Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, July 6, 2023      USDL-23-1497
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – MAY 2023

The number of job openings decreased to 9.8 million on the last business day of May, the U.S. Bureau 
of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations were little 
changed at 6.2 million and 5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (4.0 million) increased, 
while layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number 
and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class.

Job Openings

On the last business day of May, the number of job openings decreased to 9.8 million (-496,000), 
following an increase in April. In May, the job openings rate declined by 0.3 percentage point to 5.9 
percent, offsetting an increase of the same magnitude in the prior month. In May, the largest decreases in 
job openings were in health care and social assistance (-285,000), finance and insurance (-139,000), and 
other services (-78,000). Job openings increased in educational services (+45,000), state and local 
government education (+37,000), and federal government (+24,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In May, the number and rate of hires changed little at 6.2 million and 4.0 percent, respectively. Hires 
increased in durable goods manufacturing (+41,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

The number and rate of total separations in May changed little at 5.9 million and 3.8 percent, 
respectively. Over the month, the number of total separations increased in retail trade (+113,000).      
(See table 3.)

In May, the number and rate of quits increased to 4.0 million (+250,000) and 2.6 percent, respectively. 
The number of quits increased in health care and social assistance (+69,000) and in construction 
(+57,000). (See table 4.)

In May, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million, and the rate held at 1.0 
percent. Layoffs and discharges increased in retail trade (+87,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in May at 301,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In May, establishments with 1 to 9 employees and establishments with more than 5,000 employees saw 
decreases in their job openings rates. (See table 7.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for June 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, August 1, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

     

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	11,443	10,320	9,824	6,545	6,101	6,208	6,025	5,660	5,871
Total private	10,379	9,291	8,693	6,142	5,709	5,805	5,655	5,306	5,523
Mining and logging	33	36	30	25	25	27	23	20	23
Construction	392	347	366	351	357	379	329	377	354
Manufacturing	837	668	604	467	393	460	439	393	449
Durable goods	525	395	377	252	209	250	235	199	233
Nondurable goods	312	273	227	215	183	210	204	194	217
Trade, transportation, and utilities	2,047	1,774	1,675	1,295	1,249	1,310	1,180	1,262	1,347
Wholesale trade	373	259	244	208	178	170	185	188	173
Retail trade	1,165	954	829	741	723	794	718	739	852
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	510	561	602	346	348	346	277	335	321
Information	241	181	190	110	81	58	91	71	84
Financial activities	564	565	439	239	229	241	231	207	214
Finance and insurance	411	451	312	159	151	175	158	136	153
Real estate and rental and leasing	153	113	127	80	79	65	74	71	61
Professional and business services	2,128	1,718	1,812	1,325	1,205	1,066	1,230	1,041	975
Education and health services	2,158	2,179	1,938	875	885	941	816	777	852
Educational services	171	168	213	114	101	98	102	81	79
Health care and social assistance	1,987	2,010	1,725	761	784	844	714	696	773
Leisure and hospitality	1,567	1,463	1,355	1,241	1,100	1,104	1,109	967	1,023
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	161	241	172	180	162	158	161	136	137
Accommodation and food services	1,406	1,222	1,183	1,061	938	946	949	830	886
Other services	411	361	283	215	185	219	208	190	203
Government	1,064	1,029	1,132	402	391	403	369	354	348
Federal	137	149	173	43	45	52	44	41	42
State and local	928	881	959	359	346	351	326	313	306
State and local education	378	313	350	178	177	186	150	158	157
State and local, excluding education	550	568	609	182	169	165	176	155	149
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	7.0	6.2	5.9	4.3	3.9	4.0	4.0	3.6	3.8
Total private	7.4	6.5	6.1	4.7	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.0	4.1
Mining and logging	5.3	5.3	4.5	4.1	3.9	4.2	3.8	3.2	3.6
Construction	4.8	4.2	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.8	4.2	4.8	4.5
Manufacturing	6.1	4.9	4.4	3.6	3.0	3.5	3.4	3.0	3.5
Durable goods	6.2	4.6	4.4	3.2	2.6	3.1	3.0	2.5	2.9
Nondurable goods	6.0	5.3	4.4	4.4	3.8	4.3	4.2	4.0	4.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	6.7	5.8	5.5	4.5	4.3	4.5	4.1	4.4	4.7
Wholesale trade	5.9	4.1	3.9	3.5	2.9	2.8	3.1	3.1	2.9
