Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, August 29, 2023    USDL-23-1890
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JULY 2023

The number of job openings edged down to 8.8 million on the last business day of July, the U.S. Bureau 
of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations changed 
little at 5.8 million and 5.5 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.5 million) decreased, while 
layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number and 
rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class.
   
Job Openings

On the last business day of July, the number of job openings edged down to 8.8 million (-338,000), 
while the rate changed little at 5.3 percent. Over the month, job openings decreased in professional and 
business services (-198,000); health care and social assistance (-130,000); state and local government, 
excluding education (-67,000); state and local government education (-62,000); and federal government 
(-27,000). By contrast, job openings increased in information (+101,000) and in transportation, 
warehousing, and utilities (+75,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In July, the number and rate of hires changed little at 5.8 million and 3.7 percent, respectively. The 
number of hires changed little in all industries. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

The number and rate of total separations in July were little changed at 5.5 million and 3.5 percent, 
respectively. Over the month, the number of total separations decreased in accommodation and food 
services (-132,000). (See table 3.)

In July, the number of quits decreased to 3.5 million (-253,000), while the rate changed little at 2.3 
percent. The number of quits declined in accommodation and food services (-166,000); wholesale trade  
(-27,000); and arts, entertainment, and recreation (-17,000). The number of quits increased in state and 
local government education (+18,000). (See table 4.)

In July, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million, and the rate held at 1.0 
percent. The number of layoffs and discharges changed little in all industries. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in July at 378,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In July, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw little change in all data elements. Establishments with 
more than 5,000 employees had decreases in their quits rates and total separations rates. (See table 7.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for August 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, October 3, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

     

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	11,380	9,165	8,827	6,340	5,940	5,773	5,864	5,691	5,483
Total private	10,266	8,048	7,866	5,935	5,554	5,413	5,523	5,365	5,131
Mining and logging	35	31	26	25	26	27	18	27	24
Construction	353	386	363	398	372	386	375	318	368
Manufacturing	885	580	550	434	396	402	414	391	414
Durable goods	523	364	349	239	203	205	223	195	207
Nondurable goods	362	215	202	195	194	197	190	197	207
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,760	1,450	1,493	1,318	1,174	1,191	1,205	1,163	1,136
Wholesale trade	269	269	237	169	143	149	157	149	127
Retail trade	920	737	737	791	717	743	717	699	715
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	571	444	519	359	314	299	332	314	294
Information	253	159	260	102	79	83	97	86	107
Financial activities	642	457	497	233	183	201	216	166	174
Finance and insurance	486	328	343	149	109	121	138	105	111
Real estate and rental and leasing	156	129	153	84	74	80	78	60	63
Professional and business services	2,086	1,534	1,336	1,251	1,113	1,091	1,232	1,123	1,071
Education and health services	2,237	1,910	1,800	862	934	852	742	842	766
Educational services	210	173	193	99	104	94	75	94	90
Health care and social assistance	2,027	1,737	1,607	763	830	758	666	749	675
Leisure and hospitality	1,552	1,166	1,228	1,098	1,057	985	1,030	1,025	872
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	197	162	163	159	182	150	161	161	139
Accommodation and food services	1,355	1,004	1,065	939	874	836	869	865	733
Other services	463	376	312	214	220	194	194	224	199
Government	1,114	1,117	962	404	386	360	341	326	352
Federal	174	155	128	50	49	46	35	42	38
State and local	940	962	834	354	337	314	306	284	314
State and local education	340	288	226	173	177	152	151	153	169
State and local, excluding education	600	674	607	180	160	163	155	131	145
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	6.9	5.5	5.3	4.1	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.6	3.5
Total private	7.3	5.7	5.6	4.5	4.2	4.1	4.2	4.0	3.8
Mining and logging	5.3	4.6	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.2	2.9	4.3	3.7
Construction	4.3	4.6	4.4	5.1	4.7	4.8	4.8	4.0	4.6
Manufacturing	6.4	4.3	4.1	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.0	3.2
