Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, December 8, 2021	USDL-21-2099
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

			      JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – OCTOBER 2021

The number of job openings increased to 11.0 million on the last business day of October, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires were little changed at 6.5 million and total separations 
edged down to 5.9 million. Within separations, the quits rate decreased to 2.8 percent following a series 
high in September. The layoffs and discharges rate was unchanged at 0.9 percent. This release includes 
estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by 
industry, by four geographic regions, and by establishment size class. 
   
Job Openings

On the last business day of October, the number of job openings increased to 11.0 million (+431,000). 
The job openings rate was little changed at 6.9 percent. Job openings increased in several industries with 
the largest increases in accommodation and food services (+254,000); nondurable goods manufacturing 
(+45,000); and educational services (+42,000). Job openings decreased in state and local government, 
excluding education (-115,000). The number of job openings increased in the South region. 
(See table 1.)

Hires

In October, the number of hires was little changed at 6.5 million. The hires rate was unchanged at 4.4 
percent. Hires decreased in finance and insurance (-96,000). Hires increased in educational services 
(+54,000) and in state and local government education (+37,000). The number of hires was little 
changed in all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

In October, the number of total separations edged down to 5.9 million (-255,000). The total separations 
rate was little changed at 4.0 percent. Total separations decreased in finance and insurance (-88,000) and 
in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-64,000). Total separations increased in state and local 
government, excluding education (+28,000). Total separations were little changed in all four regions. 
(See table 3.)

The number of quits decreased in October to 4.2 million (-205,000). The quits rate decreased to 2.8 
percent. Quits decreased in several industries with the largest decreases in transportation, warehousing, 
and utilities (-57,000); finance and insurance (-45,000); and arts, entertainment, and recreation 
(-33,000). Quits increased in state and local government, excluding education (+21,000) and in mining 
and logging (+6,000). The number of quits was little changed in all four regions. (See table 4.)

In October, the number of layoffs and discharges was little changed at 1.4 million. The layoffs and 
discharges rate was unchanged at 0.9 percent. Layoffs and discharges were little changed in all 
industries and in all four regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in October at 373,000. Other separations decreased 
in finance and insurance (-33,000). The number of other separations increased in state and local 
government, excluding education (+8,000). Other separations were little changed in all four regions. 
(See table 6.) 

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in October 2021, hires totaled 73.8 million and separations totaled 68.1 
million, yielding a net employment gain of 5.7 million. These totals include workers who may have been 
hired and separated more than once during the year.