Retail trade	7.0	5.8	5.1	4.8	4.7	5.1	4.6	4.8	5.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	6.6	7.1	7.6	4.8	4.8	4.7	3.8	4.6	4.4
Information	7.3	5.5	5.8	3.6	2.6	1.9	3.0	2.3	2.7
Financial activities	5.9	5.8	4.6	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.3	2.3
Finance and insurance	5.8	6.3	4.4	2.4	2.2	2.6	2.4	2.0	2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	6.1	4.5	5.0	3.4	3.2	2.7	3.1	2.9	2.5
Professional and business services	8.6	7.0	7.3	5.9	5.2	4.6	5.5	4.5	4.2
Education and health services	8.2	8.0	7.1	3.6	3.5	3.7	3.4	3.1	3.4
Educational services	4.3	4.1	5.1	3.0	2.6	2.5	2.7	2.1	2.0
Health care and social assistance	8.9	8.7	7.5	3.7	3.7	4.0	3.5	3.3	3.6
Leisure and hospitality	9.1	8.1	7.5	7.9	6.6	6.7	7.1	5.8	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	6.6	9.0	6.5	7.9	6.7	6.5	7.0	5.6	5.6
Accommodation and food services	9.5	8.0	7.7	7.9	6.6	6.7	7.1	5.9	6.3
Other services	6.7	5.8	4.6	3.8	3.2	3.7	3.7	3.3	3.5
Government	4.6	4.4	4.8	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.5
Federal	4.5	4.9	5.6	1.5	1.5	1.8	1.5	1.4	1.4
State and local	4.6	4.3	4.6	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.5
State and local education	3.6	2.9	3.2	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.5	1.5	1.5
State and local, excluding education	5.7	5.8	6.2	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.7	1.6
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)
Total	11,443	9,974	9,745	10,320	9,824	-496	7.0	6.0	5.9	6.2	5.9	-0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,379	8,959	8,710	9,291	8,693	-598	7.4	6.3	6.2	6.5	6.1	-0.4
Mining and logging	33	39	30	36	30	-6	5.3	5.8	4.6	5.3	4.5	-0.8
Construction	392	404	315	347	366	19	4.8	4.9	3.8	4.2	4.4	0.2
Manufacturing	837	707	702	668	604	-64	6.1	5.2	5.1	4.9	4.4	-0.5
Durable goods	525	459	422	395	377	-18	6.2	5.4	5.0	4.6	4.4	-0.2
Nondurable goods	312	248	281	273	227	-46	6.0	4.8	5.4	5.3	4.4	-0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	2,047	1,671	1,436	1,774	1,675	-99	6.7	5.5	4.7	5.8	5.5	-0.3
Wholesale trade	373	291	296	259	244	-15	5.9	4.6	4.7	4.1	3.9	-0.2
Retail trade	1,165	801	733	954	829	-125	7.0	4.9	4.5	5.8	5.1	-0.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	510	579	407	561	602	41	6.6	7.4	5.3	7.1	7.6	0.5
Information	241	169	181	181	190	9	7.3	5.2	5.5	5.5	5.8	0.3
Financial activities	564	461	479	565	439	-126	5.9	4.8	5.0	5.8	4.6	-1.2
Finance and insurance	411	331	349	451	312	-139	5.8	4.7	5.0	6.3	4.4	-1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	153	130	130	113	127	14	6.1	5.1	5.1	4.5	5.0	0.5
Professional and business services	2,128	1,852	1,805	1,718	1,812	94	8.6	7.5	7.3	7.0	7.3	0.3
Education and health services	2,158	1,874	1,932	2,179	1,938	-241	8.2	7.0	7.2	8.0	7.1	-0.9
Educational services	171	184	210	168	213	45	4.3	4.5	5.1	4.1	5.1	1.0
Health care and social assistance	1,987	1,690	1,722	2,010	1,725	-285	8.9	7.4	7.5	8.7	7.5	-1.2
Leisure and hospitality	1,567	1,428	1,463	1,463	1,355	-108	9.1	8.0	8.1	8.1	7.5	-0.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	161	218	243	241	172	-69	6.6	8.2	9.1	9.0	6.5	-2.5
Accommodation and food services	1,406	1,210	1,220	1,222	1,183	-39	9.5	7.9	8.0	8.0	7.7	-0.3
Other services	411	353	367	361	283	-78	6.7	5.7	5.9	5.8	4.6	-1.2
Government	1,064	1,015	1,034	1,029	1,132	103	4.6	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.8	0.4
Federal	137	140	133	149	173	24	4.5	4.6	4.4	4.9	5.6	0.7
State and local	928	876	902	881	959	78	4.6	4.3	4.4	4.3	4.6	0.3
State and local education	378	331	321	313	350	37	3.6	3.1	3.0	2.9	3.2	0.3
State and local, excluding education	550	545	580	568	609	41	5.7	5.6	5.9	5.8	6.2	0.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,885	1,617	1,623	1,629	1,473	-156	6.5	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.0	-0.5
South	4,379	4,141	4,039	4,088	4,031	-57	7.2	6.7	6.5	6.6	6.5	-0.1
Midwest	2,464	2,031	2,022	2,239	2,130	-109	7.1	5.8	5.7	6.3	6.0	-0.3
West	2,715	2,185	2,060	2,364	2,191	-173	7.0	5.6	5.3	6.0	5.6	-0.4
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)
Total	6,545	6,150	6,066	6,101	6,208	107	4.3	4.0	3.9	3.9	4.0	0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,142	5,754	5,671	5,709	5,805	96	4.7	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.4	0.1
Mining and logging	25	26	24	25	27	2	4.1	4.1	3.8	3.9	4.2	0.3
Construction	351	367	383	357	379	22	4.5	4.7	4.9	4.5	4.8	0.3
Manufacturing	467	416	373	393	460	67	3.6	3.2	2.9	3.0	3.5	0.5
Durable goods	252	217	216	209	250	41	3.2	2.7	2.7	2.6	3.1	0.5
Nondurable goods	215	199	156	183	210	27	4.4	4.1	3.2	3.8	4.3	0.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,295	1,263	1,195	1,249	1,310	61	4.5	4.4	4.1	4.3	4.5	0.2
Wholesale trade	208	194	149	178	170	-8	3.5	3.2	2.5	2.9	2.8	-0.1
Retail trade	741	728	701	723	794	71	4.8	4.7	4.5	4.7	5.1	0.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	346	341	345	348	346	-2	4.8	4.7	4.7	4.8	4.7	-0.1
