Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, December 5, 2023   USDL-23-2528
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                               JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – OCTOBER 2023

The number of job openings decreased to 8.7 million on the last business day of October, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations 
changed little at 5.9 million and 5.6 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.6 million) and 
layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number and 
rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class.
   
Job Openings

On the last business day of October, the number of job openings decreased to 8.7 million (-617,000). 
The job openings rate, at 5.3 percent, decreased by 0.3 percentage point over the month and 1.1 points 
over the year. Over the month, job openings decreased in health care and social assistance (-236,000), 
finance and insurance (-168,000), and real estate and rental and leasing (-49,000). Job openings 
increased in information (+39,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In October, the number and rate of hires changed little at 5.9 million and 3.7 percent, respectively. The 
number of hires decreased in accommodation and food services (-110,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. The quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ 
willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the 
employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to 
other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations in October changed little at 5.6 million, and the rate was unchanged at 
3.6 percent for the fifth consecutive month. Over the month, the number of total separations increased in 
professional and business services (+121,000). (See table 3.)

In October, the number of quits changed little at 3.6 million, and the rate was 2.3 percent for the fourth 
consecutive month. The number of quits increased in professional and business services (+97,000).    
(See table 4.)

In October, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million, and the rate was 
unchanged at 1.0 percent. The number of layoffs and discharges changed little in all industries. (See 
table 5.)

The number of other separations changed little in October at 377,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In October, the job openings, hires, and total separations rates changed little for establishments with 1 to 
9 employees. The quits rate and total separations rate decreased for establishments with 5,000 or more 
employees. (See table 7.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for November 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, January 3, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

     

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	10,471	9,350	8,733	6,164	5,904	5,886	5,846	5,595	5,646
Total private	9,519	8,381	7,746	5,777	5,536	5,514	5,488	5,288	5,344
Mining and logging	41	35	27	21	22	24	18	21	25
Construction	398	427	423	351	309	375	325	312	346
Manufacturing	735	601	587	442	390	372	397	382	369
Durable goods	476	357	365	233	214	205	204	207	208
Nondurable goods	258	243	222	209	176	167	192	175	161
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,591	1,333	1,238	1,244	1,216	1,149	1,220	1,181	1,146
Wholesale trade	281	233	207	167	161	159	151	154	141
Retail trade	818	645	543	722	750	674	742	731	680
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	491	455	488	355	305	316	327	296	325
Information	230	133	172	99	74	57	94	81	68
Financial activities	603	616	399	218	202	208	222	204	213
Finance and insurance	413	441	273	142	125	134	142	127	142
Real estate and rental and leasing	190	175	126	77	77	74	79	77	71
Professional and business services	1,890	1,658	1,751	1,168	1,095	1,189	1,125	1,067	1,188
Education and health services	2,151	1,906	1,668	823	863	901	749	766	809
Educational services	160	177	175	98	96	101	102	91	94
Health care and social assistance	1,991	1,729	1,493	724	767	800	647	675	715
Leisure and hospitality	1,612	1,359	1,223	1,191	1,148	1,043	1,123	1,080	997
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	197	190	178	135	155	160	133	167	135
Accommodation and food services	1,415	1,168	1,044	1,056	993	883	990	914	862
Other services	268	313	261	221	217	197	216	194	184
Government	952	970	987	387	368	372	358	306	303
Federal	127	162	176	43	44	40	37	41	35
State and local	824	808	811	344	324	332	321	266	268
State and local education	295	307	284	176	170	174	166	136	136
State and local, excluding education	530	501	526	167	154	157	156	129	131
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	6.4	5.6	5.3	4.0	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.6	3.6
Total private	6.7	5.9	5.5	4.4	4.1	4.1	4.2	3.9	4.0
Mining and logging	6.2	5.2	4.0	3.4	3.4	3.7	2.9	3.3	3.8
Construction	4.8	5.1	5.0	4.5	3.9	4.7	4.2	3.9	4.3
