For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, December 9, 2020	USDL-20-2216
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

			      JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – OCTOBER 2020

The number of job openings was little changed at 6.7 million on the last business day of October, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires were little changed at 5.8 million while total 
separations increased to 5.1 million. Within separations, the quits rate was unchanged at 2.2 percent 
while the layoffs and discharges rate increased to 1.2 percent. This release includes estimates of the 
number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
four geographic regions.
   
Job Openings

On the last business day of October, the number and rate of job openings were little changed at 6.7 
million and 4.5 percent, respectively. Job openings increased in health care and social assistance 
(+122,000) and state and local government education (+23,000). The number of job openings was little 
changed in all four regions. (See table 1.)

The number of job openings in October (not seasonally adjusted) decreased over the year to 7.1 million 
(-596,000) reflecting the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market. Job 
openings decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in retail trade, accommodation 
and food services, and finance and insurance. Only nondurable goods manufacturing and durable goods
manufacturing had increases in job openings. The number of job openings decreased in the Midwest 
region. (See table 7.)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|		       Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on October 2020 JOLTS Data                  |
|													  |
|Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus           |
|(COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and at                |
|www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-october-2020.htm.				  |
|_________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Hires

In October, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.8 million and 4.1 percent, respectively. 
Hires decreased in wholesale trade (-81,000), other services (-74,000), and federal government              
(-12,000). The number of hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 2.)

The number of hires in October (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed over the year. Hires 
increased in a number of industries over the year, with the largest increases in transportation, 
warehousing, and utilities and in durable goods manufacturing. Hires decreased in construction and state 
and local government education. The number of hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 
8.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In October, the number of total separations increased to 5.1 million (+263,000). The total separations 
rate was little changed at 3.6 percent. The total separations level increased in federal government 
(+109,000), largely the result of separations of temporary 2020 Census workers. Total separations 
increased in the Northeast region. (See table 3.)

Over the year, the number of total separations (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 5.3 million  
(-408,000). Total separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in 
accommodation and food services and construction. Total separations increased in federal government 
and nondurable goods manufacturing. The number of total separations decreased in the West region. 
(See table 9.)

In October, the number of quits was little changed at 3.1 million and the quits rate was unchanged at 2.2 
percent. Quits increased in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+17,000) and federal government 
(+7,000). The number of quits was little changed in all four regions. (See table 4.)

Over the year, the number of quits (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 3.3 million (-261,000). Quits 
declined in several industries, with the largest decreases in accommodation and food services and other 
services. The quits level increased in a number of industries with the largest increases in retail trade and 
wholesale trade. Over the year, the number of quits decreased in the Midwest and West regions. (See 
table 10.)

The number and rate of layoffs and discharges increased to 1.7 million (+243,000) and 1.2 percent, 
respectively in October. The number of layoffs and discharges increased in federal government 
(+91,000), largely due to the release of temporary 2020 Census workers. Layoffs and discharges 
increased in the Northeast region. (See table 5.)

Over the year, the layoffs and discharges level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed. Layoffs and 
discharges decreased in arts, entertainment, and recreation and in wholesale trade. The number of 
layoffs and discharges increased in federal government. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased 
over the year in the West region. (See table 11.)

The number of other separations was little changed in October at 336,000. Other separations increased 
in federal government (+10,000). Other separations were little changed in all four regions. (See table 6.)

Over the year, the other separations level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed at 321,000. Other 
separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decrease in information. Other 
separations increased in federal government. The number of other separations was little changed in all 
four regions. (See table 12.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in October, hires totaled 70.4 million and separations totaled 76.1 million, 
yielding a net employment loss of 5.7 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 
and separated more than once during the year.

____________	
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for November 2020 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, January 12, 2021 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).