Information	110	95	117	81	58	-23	3.6	3.1	3.8	2.6	1.9	-0.7
Financial activities	239	211	198	229	241	12	2.6	2.3	2.2	2.5	2.6	0.1
Finance and insurance	159	118	127	151	175	24	2.4	1.8	1.9	2.2	2.6	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	80	93	71	79	65	-14	3.4	3.8	3.0	3.2	2.7	-0.5
Professional and business services	1,325	1,114	1,169	1,205	1,066	-139	5.9	4.9	5.1	5.2	4.6	-0.6
Education and health services	875	863	883	885	941	56	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.5	3.7	0.2
Educational services	114	104	100	101	98	-3	3.0	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.5	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	761	759	783	784	844	60	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.7	4.0	0.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,241	1,182	1,089	1,100	1,104	4	7.9	7.2	6.6	6.6	6.7	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	180	193	170	162	158	-4	7.9	8.0	7.0	6.7	6.5	-0.2
Accommodation and food services	1,061	988	919	938	946	8	7.9	7.0	6.5	6.6	6.7	0.1
Other services	215	218	239	185	219	34	3.8	3.7	4.1	3.2	3.7	0.5
Government	402	396	395	391	403	12	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.8	0.1
Federal	43	48	47	45	52	7	1.5	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.8	0.3
State and local	359	348	348	346	351	5	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	0.0
State and local education	178	174	170	177	186	9	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.8	0.1
State and local, excluding education	182	173	178	169	165	-4	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.8	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	997	915	970	942	909	-33	3.7	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.3	-0.1
South	2,698	2,577	2,490	2,549	2,586	37	4.8	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.5	0.1
Midwest	1,349	1,292	1,247	1,303	1,361	58	4.2	3.9	3.8	3.9	4.1	0.2
West	1,500	1,366	1,359	1,307	1,353	46	4.2	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.7	0.1
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)
Total	6,025	5,841	5,994	5,660	5,871	211	4.0	3.8	3.9	3.6	3.8	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,655	5,506	5,643	5,306	5,523	217	4.4	4.1	4.2	4.0	4.1	0.1
Mining and logging	23	26	23	20	23	3	3.8	4.1	3.7	3.2	3.6	0.4
Construction	329	352	454	377	354	-23	4.2	4.5	5.8	4.8	4.5	-0.3
Manufacturing	439	409	394	393	449	56	3.4	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.5	0.5
Durable goods	235	209	225	199	233	34	3.0	2.6	2.8	2.5	2.9	0.4
Nondurable goods	204	199	169	194	217	23	4.2	4.1	3.5	4.0	4.4	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,180	1,267	1,241	1,262	1,347	85	4.1	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.7	0.3
Wholesale trade	185	184	160	188	173	-15	3.1	3.0	2.6	3.1	2.9	-0.2
Retail trade	718	745	747	739	852	113	4.6	4.8	4.8	4.8	5.5	0.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	277	339	334	335	321	-14	3.8	4.7	4.6	4.6	4.4	-0.2
Information	91	100	96	71	84	13	3.0	3.2	3.1	2.3	2.7	0.4
Financial activities	231	193	195	207	214	7	2.6	2.1	2.1	2.3	2.3	0.0
Finance and insurance	158	117	121	136	153	17	2.4	1.7	1.8	2.0	2.3	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	74	76	74	71	61	-10	3.1	3.2	3.1	2.9	2.5	-0.4
Professional and business services	1,230	1,062	1,134	1,041	975	-66	5.5	4.6	5.0	4.5	4.2	-0.3
Education and health services	816	794	844	777	852	75	3.4	3.2	3.4	3.1	3.4	0.3
Educational services	102	96	96	81	79	-2	2.7	2.4	2.5	2.1	2.0	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	714	699	748	696	773	77	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.3	3.6	0.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,109	1,112	1,053	967	1,023	56	7.1	6.7	6.4	5.8	6.2	0.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	161	154	166	136	137	1	7.0	6.3	6.8	5.6	5.6	0.0
Accommodation and food services	949	958	887	830	886	56	7.1	6.8	6.3	5.9	6.3	0.4
Other services	208	190	209	190	203	13	3.7	3.3	3.6	3.3	3.5	0.2
Government	369	335	351	354	348	-6	1.7	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.5	-0.1
Federal	44	39	38	41	42	1	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.4	0.0
State and local	326	295	313	313	306	-7	1.7	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.5	-0.1
State and local education	150	145	158	158	157	-1	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.5	0.0
State and local, excluding education	176	151	155	155	149	-6	1.9	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	879	799	888	804	873	69	3.2	2.9	3.2	2.9	3.1	0.2
South	2,493	2,548	2,456	2,265	2,508	243	4.4	4.4	4.3	3.9	4.3	0.4
Midwest	1,203	1,157	1,221	1,313	1,232	-81	3.7	3.5	3.7	3.9	3.7	-0.2
West	1,450	1,336	1,430	1,278	1,259	-19	4.0	3.6	3.9	3.5	3.4	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)
Total	4,208	3,980	3,842	3,765	4,015	250	2.8	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.6	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,983	3,785	3,630	3,569	3,821	252	3.1	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.9	0.2