Establishment Size Class

In October, the job openings rate increased in small establishments with 10-49 employees and in large 
establishments with 1,000 to 4,999 employees. The hires rate decreased in large establishments with 
1,000 to 4,999 employees. The quits rate decreased in small establishments with 1-9 employees but 
increased in large establishments with 5,000 or more employees. Both the layoffs and discharges rate 
and the total separations rate increased in large establishments with 5,000 or more employees. For a 
more in-depth description of the JOLTS establishment size class estimates, please visit 
www.bls.gov/jlt/sizeclassmethodology.htm.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for November 2021 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, January 4, 2022 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|				Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact					|
|			      Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data				|
|													|
|More information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including 		|
|information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-	|
|covid-19-pandemic-on-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm						|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	6,873	10,602	11,033	6,035	6,546	6,464	5,427	6,147	5,892
Total private	6,173	9,614	10,118	5,696	6,206	6,100	4,878	5,821	5,545
Mining and logging	21	37	37	19	18	24	20	16	23
Construction	253	354	410	401	361	378	343	321	342
Manufacturing	545	948	1,009	384	483	495	354	452	424
Durable goods	302	568	584	226	264	274	205	243	225
Nondurable goods	243	380	425	159	219	221	149	209	199
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,160	2,020	1,996	1,276	1,375	1,315	1,129	1,282	1,200
Wholesale trade	178	319	330	136	179	167	122	167	153
Retail trade	703	1,073	1,055	739	896	867	740	861	856
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	278	629	611	401	301	280	268	255	191
Information	117	155	180	123	109	124	78	97	98
Financial activities	304	438	446	250	299	207	208	267	190
Finance and insurance	225	322	321	152	224	128	131	207	119
Real estate and rental and leasing	79	115	125	99	75	78	78	59	71
Professional and business services	1,225	1,784	1,819	1,102	1,230	1,244	1,036	1,134	1,145
Education and health services	1,394	1,940	1,999	727	808	811	709	806	776
Educational services	116	134	176	88	59	113	84	89	86
Health care and social assistance	1,278	1,806	1,823	639	749	698	625	717	690
Leisure and hospitality	888	1,530	1,781	1,154	1,243	1,248	828	1,158	1,111
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	97	186	183	145	193	165	115	167	153
Accommodation and food services	792	1,344	1,598	1,009	1,050	1,082	713	992	958
Other services	266	407	442	258	279	256	172	288	235
Government	700	988	914	339	340	364	549	326	347
Federal	103	136	140	47	42	43	198	45	46
State and local	598	852	775	292	298	322	351	281	300
State and local education	228	261	299	138	127	164	196	149	140
State and local, excluding education	369	591	476	154	171	157	155	132	160
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	4.6	6.7	6.9	4.2	4.4	4.4	3.8	4.2	4.0
Total private	4.9	7.1	7.4	4.7	4.9	4.8	4.0	4.6	4.4
Mining and logging	3.4	5.4	5.3	3.2	2.8	3.7	3.3	2.5	3.5
Construction	3.3	4.5	5.2	5.5	4.8	5.0	4.7	4.3	4.6
Manufacturing	4.3	7.1	7.4	3.2	3.9	3.9	2.9	3.6	3.4
Durable goods	3.9	6.8	7.0	3.0	3.4	3.5	2.7	3.1	2.9
Nondurable goods	5.0	7.5	8.2	3.4	4.6	4.7	3.2	4.4	4.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.1	6.8	6.7	4.8	5.0	4.7	4.2	4.6	4.3
Wholesale trade	3.1	5.3	5.4	2.4	3.1	2.9	2.2	2.9	2.7
Retail trade	4.4	6.5	6.4	4.9	5.8	5.6	4.9	5.6	5.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	4.3	8.9	8.6	6.5	4.7	4.3	4.4	3.9	2.9
Information	4.2	5.3	6.1	4.6	3.9	4.4	2.9	3.5	3.5
Financial activities	3.4	4.7	4.8	2.9	3.4	2.3	2.4	3.0	2.1
Finance and insurance	3.3	4.7	4.7	2.3	3.4	2.0	2.0	3.2	1.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	3.4	4.7	5.1	4.5	3.2	3.4	3.5	2.6	3.1
Professional and business services	5.7	7.8	7.9	5.4	5.8	5.9	5.1	5.4	5.4
Education and health services	5.7	7.6	7.8	3.1	3.4	3.4	3.0	3.4	3.3
Educational services	3.3	3.6	4.6	2.6	1.6	3.1	2.5	2.5	2.4
Health care and social assistance	6.1	8.2	8.3	3.2	3.7	3.5	3.1	3.6	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	6.1	9.1	10.3	8.5	8.1	8.0	6.1	7.5	7.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5.2	7.8	7.6	8.1	8.8	7.5	6.5	7.6	6.9
Accommodation and food services	6.3	9.3	10.7	8.5	8.0	8.1	6.0	7.5	7.2
Other services	4.6	6.6	7.1	4.7	4.9	4.4	3.1	5.0	4.1
Government	3.1	4.3	4.0	1.6	1.5	1.7	2.5	1.5	1.6
Federal	3.3	4.5	4.6	1.6	1.5	1.5	6.6	1.5	1.6
State and local	3.1	4.3	3.9	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.9	1.5	1.6
State and local education	2.3	2.5	2.9	1.4	1.3	1.6	2.0	1.5	1.4
State and local, excluding education	3.9	6.2	5.0	1.7	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.5	1.8
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 
other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Industries are classified in 
accordance with the North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working.

Job Openings.  Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting Internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future, positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work, and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires.  Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations.  Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 
establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size class. The 
establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 
Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state unemployment insurance 
laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates 
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the 
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.

Birth/death model.  The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. Also within the first year, new businesses may go out of business, 
referred to as a death. Because not all births and deaths of establishments can be reflected on the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from them during their early 
existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity from previous 
years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to the 
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment.  The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences as well as sampling and non- sampling errors between the two surveys historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and re-seasonally adjust.