Manufacturing	5.4	4.4	4.3	3.4	3.0	2.9	3.1	2.9	2.8
Durable goods	5.6	4.2	4.3	2.9	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.6
Nondurable goods	5.0	4.8	4.4	4.3	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.6	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5.2	4.4	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.1	4.0
Wholesale trade	4.5	3.7	3.3	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.3
Retail trade	5.0	4.0	3.4	4.7	4.8	4.3	4.8	4.7	4.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	6.3	5.9	6.3	4.9	4.2	4.4	4.5	4.1	4.5
Information	6.9	4.1	5.3	3.2	2.4	1.8	3.0	2.6	2.2
Financial activities	6.2	6.3	4.2	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.2	2.3
Finance and insurance	5.8	6.2	3.9	2.1	1.9	2.0	2.1	1.9	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	7.4	6.7	4.9	3.2	3.2	3.0	3.3	3.2	2.9
Professional and business services	7.7	6.7	7.1	5.1	4.8	5.2	4.9	4.6	5.2
Education and health services	8.0	6.9	6.1	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.0	3.0	3.1
Educational services	4.0	4.3	4.2	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.3	2.4
Health care and social assistance	8.7	7.4	6.4	3.5	3.5	3.7	3.1	3.1	3.3
Leisure and hospitality	9.1	7.5	6.8	7.4	6.9	6.2	7.0	6.5	6.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	7.7	7.1	6.6	5.7	6.2	6.4	5.6	6.7	5.4
Accommodation and food services	9.3	7.6	6.8	7.7	7.0	6.2	7.2	6.4	6.1
Other services	4.5	5.1	4.2	3.8	3.7	3.3	3.8	3.3	3.1
Government	4.1	4.1	4.1	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.3	1.3
Federal	4.2	5.2	5.6	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.2
State and local	4.1	3.9	3.9	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.3	1.3
State and local education	2.8	2.8	2.6	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.3	1.3
State and local, excluding education	5.5	5.1	5.3	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.4	1.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)
Total	10,471	8,920	9,497	9,350	8,733	-617	6.4	5.4	5.7	5.6	5.3	-0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	9,519	7,958	8,433	8,381	7,746	-635	6.7	5.6	5.9	5.9	5.5	-0.4
Mining and logging	41	26	30	35	27	-8	6.2	3.9	4.5	5.2	4.0	-1.2
Construction	398	353	375	427	423	-4	4.8	4.2	4.5	5.1	5.0	-0.1
Manufacturing	735	544	604	601	587	-14	5.4	4.0	4.4	4.4	4.3	-0.1
Durable goods	476	368	378	357	365	8	5.6	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.3	0.1
Nondurable goods	258	177	226	243	222	-21	5.0	3.5	4.5	4.8	4.4	-0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,591	1,442	1,309	1,333	1,238	-95	5.2	4.8	4.3	4.4	4.1	-0.3
Wholesale trade	281	246	236	233	207	-26	4.5	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.3	-0.4
Retail trade	818	713	651	645	543	-102	5.0	4.4	4.0	4.0	3.4	-0.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	491	483	421	455	488	33	6.3	6.2	5.5	5.9	6.3	0.4
Information	230	254	201	133	172	39	6.9	7.6	6.1	4.1	5.3	1.2
Financial activities	603	476	553	616	399	-217	6.2	4.9	5.7	6.3	4.2	-2.1
Finance and insurance	413	321	410	441	273	-168	5.8	4.6	5.8	6.2	3.9	-2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	190	154	142	175	126	-49	7.4	6.0	5.5	6.7	4.9	-1.8
Professional and business services	1,890	1,432	1,737	1,658	1,751	93	7.7	5.9	7.0	6.7	7.1	0.4
Education and health services	2,151	1,891	1,971	1,906	1,668	-238	8.0	6.9	7.2	6.9	6.1	-0.8
Educational services	160	175	164	177	175	-2	4.0	4.3	4.0	4.3	4.2	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	1,991	1,716	1,808	1,729	1,493	-236	8.7	7.4	7.7	7.4	6.4	-1.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,612	1,231	1,233	1,359	1,223	-136	9.1	6.9	6.9	7.5	6.8	-0.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	197	156	166	190	178	-12	7.7	6.0	6.3	7.1	6.6	-0.5
Accommodation and food services	1,415	1,075	1,068	1,168	1,044	-124	9.3	7.1	7.0	7.6	6.8	-0.8
Other services	268	308	420	313	261	-52	4.5	5.0	6.7	5.1	4.2	-0.9
Government	952	962	1,064	970	987	17	4.1	4.1	4.5	4.1	4.1	0.0
Federal	127	151	174	162	176	14	4.2	4.9	5.6	5.2	5.6	0.4
State and local	824	812	890	808	811	3	4.1	4.0	4.3	3.9	3.9	0.0
State and local education	295	219	330	307	284	-23	2.8	2.1	3.0	2.8	2.6	-0.2
State and local, excluding education	530	592	560	501	526	25	5.5	6.0	5.7	5.1	5.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,775	1,490	1,548	1,571	1,519	-52	6.1	5.1	5.2	5.3	5.1	-0.2
South	4,038	3,511	3,763	3,804	3,515	-289	6.6	5.7	6.1	6.1	5.7	-0.4
Midwest	2,129	1,827	2,085	2,002	1,809	-193	6.1	5.2	5.9	5.6	5.1	-0.5
West	2,528	2,092	2,101	1,973	1,890	-83	6.5	5.4	5.4	5.1	4.8	-0.3
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)
Total	6,164	5,822	5,850	5,904	5,886	-18	4.0	3.7	3.7	3.8	3.7	-0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,777	5,464	5,475	5,536	5,514	-22	4.4	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	0.0
Mining and logging	21	28	27	22	24	2	3.4	4.3	4.1	3.4	3.7	0.3