Durable goods	6.1	4.3	4.1	3.0	2.5	2.5	2.8	2.4	2.5
Nondurable goods	6.9	4.2	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5.8	4.8	4.9	4.6	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.0	3.9
Wholesale trade	4.3	4.3	3.8	2.8	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.1
Retail trade	5.6	4.5	4.5	5.1	4.6	4.8	4.6	4.5	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	7.3	5.7	6.7	4.9	4.3	4.1	4.6	4.3	4.0
Information	7.5	4.9	7.8	3.3	2.6	2.7	3.1	2.8	3.5
Financial activities	6.6	4.8	5.1	2.6	2.0	2.2	2.4	1.8	1.9
Finance and insurance	6.8	4.6	4.9	2.2	1.6	1.8	2.1	1.6	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	6.2	5.1	5.9	3.5	3.1	3.3	3.3	2.5	2.6
Professional and business services	8.4	6.2	5.5	5.5	4.8	4.7	5.4	4.9	4.7
Education and health services	8.4	7.0	6.6	3.5	3.7	3.4	3.0	3.3	3.0
Educational services	5.2	4.2	4.7	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.0	2.4	2.3
Health care and social assistance	9.0	7.5	7.0	3.7	3.9	3.5	3.2	3.5	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	8.9	6.6	6.9	6.9	6.4	5.9	6.5	6.2	5.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	7.9	6.2	6.2	6.9	7.4	6.1	7.0	6.5	5.6
Accommodation and food services	9.1	6.6	7.0	6.9	6.2	5.9	6.4	6.1	5.2
Other services	7.5	6.0	5.0	3.7	3.7	3.3	3.4	3.8	3.4
Government	4.8	4.7	4.1	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.5
Federal	5.7	5.0	4.2	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.2	1.4	1.3
State and local	4.6	4.6	4.0	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.6
State and local education	3.2	2.7	2.1	1.7	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.6
State and local, excluding education	6.2	6.8	6.1	2.0	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.4	1.6
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)
Total	11,380	10,320	9,616	9,165	8,827	-338	6.9	6.2	5.8	5.5	5.3	-0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,266	9,291	8,496	8,048	7,866	-182	7.3	6.5	6.0	5.7	5.6	-0.1
Mining and logging	35	36	32	31	26	-5	5.3	5.3	4.7	4.6	3.9	-0.7
Construction	353	347	379	386	363	-23	4.3	4.2	4.6	4.6	4.4	-0.2
Manufacturing	885	668	608	580	550	-30	6.4	4.9	4.5	4.3	4.1	-0.2
Durable goods	523	395	379	364	349	-15	6.1	4.6	4.5	4.3	4.1	-0.2
Nondurable goods	362	273	229	215	202	-13	6.9	5.3	4.5	4.2	4.0	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,760	1,774	1,638	1,450	1,493	43	5.8	5.8	5.4	4.8	4.9	0.1
Wholesale trade	269	259	252	269	237	-32	4.3	4.1	4.0	4.3	3.8	-0.5
Retail trade	920	954	816	737	737	0	5.6	5.8	5.0	4.5	4.5	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	571	561	571	444	519	75	7.3	7.1	7.3	5.7	6.7	1.0
Information	253	181	190	159	260	101	7.5	5.5	5.8	4.9	7.8	2.9
Financial activities	642	565	430	457	497	40	6.6	5.8	4.5	4.8	5.1	0.3
Finance and insurance	486	451	306	328	343	15	6.8	6.3	4.4	4.6	4.9	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	156	113	124	129	153	24	6.2	4.5	4.9	5.1	5.9	0.8
Professional and business services	2,086	1,718	1,695	1,534	1,336	-198	8.4	7.0	6.9	6.2	5.5	-0.7
Education and health services	2,237	2,179	1,905	1,910	1,800	-110	8.4	8.0	7.0	7.0	6.6	-0.4
Educational services	210	168	204	173	193	20	5.2	4.1	4.9	4.2	4.7	0.5
Health care and social assistance	2,027	2,010	1,701	1,737	1,607	-130	9.0	8.7	7.4	7.5	7.0	-0.5
Leisure and hospitality	1,552	1,463	1,303	1,166	1,228	62	8.9	8.1	7.3	6.6	6.9	0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	197	241	154	162	163	1	7.9	9.0	5.9	6.2	6.2	0.0
Accommodation and food services	1,355	1,222	1,149	1,004	1,065	61	9.1	8.0	7.5	6.6	7.0	0.4
Other services	463	361	317	376	312	-64	7.5	5.8	5.1	6.0	5.0	-1.0
Government	1,114	1,029	1,120	1,117	962	-155	4.8	4.4	4.7	4.7	4.1	-0.6
Federal	174	149	181	155	128	-27	5.7	4.9	5.9	5.0	4.2	-0.8
State and local	940	881	938	962	834	-128	4.6	4.3	4.5	4.6	4.0	-0.6
State and local education	340	313	338	288	226	-62	3.2	2.9	3.1	2.7	2.1	-0.6
State and local, excluding education	600	568	600	674	607	-67	6.2	5.8	6.1	6.8	6.1	-0.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,803	1,629	1,436	1,493	1,522	29	6.2	5.5	4.9	5.1	5.2	0.1
South	4,292	4,088	4,035	3,785	3,429	-356	7.0	6.6	6.5	6.1	5.6	-0.5
Midwest	2,439	2,239	2,106	1,918	1,849	-69	6.9	6.3	5.9	5.4	5.2	-0.2
West	2,847	2,364	2,039	1,970	2,027	57	7.3	6.0	5.2	5.1	5.2	0.1
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)
Total	6,340	6,101	6,231	5,940	5,773	-167	4.1	3.9	4.0	3.8	3.7	-0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,935	5,709	5,828	5,554	5,413	-141	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.1	-0.1
Mining and logging	25	25	29	26	27	1	4.1	3.9	4.5	4.1	4.2	0.1
Construction	398	357	361	372	386	14	5.1	4.5	4.5	4.7	4.8	0.1
Manufacturing	434	393	451	396	402	6	3.4	3.0	3.5	3.1	3.1	0.0
Durable goods	239	209	250	203	205	2	3.0	2.6	3.1	2.5	2.5	0.0
Nondurable goods	195	183	201	194	197	3	4.0	3.8	4.1	4.0	4.1	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,318	1,249	1,325	1,174	1,191	17	4.6	4.3	4.6	4.1	4.1	0.0