__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|			Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on October 2020				 |
| 			      Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data				 |
|													 |
|Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 42 	 |
|percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone 	 |
|respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due to | 
|the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate for	 | 
|October was 45 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent.		 |
|													 |
|BLS modified the JOLTS estimation methods in March through October to better reflect the impact of the  |
|coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The estimation process usually includes an alignment of monthly hires  |
|minus separations to the over-the-month change in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment    |
|estimates. For October estimates, as in earlier months, BLS suspended the alignment process. The	 | 
|differing reference periods for the CES employment estimates (pay period including the 12th of the      |
|onth) and the JOLTS hires and separations estimates (the entire reference month) led to different 	 |
|measurement outcomes. More information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey,   | 
including information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at 				 |
|www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-october-2020.htm.				 |
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	7,309	6,494	6,652	5,757	5,886	5,812	5,580	4,844	5,107
Total private	6,546	5,795	5,950	5,397	5,570	5,493	5,211	4,504	4,642
Mining and logging(1)	23	17	22	28	19	17	26	23	22
Construction(1)	325	223	230	475	394	396	450	290	320
Manufacturing	403	492	525	312	374	371	333	354	355
Durable goods(1)	258	267	290	177	207	216	205	206	207
Nondurable goods(1)	145	225	235	135	166	155	128	148	149
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,472	1,142	1,102	1,112	1,255	1,247	1,062	1,063	1,118
Wholesale trade	268	180	178	144	212	131	136	125	132
Retail trade	877	671	667	716	745	790	687	687	726
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	327	291	257	252	299	326	240	251	260
Information(1)	142	121	129	96	103	111	92	51	54
Financial activities	426	301	293	217	238	216	200	190	192
Finance and insurance	323	240	211	135	162	134	127	111	112
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	103	61	83	82	76	83	72	79	79
Professional and business services	1,218	1,268	1,252	1,118	1,108	1,081	1,079	989	977
Education and health services	1,306	1,215	1,358	722	725	745	668	618	650
Educational services(1)	131	106	125	106	70	92	101	64	77
Health care and social assistance	1,176	1,110	1,232	616	655	653	567	553	573
Leisure and hospitality	975	772	791	1,101	1,053	1,082	1,067	737	781
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	135	86	92	168	115	124	170	84	105
Accommodation and food services	840	686	700	934	938	958	896	653	677
Other services	256	243	247	216	302	228	234	190	174
Government	763	699	702	360	316	318	369	340	465
Federal(1)	124	95	101	44	59	47	55	90	199
State and local	638	605	602	316	257	271	314	250	266
State and local education	234	207	230	156	114	125	160	129	133
State and local, excluding education(1)	404	397	372	160	143	146	154	121	133
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	4.6	4.4	4.5	3.8	4.2	4.1	3.7	3.4	3.6
Total private	4.8	4.6	4.7	4.2	4.6	4.5	4.0	3.8	3.8
Mining and logging(1)	3.0	2.7	3.5	3.7	3.1	2.7	3.5	3.6	3.5
Construction(1)	4.1	3.0	3.0	6.3	5.4	5.4	6.0	4.0	4.4
Manufacturing	3.1	3.9	4.1	2.4	3.1	3.0	2.6	2.9	2.9
Durable goods(1)	3.1	3.4	3.7	2.2	2.7	2.8	2.6	2.7	2.7
Nondurable goods(1)	2.9	4.7	4.9	2.8	3.6	3.4	2.7	3.2	3.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5.0	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.7	4.7	3.8	4.0	4.2
Wholesale trade	4.3	3.1	3.1	2.4	3.8	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.3
Retail trade	5.3	4.3	4.2	4.6	4.9	5.2	4.4	4.6	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	5.0	4.7	4.1	4.1	5.1	5.5	3.9	4.3	4.4
Information(1)	4.7	4.4	4.7	3.3	3.9	4.2	3.2	1.9	2.0
Financial activities	4.6	3.4	3.3	2.5	2.7	2.5	2.3	2.2	2.2
Finance and insurance	4.8	3.6	3.1	2.1	2.5	2.1	2.0	1.7	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	4.2	2.7	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.1	3.6	3.6
Professional and business services	5.4	5.9	5.8	5.2	5.5	5.3	5.0	4.9	4.8
Education and health services	5.1	5.0	5.5	3.0	3.1	3.2	2.7	2.7	2.8
Educational services(1)	3.3	2.9	3.5	2.8	2.0	2.7	2.7	1.9	2.2
Health care and social assistance	5.4	5.3	5.9	3.0	3.3	3.3	2.8	2.8	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	5.5	5.6	5.6	6.6	8.0	8.1	6.4	5.6	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5.2	4.8	5.0	6.8	6.8	7.1	6.9	5.0	6.0
Accommodation and food services	5.6	5.7	5.7	6.6	8.2	8.2	6.3	5.7	5.8
Other services	4.2	4.3	4.3	3.7	5.5	4.1	4.0	3.5	3.2
Government	3.3	3.1	3.2	1.6	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.6	2.2
Federal(1)	4.2	2.9	3.3	1.5	1.9	1.6	2.0	2.9	6.7
State and local	3.1	3.1	3.1	1.6	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.3	1.4
State and local education	2.2	2.1	2.4	1.5	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.3	1.4
State and local, excluding education(1)	4.2	4.2	4.0	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.3	1.5
Footnotes (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical. (p) Preliminary

Technical Note

Special technical note:  This technical note describes the procedures regularly used on a monthly basis to develop 
estimates from JOLTS survey responses. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the procedures described in this technical 
note have been modified. The modifications are briefly described in the box note in the news release and are 
described in more detail at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm.

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 
other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Industries are classified in 
accordance with the North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working.