Mining and logging	16	18	15	10	15	5	2.7	2.9	2.3	1.6	2.3	0.7
Construction	221	153	143	170	227	57	2.9	1.9	1.8	2.1	2.9	0.8
Manufacturing	313	277	256	248	293	45	2.4	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.3	0.4
Durable goods	166	142	144	123	145	22	2.1	1.8	1.8	1.5	1.8	0.3
Nondurable goods	147	134	112	125	148	23	3.0	2.8	2.3	2.6	3.0	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	857	885	875	887	897	10	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.1	0.0
Wholesale trade	111	114	102	129	111	-18	1.9	1.9	1.7	2.1	1.8	-0.3
Retail trade	557	561	560	544	578	34	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.7	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	189	210	213	213	207	-6	2.6	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.8	-0.1
Information	56	43	44	46	40	-6	1.8	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.3	-0.2
Financial activities	136	107	125	148	138	-10	1.5	1.2	1.4	1.6	1.5	-0.1
Finance and insurance	85	57	73	94	93	-1	1.3	0.8	1.1	1.4	1.4	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	50	51	52	54	44	-10	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.2	1.8	-0.4
Professional and business services	761	649	664	594	609	15	3.4	2.8	2.9	2.6	2.6	0.0
Education and health services	609	614	623	577	641	64	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.3	2.5	0.2
Educational services	71	58	61	58	53	-5	1.9	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.3	-0.2
Health care and social assistance	537	556	561	519	588	69	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.4	2.8	0.4
Leisure and hospitality	889	915	751	766	804	38	5.7	5.5	4.5	4.6	4.8	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	88	76	68	78	83	5	3.9	3.1	2.8	3.2	3.4	0.2
Accommodation and food services	801	839	682	687	721	34	6.0	6.0	4.8	4.9	5.1	0.2
Other services	127	124	135	125	158	33	2.2	2.1	2.3	2.1	2.7	0.6
Government	225	195	212	195	194	-1	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.0
Federal	20	20	17	18	19	1	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.1
State and local	204	175	195	177	175	-2	1.1	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.0
State and local education	95	88	99	101	96	-5	0.9	0.8	1.0	1.0	0.9	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	109	87	96	76	79	3	1.2	0.9	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	578	503	528	509	564	55	2.1	1.8	1.9	1.8	2.0	0.2
South	1,795	1,857	1,685	1,608	1,774	166	3.2	3.2	2.9	2.8	3.1	0.3
Midwest	838	747	777	795	812	17	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.4	0.0
West	998	873	852	853	865	12	2.8	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.3	0.0
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)
Total	1,482	1,557	1,845	1,590	1,555	-35	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.0	1.0	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,404	1,475	1,763	1,493	1,461	-32	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.1	1.1	0.0
Mining and logging	5	7	7	8	8	0	0.9	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2	0.0
Construction	100	182	302	194	123	-71	1.3	2.3	3.8	2.4	1.5	-0.9
Manufacturing	98	113	118	120	139	19	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.1	0.2
Durable goods	49	53	66	62	79	17	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.8	1.0	0.2
Nondurable goods	50	61	52	58	61	3	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.2	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	270	326	289	327	405	78	0.9	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.4	0.3
Wholesale trade	64	54	50	56	56	0	1.1	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.0
Retail trade	134	156	134	166	253	87	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.6	0.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	72	116	105	105	95	-10	1.0	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.3	-0.1
Information	30	49	49	14	35	21	1.0	1.6	1.6	0.5	1.1	0.6
Financial activities	61	38	52	44	51	7	0.7	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.1
Finance and insurance	46	20	32	28	38	10	0.7	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	14	18	21	15	13	-2	0.6	0.7	0.9	0.6	0.5	-0.1
Professional and business services	397	382	423	394	308	-86	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.3	-0.4
Education and health services	169	144	188	151	148	-3	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.0
Educational services	27	32	32	21	20	-1	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.5	0.5	0.0
Health care and social assistance	142	112	157	131	128	-3	0.7	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	203	182	276	188	206	18	1.3	1.1	1.7	1.1	1.2	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	70	72	94	56	51	-5	3.1	3.0	3.9	2.3	2.1	-0.2
Accommodation and food services	133	110	182	131	155	24	1.0	0.8	1.3	0.9	1.1	0.2