Wholesale trade	169	178	170	143	149	6	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.4	2.5	0.1
Retail trade	791	723	819	717	743	26	5.1	4.7	5.3	4.6	4.8	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	359	348	336	314	299	-15	4.9	4.8	4.6	4.3	4.1	-0.2
Information	102	81	67	79	83	4	3.3	2.6	2.2	2.6	2.7	0.1
Financial activities	233	229	233	183	201	18	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.0	2.2	0.2
Finance and insurance	149	151	171	109	121	12	2.2	2.2	2.5	1.6	1.8	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	84	79	62	74	80	6	3.5	3.2	2.6	3.1	3.3	0.2
Professional and business services	1,251	1,205	1,117	1,113	1,091	-22	5.5	5.2	4.8	4.8	4.7	-0.1
Education and health services	862	885	948	934	852	-82	3.5	3.5	3.8	3.7	3.4	-0.3
Educational services	99	101	99	104	94	-10	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.4	-0.2
Health care and social assistance	763	784	849	830	758	-72	3.7	3.7	4.0	3.9	3.5	-0.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,098	1,100	1,077	1,057	985	-72	6.9	6.6	6.5	6.4	5.9	-0.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	159	162	150	182	150	-32	6.9	6.7	6.2	7.4	6.1	-1.3
Accommodation and food services	939	938	926	874	836	-38	6.9	6.6	6.6	6.2	5.9	-0.3
Other services	214	185	221	220	194	-26	3.7	3.2	3.8	3.7	3.3	-0.4
Government	404	391	403	386	360	-26	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.6	-0.1
Federal	50	45	51	49	46	-3	1.8	1.5	1.7	1.7	1.6	-0.1
State and local	354	346	352	337	314	-23	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.6	-0.1
State and local education	173	177	185	177	152	-25	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.5	-0.2
State and local, excluding education	180	169	167	160	163	3	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	921	942	900	884	861	-23	3.4	3.4	3.2	3.2	3.1	-0.1
South	2,686	2,549	2,631	2,495	2,398	-97	4.7	4.4	4.5	4.3	4.1	-0.2
Midwest	1,337	1,303	1,366	1,214	1,196	-18	4.1	3.9	4.1	3.6	3.6	0.0
West	1,396	1,307	1,334	1,347	1,318	-29	3.9	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.6	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)
Total	5,864	5,660	5,925	5,691	5,483	-208	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.6	3.5	-0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,523	5,306	5,579	5,365	5,131	-234	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.0	3.8	-0.2
Mining and logging	18	20	25	27	24	-3	2.9	3.2	3.8	4.3	3.7	-0.6
Construction	375	377	341	318	368	50	4.8	4.8	4.3	4.0	4.6	0.6
Manufacturing	414	393	445	391	414	23	3.2	3.0	3.4	3.0	3.2	0.2
Durable goods	223	199	238	195	207	12	2.8	2.5	2.9	2.4	2.5	0.1
Nondurable goods	190	194	207	197	207	10	3.9	4.0	4.2	4.0	4.3	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,205	1,262	1,346	1,163	1,136	-27	4.2	4.4	4.7	4.0	3.9	-0.1
Wholesale trade	157	188	173	149	127	-22	2.6	3.1	2.9	2.5	2.1	-0.4
Retail trade	717	739	847	699	715	16	4.6	4.8	5.4	4.5	4.6	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	332	335	326	314	294	-20	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.3	4.0	-0.3
Information	97	71	83	86	107	21	3.1	2.3	2.7	2.8	3.5	0.7
Financial activities	216	207	203	166	174	8	2.4	2.3	2.2	1.8	1.9	0.1
Finance and insurance	138	136	145	105	111	6	2.1	2.0	2.2	1.6	1.6	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	78	71	58	60	63	3	3.3	2.9	2.4	2.5	2.6	0.1
Professional and business services	1,232	1,041	1,014	1,123	1,071	-52	5.4	4.5	4.4	4.9	4.7	-0.2
Education and health services	742	777	889	842	766	-76	3.0	3.1	3.5	3.3	3.0	-0.3
Educational services	75	81	89	94	90	-4	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.4	2.3	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	666	696	801	749	675	-74	3.2	3.3	3.8	3.5	3.1	-0.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,030	967	1,024	1,025	872	-153	6.5	5.8	6.2	6.2	5.3	-0.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	161	136	141	161	139	-22	7.0	5.6	5.8	6.5	5.6	-0.9
Accommodation and food services	869	830	883	865	733	-132	6.4	5.9	6.3	6.1	5.2	-0.9
Other services	194	190	210	224	199	-25	3.4	3.3	3.6	3.8	3.4	-0.4
Government	341	354	346	326	352	26	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.5	0.1
Federal	35	41	44	42	38	-4	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.3	-0.1
State and local	306	313	303	284	314	30	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.6	0.2
State and local education	151	158	156	153	169	16	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.6	0.1
State and local, excluding education	155	155	146	131	145	14	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.4	1.6	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	891	804	864	828	838	10	3.3	2.9	3.1	3.0	3.0	0.0
South	2,416	2,265	2,604	2,391	2,297	-94	4.2	3.9	4.5	4.1	4.0	-0.1
Midwest	1,203	1,313	1,218	1,214	1,147	-67	3.7	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.4	-0.2
West	1,353	1,278	1,239	1,258	1,200	-58	3.7	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.3	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)