Job Openings.  Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting Internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future, positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work, and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires.  Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations.  Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 
establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size class. The 
establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 
Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state unemployment insurance 
laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates 
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the 
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.

Birth/death model.  The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. Also within the first year, new businesses may go out of business, 
referred to as a death. Because not all births and deaths of establishments can be reflected on the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from them during their early 
existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity from previous 
years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to the 
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment.  The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences as well as sampling and non- sampling errors between the two surveys historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and re-seasonally adjust.

Seasonal adjustment.  BLS uses X-13 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal adjustment 
methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up 
to and including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models 
and REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally adjusted CES 
employment trends are applied to the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trends (hires minus 
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates.  The JOLTS estimates are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment 
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-
adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The 
seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment 
factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS 
data series, for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be 
approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are 
published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news release each year. Annual 
estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the 
last business day of each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs when a sample 
is surveyed rather than the entire population. There is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true 
population values they represent. The difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample 
selected. This variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 
the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 
sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons 
including: the failure to include a segment of the population; the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample; 
the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 
made in the collection or processing of the data; and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.
Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	7,309	6,001	6,697	6,352	6,494	6,652	4.6	4.2	4.6	4.3	4.4	4.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,546	5,347	5,879	5,636	5,795	5,950	4.8	4.4	4.7	4.5	4.6	4.7
Mining and logging(3)	23	16	16	15	17	22	3.0	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.7	3.5
Construction(3)	325	244	332	275	223	230	4.1	3.3	4.4	3.7	3.0	3.0
Manufacturing	403	346	430	469	492	525	3.1	2.8	3.4	3.7	3.9	4.1
Durable goods(3)	258	179	228	249	267	290	3.1	2.3	2.9	3.2	3.4	3.7
Nondurable goods(3)	145	167	202	220	225	235	2.9	3.6	4.3	4.6	4.7	4.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,472	1,075	1,181	1,130	1,142	1,102	5.0	4.0	4.3	4.1	4.1	4.0
Wholesale trade	268	163	179	187	180	178	4.3	2.8	3.1	3.2	3.1	3.1
Retail trade	877	669	773	705	671	667	5.3	4.4	5.0	4.5	4.3	4.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	327	243	228	238	291	257	5.0	4.1	3.8	3.9	4.7	4.1
Information(3)	142	97	106	82	121	129	4.7	3.6	3.9	3.1	4.4	4.7
Financial activities	426	298	291	284	301	293	4.6	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.3
Finance and insurance	323	232	219	222	240	211	4.8	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.6	3.1
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	103	65	72	61	61	83	4.2	2.9	3.2	2.7	2.7	3.6
Professional and business services	1,218	1,077	1,178	1,195	1,268	1,252	5.4	5.2	5.6	5.6	5.9	5.8
Education and health services	1,306	1,089	1,288	1,182	1,215	1,358	5.1	4.6	5.3	4.9	5.0	5.5