Construction	351	382	372	309	375	66	4.5	4.8	4.6	3.9	4.7	0.8
Manufacturing	442	405	392	390	372	-18	3.4	3.1	3.0	3.0	2.9	-0.1
Durable goods	233	214	203	214	205	-9	2.9	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.5	-0.1
Nondurable goods	209	191	189	176	167	-9	4.3	3.9	3.9	3.6	3.4	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,244	1,183	1,118	1,216	1,149	-67	4.3	4.1	3.9	4.2	4.0	-0.2
Wholesale trade	167	147	146	161	159	-2	2.8	2.4	2.4	2.6	2.6	0.0
Retail trade	722	737	656	750	674	-76	4.7	4.7	4.2	4.8	4.3	-0.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	355	299	317	305	316	11	4.9	4.1	4.4	4.2	4.4	0.2
Information	99	85	71	74	57	-17	3.2	2.8	2.3	2.4	1.8	-0.6
Financial activities	218	206	212	202	208	6	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.3	0.1
Finance and insurance	142	127	142	125	134	9	2.1	1.9	2.1	1.9	2.0	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	77	79	70	77	74	-3	3.2	3.3	2.9	3.2	3.0	-0.2
Professional and business services	1,168	1,090	1,108	1,095	1,189	94	5.1	4.7	4.8	4.8	5.2	0.4
Education and health services	823	865	893	863	901	38	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.5	0.1
Educational services	98	93	95	96	101	5	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.5	0.1
Health care and social assistance	724	772	798	767	800	33	3.5	3.6	3.7	3.5	3.7	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	1,191	1,019	1,077	1,148	1,043	-105	7.4	6.1	6.5	6.9	6.2	-0.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	135	152	165	155	160	5	5.7	6.2	6.7	6.2	6.4	0.2
Accommodation and food services	1,056	867	911	993	883	-110	7.7	6.1	6.4	7.0	6.2	-0.8
Other services	221	203	206	217	197	-20	3.8	3.5	3.5	3.7	3.3	-0.4
Government	387	357	375	368	372	4	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	0.0
Federal	43	46	41	44	40	-4	1.5	1.6	1.4	1.5	1.4	-0.1
State and local	344	312	334	324	332	8	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.7	0.1
State and local education	176	140	175	170	174	4	1.7	1.4	1.7	1.6	1.7	0.1
State and local, excluding education	167	171	159	154	157	3	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.7	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	883	871	933	930	892	-38	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.3	3.2	-0.1
South	2,548	2,456	2,518	2,515	2,439	-76	4.5	4.2	4.3	4.3	4.2	-0.1
Midwest	1,282	1,188	1,200	1,185	1,248	63	3.9	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.7	0.2
West	1,451	1,307	1,200	1,274	1,308	34	4.0	3.5	3.2	3.4	3.5	0.1
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)
Total	5,846	5,638	5,687	5,595	5,646	51	3.8	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,488	5,268	5,343	5,288	5,344	56	4.2	3.9	4.0	3.9	4.0	0.1
Mining and logging	18	25	26	21	25	4	2.9	3.8	4.0	3.3	3.8	0.5
Construction	325	364	344	312	346	34	4.2	4.6	4.3	3.9	4.3	0.4
Manufacturing	397	415	384	382	369	-13	3.1	3.2	3.0	2.9	2.8	-0.1
Durable goods	204	211	192	207	208	1	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.6	0.1
Nondurable goods	192	204	193	175	161	-14	3.9	4.2	4.0	3.6	3.3	-0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,220	1,158	1,119	1,181	1,146	-35	4.2	4.0	3.9	4.1	4.0	-0.1
Wholesale trade	151	125	139	154	141	-13	2.5	2.1	2.3	2.5	2.3	-0.2
Retail trade	742	714	655	731	680	-51	4.8	4.6	4.2	4.7	4.4	-0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	327	318	325	296	325	29	4.5	4.4	4.5	4.1	4.5	0.4
Information	94	113	68	81	68	-13	3.0	3.7	2.2	2.6	2.2	-0.4
Financial activities	222	181	215	204	213	9	2.4	2.0	2.3	2.2	2.3	0.1
Finance and insurance	142	112	141	127	142	15	2.1	1.7	2.1	1.9	2.1	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	79	69	74	77	71	-6	3.3	2.8	3.0	3.2	2.9	-0.3
Professional and business services	1,125	1,096	1,123	1,067	1,188	121	4.9	4.8	4.9	4.6	5.2	0.6
Education and health services	749	759	800	766	809	43	3.0	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.1	0.1
Educational services	102	95	88	91	94	3	2.7	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.4	0.1
Health care and social assistance	647	664	712	675	715	40	3.1	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.3	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	1,123	953	1,048	1,080	997	-83	7.0	5.7	6.3	6.5	6.0	-0.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	133	144	160	167	135	-32	5.6	5.8	6.5	6.7	5.4	-1.3
Accommodation and food services	990	809	888	914	862	-52	7.2	5.7	6.3	6.4	6.1	-0.3
Other services	216	205	215	194	184	-10	3.8	3.5	3.7	3.3	3.1	-0.2
Government	358	370	344	306	303	-3	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.3	1.3	0.0
Federal	37	39	32	41	35	-6	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.4	1.2	-0.2
State and local	321	331	312	266	268	2	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.3	1.3	0.0
State and local education	166	165	165	136	136	0	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.3	1.3	0.0