Total	4,016	3,765	4,067	3,802	3,549	-253	2.6	2.4	2.6	2.4	2.3	-0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,810	3,569	3,869	3,618	3,341	-277	2.9	2.7	2.9	2.7	2.5	-0.2
Mining and logging	11	10	16	16	16	0	1.9	1.6	2.5	2.4	2.5	0.1
Construction	195	170	207	180	187	7	2.5	2.1	2.6	2.3	2.3	0.0
Manufacturing	280	248	283	258	271	13	2.2	1.9	2.2	2.0	2.1	0.1
Durable goods	155	123	143	123	125	2	1.9	1.5	1.8	1.5	1.5	0.0
Nondurable goods	124	125	140	135	145	10	2.5	2.6	2.9	2.8	3.0	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	854	887	913	798	782	-16	3.0	3.1	3.2	2.8	2.7	-0.1
Wholesale trade	91	129	115	106	79	-27	1.5	2.1	1.9	1.8	1.3	-0.5
Retail trade	554	544	593	493	534	41	3.6	3.5	3.8	3.2	3.4	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	209	213	204	199	169	-30	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.7	2.3	-0.4
Information	47	46	34	48	55	7	1.5	1.5	1.1	1.5	1.8	0.3
Financial activities	162	148	133	125	105	-20	1.8	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.1	-0.3
Finance and insurance	108	94	92	77	62	-15	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.1	0.9	-0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	54	54	41	48	43	-5	2.3	2.2	1.7	2.0	1.7	-0.3
Professional and business services	812	594	637	612	605	-7	3.6	2.6	2.8	2.7	2.6	-0.1
Education and health services	532	577	675	614	553	-61	2.2	2.3	2.7	2.4	2.2	-0.2
Educational services	45	58	61	55	51	-4	1.2	1.5	1.6	1.4	1.3	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	487	519	613	559	502	-57	2.4	2.4	2.9	2.6	2.3	-0.3
Leisure and hospitality	798	766	809	828	645	-183	5.0	4.6	4.9	5.0	3.9	-1.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	80	78	83	106	89	-17	3.5	3.2	3.4	4.3	3.6	-0.7
Accommodation and food services	718	687	725	722	556	-166	5.3	4.9	5.1	5.1	3.9	-1.2
Other services	117	125	163	139	123	-16	2.0	2.1	2.8	2.4	2.1	-0.3
Government	206	195	197	184	208	24	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.1
Federal	16	18	20	20	18	-2	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	-0.1
State and local	190	177	177	164	190	26	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.8	1.0	0.2
State and local education	99	101	97	100	118	18	1.0	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.1	0.1
State and local, excluding education	91	76	80	64	72	8	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	580	509	549	475	486	11	2.1	1.8	2.0	1.7	1.7	0.0
South	1,705	1,608	1,872	1,683	1,558	-125	3.0	2.8	3.2	2.9	2.7	-0.2
Midwest	827	795	809	812	750	-62	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.2	-0.2
West	904	853	836	832	756	-76	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.0	-0.3
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)
Total	1,497	1,590	1,546	1,551	1,555	4	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,424	1,493	1,460	1,464	1,467	3	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.0
Mining and logging	4	8	8	11	6	-5	0.7	1.2	1.3	1.7	0.9	-0.8
Construction	163	194	127	122	171	49	2.1	2.4	1.6	1.5	2.1	0.6
Manufacturing	100	120	142	113	119	6	0.8	0.9	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.0
Durable goods	46	62	84	61	67	6	0.6	0.8	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.0
Nondurable goods	54	58	58	51	52	1	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.1	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	295	327	387	312	298	-14	1.0	1.1	1.3	1.1	1.0	-0.1
Wholesale trade	52	56	52	34	32	-2	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.6	0.5	-0.1
Retail trade	139	166	232	180	161	-19	0.9	1.1	1.5	1.2	1.0	-0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	104	105	103	97	105	8	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4	0.1
Information	37	14	41	26	39	13	1.2	0.5	1.3	0.8	1.3	0.5
Financial activities	30	44	50	24	42	18	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.5	0.2
Finance and insurance	12	28	37	14	25	11	0.2	0.4	0.6	0.2	0.4	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	18	15	13	11	17	6	0.8	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.7	0.3
Professional and business services	341	394	310	423	362	-61	1.5	1.7	1.3	1.8	1.6	-0.2
Education and health services	166	151	151	181	159	-22	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6	-0.1
Educational services	25	21	22	32	33	1	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.8	0.8	0.0
Health care and social assistance	140	131	130	149	126	-23	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	222	188	202	183	211	28	1.4	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.3	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	79	56	55	51	44	-7	3.4	2.3	2.2	2.1	1.8	-0.3
Accommodation and food services	143	131	147	132	167	35	1.1	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.2	0.3
Other services	66	53	41	69	60	-9	1.1	0.9	0.7	1.2	1.0	-0.2
Government	72	97	86	87	88	1	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