Seasonal adjustment.  BLS uses X-13 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal adjustment 
methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up 
to and including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models 
and REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally adjusted CES 
employment trends are applied to the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trends (hires minus 
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates.  The JOLTS estimates are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment 
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-
adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The 
seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment 
factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS 
data series, for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be 
approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are 
published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news release each year. Annual 
estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the 
last business day of each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs when a sample 
is surveyed rather than the entire population. There is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true 
population values they represent. The difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample 
selected. This variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 
the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 
sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons 
including: the failure to include a segment of the population; the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample; 
the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 
made in the collection or processing of the data; and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	6,873	10,185	11,098	10,629	10,602	11,033	4.6	6.5	7.0	6.7	6.7	6.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,173	9,226	10,044	9,775	9,614	10,118	4.9	6.9	7.4	7.2	7.1	7.4
Mining and logging	21	28	40	38	37	37	3.4	4.3	6.0	5.6	5.4	5.3
Construction	253	338	347	358	354	410	3.3	4.4	4.5	4.6	4.5	5.2
Manufacturing	545	880	906	869	948	1,009	4.3	6.7	6.8	6.5	7.1	7.4
Durable goods	302	494	517	488	568	584	3.9	6.1	6.3	5.9	6.8	7.0
Nondurable goods	243	386	388	381	380	425	5.0	7.6	7.7	7.5	7.5	8.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,160	1,943	1,893	2,035	2,020	1,996	4.1	6.6	6.5	6.9	6.8	6.7
Wholesale trade	178	274	261	269	319	330	3.1	4.6	4.4	4.5	5.3	5.4
Retail trade	703	1,195	1,133	1,196	1,073	1,055	4.4	7.2	6.9	7.2	6.5	6.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	278	474	500	570	629	611	4.3	7.0	7.3	8.2	8.9	8.6
Information	117	161	160	179	155	180	4.2	5.6	5.5	6.1	5.3	6.1
Financial activities	304	346	529	474	438	446	3.4	3.8	5.7	5.1	4.7	4.8
Finance and insurance	225	246	344	288	322	321	3.3	3.6	5.0	4.2	4.7	4.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	79	100	185	186	115	125	3.4	4.2	7.5	7.5	4.7	5.1
Professional and business services	1,225	1,719	1,838	1,869	1,784	1,819	5.7	7.6	8.1	8.2	7.8	7.9
Education and health services	1,394	1,700	1,960	1,782	1,940	1,999	5.7	6.7	7.7	7.0	7.6	7.8
Educational services	116	201	198	182	134	176	3.3	5.4	5.2	4.8	3.6	4.6
Health care and social assistance	1,278	1,498	1,762	1,600	1,806	1,823	6.1	7.0	8.1	7.4	8.2	8.3
Leisure and hospitality	888	1,685	1,910	1,683	1,530	1,781	6.1	10.2	11.2	9.9	9.1	10.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	97	216	238	224	186	183	5.2	9.6	10.2	9.5	7.8	7.6
Accommodation and food services	792	1,469	1,672	1,459	1,344	1,598	6.3	10.3	11.3	10.0	9.3	10.7
Other services	266	425	459	487	407	442	4.6	7.0	7.4	7.8	6.6	7.1
Government	700	959	1,055	853	988	914	3.1	4.2	4.6	3.7	4.3	4.0
Federal	103	119	120	135	136	140	3.3	4.0	4.0	4.5	4.5	4.6
State and local	598	840	934	718	852	775	3.1	4.2	4.6	3.6	4.3	3.9
State and local education	228	446	412	297	261	299	2.3	4.3	3.9	2.8	2.5	2.9
State and local, excluding education	369	394	523	421	591	476	3.9	4.2	5.5	4.5	6.2	5.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,170	1,746	2,030	1,833	1,806	1,788	4.3	6.2	7.0	6.4	6.3	6.2
South	2,717	3,888	4,203	4,134	4,051	4,324	4.9	6.8	7.2	7.1	6.9	7.4
Midwest	1,463	2,227	2,394	2,239	2,364	2,484	4.5	6.6	7.0	6.6	6.9	7.2
West	1,524	2,323	2,472	2,422	2,382	2,437	4.4	6.4	6.7	6.6	6.4	6.6
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	6,035	6,827	6,761	6,497	6,546	6,464	4.2	4.7	4.6	4.4	4.4	4.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,696	6,398	6,268	6,140	6,206	6,100	4.7	5.2	5.0	4.9	4.9	4.8
Mining and logging	19	25	24	24	18	24	3.2	4.0	3.8	3.7	2.8	3.7
Construction	401	371	377	391	361	378	5.5	5.0	5.1	5.3	4.8	5.0