State and local, excluding education	156	166	148	129	131	2	1.7	1.8	1.6	1.4	1.4	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	797	826	752	781	933	152	2.9	3.0	2.7	2.8	3.3	0.5
South	2,500	2,376	2,402	2,366	2,371	5	4.4	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	0.0
Midwest	1,237	1,191	1,291	1,191	1,104	-87	3.8	3.6	3.9	3.6	3.3	-0.3
West	1,312	1,245	1,241	1,256	1,238	-18	3.6	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.3	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)
Total	4,048	3,619	3,663	3,646	3,628	-18	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,829	3,409	3,455	3,460	3,441	-19	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.6	0.0
Mining and logging	13	16	15	12	15	3	2.1	2.4	2.3	1.8	2.3	0.5
Construction	153	182	159	138	173	35	2.0	2.3	2.0	1.7	2.2	0.5
Manufacturing	273	259	230	231	225	-6	2.1	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.7	-0.1
Durable goods	144	125	107	123	127	4	1.8	1.5	1.3	1.5	1.6	0.1
Nondurable goods	129	134	123	108	98	-10	2.6	2.8	2.5	2.2	2.0	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	904	799	759	826	778	-48	3.1	2.8	2.6	2.9	2.7	-0.2
Wholesale trade	97	81	97	84	87	3	1.6	1.3	1.6	1.4	1.4	0.0
Retail trade	595	528	466	554	492	-62	3.8	3.4	3.0	3.6	3.2	-0.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	212	190	196	188	199	11	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.7	0.1
Information	32	57	23	45	37	-8	1.0	1.8	0.7	1.5	1.2	-0.3
Financial activities	142	112	141	133	123	-10	1.6	1.2	1.5	1.5	1.3	-0.2
Finance and insurance	93	65	94	92	89	-3	1.4	1.0	1.4	1.4	1.3	-0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	49	47	47	41	33	-8	2.1	1.9	1.9	1.7	1.4	-0.3
Professional and business services	712	600	617	591	688	97	3.1	2.6	2.7	2.6	3.0	0.4
Education and health services	583	524	575	550	560	10	2.4	2.1	2.3	2.1	2.2	0.1
Educational services	56	55	52	58	65	7	1.5	1.4	1.3	1.5	1.6	0.1
Health care and social assistance	527	469	523	492	494	2	2.5	2.2	2.4	2.3	2.3	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	871	732	812	814	751	-63	5.4	4.4	4.9	4.9	4.5	-0.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	74	90	105	86	78	-8	3.2	3.7	4.2	3.5	3.1	-0.4
Accommodation and food services	796	642	707	729	674	-55	5.8	4.5	5.0	5.1	4.7	-0.4
Other services	146	129	125	120	92	-28	2.5	2.2	2.1	2.0	1.6	-0.4
Government	219	211	208	186	187	1	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.0
Federal	16	18	15	18	16	-2	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.5	-0.1
State and local	203	192	193	168	171	3	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.1
State and local education	105	115	92	87	84	-3	1.0	1.1	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.0
State and local, excluding education	98	78	101	81	88	7	1.1	0.8	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	522	473	418	489	486	-3	1.9	1.7	1.5	1.7	1.7	0.0
South	1,818	1,617	1,669	1,632	1,612	-20	3.2	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.8	0.0
Midwest	821	745	802	738	756	18	2.5	2.2	2.4	2.2	2.3	0.1
West	887	784	774	787	774	-13	2.4	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	0.0
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)
Total	1,525	1,681	1,682	1,610	1,642	32	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,451	1,577	1,592	1,542	1,571	29	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
Mining and logging	4	7	9	9	7	-2	0.7	1.1	1.4	1.4	1.1	-0.3
Construction	167	178	175	157	163	6	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.0	2.0	0.0
Manufacturing	102	134	136	131	125	-6	0.8	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
Durable goods	48	73	76	70	68	-2	0.6	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	-0.1
Nondurable goods	54	60	60	61	57	-4	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	276	304	290	290	295	5	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
Wholesale trade	44	41	33	64	46	-18	0.7	0.7	0.5	1.1	0.8	-0.3
Retail trade	127	158	154	136	139	3	0.8	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	104	105	103	90	110	20	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.5	0.3
Information	47	46	28	24	18	-6	1.5	1.5	0.9	0.8	0.6	-0.2
Financial activities	63	43	48	55	63	8	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.1
Finance and insurance	39	26	27	24	38	14	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	24	17	21	31	25	-6	1.0	0.7	0.9	1.3	1.0	-0.3
Professional and business services	360	417	431	401	410	9	1.6	1.8	1.9	1.7	1.8	0.1
Education and health services	143	174	183	174	199	25	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.1
Educational services	39	34	34	28	26	-2	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.0
Health care and social assistance	103	141	149	146	173	27	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	226	212	217	240	210	-30	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.3	-0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	55	49	52	78	55	-23	2.4	2.0	2.1	3.1	2.2	-0.9
