128	1,709	2,037	5.1	3.9	4.6
50 to 249 employees	1,906	1,634	1,836	5.1	4.4	4.7
250 to 999 employees	851	717	716	4.7	4.2	4.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	319	271	265	4.0	3.4	3.6
5,000 or more employees	59	65	62	1.9	1.6	1.7
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,931	4,980	5,393	4.6	3.8	4.1
1 to 9 employees	906	726	819	4.3	3.4	3.8
10 to 49 employees	1,963	1,585	1,945	4.7	3.6	4.4
50 to 249 employees	1,769	1,634	1,643	4.8	4.4	4.2
250 to 999 employees	911	677	698	5.0	3.9	4.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	330	303	240	4.1	3.8	3.3
5,000 or more employees	54	55	48	1.7	1.3	1.3
QUITS
Total private	4,470	3,277	3,722	3.5	2.5	2.8
1 to 9 employees	695	398	537	3.3	1.9	2.5
10 to 49 employees	1,578	1,090	1,417	3.8	2.5	3.2
50 to 249 employees	1,331	1,149	1,157	3.6	3.1	2.9
250 to 999 employees	607	416	424	3.4	2.4	2.6
1,000 to 4,999 employees	221	189	156	2.8	2.3	2.1
5,000 or more employees	38	35	31	1.2	0.8	0.8
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,193	1,468	1,397	0.9	1.1	1.1
1 to 9 employees	165	278	202	0.8	1.3	0.9
10 to 49 employees	311	400	409	0.7	0.9	0.9
50 to 249 employees	369	436	450	1.0	1.2	1.1
250 to 999 employees	248	245	256	1.4	1.4	1.5
1,000 to 4,999 employees	91	97	70	1.1	1.2	1.0
5,000 or more employees	8	13	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	269	235	273	0.2	0.2	0.2
1 to 9 employees	45	50	81	0.2	0.2	0.4
10 to 49 employees	73	94	119	0.2	0.2	0.3
50 to 249 employees	69	50	36	0.2	0.1	0.1
250 to 999 employees	56	16	17	0.3	0.1	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	17	17	14	0.2	0.2	0.2
5,000 or more employees	8	8	6	0.3	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.