Manufacturing	384	483	477	476	483	495	3.2	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.9
Durable goods	226	280	261	260	264	274	3.0	3.7	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.5
Nondurable goods	159	203	216	216	219	221	3.4	4.3	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,276	1,585	1,310	1,411	1,375	1,315	4.8	5.8	4.8	5.1	5.0	4.7
Wholesale trade	136	175	183	194	179	167	2.4	3.1	3.2	3.4	3.1	2.9
Retail trade	739	1,126	857	932	896	867	4.9	7.3	5.6	6.1	5.8	5.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	401	283	271	284	301	280	6.5	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.7	4.3
Information	123	91	98	105	109	124	4.6	3.3	3.6	3.8	3.9	4.4
Financial activities	250	209	224	201	299	207	2.9	2.4	2.5	2.3	3.4	2.3
Finance and insurance	152	139	143	126	224	128	2.3	2.1	2.2	1.9	3.4	2.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	99	70	80	75	75	78	4.5	3.1	3.5	3.3	3.2	3.4
Professional and business services	1,102	1,163	1,258	1,200	1,230	1,244	5.4	5.6	6.0	5.7	5.8	5.9
Education and health services	727	796	783	815	808	811	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.4
Educational services	88	128	112	139	59	113	2.6	3.6	3.1	3.8	1.6	3.1
Health care and social assistance	639	667	671	676	749	698	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.7	3.5
Leisure and hospitality	1,154	1,392	1,440	1,274	1,243	1,248	8.5	9.4	9.5	8.4	8.1	8.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	145	180	183	194	193	165	8.1	8.8	8.7	9.0	8.8	7.5
Accommodation and food services	1,009	1,212	1,258	1,080	1,050	1,082	8.5	9.5	9.6	8.2	8.0	8.1
Other services	258	284	277	245	279	256	4.7	5.0	4.8	4.3	4.9	4.4
Government	339	429	494	357	340	364	1.6	2.0	2.2	1.6	1.5	1.7
Federal	47	36	48	47	42	43	1.6	1.3	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.5
State and local	292	393	446	310	298	322	1.6	2.1	2.3	1.6	1.6	1.7
State and local education	138	267	290	161	127	164	1.4	2.7	2.8	1.6	1.3	1.6
State and local, excluding education	154	126	156	149	171	157	1.7	1.4	1.7	1.7	1.9	1.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	985	1,021	1,015	972	1,033	1,027	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.8
South	2,413	2,647	2,635	2,659	2,662	2,596	4.6	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.8
Midwest	1,230	1,641	1,581	1,349	1,365	1,353	4.0	5.2	5.0	4.2	4.3	4.2
West	1,407	1,519	1,530	1,518	1,485	1,489	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.3	4.3
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	5,427	5,612	5,792	6,032	6,147	5,892	3.8	3.8	3.9	4.1	4.2	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,878	5,350	5,535	5,735	5,821	5,545	4.0	4.3	4.4	4.6	4.6	4.4
Mining and logging	20	19	18	19	16	23	3.3	3.0	2.7	2.9	2.5	3.5
Construction	343	379	383	384	321	342	4.7	5.1	5.2	5.2	4.3	4.6
Manufacturing	354	427	436	444	452	424	2.9	3.5	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.4
Durable goods	205	237	231	248	243	225	2.7	3.1	3.0	3.2	3.1	2.9
Nondurable goods	149	191	204	196	209	199	3.2	4.1	4.4	4.2	4.4	4.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,129	1,267	1,275	1,381	1,282	1,200	4.2	4.6	4.7	5.0	4.6	4.3
Wholesale trade	122	142	162	200	167	153	2.2	2.5	2.8	3.5	2.9	2.7
Retail trade	740	861	888	959	861	856	4.9	5.6	5.8	6.2	5.6	5.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	268	265	226	223	255	191	4.4	4.2	3.6	3.5	3.9	2.9
Information	78	88	79	80	97	98	2.9	3.2	2.9	2.9	3.5	3.5
Financial activities	208	203	206	196	267	190	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.2	3.0	2.1
Finance and insurance	131	143	134	128	207	119	2.0	2.2	2.0	2.0	3.2	1.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	78	60	73	67	59	71	3.5	2.6	3.2	2.9	2.6	3.1
Professional and business services	1,036	1,100	1,193	1,126	1,134	1,145	5.1	5.3	5.7	5.4	5.4	5.4
Education and health services	709	719	696	742	806	776	3.0	3.1	2.9	3.1	3.4	3.3
Educational services	84	65	69	71	89	86	2.5	1.8	1.9	1.9	2.5	2.4
Health care and social assistance	625	654	627	672	717	690	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.4	3.6	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	828	955	1,009	1,180	1,158	1,111	6.1	6.5	6.6	7.7	7.5	7.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	115	120	124	120	167	153	6.5	5.9	6.0	5.6	7.6	6.9
Accommodation and food services	713	834	885	1,060	992	958	6.0	6.5	6.7	8.1	7.5	7.2
Other services	172	193	240	181	288	235	3.1	3.4	4.2	3.2	5.0	4.1
Government	549	262	258	297	326	347	2.5	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.6
Federal	198	50	40	43	45	46	6.6	1.7	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.6
State and local	351	212	217	255	281	300	1.9	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.5	1.6