Federal	5	8	8	8	8	0	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
State and local	67	89	78	79	80	1	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local education	29	38	37	34	27	-7	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0
State and local, excluding education	38	52	41	45	53	8	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	258	244	256	269	306	37	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.1	0.1
South	582	550	616	591	570	-21	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.0
Midwest	325	446	342	322	313	-9	1.0	1.3	1.0	1.0	0.9	-0.1
West	331	350	332	369	367	-2	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.0
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)
Total	351	305	313	339	378	39	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	289	244	250	284	323	39	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	3	2	1	1	2	1	0.4	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Construction	17	14	7	16	9	-7	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Manufacturing	34	25	20	20	25	5	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Durable goods	22	13	12	10	15	5	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nondurable goods	11	11	8	10	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	57	49	47	52	56	4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Wholesale trade	15	3	6	8	15	7	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.2
Retail trade	23	28	23	26	20	-6	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	20	17	19	18	20	2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
Information	13	12	8	12	12	0	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.0
Financial activities	24	14	20	16	28	12	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Finance and insurance	18	13	16	15	24	9	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	6	1	4	1	4	3	0.2	0.0	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Professional and business services	78	54	66	88	105	17	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.1
Education and health services	44	49	63	47	54	7	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Educational services	5	3	5	7	6	-1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Health care and social assistance	39	47	57	40	47	7	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	9	14	13	14	17	3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1	2	3	4	6	2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Accommodation and food services	8	12	10	10	11	1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other services	11	12	6	16	16	0	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.0
Government	62	61	63	55	55	0	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Federal	13	15	15	14	12	-2	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	-0.1
State and local	49	46	48	41	43	2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local education	23	19	22	19	23	4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local, excluding education	26	27	26	22	20	-2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	53	50	59	84	47	-37	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
South	129	108	117	118	169	51	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Midwest	52	73	66	80	84	4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
West	118	74	70	58	78	20	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)	July 2022	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023	July 2023(p)	Change from: June 2023 - July 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	10,266	9,291	8,496	8,048	7,866	-182	7.3	6.5	6.0	5.7	5.6	-0.1
1 to 9 employees	1,682	1,731	1,439	1,472	1,567	95	7.2	7.6	6.3	6.3	6.7	0.4
10 to 49 employees	3,265	2,758	2,559	2,435	2,379	-56	6.7	5.9	5.5	5.4	5.1	-0.3
50 to 249 employees	2,898	2,675	2,514	2,303	2,159	-144	7.3	6.2	6.0	5.5	5.2	-0.3
250 to 999 employees	1,393	1,193	1,080	1,003	933	-70	8.0	6.7	6.1	5.5	5.4	-0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	733	644	643	566	543	-23	8.6	8.1	7.9	7.1	6.8	-0.3
5,000 or more employees	296	291	262	269	284	15	8.0	7.3	6.5	6.4	6.6	0.2
HIRES
Total private	5,935	5,709	5,828	5,554	5,413	-141	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.1	-0.1
1 to 9 employees	939	852	951	875	862	-13	4.3	4.0	4.4	4.0	3.9	-0.1
10 to 49 employees	1,890	1,853	1,863	1,772	1,673	-99	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.1	3.8	-0.3
50 to 249 employees	1,844	1,825	1,803	1,833	1,781	-52	5.0	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.5	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	823	775	820	734	724	-10	5.1	4.7	4.9	4.2	4.4	0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	361	322	305	257	288	31	4.6	4.4	4.1	3.5	3.9	0.4
5,000 or more employees	78	82	86	82	85	3	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.1	0.0
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,523	5,306	5,579	5,365	5,131	-234	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.0	3.8	-0.2