Other services	71	52	59	53	38	-15	1.2	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.6	-0.3
Government	78	82	82	97	94	-3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
Federal	11	6	6	8	8	0	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
State and local	68	76	76	89	86	-3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	-0.1
State and local education	33	36	38	38	39	1	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local, excluding education	35	40	38	52	47	-5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.5	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	251	258	323	244	253	9	0.9	0.9	1.2	0.9	0.9	0.0
South	572	561	652	550	620	70	1.0	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.1	0.2
Midwest	299	347	377	446	358	-88	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.3	1.1	-0.2
West	360	391	493	350	324	-26	1.0	1.1	1.3	1.0	0.9	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)
Total	334	304	306	305	301	-4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	268	246	250	244	241	-3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	1	1	1	2	1	-1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	-0.2
Construction	8	18	9	14	4	-10	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Manufacturing	27	19	20	25	17	-8	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Durable goods	20	14	15	13	9	-4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Nondurable goods	8	4	5	11	8	-3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	53	57	77	49	45	-4	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Wholesale trade	10	16	8	3	6	3	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Retail trade	27	29	53	28	21	-7	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	16	13	16	17	18	1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Information	5	8	4	12	9	-3	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.4	0.3	-0.1
Financial activities	35	48	17	14	25	11	0.4	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Finance and insurance	27	40	16	13	21	8	0.4	0.6	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	9	8	1	1	4	3	0.4	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	72	31	47	54	57	3	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Education and health services	39	36	33	49	62	13	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Educational services	3	5	4	3	5	2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Health care and social assistance	35	31	30	47	57	10	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	18	15	27	14	13	-1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	6	4	2	3	1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
Accommodation and food services	15	9	23	12	10	-2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other services	11	14	14	12	7	-5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Government	66	57	56	61	60	-1	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
Federal	13	14	15	15	15	0	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.0
State and local	54	44	41	46	45	-1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local education	22	21	21	19	22	3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local, excluding education	32	23	20	27	23	-4	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	50	37	37	50	56	6	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
South	127	130	119	108	114	6	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Midwest	66	63	66	73	62	-11	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
West	92	73	85	74	70	-4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)	May 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	Change from: Apr. 2023 - May 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	10,379	8,959	8,710	9,291	8,693	-598	7.4	6.3	6.2	6.5	6.1	-0.4
1 to 9 employees	1,729	1,654	1,396	1,731	1,402	-329	7.6	7.2	6.1	7.6	6.2	-1.4
10 to 49 employees	3,360	2,918	2,829	2,758	2,588	-170	7.2	6.1	6.0	5.9	5.5	-0.4
50 to 249 employees	2,925	2,436	2,525	2,675	2,654	-21	7.3	6.2	6.3	6.2	6.3	0.1
250 to 999 employees	1,391	1,038	1,040	1,193	1,082	-111	7.4	5.8	5.6	6.7	6.3	-0.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	719	625	637	644	690	46	8.5	7.0	7.3	8.1	8.2	0.1
5,000 or more employees	255	289	283	291	277	-14	7.6	6.5	6.3	7.3	6.5	-0.8
HIRES
Total private	6,142	5,754	5,671	5,709	5,805	96	4.7	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.4	0.1
1 to 9 employees	937	874	930	852	946	94	4.5	4.1	4.4	4.0	4.5	0.5
10 to 49 employees	1,973	1,978	1,892	1,853	1,885	32	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.2	4.2	0.0
50 to 249 employees	1,922	1,743	1,693	1,825	1,792	-33	5.1	4.7	4.5	4.5	4.5	0.0
250 to 999 employees	871	766	773	775	759	-16	5.0	4.5	4.4	4.7	4.7	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	361	321	312	322	334	12	4.6	3.9	3.8	4.4	4.3	-0.1
5,000 or more employees	78	72	71	82	90	8	2.5	1.7	1.7	2.2	2.3	0.1