Educational services(3)	131	90	111	108	106	125	3.3	2.5	3.1	3.0	2.9	3.5
Health care and social assistance	1,176	999	1,177	1,074	1,110	1,232	5.4	4.9	5.7	5.2	5.3	5.9
Leisure and hospitality	975	838	770	761	772	791	5.5	6.6	5.8	5.7	5.6	5.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	135	113	94	83	86	92	5.2	7.1	5.6	4.9	4.8	5.0
Accommodation and food services	840	725	676	678	686	700	5.6	6.5	5.8	5.8	5.7	5.7
Other services	256	268	288	242	243	247	4.2	4.9	5.1	4.3	4.3	4.3
Government	763	654	818	716	699	702	3.3	3.0	3.7	3.2	3.1	3.2
Federal(3)	124	112	281	123	95	101	4.2	3.7	8.8	3.7	2.9	3.3
State and local	638	542	536	594	605	602	3.1	2.9	2.8	3.1	3.1	3.1
State and local education	234	186	176	199	207	230	2.2	1.9	1.8	2.0	2.1	2.4
State and local, excluding education(3)	404	356	360	394	397	372	4.2	3.9	3.9	4.2	4.2	4.0
REGION(4)
Northeast	1,234	1,123	1,209	1,080	1,101	1,186	4.3	4.3	4.5	4.0	4.1	4.3
South	2,804	2,226	2,479	2,512	2,584	2,605	4.8	4.2	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.8
Midwest	1,648	1,329	1,561	1,366	1,388	1,395	4.8	4.2	4.9	4.3	4.3	4.3
West	1,623	1,323	1,448	1,394	1,421	1,466	4.4	4.0	4.3	4.1	4.1	4.2
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	5,757	6,970	5,903	5,952	5,886	5,812	3.8	5.1	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,397	6,688	5,569	5,394	5,570	5,493	4.2	5.7	4.7	4.5	4.6	4.5
Mining and logging	28	11	21	16	19	17	3.7	1.8	3.4	2.6	3.1	2.7
Construction	475	499	396	396	394	396	6.3	7.0	5.5	5.5	5.4	5.4
Manufacturing	312	432	341	384	374	371	2.4	3.6	2.8	3.2	3.1	3.0
Durable goods	177	254	175	207	207	216	2.2	3.4	2.3	2.7	2.7	2.8
Nondurable goods	135	178	165	177	166	155	2.8	3.9	3.6	3.9	3.6	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,112	1,362	1,227	1,248	1,255	1,247	4.0	5.3	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.7
Wholesale trade	144	165	123	135	212	131	2.4	2.9	2.2	2.4	3.8	2.3
Retail trade	716	911	811	863	745	790	4.6	6.3	5.5	5.7	4.9	5.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	252	286	294	250	299	326	4.1	5.0	5.1	4.3	5.1	5.5
Information	96	57	67	87	103	111	3.3	2.2	2.6	3.4	3.9	4.2
Financial activities	217	189	235	217	238	216	2.5	2.2	2.7	2.5	2.7	2.5
Finance and insurance	135	134	142	145	162	134	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.5	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	82	56	94	73	76	83	3.5	2.6	4.3	3.3	3.4	3.7
Professional and business services	1,118	1,175	1,152	1,170	1,108	1,081	5.2	6.0	5.8	5.8	5.5	5.3
Education and health services	722	899	788	719	725	745	3.0	3.9	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.2
Educational services	106	116	100	93	70	92	2.8	3.4	2.9	2.6	2.0	2.7
Health care and social assistance	616	783	688	626	655	653	3.0	4.1	3.5	3.2	3.3	3.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,101	1,759	1,168	934	1,053	1,082	6.6	14.7	9.3	7.4	8.0	8.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	168	162	167	129	115	124	6.8	10.9	10.6	8.0	6.8	7.1
Accommodation and food services	934	1,597	1,001	806	938	958	6.6	15.3	9.1	7.3	8.2	8.2
Other services	216	305	173	222	302	228	3.7	5.9	3.2	4.1	5.5	4.1
Government	360	281	334	558	316	318	1.6	1.3	1.5	2.5	1.4	1.5
Federal	44	40	72	315	59	47	1.5	1.4	2.5	10.0	1.9	1.6
State and local	316	241	262	243	257	271	1.6	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.5
State and local education	156	123	124	105	114	125	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.3
State and local, excluding education	160	118	138	138	143	146	1.7	1.3	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	921	1,214	1,052	1,017	982	959	3.3	4.8	4.1	3.9	3.8	3.7
South	2,274	2,417	2,173	2,278	2,297	2,312	4.1	4.8	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.4
Midwest	1,237	1,682	1,307	1,311	1,181	1,205	3.7	5.6	4.3	4.3	3.8	3.9
West	1,325	1,656	1,371	1,346	1,425	1,336	3.8	5.2	4.2	4.1	4.3	4.0
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	5,580	4,899	4,988	4,689	4,844	5,107	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.3	3.4	3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,211	4,656	4,729	4,413	4,504	4,642	4.0	4.0	4.0	3.7	3.8	3.8
Mining and logging	26	28	26	19	23	22	3.5	4.4	4.2	3.1	3.6	3.5
Construction	450	343	347	324	290	320	6.0	4.8	4.8	4.5	4.0	4.4
Manufacturing	333	392	359	332	354	355	2.6	3.2	3.0	2.7	2.9	2.9
Durable goods	205	241	219	190	206	207	2.6	3.2	2.9	2.5	2.7	2.7
Nondurable goods	128	152	140	141	148	149	2.7	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,062	1,077	1,123	1,103	1,063	1,118	3.8	4.2	4.3	4.2	4.0	4.2
Wholesale trade	136	166	143	152	125	132	2.3	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.2	2.3
Retail trade	687	640	717	719	687	726	4.4	4.4	4.9	4.8	4.6	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	240	271	263	232	251	260	3.9	4.8	4.6	4.0	4.3	4.4
Information	92	54	56	57	51	54	3.2	2.1	2.2	2.2	1.9	2.0
Financial activities	200	177	197	205	190	192	2.3	2.1	2.3	2.4	2.2	2.2