1 to 9 employees	825	774	805	798	747	-51	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.4	-0.3
10 to 49 employees	1,759	1,810	1,958	1,780	1,863	83	3.9	4.1	4.4	4.1	4.2	0.1
50 to 249 employees	1,719	1,702	1,722	1,668	1,498	-170	4.7	4.2	4.3	4.2	3.8	-0.4
250 to 999 employees	843	699	736	749	677	-72	5.2	4.2	4.4	4.3	4.1	-0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	318	265	294	296	280	-16	4.1	3.6	3.9	4.0	3.8	-0.2
5,000 or more employees	60	57	63	75	66	-9	1.7	1.5	1.7	1.9	1.6	-0.3
QUITS
Total private	3,810	3,569	3,869	3,618	3,341	-277	2.9	2.7	2.9	2.7	2.5	-0.2
1 to 9 employees	544	489	626	514	454	-60	2.5	2.3	2.9	2.4	2.1	-0.3
10 to 49 employees	1,315	1,280	1,420	1,256	1,248	-8	2.9	2.9	3.2	2.9	2.8	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	1,200	1,161	1,165	1,191	1,022	-169	3.3	2.8	2.9	3.0	2.6	-0.4
250 to 999 employees	509	440	450	445	420	-25	3.2	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	204	165	169	165	157	-8	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.1	-0.1
5,000 or more employees	37	34	39	47	40	-7	1.1	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.0	-0.2
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,424	1,493	1,460	1,464	1,467	3	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.0
1 to 9 employees	202	218	160	214	236	22	0.9	1.0	0.7	1.0	1.1	0.1
10 to 49 employees	368	437	451	445	506	61	0.8	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	0.1
50 to 249 employees	447	505	487	419	412	-7	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.0	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	300	236	246	260	202	-58	1.9	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.2	-0.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	94	82	102	107	95	-12	1.2	1.1	1.4	1.4	1.3	-0.1
5,000 or more employees	12	15	15	18	16	-2	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	-0.1
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	289	244	250	284	323	39	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	79	67	18	70	57	-13	0.4	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.0
10 to 49 employees	75	92	87	79	109	30	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
50 to 249 employees	71	37	70	58	63	5	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
250 to 999 employees	34	23	40	43	55	12	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	19	18	24	24	27	3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.1
5,000 or more employees	10	7	10	9	11	2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)
Total	12,392	8,885	9,515	7.5	5.4	5.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	11,162	7,736	8,479	7.8	5.4	5.9
Mining and logging	39	29	28	5.9	4.3	4.2
Construction	380	397	385	4.5	4.7	4.5
Manufacturing	938	575	567	6.8	4.2	4.2
Durable goods	558	365	362	6.5	4.3	4.2
Nondurable goods	380	210	205	7.2	4.1	4.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,965	1,411	1,650	6.4	4.7	5.4
Wholesale trade	291	266	242	4.6	4.2	3.8
Retail trade	1,067	697	859	6.4	4.3	5.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	608	448	550	7.9	5.9	7.2
Information	261	152	265	7.7	4.7	7.9
Financial activities	703	427	565	7.2	4.4	5.8
Finance and insurance	535	300	399	7.4	4.3	5.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	168	127	166	6.5	4.9	6.3
Professional and business services	2,242	1,444	1,424	9.0	5.9	5.8
Education and health services	2,410	1,775	1,928	9.1	6.6	7.1
Educational services	246	166	229	6.5	4.3	5.9
Health care and social assistance	2,164	1,610	1,699	9.5	7.0	7.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,734	1,160	1,339	9.4	6.3	7.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	198	142	159	7.0	4.9	5.4
Accommodation and food services	1,536	1,017	1,180	9.8	6.5	7.5
Other services	489	366	328	7.8	5.8	5.2
Government	1,230	1,149	1,036	5.5	4.8	4.6
Federal	184	160	123	6.0	5.2	4.0
State and local	1,047	989	914	5.4	4.8	4.7
State and local education	429	320	279	4.6	3.1	3.0
State and local, excluding education	617	669	635	6.2	6.6	6.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,920	1,445	1,617	6.6	4.9	5.5
South	4,820	3,695	3,776	7.8	6.0	6.1
Midwest	2,654	1,859	1,955	7.5	5.3	5.6
West	2,997	1,886	2,168	7.6	4.8	5.5
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)
Total	7,004	6,848	6,227	4.6	4.4	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,533	6,374	5,820	5.0	4.7	4.3
Mining and logging	27	29	28	4.3	4.5	4.4
Construction	442	437	435	5.5	5.4	5.3
Manufacturing	484	477	446	3.7	3.7	3.4
Durable goods	260	238	219	3.3	2.9	2.7
Nondurable goods	223	239	227	4.5	4.9	4.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,316	1,210	1,155	4.6	4.2	4.0
Wholesale trade	192	159	163	3.2	2.6	2.7
Retail trade	775	793	730	5.0	5.1	4.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	348	257	262	4.9	3.6	3.7
Information	115	84	92	3.7	2.7	3.0
Financial activities	265	185	228	2.9	2.0	2.5