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,655	5,506	5,643	5,306	5,523	217	4.4	4.1	4.2	4.0	4.1	0.1
1 to 9 employees	828	714	865	774	770	-4	4.0	3.4	4.1	3.7	3.6	-0.1
10 to 49 employees	1,800	2,008	1,920	1,810	1,945	135	4.1	4.5	4.4	4.1	4.4	0.3
50 to 249 employees	1,809	1,654	1,769	1,702	1,732	30	4.8	4.5	4.7	4.2	4.4	0.2
250 to 999 employees	831	730	702	699	701	2	4.8	4.3	4.0	4.2	4.3	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	335	334	325	265	311	46	4.3	4.1	4.0	3.6	4.0	0.4
5,000 or more employees	52	66	61	57	64	7	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.6	0.1
QUITS
Total private	3,983	3,785	3,630	3,569	3,821	252	3.1	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.9	0.2
1 to 9 employees	538	478	461	489	597	108	2.6	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.8	0.5
10 to 49 employees	1,353	1,412	1,279	1,280	1,399	119	3.1	3.1	2.9	2.9	3.1	0.2
50 to 249 employees	1,314	1,178	1,213	1,161	1,168	7	3.5	3.2	3.2	2.8	2.9	0.1
250 to 999 employees	540	468	441	440	441	1	3.1	2.8	2.5	2.7	2.7	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	206	208	198	165	178	13	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.3	0.0
5,000 or more employees	34	41	38	34	39	5	1.1	1.0	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.1
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,404	1,475	1,763	1,493	1,461	-32	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.1	1.1	0.0
1 to 9 employees	226	156	345	218	143	-75	1.1	0.7	1.6	1.0	0.7	-0.3
10 to 49 employees	385	525	548	437	464	27	0.9	1.2	1.2	1.0	1.0	0.0
50 to 249 employees	421	429	501	505	498	-7	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.3	0.1
250 to 999 employees	250	246	245	236	233	-3	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	110	104	110	82	108	26	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.4	0.3
5,000 or more employees	11	16	16	15	16	1	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	268	246	250	244	241	-3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	64	81	60	67	31	-36	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.1	-0.2
10 to 49 employees	62	71	93	92	83	-9	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
50 to 249 employees	74	47	55	37	66	29	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
250 to 999 employees	41	17	16	23	26	3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	19	23	18	18	25	7	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
5,000 or more employees	7	8	8	7	10	3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)
Total	11,297	10,856	9,566	6.9	6.5	5.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,241	9,819	8,430	7.3	6.9	5.9
Mining and logging	30	38	26	4.8	5.7	3.9
Construction	433	387	396	5.3	4.7	4.7
Manufacturing	829	660	579	6.1	4.9	4.3
Durable goods	516	387	358	6.1	4.6	4.2
Nondurable goods	312	273	221	6.1	5.3	4.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	2,036	1,770	1,658	6.7	5.8	5.5
Wholesale trade	395	290	251	6.2	4.6	4.0
Retail trade	1,146	904	804	7.0	5.6	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	495	577	603	6.5	7.4	7.7
Information	237	186	186	7.2	5.7	5.7
Financial activities	520	603	392	5.4	6.2	4.1
Finance and insurance	369	484	269	5.3	6.8	3.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	150	120	123	6.0	4.8	4.8
Professional and business services	2,047	1,746	1,706	8.4	7.1	6.9
Education and health services	2,047	2,363	1,814	7.8	8.6	6.7
Educational services	168	172	214	4.3	4.1	5.1
Health care and social assistance	1,879	2,191	1,600	8.4	9.4	7.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,666	1,639	1,407	9.5	9.1	7.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	180	268	186	7.1	10.2	6.9
Accommodation and food services	1,486	1,371	1,221	9.9	8.9	7.9
Other services	396	425	265	6.5	6.8	4.3
Government	1,056	1,037	1,136	4.5	4.3	4.7
Federal	124	172	161	4.1	5.6	5.2
State and local	932	865	975	4.6	4.1	4.6
State and local education	376	294	359	3.5	2.6	3.2
State and local, excluding education	556	571	616	5.8	5.9	6.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,922	1,658	1,480	6.6	5.6	5.0
South	4,269	4,304	3,874	7.0	6.9	6.2
Midwest	2,474	2,455	2,099	7.1	6.9	5.9
West	2,632	2,440	2,113	6.8	6.2	5.4
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)
Total	7,231	6,277	6,850	4.7	4.0	4.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,797	5,978	6,423	5.2	4.5	4.8
Mining and logging	26	29	29	4.3	4.5	4.5
Construction	435	460	464	5.6	5.9	5.8
Manufacturing	508	395	503	4.0	3.1	3.9
Durable goods	277	208	277	3.5	2.6	3.4
Nondurable goods	231	187	227	4.8	3.8	4.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,347	1,169	1,385	4.7	4.1	4.8
Wholesale trade	215	198	178	3.6	3.3	2.9
Retail trade	809	708	895	5.3	4.6	5.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	323	263	312	4.5	3.7	4.3
Information	122	71	65	4.0	2.3	2.1
Financial activities	261	262	259	2.9	2.9	2.9