State and local education	196	57	69	125	149	140	2.0	0.6	0.7	1.2	1.5	1.4
State and local, excluding education	155	155	149	130	132	160	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	892	815	918	888	922	923	3.4	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.4
South	2,177	2,219	2,269	2,370	2,476	2,385	4.2	4.1	4.2	4.4	4.6	4.4
Midwest	1,202	1,296	1,305	1,401	1,381	1,264	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.4	4.3	3.9
West	1,157	1,281	1,300	1,374	1,367	1,319	3.5	3.8	3.8	4.0	4.0	3.8
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	3,352	3,870	4,028	4,270	4,362	4,157	2.4	2.7	2.7	2.9	3.0	2.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,125	3,713	3,872	4,087	4,166	3,952	2.6	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.3	3.1
Mining and logging	9	12	9	10	9	15	1.4	1.9	1.5	1.6	1.4	2.3
Construction	132	185	198	192	192	188	1.8	2.5	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.5
Manufacturing	231	304	300	312	324	307	1.9	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.5
Durable goods	123	163	154	170	172	164	1.6	2.1	2.0	2.2	2.2	2.1
Nondurable goods	109	141	146	141	152	143	2.4	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.2	3.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	744	905	954	1,041	976	907	2.8	3.3	3.5	3.8	3.5	3.3
Wholesale trade	89	105	129	158	126	116	1.6	1.8	2.3	2.8	2.2	2.0
Retail trade	512	637	682	730	686	683	3.4	4.2	4.4	4.8	4.4	4.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	142	164	143	153	164	107	2.3	2.6	2.3	2.4	2.5	1.6
Information	40	48	50	43	49	50	1.5	1.8	1.8	1.5	1.8	1.8
Financial activities	127	127	133	126	150	117	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.7	1.3
Finance and insurance	81	78	79	85	113	68	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.7	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	46	49	54	41	37	48	2.1	2.2	2.4	1.8	1.6	2.1
Professional and business services	619	684	697	701	719	740	3.0	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.5
Education and health services	510	548	582	597	625	597	2.2	2.3	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.5
Educational services	44	46	50	44	63	59	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.2	1.7	1.6
Health care and social assistance	467	502	532	552	562	538	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	605	772	807	934	955	887	4.4	5.2	5.3	6.1	6.2	5.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	57	66	72	68	117	84	3.2	3.2	3.4	3.2	5.3	3.8
Accommodation and food services	548	706	735	867	838	803	4.6	5.5	5.6	6.6	6.4	6.0
Other services	108	128	142	132	167	144	2.0	2.3	2.5	2.3	2.9	2.5
Government	228	156	157	183	196	205	1.1	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.9
Federal	31	25	19	20	22	21	1.0	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.7
State and local	197	131	137	163	174	183	1.1	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.0
State and local education	106	34	45	77	92	80	1.1	0.3	0.4	0.7	0.9	0.8
State and local, excluding education	91	97	92	86	82	103	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.9	1.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	460	531	589	619	616	589	1.8	2.0	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.2
South	1,479	1,561	1,596	1,706	1,805	1,731	2.8	2.9	3.0	3.2	3.3	3.2
Midwest	733	889	921	1,024	949	913	2.4	2.8	2.9	3.2	3.0	2.8
West	680	888	921	921	992	923	2.0	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.7
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	1,728	1,354	1,423	1,385	1,396	1,361	1.2	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,483	1,300	1,368	1,330	1,333	1,294	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0
Mining and logging	11	6	7	8	5	6	1.8	0.9	1.1	1.2	0.8	0.9
Construction	200	183	167	168	113	139	2.7	2.5	2.2	2.3	1.5	1.8
Manufacturing	99	101	118	104	105	95	0.8	0.8	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.8
Durable goods	69	59	67	60	59	47	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.6
Nondurable goods	29	42	51	44	47	47	0.6	0.9	1.1	0.9	1.0	1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	313	298	267	271	246	246	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.9
Wholesale trade	25	26	27	31	32	32	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6
Retail trade	187	189	167	186	145	147	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.2	0.9	0.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	101	83	73	54	70	68	1.6	1.3	1.1	0.9	1.1	1.0
Information	33	30	26	25	38	38	1.3	1.1	0.9	0.9	1.4	1.4
Financial activities	49	42	47	44	47	36	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4
Finance and insurance	20	37	30	24	30	20	0.3	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	29	4	17	20	17	16	1.3	0.2	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.7