Finance and insurance	127	122	120	133	111	112	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.1	1.7	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	72	55	77	72	79	79	3.1	2.6	3.5	3.3	3.6	3.6
Professional and business services	1,079	926	986	960	989	977	5.0	4.7	5.0	4.8	4.9	4.8
Education and health services	668	603	632	606	618	650	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.8
Educational services	101	55	71	59	64	77	2.7	1.6	2.0	1.7	1.9	2.2
Health care and social assistance	567	548	561	547	553	573	2.8	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	1,067	858	820	708	737	781	6.4	7.2	6.5	5.6	5.6	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	170	136	115	53	84	105	6.9	9.2	7.3	3.3	5.0	6.0
Accommodation and food services	896	722	705	655	653	677	6.3	6.9	6.4	5.9	5.7	5.8
Other services	234	199	183	98	190	174	4.0	3.9	3.4	1.8	3.5	3.2
Government	369	243	259	276	340	465	1.6	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.6	2.2
Federal	55	42	45	57	90	199	2.0	1.5	1.5	1.8	2.9	6.7
State and local	314	200	214	219	250	266	1.6	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4
State and local education	160	70	102	116	129	133	1.5	0.7	1.0	1.2	1.3	1.4
State and local, excluding education	154	130	112	103	121	133	1.7	1.5	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	936	841	766	702	710	849	3.4	3.3	3.0	2.7	2.7	3.3
South	2,076	1,862	1,915	1,895	1,912	2,004	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.8
Midwest	1,186	1,080	1,121	1,055	1,098	1,163	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.4	3.6	3.7
West	1,382	1,115	1,185	1,037	1,125	1,092	3.9	3.5	3.7	3.2	3.4	3.3
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	3,442	2,605	2,932	2,839	3,074	3,092	2.3	1.9	2.1	2.0	2.2	2.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,261	2,492	2,789	2,696	2,920	2,917	2.5	2.1	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.4
Mining and logging	12	10	11	7	9	9	1.7	1.5	1.7	1.2	1.4	1.5
Construction	189	131	143	103	142	115	2.5	1.8	2.0	1.4	2.0	1.6
Manufacturing	200	186	179	207	235	220	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.9	1.8
Durable goods	118	101	104	117	129	123	1.5	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.7	1.6
Nondurable goods	82	85	75	90	106	96	1.7	1.9	1.7	2.0	2.3	2.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	630	613	753	722	702	712	2.3	2.4	2.9	2.7	2.6	2.7
Wholesale trade	61	79	90	86	92	90	1.0	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6
Retail trade	433	410	524	502	466	479	2.8	2.8	3.5	3.3	3.1	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	135	123	140	134	144	143	2.2	2.2	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.4
Information	45	28	31	29	29	30	1.6	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2
Financial activities	131	84	87	126	106	119	1.5	1.0	1.0	1.5	1.2	1.4
Finance and insurance	88	60	47	89	65	70	1.4	0.9	0.7	1.4	1.0	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	42	25	40	37	40	50	1.8	1.1	1.8	1.7	1.8	2.2
Professional and business services	632	441	533	558	627	576	2.9	2.2	2.7	2.8	3.1	2.8
Education and health services	464	394	438	398	425	466	1.9	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.8	2.0
Educational services	62	23	37	32	32	41	1.6	0.7	1.1	0.9	0.9	1.2
Health care and social assistance	402	371	401	366	392	425	2.0	1.9	2.1	1.9	2.0	2.1
Leisure and hospitality	776	487	501	488	536	562	4.6	4.1	4.0	3.8	4.1	4.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	84	29	32	15	38	55	3.4	2.0	2.0	0.9	2.2	3.2
Accommodation and food services	692	457	469	473	498	507	4.9	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.4
Other services	183	117	113	58	110	107	3.1	2.3	2.1	1.1	2.0	1.9
Government	180	113	143	142	155	175	0.8	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.8
Federal	19	17	19	19	20	27	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.9
State and local	161	96	123	124	134	147	0.8	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8
State and local education	85	31	59	66	70	72	0.8	0.3	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.8
State and local, excluding education	76	66	65	58	65	76	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8
REGION(4)
Northeast	506	392	410	389	425	450	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.7
South	1,331	1,054	1,160	1,233	1,303	1,312	2.4	2.1	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.5
Midwest	768	599	703	633	680	682	2.3	2.0	2.3	2.1	2.2	2.2
West	837	560	658	583	667	647	2.4	1.7	2.0	1.8	2.0	2.0
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	1,778	1,995	1,745	1,533	1,437	1,680	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.1	1.0	1.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,657	1,913	1,690	1,464	1,311	1,459	1.3	1.6	1.4	1.2	1.1	1.2
Mining and logging	12	17	15	11	11	12	1.7	2.6	2.4	1.7	1.8	1.8
Construction	244	197	192	206	135	193	3.2	2.7	2.7	2.9	1.9	2.6
Manufacturing	114	184	154	102	97	112	0.9	1.5	1.3	0.8	0.8	0.9
Durable goods	73	127	102	60	65	69	0.9	1.7	1.4	0.8	0.8	0.9