Accommodation and food services	170	163	165	162	155	-7	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.1	0.0
Other services	64	62	75	61	81	20	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.0	1.4	0.4
Government	74	104	90	68	71	3	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0
Federal	7	7	6	8	8	0	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
State and local	68	96	84	60	63	3	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0
State and local education	34	28	52	34	42	8	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.1
State and local, excluding education	33	68	32	26	21	-5	0.4	0.7	0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	239	309	265	227	371	144	0.9	1.1	0.9	0.8	1.3	0.5
South	595	615	599	632	590	-42	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.0	-0.1
Midwest	343	368	437	389	299	-90	1.0	1.1	1.3	1.2	0.9	-0.3
West	349	388	381	362	382	20	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)
Total	272	338	342	339	377	38	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	208	282	295	286	332	46	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	1	2	1	1	3	2	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.4	0.3
Construction	5	4	10	16	10	-6	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Manufacturing	22	22	18	20	19	-1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Durable goods	13	13	8	14	14	0	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nondurable goods	9	9	10	6	6	0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	40	54	70	65	73	8	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Wholesale trade	10	3	9	6	8	2	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Retail trade	20	28	36	41	49	8	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	10	23	26	18	17	-1	0.1	0.3	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.0
Information	14	11	17	12	12	0	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.0
Financial activities	16	27	26	16	27	11	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
Finance and insurance	10	22	20	11	15	4	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	6	5	5	5	12	7	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.3
Professional and business services	53	79	76	76	90	14	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.1
Education and health services	23	61	42	42	50	8	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Educational services	6	7	3	5	3	-2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Health care and social assistance	17	54	39	37	48	11	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	26	8	19	26	36	10	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	5	3	3	2	-1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Accommodation and food services	24	4	16	23	34	11	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Other services	6	15	16	13	11	-2	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Government	65	56	47	53	45	-8	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Federal	14	13	11	15	12	-3	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	-0.1
State and local	51	43	36	38	33	-5	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local education	26	23	21	15	11	-4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
State and local, excluding education	25	20	15	23	22	-1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	36	43	69	65	76	11	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
South	87	144	133	102	170	68	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Midwest	73	78	53	64	49	-15	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
West	77	73	87	108	83	-25	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	July 2023	Aug. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Change from: Sept. 2023 - Oct. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	9,519	7,958	8,433	8,381	7,746	-635	6.7	5.6	5.9	5.9	5.5	-0.4
1 to 9 employees	1,761	1,565	1,699	1,930	1,716	-214	7.1	6.9	7.5	8.3	7.5	-0.8
10 to 49 employees	2,973	2,292	2,326	2,456	2,131	-325	6.2	5.2	5.4	5.4	4.8	-0.6
50 to 249 employees	2,670	2,207	2,400	2,219	2,067	-152	7.1	5.2	5.6	5.4	5.1	-0.3
250 to 999 employees	1,203	1,035	1,107	950	1,004	54	6.8	5.6	5.7	5.1	5.1	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	607	562	607	584	589	5	6.9	6.6	6.6	6.5	6.1	-0.4
5,000 or more employees	305	296	294	242	239	-3	6.9	6.6	6.3	5.3	5.0	-0.3
HIRES
Total private	5,777	5,464	5,475	5,536	5,514	-22	4.4	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	0.0
1 to 9 employees	835	838	836	889	902	13	3.6	3.9	4.0	4.2	4.3	0.1
10 to 49 employees	1,965	1,649	1,635	1,678	1,652	-26	4.4	3.9	4.0	3.9	3.9	0.0
50 to 249 employees	1,755	1,819	1,791	1,808	1,753	-55	5.0	4.5	4.4	4.6	4.6	0.0
250 to 999 employees	775	765	808	752	801	49	4.7	4.4	4.4	4.2	4.3	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	366	302	323	325	323	-2	4.5	3.8	3.7	3.9	3.5	-0.4
5,000 or more employees	81	90	82	84	83	-1	2.0	2.1	1.9	1.9	1.8	-0.1