Professional and business services	362	307	404	347	359	334	1.8	1.5	1.9	1.6	1.7	1.6
Education and health services	160	115	75	111	141	133	0.7	0.5	0.3	0.5	0.6	0.6
Educational services	35	15	16	21	21	22	1.0	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6
Health care and social assistance	125	100	59	89	120	111	0.6	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	197	160	171	211	177	193	1.4	1.1	1.1	1.4	1.2	1.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	56	53	50	50	46	65	3.1	2.6	2.4	2.4	2.1	2.9
Accommodation and food services	141	106	121	161	131	128	1.2	0.8	0.9	1.2	1.0	1.0
Other services	59	59	88	42	102	76	1.1	1.0	1.5	0.7	1.8	1.3
Government	245	54	55	54	63	67	1.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Federal	153	10	7	8	10	10	5.1	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local	92	43	47	46	54	57	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
State and local education	59	15	17	29	27	31	0.6	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local, excluding education	33	29	31	17	27	26	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	378	216	258	205	243	275	1.5	0.8	1.0	0.8	0.9	1.0
South	553	518	541	516	531	504	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9
Midwest	401	324	308	299	346	279	1.3	1.0	1.0	0.9	1.1	0.9
West	396	295	316	365	276	303	1.2	0.9	0.9	1.1	0.8	0.9
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	June 2021	July 2021	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	347	389	341	378	388	373	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	271	337	295	317	322	298	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	1	1	2	2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Construction	12	11	18	24	16	15	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	24	22	18	28	23	22	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	13	14	10	18	12	14	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	11	8	8	10	10	8	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	73	64	54	69	60	48	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	7	12	6	11	9	5	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1
Retail trade	42	34	38	43	29	26	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	24	17	10	16	22	16	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Information	5	11	3	13	10	10	0.2	0.4	0.1	0.5	0.3	0.4
Financial activities	32	34	27	26	70	38	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.8	0.4
Finance and insurance	30	27	25	20	64	31	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.3	1.0	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	2	7	2	7	5	7	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.3
Professional and business services	55	109	92	79	55	70	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	38	55	38	35	41	46	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Educational services	5	4	3	5	5	5	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	33	52	36	30	36	41	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	26	24	32	34	27	31	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	1	3	2	4	4	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2
Accommodation and food services	24	23	29	32	23	27	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services	5	7	11	8	18	16	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.3
Government	77	52	46	60	66	75	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	14	14	14	15	13	15	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
State and local	63	38	33	46	53	60	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
State and local education	31	8	7	18	30	29	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3
State and local, excluding education	31	30	26	28	23	31	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	55	68	70	64	63	59	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	145	140	132	149	140	149	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Midwest	68	83	75	77	86	72	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
West	80	98	63	88	100	93	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	7,249	10,658	11,476	4.8	6.7	7.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,565	9,728	10,590	5.1	7.2	7.7
Mining and logging	24	41	39	3.8	6.0	5.7
Construction	252	337	420	3.3	4.2	5.2
Manufacturing	540	950	1,010	4.3	7.1	7.5
Durable goods	303	580	588	3.9	7.0	7.0
Nondurable goods	237	370	423	4.9	7.3	8.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,360	2,154	2,184	4.8	7.3	7.3
Wholesale trade	176	321	329	3.0	5.3	5.4
Retail trade	907	1,182	1,241	5.7	7.2	7.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	278	652	614	4.3	9.2	8.6
Information	124	169	194	4.5	5.7	6.5