Finance and insurance	168	107	130	2.5	1.6	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	97	77	97	4.0	3.1	3.9
Professional and business services	1,407	1,249	1,200	6.2	5.4	5.2
Education and health services	1,007	1,027	980	4.2	4.1	3.9
Educational services	131	125	121	3.7	3.4	3.3
Health care and social assistance	876	902	859	4.3	4.2	4.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,229	1,384	1,039	7.4	8.0	6.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	165	321	148	6.2	11.7	5.3
Accommodation and food services	1,064	1,063	891	7.6	7.3	6.1
Other services	243	293	216	4.2	4.9	3.6
Government	471	474	407	2.2	2.1	1.9
Federal	53	46	47	1.8	1.6	1.6
State and local	419	428	360	2.3	2.2	1.9
State and local education	206	167	169	2.3	1.6	1.9
State and local, excluding education	213	261	190	2.3	2.7	2.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,087	1,093	976	4.0	3.9	3.5
South	2,925	2,763	2,577	5.1	4.7	4.4
Midwest	1,438	1,483	1,250	4.4	4.4	3.8
West	1,554	1,509	1,424	4.3	4.1	3.8
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)
Total	6,461	6,039	6,060	4.2	3.8	3.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,048	5,543	5,638	4.6	4.1	4.2
Mining and logging	19	25	26	3.1	3.9	3.9
Construction	397	309	401	5.0	3.8	4.9
Manufacturing	446	408	444	3.4	3.1	3.4
Durable goods	237	201	215	3.0	2.5	2.6
Nondurable goods	208	207	229	4.2	4.2	4.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,256	1,090	1,152	4.4	3.8	4.0
Wholesale trade	165	151	130	2.7	2.5	2.1
Retail trade	762	682	750	4.9	4.4	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	329	257	272	4.6	3.6	3.8
Information	99	88	111	3.2	2.8	3.6
Financial activities	243	165	194	2.7	1.8	2.1
Finance and insurance	150	103	116	2.2	1.5	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	93	62	78	3.9	2.5	3.1
Professional and business services	1,317	1,161	1,166	5.8	5.0	5.0
Education and health services	884	982	897	3.7	3.9	3.6
Educational services	98	160	112	2.8	4.3	3.1
Health care and social assistance	786	822	785	3.8	3.8	3.7
Leisure and hospitality	1,148	1,071	1,018	6.9	6.2	5.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	150	144	141	5.7	5.2	5.1
Accommodation and food services	998	927	876	7.1	6.4	6.0
Other services	239	244	231	4.1	4.1	3.9
Government	413	495	422	2.0	2.2	2.0
Federal	37	42	38	1.3	1.4	1.3
State and local	377	453	383	2.1	2.3	2.1
State and local education	218	322	239	2.5	3.2	2.6
State and local, excluding education	159	130	145	1.7	1.4	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	961	889	940	3.5	3.2	3.4
South	2,690	2,532	2,532	4.7	4.3	4.4
Midwest	1,294	1,290	1,245	4.0	3.9	3.7
West	1,516	1,328	1,342	4.2	3.6	3.6
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)
Total	4,615	4,097	4,091	3.0	2.6	2.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,367	3,799	3,836	3.3	2.8	2.9
Mining and logging	13	17	18	2.1	2.6	2.8
Construction	241	191	240	3.0	2.3	2.9
Manufacturing	307	283	296	2.4	2.2	2.3
Durable goods	167	131	130	2.1	1.6	1.6
Nondurable goods	141	152	166	2.9	3.1	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	941	785	841	3.3	2.7	2.9
Wholesale trade	100	109	85	1.7	1.8	1.4
Retail trade	609	496	581	3.9	3.2	3.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	232	179	175	3.3	2.5	2.5
Information	54	46	63	1.7	1.5	2.0
Financial activities	181	126	115	2.0	1.4	1.2
Finance and insurance	120	74	65	1.8	1.1	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	61	53	49	2.5	2.1	2.0
Professional and business services	903	649	690	4.0	2.8	3.0
Education and health services	631	680	638	2.6	2.7	2.5
Educational services	63	85	64	1.8	2.3	1.7
Health care and social assistance	568	594	574	2.8	2.8	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	943	876	793	5.6	5.1	4.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	98	110	109	3.7	4.0	3.9
Accommodation and food services	846	766	684	6.0	5.3	4.7
Other services	152	148	142	2.6	2.5	2.4
Government	248	298	255	1.2	1.3	1.2
Federal	17	21	18	0.6	0.7	0.6
State and local	231	277	237	1.3	1.4	1.3
State and local education	132	205	159	1.5	2.0	1.8
State and local, excluding education	99	73	78	1.1	0.8	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	674	502	590	2.5	1.8	2.1
South	1,952	1,832	1,758	3.4	3.1	3.0
Midwest	946	874	870	2.9	2.6	2.6
West	1,043	890	873	2.9	2.4	2.4
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)
Total	1,447	1,553	1,516	0.9	1.0	1.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,363	1,443	1,423	1.0	1.1	1.1
Mining and logging	4	7	5	0.6	1.1	0.8
Construction	138	107	151	1.7	1.3	1.8
Manufacturing	101	105	119	0.8	0.8	0.9
Durable goods	45	59	67	0.6	0.7	0.8
Nondurable goods	55	45	52	1.1	0.9	1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	254	257	254	0.9	0.9	0.9
Wholesale trade	49	34	29	0.8	0.6	0.5
Retail trade	128	161	148	0.8	1.0	1.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	76	63	77	1.1	0.9	1.1
Information	33	30	35	1.1	1.0	1.1
Financial activities	36	24	49	0.4	0.3	0.5