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,488	5,268	5,343	5,288	5,344	56	4.2	3.9	4.0	3.9	4.0	0.1
1 to 9 employees	789	767	763	760	822	62	3.4	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.9	0.3
10 to 49 employees	1,905	1,780	1,631	1,747	1,593	-154	4.3	4.2	4.0	4.0	3.8	-0.2
50 to 249 employees	1,675	1,647	1,711	1,738	1,720	-18	4.8	4.1	4.2	4.5	4.5	0.0
250 to 999 employees	711	704	842	700	777	77	4.3	4.0	4.6	3.9	4.2	0.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	342	301	328	280	376	96	4.2	3.8	3.8	3.3	4.1	0.8
5,000 or more employees	65	70	68	64	56	-8	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.2	-0.3
QUITS
Total private	3,829	3,409	3,455	3,460	3,441	-19	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.6	0.0
1 to 9 employees	415	416	465	362	485	123	1.8	2.0	2.2	1.7	2.3	0.6
10 to 49 employees	1,450	1,213	1,072	1,292	1,057	-235	3.2	2.9	2.6	3.0	2.5	-0.5
50 to 249 employees	1,226	1,146	1,197	1,197	1,123	-74	3.5	2.8	2.9	3.1	2.9	-0.2
250 to 999 employees	475	429	506	418	505	87	2.9	2.4	2.8	2.4	2.7	0.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	221	163	173	154	238	84	2.7	2.1	2.0	1.8	2.6	0.8
5,000 or more employees	43	42	43	38	32	-6	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.7	-0.2
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,451	1,577	1,592	1,542	1,571	29	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	336	294	203	319	248	-71	1.5	1.4	1.0	1.5	1.2	-0.3
10 to 49 employees	385	481	482	370	437	67	0.9	1.1	1.2	0.9	1.0	0.1
50 to 249 employees	400	433	452	472	516	44	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.3	0.1
250 to 999 employees	215	242	304	255	244	-11	1.3	1.4	1.7	1.4	1.3	-0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	100	109	133	108	112	4	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.3	1.2	-0.1
5,000 or more employees	14	18	17	17	14	-3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	-0.1
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	208	282	295	286	332	46	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	38	57	95	79	89	10	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.0
10 to 49 employees	70	85	76	85	99	14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
50 to 249 employees	49	68	62	69	81	12	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
250 to 999 employees	21	33	32	28	28	0	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	21	29	22	18	26	8	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
5,000 or more employees	8	10	9	8	10	2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)
Total	11,004	9,392	9,211	6.6	5.6	5.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,097	8,454	8,302	7.1	5.9	5.8
Mining and logging	42	34	27	6.3	5.0	3.9
Construction	411	413	457	4.9	4.8	5.3
Manufacturing	753	615	601	5.5	4.5	4.4
Durable goods	487	366	375	5.7	4.3	4.4
Nondurable goods	266	249	227	5.2	4.9	4.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,775	1,417	1,353	5.8	4.7	4.5
Wholesale trade	297	219	209	4.7	3.5	3.3
Retail trade	979	725	649	5.9	4.5	4.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	498	473	495	6.4	6.1	6.4
Information	231	131	172	6.9	4.1	5.3
Financial activities	675	639	456	6.9	6.5	4.7
Finance and insurance	468	461	312	6.5	6.4	4.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	207	178	144	7.9	6.8	5.5
Professional and business services	1,981	1,661	1,927	7.9	6.7	7.6
Education and health services	2,326	1,902	1,808	8.6	6.9	6.5
Educational services	172	172	183	4.1	4.2	4.3
Health care and social assistance	2,154	1,729	1,625	9.4	7.4	6.9
Leisure and hospitality	1,612	1,341	1,223	9.1	7.4	6.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	195	177	175	7.7	6.6	6.6
Accommodation and food services	1,417	1,164	1,048	9.3	7.5	6.9
Other services	292	301	276	4.8	4.9	4.5
Government	907	938	909	3.9	3.9	3.8
Federal	111	150	156	3.7	4.8	5.0
State and local	796	789	753	3.9	3.8	3.6
State and local education	284	285	262	2.6	2.6	2.3
State and local, excluding education	512	504	490	5.3	5.1	5.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,824	1,545	1,593	6.2	5.2	5.3
South	4,253	3,832	3,673	6.9	6.2	5.9
Midwest	2,247	2,048	1,868	6.4	5.8	5.3
West	2,680	1,968	2,077	6.8	5.0	5.3
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)
Total	6,599	5,932	6,252	4.3	3.8	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,243	5,512	5,915	4.7	4.1	4.4
Mining and logging	21	23	23	3.4	3.5	3.6
Construction	365	299	393	4.6	3.7	4.8
Manufacturing	447	396	372	3.4	3.0	2.9
Durable goods	236	217	209	2.9	2.7	2.6
Nondurable goods	211	179	164	4.3	3.7	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,527	1,202	1,389	5.3	4.2	4.8
Wholesale trade	175	171	167	2.9	2.8	2.7
Retail trade	836	726	765	5.4	4.7	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	516	305	457	7.1	4.2	6.3
Information	123	79	69	3.9	2.6	2.2
Financial activities	237	203	225	2.6	2.2	2.4
Finance and insurance	154	127	146	2.3	1.9	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	82	76	79	3.4	3.1	3.2