Financial activities	341	428	497	3.7	4.6	5.3
Finance and insurance	253	322	358	3.7	4.7	5.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	88	106	139	3.8	4.4	5.6
Professional and business services	1,333	1,827	1,925	6.1	7.9	8.2
Education and health services	1,434	1,894	2,092	5.8	7.4	8.0
Educational services	120	126	180	3.3	3.4	4.6
Health care and social assistance	1,314	1,768	1,911	6.2	8.1	8.7
Leisure and hospitality	862	1,520	1,759	6.0	9.0	10.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	93	161	169	5.0	6.8	7.2
Accommodation and food services	770	1,359	1,590	6.1	9.3	10.7
Other services	294	408	470	5.1	6.7	7.5
Government	685	930	886	3.0	4.1	3.8
Federal	91	129	131	3.0	4.3	4.4
State and local	594	800	755	3.0	4.0	3.8
State and local education	220	202	272	2.1	2.0	2.5
State and local, excluding education	374	598	482	4.0	6.2	5.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,246	1,812	1,835	4.5	6.3	6.3
South	2,823	4,093	4,517	5.1	7.0	7.6
Midwest	1,552	2,362	2,600	4.8	6.9	7.5
West	1,628	2,390	2,523	4.6	6.5	6.7
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	6,481	6,621	6,858	4.5	4.5	4.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,160	6,242	6,525	5.1	5.0	5.1
Mining and logging	21	19	28	3.6	2.9	4.2
Construction	420	354	398	5.6	4.6	5.2
Manufacturing	390	500	502	3.2	4.0	4.0
Durable goods	227	272	279	3.0	3.5	3.6
Nondurable goods	163	228	223	3.5	4.8	4.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,532	1,419	1,537	5.7	5.2	5.5
Wholesale trade	150	184	176	2.7	3.2	3.1
Retail trade	927	897	1,043	6.1	5.9	6.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	455	338	318	7.4	5.3	4.9
Information	136	112	152	5.1	4.0	5.4
Financial activities	277	297	235	3.2	3.4	2.6
Finance and insurance	170	221	146	2.6	3.4	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	107	76	88	4.8	3.3	3.8
Professional and business services	1,170	1,221	1,330	5.7	5.8	6.2
Education and health services	818	907	905	3.5	3.8	3.8
Educational services	91	118	113	2.6	3.3	3.0
Health care and social assistance	727	788	792	3.7	3.9	3.9
Leisure and hospitality	1,144	1,154	1,201	8.4	7.5	7.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	128	151	139	7.3	6.8	6.4
Accommodation and food services	1,016	1,003	1,062	8.6	7.6	8.0
Other services	251	260	239	4.6	4.5	4.1
Government	320	379	333	1.5	1.7	1.5
Federal	50	47	48	1.7	1.6	1.7
State and local	270	333	285	1.4	1.7	1.5
State and local education	130	166	135	1.3	1.6	1.3
State and local, excluding education	141	166	150	1.6	1.9	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,017	1,079	1,057	3.9	4.0	3.9
South	2,610	2,644	2,782	4.9	4.9	5.1
Midwest	1,293	1,377	1,397	4.2	4.3	4.3
West	1,560	1,521	1,621	4.6	4.4	4.6
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	5,508	6,544	6,027	3.8	4.4	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,996	6,131	5,665	4.1	4.9	4.5
Mining and logging	20	14	23	3.4	2.2	3.5
Construction	374	337	362	5.0	4.4	4.7
Manufacturing	373	475	434	3.1	3.8	3.5
Durable goods	214	256	231	2.8	3.3	3.0
Nondurable goods	159	220	203	3.5	4.6	4.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,138	1,258	1,195	4.2	4.6	4.3
Wholesale trade	139	173	170	2.5	3.0	3.0
Retail trade	721	850	836	4.8	5.6	5.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	278	235	188	4.5	3.7	2.9
Information	74	99	99	2.8	3.6	3.5
Financial activities	206	270	190	2.4	3.0	2.1
Finance and insurance	129	210	117	2.0	3.2	1.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	77	60	73	3.5	2.6	3.1
Professional and business services	1,045	1,162	1,163	5.1	5.5	5.4
Education and health services	683	816	765	2.9	3.5	3.2
Educational services	57	95	69	1.6	2.7	1.8
Health care and social assistance	626	722	695	3.1	3.6	3.5
Leisure and hospitality	937	1,373	1,223	6.9	8.9	7.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	160	230	215	9.1	10.4	9.9
Accommodation and food services	777	1,143	1,008	6.6	8.7	7.6
Other services	145	326	212	2.6	5.7	3.7
Government	512	414	362	2.3	1.9	1.6
Federal	199	44	51	6.7	1.5	1.8
State and local	313	370	311	1.6	1.9	1.6
State and local education	152	177	136	1.5	1.8	1.3
State and local, excluding education	161	193	175	1.8	2.2	2.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	888	1,053	940	3.4	3.9	3.5
South	2,182	2,546	2,435	4.1	4.7	4.4
Midwest	1,243	1,449	1,273	4.0	4.5	3.9
West	1,195	1,496	1,381	3.6	4.3	4.0
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	3,450	4,621	4,276	2.4	3.1	2.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,239	4,386	4,056	2.7	3.5	3.2
Mining and logging	9	10	16	1.6	1.6	2.4
Construction	149	210	196	2.0	2.7	2.6
Manufacturing	242	346	311	2.0	2.8	2.5
Durable goods	127	186	165	1.7	2.4	2.1
Nondurable goods	115	160	145	2.5	3.4	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	781	994	944	2.9	3.6	3.4