Nondurable goods	41	57	52	42	32	43	0.9	1.3	1.1	0.9	0.7	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	365	419	317	340	302	334	1.3	1.6	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.2
Wholesale trade(3)	66	80	53	61	21	34	1.1	1.4	1.0	1.1	0.4	0.6
Retail trade	211	203	171	194	191	204	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	88	135	92	85	90	96	1.4	2.4	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.6
Information	40	21	21	25	17	21	1.4	0.8	0.8	1.0	0.7	0.8
Financial activities	42	67	83	52	60	49	0.5	0.8	1.0	0.6	0.7	0.6
Finance and insurance	18	41	50	21	26	21	0.3	0.6	0.8	0.3	0.4	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	24	25	33	31	34	28	1.0	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.3
Professional and business services	390	423	390	352	305	340	1.8	2.1	2.0	1.8	1.5	1.7
Education and health services	167	155	165	164	155	152	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
Educational services	29	30	31	21	28	32	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.6	0.8	0.9
Health care and social assistance	137	126	134	143	127	120	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	247	351	293	188	166	188	1.5	2.9	2.3	1.5	1.3	1.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	81	103	81	35	44	48	3.3	7.0	5.1	2.1	2.6	2.8
Accommodation and food services	165	248	213	154	122	140	1.2	2.4	1.9	1.4	1.1	1.2
Other services	36	81	61	23	63	58	0.6	1.6	1.1	0.4	1.1	1.1
Government	121	81	55	69	127	221	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.6	1.0
Federal	26	14	12	23	60	151	0.9	0.5	0.4	0.7	1.9	5.1
State and local	96	67	43	46	67	70	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.4
State and local education	46	29	18	26	34	38	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.4
State and local, excluding education	49	38	25	20	33	31	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	366	395	300	264	232	350	1.3	1.6	1.2	1.0	0.9	1.3
South	621	706	639	540	476	552	1.1	1.4	1.2	1.0	0.9	1.1
Midwest	340	416	355	355	351	413	1.0	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.3
West	452	478	451	374	378	365	1.3	1.5	1.4	1.1	1.1	1.1
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	360	300	311	317	333	336	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	293	251	250	253	274	266	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	1	1	3	1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.2
Construction(3)	17	15	11	15	12	11	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	20	22	26	23	22	24	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	14	12	13	13	12	15	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods(3)	5	9	13	10	10	9	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	68	45	53	41	59	72	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wholesale trade	9	6	0	5	11	8	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.1
Retail trade	42	27	22	23	30	43	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	17	13	31	13	18	21	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.2	0.3	0.4
Information(3)	8	5	4	3	4	2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Financial activities	26	26	27	27	25	24	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	21	21	23	23	19	22	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	6	5	4	4	5	1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Professional and business services	57	62	64	50	58	61	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	37	53	29	44	38	32	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1
Educational services	9	2	3	5	5	4	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance(3)	28	52	26	38	34	27	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	44	20	26	32	35	31	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	5	3	3	4	2	2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.1
Accommodation and food services(3)	39	17	23	28	33	30	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other services(3)	15	2	9	16	18	9	0.3	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2
Government	68	48	61	64	59	69	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	11	11	14	15	10	20	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.7
State and local	57	37	48	50	48	49	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local education	28	11	25	25	25	23	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2
State and local, excluding education	29	26	23	25	24	26	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	65	55	56	48	53	48	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	124	102	116	121	133	140	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Midwest	78	66	63	67	67	68	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	93	78	76	80	80	80	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	7,693	6,639	7,097	4.8	4.5	4.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,940	5,943	6,397	5.1	4.7	5.0
Mining and logging	23	17	22	3.0	2.7	3.5
Construction	325	223	230	4.0	2.9	3.0