Professional and business services	1,238	1,052	1,279	5.4	4.6	5.5
Education and health services	895	900	968	3.6	3.5	3.7
Educational services	105	127	104	2.6	3.2	2.5
Health care and social assistance	790	773	864	3.8	3.6	4.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,172	1,148	1,006	7.3	6.8	6.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	107	124	118	4.6	4.9	4.8
Accommodation and food services	1,064	1,024	888	7.7	7.2	6.3
Other services	219	211	191	3.8	3.6	3.2
Government	357	420	338	1.6	1.8	1.5
Federal	47	46	42	1.6	1.6	1.4
State and local	310	374	296	1.6	1.9	1.5
State and local education	161	235	156	1.5	2.2	1.4
State and local, excluding education	149	138	140	1.6	1.5	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	917	983	913	3.3	3.5	3.2
South	2,757	2,521	2,596	4.8	4.3	4.4
Midwest	1,316	1,151	1,279	4.0	3.4	3.8
West	1,610	1,278	1,465	4.4	3.4	3.9
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)
Total	5,848	5,828	5,659	3.8	3.7	3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,530	5,486	5,386	4.2	4.1	4.0
Mining and logging	19	20	25	3.0	3.1	3.9
Construction	359	304	381	4.5	3.7	4.6
Manufacturing	393	387	361	3.0	3.0	2.8
Durable goods	199	211	202	2.5	2.6	2.5
Nondurable goods	195	176	159	4.0	3.6	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,218	1,150	1,122	4.2	4.0	3.9
Wholesale trade	155	147	140	2.6	2.4	2.3
Retail trade	743	734	667	4.8	4.8	4.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	320	269	315	4.4	3.7	4.3
Information	93	80	65	3.0	2.6	2.1
Financial activities	203	203	203	2.2	2.2	2.2
Finance and insurance	124	121	133	1.8	1.8	2.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	79	82	70	3.3	3.3	2.9
Professional and business services	1,094	1,056	1,171	4.7	4.6	5.0
Education and health services	737	760	786	3.0	3.0	3.0
Educational services	70	86	69	1.8	2.2	1.7
Health care and social assistance	667	674	717	3.2	3.1	3.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,213	1,321	1,094	7.5	7.9	6.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	172	262	170	7.4	10.4	6.9
Accommodation and food services	1,041	1,059	924	7.6	7.4	6.5
Other services	202	206	177	3.5	3.5	3.0
Government	319	342	273	1.4	1.5	1.2
Federal	41	42	39	1.4	1.4	1.3
State and local	277	300	234	1.4	1.5	1.2
State and local education	118	122	97	1.1	1.2	0.9
State and local, excluding education	159	177	138	1.8	1.9	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	784	906	944	2.8	3.2	3.3
South	2,482	2,389	2,349	4.3	4.1	4.0
Midwest	1,268	1,255	1,131	3.8	3.8	3.4
West	1,314	1,278	1,234	3.6	3.4	3.3
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)
Total	4,111	3,839	3,683	2.7	2.4	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,915	3,640	3,509	3.0	2.7	2.6
Mining and logging	14	12	15	2.2	1.9	2.4
Construction	161	150	182	2.0	1.8	2.2
Manufacturing	272	236	221	2.1	1.8	1.7
Durable goods	138	130	123	1.7	1.6	1.5
Nondurable goods	133	106	98	2.7	2.2	2.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	933	835	796	3.2	2.9	2.7
Wholesale trade	101	84	88	1.7	1.4	1.4
Retail trade	617	571	511	4.0	3.7	3.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	215	180	198	2.9	2.5	2.7
Information	33	48	36	1.0	1.6	1.2
Financial activities	141	130	121	1.5	1.4	1.3
Finance and insurance	88	89	86	1.3	1.3	1.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	53	41	35	2.2	1.7	1.4
Professional and business services	725	632	719	3.1	2.7	3.1
Education and health services	608	536	572	2.4	2.1	2.2
Educational services	45	57	54	1.1	1.5	1.3
Health care and social assistance	563	479	518	2.7	2.2	2.4
Leisure and hospitality	885	925	760	5.5	5.5	4.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	75	112	76	3.2	4.4	3.1
Accommodation and food services	810	813	683	5.9	5.7	4.8
Other services	143	136	87	2.5	2.3	1.5
Government	196	199	174	0.9	0.9	0.7
Federal	18	19	16	0.6	0.7	0.5
State and local	178	180	158	0.9	0.9	0.8
State and local education	79	83	63	0.7	0.8	0.6
State and local, excluding education	98	97	95	1.1	1.0	1.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	520	550	487	1.9	2.0	1.7
South	1,848	1,654	1,639	3.2	2.8	2.8
Midwest	846	793	780	2.6	2.4	2.3
West	897	842	778	2.4	2.3	2.1
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)
Total	1,496	1,655	1,617	1.0	1.1	1.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,427	1,561	1,557	1.1	1.2	1.2
Mining and logging	4	7	7	0.7	1.1	1.1
Construction	193	135	188	2.4	1.7	2.3
Manufacturing	103	131	123	0.8	1.0	0.9
Durable goods	49	68	67	0.6	0.8	0.8
Nondurable goods	54	63	56	1.1	1.3	1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	246	245	256	0.9	0.9	0.9
Wholesale trade	44	56	45	0.7	0.9	0.7
Retail trade	109	120	111	0.7	0.8	0.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	93	68	101	1.3	0.9	1.4
Information	45	21	17	1.5	0.7	0.6
Financial activities	57	58	65	0.6	0.6	0.7
Finance and insurance	32	23	35	0.5	0.3	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	25	35	30	1.0	1.4	1.2