Finance and insurance	162	165	183	2.4	2.5	2.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	98	97	76	4.2	4.0	3.2
Professional and business services	1,426	1,291	1,126	6.4	5.6	4.9
Education and health services	862	881	946	3.6	3.5	3.7
Educational services	99	74	82	2.6	1.8	2.1
Health care and social assistance	763	807	864	3.7	3.8	4.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,535	1,216	1,370	9.6	7.4	8.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	328	228	277	14.0	9.6	11.0
Accommodation and food services	1,207	988	1,093	8.9	7.1	7.7
Other services	274	204	275	4.8	3.5	4.7
Government	434	298	427	1.9	1.3	1.9
Federal	44	43	57	1.5	1.5	2.0
State and local	390	255	370	2.0	1.3	1.8
State and local education	116	86	125	1.1	0.8	1.2
State and local, excluding education	274	170	245	3.0	1.8	2.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,166	1,060	1,038	4.3	3.8	3.7
South	2,923	2,574	2,801	5.2	4.5	4.8
Midwest	1,563	1,298	1,593	4.8	3.9	4.8
West	1,580	1,344	1,418	4.4	3.7	3.8
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)
Total	5,924	5,578	5,707	3.9	3.6	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,513	5,328	5,318	4.2	4.0	4.0
Mining and logging	23	20	24	3.8	3.2	3.7
Construction	299	342	321	3.8	4.4	4.0
Manufacturing	432	424	450	3.4	3.3	3.5
Durable goods	233	221	234	2.9	2.7	2.9
Nondurable goods	199	203	216	4.1	4.2	4.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,079	1,208	1,189	3.8	4.2	4.1
Wholesale trade	173	206	166	2.9	3.4	2.7
Retail trade	685	705	785	4.5	4.6	5.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	221	297	238	3.1	4.1	3.3
Information	84	77	74	2.8	2.5	2.4
Financial activities	224	219	216	2.5	2.4	2.4
Finance and insurance	152	149	158	2.3	2.2	2.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	72	71	58	3.0	2.9	2.4
Professional and business services	1,225	1,113	939	5.5	4.9	4.1
Education and health services	847	793	878	3.5	3.1	3.5
Educational services	133	64	93	3.5	1.6	2.3
Health care and social assistance	714	729	785	3.5	3.4	3.7
Leisure and hospitality	1,078	947	1,008	6.8	5.8	6.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	118	111	102	5.0	4.7	4.1
Accommodation and food services	960	837	906	7.1	6.0	6.3
Other services	222	183	218	3.9	3.1	3.7
Government	411	250	389	1.8	1.1	1.7
Federal	40	35	40	1.4	1.2	1.4
State and local	371	215	349	1.9	1.1	1.7
State and local education	215	93	228	2.1	0.9	2.1
State and local, excluding education	156	123	122	1.7	1.3	1.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	786	768	775	2.9	2.8	2.8
South	2,504	2,255	2,513	4.4	3.9	4.3
Midwest	1,209	1,236	1,218	3.7	3.7	3.7
West	1,424	1,318	1,200	4.0	3.6	3.2
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)
Total	4,226	3,820	4,036	2.8	2.5	2.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,965	3,676	3,809	3.1	2.8	2.9
Mining and logging	17	11	15	2.8	1.7	2.4
Construction	206	162	219	2.7	2.1	2.8
Manufacturing	312	268	296	2.4	2.1	2.3
Durable goods	166	139	146	2.1	1.7	1.8
Nondurable goods	146	129	150	3.0	2.6	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	830	891	858	2.9	3.1	3.0
Wholesale trade	100	147	101	1.7	2.4	1.7
Retail trade	558	526	579	3.6	3.4	3.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	171	218	178	2.4	3.0	2.5
Information	52	48	34	1.7	1.6	1.1
Financial activities	138	167	142	1.5	1.8	1.6
Finance and insurance	90	111	101	1.4	1.7	1.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	48	56	41	2.0	2.3	1.7
Professional and business services	750	663	582	3.3	2.9	2.5
Education and health services	599	587	636	2.5	2.3	2.5
Educational services	81	49	59	2.1	1.2	1.5
Health care and social assistance	518	538	577	2.5	2.5	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	923	762	844	5.8	4.7	5.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	77	64	73	3.3	2.7	2.9
Accommodation and food services	846	699	771	6.2	5.0	5.4
Other services	138	117	182	2.4	2.0	3.1
Government	261	143	228	1.2	0.6	1.0
Federal	20	16	19	0.7	0.6	0.6
State and local	241	127	209	1.2	0.6	1.0
State and local education	132	60	134	1.3	0.6	1.2
State and local, excluding education	110	67	75	1.2	0.7	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	560	515	548	2.1	1.9	2.0
South	1,803	1,651	1,794	3.2	2.9	3.1
Midwest	859	777	833	2.6	2.3	2.5
West	1,006	878	861	2.8	2.4	2.3
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)
Total	1,383	1,468	1,385	0.9	0.9	0.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,298	1,408	1,281	1.0	1.1	1.0
Mining and logging	5	8	8	0.8	1.2	1.2
Construction	85	165	99	1.1	2.1	1.2
Manufacturing	92	131	138	0.7	1.0	1.1
Durable goods	46	68	79	0.6	0.8	1.0
Nondurable goods	46	63	59	1.0	1.3	1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	199	270	289	0.7	0.9	1.0
Wholesale trade	64	56	60	1.1	0.9	1.0
Retail trade	99	154	187	0.6	1.0	1.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	36	61	42	0.5	0.9	0.6
Information	28	16	31	0.9	0.5	1.0
Financial activities	46	41	43	0.5	0.4	0.5