Finance and insurance	12	16	26	0.2	0.2	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	25	8	23	1.0	0.3	0.9
Professional and business services	317	408	329	1.4	1.8	1.4
Education and health services	209	248	200	0.9	1.0	0.8
Educational services	29	62	40	0.8	1.7	1.1
Health care and social assistance	180	185	160	0.9	0.9	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	196	179	207	1.2	1.0	1.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	51	30	26	1.9	1.1	0.9
Accommodation and food services	145	150	181	1.0	1.0	1.2
Other services	75	79	71	1.3	1.3	1.2
Government	84	110	93	0.4	0.5	0.4
Federal	5	7	8	0.2	0.2	0.3
State and local	79	103	86	0.4	0.5	0.5
State and local education	49	69	41	0.6	0.7	0.5
State and local, excluding education	30	34	45	0.3	0.4	0.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	225	288	294	0.8	1.0	1.1
South	602	569	587	1.1	1.0	1.0
Midwest	294	320	277	0.9	1.0	0.8
West	325	376	359	0.9	1.0	1.0
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)
Total	399	388	453	0.3	0.2	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	318	301	380	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mining and logging	2	1	2	0.4	0.2	0.3
Construction	17	11	9	0.2	0.1	0.1
Manufacturing	38	20	28	0.3	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	26	10	17	0.3	0.1	0.2
Nondurable goods	12	10	11	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	61	49	57	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	16	8	16	0.3	0.1	0.3
Retail trade	25	25	21	0.2	0.2	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	20	16	20	0.3	0.2	0.3
Information	12	12	13	0.4	0.4	0.4
Financial activities	25	14	30	0.3	0.2	0.3
Finance and insurance	18	13	25	0.3	0.2	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	8	1	5	0.3	0.0	0.2
Professional and business services	96	105	146	0.4	0.5	0.6
Education and health services	45	55	59	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	6	13	9	0.2	0.3	0.2
Health care and social assistance	39	43	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	9	16	18	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1	4	6	0.0	0.2	0.2
Accommodation and food services	8	12	12	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other services	11	17	18	0.2	0.3	0.3
Government	82	87	73	0.4	0.4	0.3
Federal	15	14	12	0.5	0.5	0.4
State and local	67	73	61	0.4	0.4	0.3
State and local education	37	49	39	0.4	0.5	0.4
State and local, excluding education	30	24	22	0.3	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	62	99	56	0.2	0.4	0.2
South	137	131	188	0.2	0.2	0.3
Midwest	54	95	98	0.2	0.3	0.3
West	147	62	111	0.4	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)	July 2022	June 2023	July 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	11,162	7,736	8,479	7.8	5.4	5.9
1 to 9 employees	2,045	1,300	1,910	8.6	5.6	8.0
10 to 49 employees	3,603	2,368	2,571	7.3	5.2	5.4
50 to 249 employees	3,102	2,290	2,279	7.8	5.4	5.4
250 to 999 employees	1,392	995	919	7.9	5.4	5.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	733	528	529	8.5	6.6	6.6
5,000 or more employees	288	255	270	7.7	6.1	6.2
HIRES
Total private	6,533	6,374	5,820	5.0	4.7	4.3
1 to 9 employees	1,171	904	1,038	5.4	4.1	4.7
10 to 49 employees	2,094	2,068	1,804	4.6	4.8	4.0
50 to 249 employees	1,948	2,182	1,853	5.3	5.4	4.7
250 to 999 employees	862	866	740	5.3	5.0	4.5
1,000 to 4,999 employees	371	262	290	4.7	3.5	3.9
5,000 or more employees	87	93	95	2.5	2.4	2.3
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	6,048	5,543	5,638	4.6	4.1	4.2
1 to 9 employees	1,011	795	930	4.6	3.6	4.2
10 to 49 employees	1,932	1,837	2,045	4.2	4.2	4.6
50 to 249 employees	1,844	1,731	1,612	5.0	4.3	4.1
250 to 999 employees	872	795	704	5.4	4.6	4.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	325	298	277	4.1	4.0	3.7
5,000 or more employees	63	88	72	1.8	2.2	1.8
QUITS
Total private	4,367	3,799	3,836	3.3	2.8	2.9
1 to 9 employees	702	535	601	3.2	2.4	2.7
10 to 49 employees	1,506	1,290	1,426	3.3	3.0	3.2
50 to 249 employees	1,334	1,257	1,138	3.6	3.1	2.9
250 to 999 employees	561	492	462	3.5	2.8	2.8
1,000 to 4,999 employees	223	170	166	2.8	2.3	2.2
5,000 or more employees	41	55	43	1.2	1.4	1.1
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,363	1,443	1,423	1.0	1.1	1.1
1 to 9 employees	211	193	251	1.0	0.9	1.1
10 to 49 employees	346	462	494	0.8	1.1	1.1
50 to 249 employees	435	410	400	1.2	1.0	1.0
250 to 999 employees	278	256	184	1.7	1.5	1.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	81	99	79	1.0	1.3	1.1
5,000 or more employees	12	23	15	0.3	0.6	0.4
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	318	301	380	0.2	0.2	0.3
1 to 9 employees	98	67	77	0.5	0.3	0.4
10 to 49 employees	79	84	125	0.2	0.2	0.3
50 to 249 employees	76	63	74	0.2	0.2	0.2
250 to 999 employees	33	47	58	0.2	0.3	0.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	21	29	32	0.3	0.4	0.4
5,000 or more employees	10	10	13	0.3	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.