Professional and business services	320	363	362	1.4	1.6	1.6
Education and health services	110	184	169	0.4	0.7	0.7
Educational services	21	25	13	0.5	0.6	0.3
Health care and social assistance	90	160	156	0.4	0.7	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	297	364	289	1.8	2.2	1.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	94	146	91	4.0	5.8	3.7
Accommodation and food services	204	218	198	1.5	1.5	1.4
Other services	53	52	80	0.9	0.9	1.4
Government	69	94	60	0.3	0.4	0.3
Federal	8	8	11	0.3	0.3	0.4
State and local	61	85	49	0.3	0.4	0.2
State and local education	21	27	26	0.2	0.3	0.2
State and local, excluding education	40	58	23	0.4	0.6	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	235	285	380	0.9	1.0	1.3
South	555	643	543	1.0	1.1	0.9
Midwest	357	394	311	1.1	1.2	0.9
West	349	333	383	1.0	0.9	1.0
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)
Total	241	334	358	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	187	286	320	0.1	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	3	0.1	0.1	0.4
Construction	5	19	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Manufacturing	19	19	17	0.1	0.1	0.1
Durable goods	11	13	13	0.1	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	8	6	4	0.2	0.1	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	39	71	70	0.1	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	10	7	8	0.2	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	17	44	45	0.1	0.3	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	12	21	17	0.2	0.3	0.2
Information	14	11	13	0.5	0.4	0.4
Financial activities	5	15	18	0.1	0.2	0.2
Finance and insurance	4	9	12	0.1	0.1	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	2	6	6	0.1	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	49	62	90	0.2	0.3	0.4
Education and health services	19	39	45	0.1	0.2	0.2
Educational services	5	4	2	0.1	0.1	0.0
Health care and social assistance	15	35	43	0.1	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	30	31	45	0.2	0.2	0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	4	2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Accommodation and food services	27	27	43	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other services	6	18	9	0.1	0.3	0.2
Government	54	48	39	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	15	14	12	0.5	0.5	0.4
State and local	39	34	27	0.2	0.2	0.1
State and local education	18	12	7	0.2	0.1	0.1
State and local, excluding education	21	22	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	29	71	77	0.1	0.3	0.3
South	78	92	169	0.1	0.2	0.3
Midwest	65	68	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
West	68	103	73	0.2	0.3	0.2
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)	Oct. 2022	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	10,097	8,454	8,302	7.1	5.9	5.8
1 to 9 employees	2,015	1,877	2,051	8.0	8.1	8.8
10 to 49 employees	3,173	2,498	2,250	6.6	5.5	5.0
50 to 249 employees	2,704	2,277	2,072	7.1	5.5	5.1
250 to 999 employees	1,271	980	1,063	7.1	5.2	5.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	620	579	618	7.0	6.4	6.3
5,000 or more employees	314	242	247	7.1	5.3	5.1
HIRES
Total private	6,243	5,512	5,915	4.7	4.1	4.4
1 to 9 employees	983	793	1,045	4.2	3.7	4.9
10 to 49 employees	2,045	1,708	1,685	4.5	3.9	4.0
50 to 249 employees	1,801	1,808	1,762	5.1	4.6	4.6
250 to 999 employees	859	756	894	5.2	4.3	4.8
1,000 to 4,999 employees	463	355	436	5.6	4.2	4.7
5,000 or more employees	91	92	92	2.2	2.1	2.0
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,530	5,486	5,386	4.2	4.1	4.0
1 to 9 employees	799	747	845	3.4	3.5	4.0
10 to 49 employees	1,925	1,863	1,586	4.3	4.3	3.7
50 to 249 employees	1,670	1,779	1,723	4.7	4.6	4.5
250 to 999 employees	725	752	792	4.4	4.2	4.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	340	280	380	4.1	3.3	4.1
5,000 or more employees	71	65	60	1.7	1.5	1.3
QUITS
Total private	3,915	3,640	3,509	3.0	2.7	2.6
1 to 9 employees	456	379	532	2.0	1.8	2.5
10 to 49 employees	1,466	1,380	1,056	3.3	3.2	2.5
50 to 249 employees	1,226	1,226	1,108	3.5	3.1	2.9
250 to 999 employees	491	453	528	3.0	2.6	2.8
1,000 to 4,999 employees	228	162	250	2.8	1.9	2.7
5,000 or more employees	48	39	36	1.2	0.9	0.8
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,427	1,561	1,557	1.1	1.2	1.2
1 to 9 employees	309	290	228	1.3	1.4	1.1
10 to 49 employees	395	392	435	0.9	0.9	1.0
50 to 249 employees	404	487	541	1.1	1.2	1.4
250 to 999 employees	215	274	238	1.3	1.5	1.3
1,000 to 4,999 employees	90	99	101	1.1	1.2	1.1
5,000 or more employees	15	18	13	0.4	0.4	0.3
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	187	286	320	0.1	0.2	0.2
1 to 9 employees	34	77	85	0.1	0.4	0.4
10 to 49 employees	64	91	95	0.1	0.2	0.2
50 to 249 employees	40	66	74	0.1	0.2	0.2
250 to 999 employees	20	26	27	0.1	0.1	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	21	19	29	0.3	0.2	0.3
5,000 or more employees	8	7	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.