Finance and insurance	34	27	34	0.5	0.4	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	13	14	9	0.5	0.6	0.4
Professional and business services	422	401	313	1.9	1.8	1.4
Education and health services	207	150	176	0.9	0.6	0.7
Educational services	48	13	28	1.3	0.3	0.7
Health care and social assistance	159	137	148	0.8	0.6	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	140	173	153	0.9	1.1	0.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	38	45	26	1.6	1.9	1.0
Accommodation and food services	102	127	126	0.7	0.9	0.9
Other services	73	54	31	1.3	0.9	0.5
Government	85	60	104	0.4	0.3	0.5
Federal	8	6	7	0.3	0.2	0.3
State and local	77	54	97	0.4	0.3	0.5
State and local education	58	22	70	0.6	0.2	0.6
State and local, excluding education	19	32	27	0.2	0.3	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	183	205	175	0.7	0.7	0.6
South	582	514	612	1.0	0.9	1.1
Midwest	284	384	322	0.9	1.2	1.0
West	334	364	276	0.9	1.0	0.7
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)
Total	314	290	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	249	244	228	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	2	1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Construction	7	15	3	0.1	0.2	0.0
Manufacturing	28	25	17	0.2	0.2	0.1
Durable goods	21	14	9	0.3	0.2	0.1
Nondurable goods	7	11	8	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	51	46	42	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wholesale trade	9	3	5	0.1	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	28	26	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	15	17	17	0.2	0.2	0.2
Information	4	13	8	0.1	0.4	0.3
Financial activities	40	11	30	0.4	0.1	0.3
Finance and insurance	28	11	23	0.4	0.2	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	12	1	8	0.5	0.0	0.3
Professional and business services	54	49	43	0.2	0.2	0.2
Education and health services	40	57	66	0.2	0.2	0.3
Educational services	4	2	7	0.1	0.1	0.2
Health care and social assistance	36	55	59	0.2	0.3	0.3
Leisure and hospitality	15	12	11	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	1	3	0.1	0.1	0.1
Accommodation and food services	12	11	8	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other services	10	12	6	0.2	0.2	0.1
Government	64	47	57	0.3	0.2	0.3
Federal	12	13	14	0.4	0.4	0.5
State and local	53	34	44	0.3	0.2	0.2
State and local education	25	10	24	0.2	0.1	0.2
State and local, excluding education	27	24	19	0.3	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	44	49	52	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	119	91	108	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	66	75	63	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	85	76	63	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)	May 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	10,241	9,819	8,430	7.3	6.9	5.9
1 to 9 employees	1,551	1,996	1,236	6.9	8.7	5.5
10 to 49 employees	3,425	2,980	2,555	7.3	6.4	5.4
50 to 249 employees	2,993	2,777	2,696	7.4	6.4	6.4
250 to 999 employees	1,368	1,188	1,053	7.3	6.7	6.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	663	598	629	7.9	7.6	7.5
5,000 or more employees	241	280	261	7.2	7.1	6.2
HIRES
Total private	6,797	5,978	6,423	5.2	4.5	4.8
1 to 9 employees	958	1,049	998	4.6	5.0	4.7
10 to 49 employees	2,304	2,036	2,179	5.3	4.7	4.9
50 to 249 employees	2,226	1,874	2,066	5.9	4.6	5.2
250 to 999 employees	902	696	782	5.2	4.2	4.8
1,000 to 4,999 employees	337	262	313	4.3	3.6	4.0
5,000 or more employees	70	61	85	2.3	1.7	2.1
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,513	5,328	5,318	4.2	4.0	4.0
1 to 9 employees	775	778	725	3.7	3.7	3.4
10 to 49 employees	1,788	1,924	1,921	4.1	4.4	4.3
50 to 249 employees	1,779	1,685	1,676	4.8	4.2	4.2
250 to 999 employees	819	661	669	4.7	4.0	4.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	302	233	266	3.9	3.2	3.4
5,000 or more employees	50	48	61	1.6	1.3	1.5
QUITS
Total private	3,965	3,676	3,809	3.1	2.8	2.9
1 to 9 employees	494	491	568	2.4	2.3	2.7
10 to 49 employees	1,376	1,421	1,432	3.2	3.3	3.2
50 to 249 employees	1,333	1,171	1,182	3.6	2.9	3.0
250 to 999 employees	538	412	435	3.1	2.5	2.7
1,000 to 4,999 employees	189	151	153	2.4	2.1	2.0
5,000 or more employees	34	31	39	1.1	0.9	1.0
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,298	1,408	1,281	1.0	1.1	1.0
1 to 9 employees	226	216	132	1.1	1.0	0.6
10 to 49 employees	358	412	413	0.8	0.9	0.9
50 to 249 employees	373	477	427	1.0	1.2	1.1
250 to 999 employees	239	224	207	1.4	1.4	1.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	94	68	90	1.2	0.9	1.2
5,000 or more employees	9	10	12	0.3	0.3	0.3
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	249	244	228	0.2	0.2	0.2
1 to 9 employees	55	71	25	0.3	0.3	0.1
10 to 49 employees	55	91	76	0.1	0.2	0.2
50 to 249 employees	73	37	67	0.2	0.1	0.2
250 to 999 employees	42	24	27	0.2	0.1	0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	18	14	24	0.2	0.2	0.3
5,000 or more employees	7	6	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.