Manufacturing	403	492	525	3.0	3.9	4.1
Durable goods	258	267	290	3.1	3.4	3.7
Nondurable goods	145	225	235	2.9	4.7	4.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,692	1,286	1,324	5.7	4.6	4.7
Wholesale trade	264	181	172	4.3	3.1	3.0
Retail trade	1,101	814	894	6.6	5.2	5.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	327	291	257	5.0	4.7	4.1
Information	142	121	129	4.7	4.4	4.6
Financial activities	451	302	321	4.9	3.4	3.6
Finance and insurance	348	240	239	5.1	3.6	3.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	103	61	83	4.2	2.7	3.6
Professional and business services	1,344	1,344	1,400	5.8	6.2	6.4
Education and health services	1,332	1,170	1,402	5.1	4.8	5.6
Educational services	131	106	125	3.2	3.0	3.4
Health care and social assistance	1,201	1,065	1,277	5.5	5.1	6.0
Leisure and hospitality	939	748	759	5.3	5.4	5.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	130	65	87	5.1	3.6	4.8
Accommodation and food services	809	683	673	5.4	5.6	5.5
Other services	288	241	285	4.6	4.2	4.9
Government	753	696	700	3.2	3.1	3.1
Federal	124	95	101	4.2	2.9	3.3
State and local	629	601	599	3.0	3.1	3.1
State and local education	224	204	227	2.0	2.1	2.2
State and local, excluding education	404	397	372	4.2	4.2	4.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,308	1,129	1,268	4.5	4.2	4.6
South	2,903	2,642	2,737	4.9	4.8	4.9
Midwest	1,743	1,416	1,483	5.0	4.4	4.5
West	1,738	1,452	1,609	4.7	4.2	4.6
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	6,160	5,955	6,195	4.0	4.2	4.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,817	5,546	5,886	4.5	4.6	4.8
Mining and logging	29	21	19	3.9	3.4	3.0
Construction	489	385	403	6.3	5.2	5.3
Manufacturing	312	388	378	2.4	3.2	3.1
Durable goods	171	215	219	2.1	2.8	2.9
Nondurable goods	141	173	159	2.9	3.8	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,369	1,264	1,484	4.9	4.8	5.5
Wholesale trade	163	213	145	2.8	3.8	2.6
Retail trade	900	725	940	5.8	4.9	6.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	306	326	399	4.9	5.5	6.7
Information	110	106	134	3.8	4.0	5.1
Financial activities	239	229	234	2.7	2.6	2.7
Finance and insurance	153	157	146	2.4	2.4	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	85	72	88	3.6	3.2	4.0
Professional and business services	1,187	1,067	1,123	5.5	5.3	5.4
Education and health services	804	790	830	3.3	3.4	3.5
Educational services	109	127	94	2.8	3.7	2.6
Health care and social assistance	696	662	735	3.4	3.4	3.7
Leisure and hospitality	1,067	1,015	1,050	6.4	7.7	7.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	149	89	108	6.2	5.1	6.3
Accommodation and food services	918	927	942	6.4	8.1	8.1
Other services	211	280	233	3.6	5.1	4.2
Government	343	409	308	1.5	1.9	1.4
Federal	46	63	50	1.6	2.0	1.7
State and local	297	347	258	1.5	1.9	1.4
State and local education	156	215	128	1.4	2.2	1.3
State and local, excluding education	141	132	131	1.5	1.5	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	953	1,010	974	3.4	3.9	3.7
South	2,441	2,281	2,498	4.4	4.4	4.8
Midwest	1,308	1,196	1,262	3.9	3.9	4.0
West	1,458	1,469	1,460	4.1	4.5	4.4
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	5,708	5,144	5,300	3.7	3.6	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,388	4,765	4,875	4.2	4.0	4.0
Mining and logging	26	20	22	3.5	3.3	3.5
Construction	486	311	358	6.3	4.2	4.8
Manufacturing	349	380	383	2.7	3.1	3.1
Durable goods	210	222	222	2.6	2.9	2.9
Nondurable goods	139	158	161	2.9	3.4	3.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,065	1,038	1,154	3.8	3.9	4.3
Wholesale trade	145	128	143	2.4	2.3	2.5
Retail trade	678	683	741	4.3	4.6	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	243	227	270	3.9	3.9	4.5
Information	88	52	52	3.1	2.0	2.0
Financial activities	194	185	184	2.2	2.1	2.1
Finance and insurance	123	106	106	1.9	1.6	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	71	80	78	3.0	3.6	3.5
Professional and business services	1,096	997	1,002	5.1	4.9	4.9
Education and health services	652	603	640	2.7	2.6	2.7
Educational services	72	60	58	1.8	1.7	1.6
Health care and social assistance	580	543	583	2.8	2.8	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	1,201	958	916	7.2	7.3	6.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	227	164	163	9.4	9.5	9.4
Accommodation and food services	974	794	753	6.8	6.9	6.5
Other services	230	221	164	3.9	4.1	3.0
Government	320	379	425	1.4	1.7	1.9
Federal	58	92	201	2.0	2.9	6.7
State and local	262	287	224	1.3	1.5	1.2
State and local education	105	111	89	1.0	1.1	0.9
State and local, excluding education	158	176	135	1.7	2.0	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	941	846	868	3.4	3.3	3.3
South	2,079	1,981	2,074	3.7	3.8	3.9
Midwest	1,249	1,142	1,204	3.8	3.7	3.9
West	1,439	1,175	1,153	4.1	3.6	3.5
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	3,541	3,298	3,280	2.3	2.3	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,389	3,132	3,126	2.6	2.6	2.6
Mining and logging	13	10	10	1.7	1.6	1.6
Construction	204	166	136	2.6	2.2	1.8