Wholesale trade	98	133	126	1.8	2.3	2.2
Retail trade	528	699	698	3.5	4.6	4.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	155	161	120	2.5	2.5	1.8
Information	40	50	51	1.5	1.8	1.8
Financial activities	129	150	120	1.5	1.7	1.4
Finance and insurance	81	116	67	1.2	1.8	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	48	33	54	2.2	1.4	2.3
Professional and business services	655	742	788	3.2	3.5	3.7
Education and health services	519	642	605	2.2	2.7	2.5
Educational services	35	72	52	1.0	2.0	1.4
Health care and social assistance	483	570	553	2.4	2.8	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	617	1,058	893	4.5	6.9	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	55	133	87	3.1	6.0	4.0
Accommodation and food services	563	925	806	4.7	7.0	6.1
Other services	98	185	133	1.8	3.2	2.3
Government	210	234	220	1.0	1.1	1.0
Federal	33	23	24	1.1	0.8	0.8
State and local	178	211	196	0.9	1.1	1.0
State and local education	90	119	87	0.9	1.2	0.8
State and local, excluding education	88	92	108	1.0	1.0	1.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	465	684	589	1.8	2.5	2.2
South	1,511	1,812	1,783	2.9	3.3	3.3
Midwest	756	1,004	927	2.4	3.1	2.9
West	718	1,122	977	2.1	3.2	2.8
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	1,738	1,533	1,392	1.2	1.0	0.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,496	1,417	1,316	1.2	1.1	1.0
Mining and logging	10	2	5	1.7	0.3	0.8
Construction	213	110	150	2.8	1.4	2.0
Manufacturing	109	109	104	0.9	0.9	0.8
Durable goods	75	61	53	1.0	0.8	0.7
Nondurable goods	34	48	51	0.7	1.0	1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	290	202	207	1.1	0.7	0.7
Wholesale trade	32	30	39	0.6	0.5	0.7
Retail trade	159	121	118	1.1	0.8	0.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	98	50	51	1.6	0.8	0.8
Information	31	40	40	1.2	1.4	1.4
Financial activities	46	48	30	0.5	0.5	0.3
Finance and insurance	18	28	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	28	20	15	1.3	0.9	0.6
Professional and business services	328	366	299	1.6	1.7	1.4
Education and health services	134	136	122	0.6	0.6	0.5
Educational services	19	18	14	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health care and social assistance	115	119	108	0.6	0.6	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	293	286	298	2.2	1.9	1.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	104	92	124	5.9	4.2	5.7
Accommodation and food services	189	194	174	1.6	1.5	1.3
Other services	41	117	61	0.8	2.1	1.1
Government	242	116	76	1.1	0.5	0.3
Federal	154	8	11	5.2	0.3	0.4
State and local	88	108	65	0.5	0.6	0.3
State and local education	42	28	26	0.4	0.3	0.3
State and local, excluding education	47	80	38	0.5	0.9	0.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	373	299	293	1.4	1.1	1.1
South	539	596	505	1.0	1.1	0.9
Midwest	425	356	280	1.4	1.1	0.9
West	402	282	314	1.2	0.8	0.9
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)	Oct. 2020	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021(p)
Total	320	390	359	0.2	0.3	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	261	327	293	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mining and logging	1	2	2	0.1	0.3	0.4
Construction	12	17	16	0.2	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	22	21	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	12	9	13	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nondurable goods	10	11	7	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	68	62	43	0.3	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	8	9	5	0.2	0.2	0.1
Retail trade	34	30	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	25	24	18	0.4	0.4	0.3
Information	2	9	8	0.1	0.3	0.3
Financial activities	31	72	40	0.4	0.8	0.4
Finance and insurance	30	65	35	0.5	1.0	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	1	6	4	0.1	0.3	0.2
Professional and business services	62	54	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	30	37	39	0.1	0.2	0.2
Educational services	3	5	4	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	27	33	35	0.1	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	27	29	33	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	5	4	0.1	0.2	0.2
Accommodation and food services	25	23	29	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services	6	24	18	0.1	0.4	0.3
Government	59	63	66	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	13	12	16	0.4	0.4	0.5
State and local	47	51	50	0.2	0.3	0.3
State and local education	20	30	23	0.2	0.3	0.2
State and local, excluding education	27	22	28	0.3	0.2	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	51	70	57	0.2	0.3	0.2
South	133	138	147	0.3	0.3	0.3
Midwest	63	89	66	0.2	0.3	0.2
West	73	93	90	0.2	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.