Manufacturing	207	257	236	1.6	2.1	1.9
Durable goods	122	144	134	1.5	1.9	1.8
Nondurable goods	85	113	102	1.8	2.5	2.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	681	725	788	2.4	2.7	2.9
Wholesale trade	69	97	99	1.2	1.7	1.8
Retail trade	462	491	531	3.0	3.3	3.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	149	137	158	2.4	2.3	2.6
Information	44	31	30	1.5	1.2	1.2
Financial activities	130	109	120	1.5	1.3	1.4
Finance and insurance	88	68	70	1.4	1.1	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	42	40	50	1.8	1.8	2.2
Professional and business services	664	649	622	3.1	3.2	3.0
Education and health services	468	424	482	1.9	1.8	2.1
Educational services	52	36	37	1.3	1.1	1.0
Health care and social assistance	416	388	445	2.0	2.0	2.2
Leisure and hospitality	798	638	599	4.8	4.8	4.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	83	59	59	3.4	3.4	3.4
Accommodation and food services	716	579	540	5.0	5.0	4.6
Other services	179	124	102	3.0	2.3	1.9
Government	152	166	154	0.7	0.8	0.7
Federal	20	21	29	0.7	0.7	1.0
State and local	132	144	125	0.7	0.8	0.7
State and local education	61	65	53	0.6	0.7	0.5
State and local, excluding education	71	79	72	0.8	0.9	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	510	490	466	1.8	1.9	1.8
South	1,355	1,366	1,400	2.4	2.6	2.7
Midwest	804	728	720	2.4	2.4	2.3
West	872	713	693	2.5	2.2	2.1
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	1,831	1,526	1,699	1.2	1.1	1.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,712	1,366	1,482	1.3	1.1	1.2
Mining and logging	12	8	10	1.6	1.2	1.7
Construction	265	133	210	3.4	1.8	2.8
Manufacturing	123	102	124	1.0	0.8	1.0
Durable goods	74	67	73	0.9	0.9	1.0
Nondurable goods	48	36	50	1.0	0.8	1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	325	253	300	1.2	1.0	1.1
Wholesale trade	66	21	34	1.1	0.4	0.6
Retail trade	182	160	175	1.2	1.1	1.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	77	72	91	1.2	1.2	1.5
Information	36	17	20	1.3	0.6	0.7
Financial activities	42	55	44	0.5	0.6	0.5
Finance and insurance	19	21	17	0.3	0.3	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	23	34	27	1.0	1.5	1.2
Professional and business services	365	292	309	1.7	1.4	1.5
Education and health services	150	141	127	0.6	0.6	0.5
Educational services	15	20	17	0.4	0.6	0.5
Health care and social assistance	135	121	110	0.7	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	359	286	286	2.2	2.2	2.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	140	103	102	5.8	6.0	5.9
Accommodation and food services	219	183	184	1.5	1.6	1.6
Other services	36	79	52	0.6	1.4	0.9
Government	118	160	217	0.5	0.7	1.0
Federal	28	60	153	1.0	1.9	5.1
State and local	90	100	64	0.4	0.5	0.3
State and local education	27	27	23	0.2	0.3	0.2
State and local, excluding education	63	73	41	0.7	0.8	0.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	368	298	357	1.3	1.1	1.4
South	616	486	543	1.1	0.9	1.0
Midwest	374	350	421	1.1	1.1	1.3
West	473	392	378	1.3	1.2	1.1
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)	Oct. 2019	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020(p)
Total	337	320	321	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	287	267	266	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	3	1	0.2	0.4	0.2
Construction	17	12	11	0.2	0.2	0.1
Manufacturing	19	20	24	0.1	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	14	11	14	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nondurable goods	5	10	9	0.1	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	60	59	66	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	10	9	9	0.2	0.2	0.2
Retail trade	34	32	36	0.2	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	17	18	21	0.3	0.3	0.4
Information	8	4	2	0.3	0.2	0.1
Financial activities	22	21	21	0.3	0.2	0.2
Finance and insurance	17	16	19	0.3	0.2	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	6	5	1	0.2	0.2	0.1
Professional and business services	67	56	71	0.3	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	34	38	31	0.1	0.2	0.1
Educational services	6	4	3	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	28	34	27	0.1	0.2	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	44	35	31	0.3	0.3	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5	2	2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Accommodation and food services	39	33	30	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other services	15	18	9	0.3	0.3	0.2
Government	50	53	54	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	9	11	19	0.3	0.4	0.6
State and local	40	42	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	17	19	14	0.2	0.2	0.1
State and local, excluding education	24	24	22	0.3	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	63	58	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	109	129	131	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	72	64	62	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	94	70	82	0.3	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.