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Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2025 Employment (thousands)	Annual percent change, 1987-2025
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2025 Employment (thousands)	Labor productivity	Unit labor costs	Output	Hours worked	Labor compen- sation	Hourly compen- sation
Utilities

Utilities	22	601.4	1.8	1.9	1.4	-0.4	3.3	3.7
Utilities	221	601.4	1.8	1.9	1.4	-0.4	3.3	3.7
Power generation and supply	2211	420.6	2.3	1.4	1.7	-0.6	3.1	3.7
Natural gas distribution	2212	118.0	0.9	3.1	0.5	-0.4	3.6	4.0
Water, sewage and other systems	2213	62.8	-1.4	4.9	1.0	2.4	5.9	3.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation	481	573.0	1.7	1.7	2.5	0.8	4.3	3.5
Line-haul railroads	482111	136.8	3.3	0.0	1.4	-1.8	1.4	3.3
Truck transportation(1)	484	1,701.5	0.8	1.8	1.8	1.0	3.7	2.6
General freight trucking(1)	4841	1,236.3	1.2	1.3	2.2	0.9	3.5	2.5
General freight trucking, local(1)	48411	352.1	2.8	0.4	3.8	1.0	4.3	3.2
General freight trucking, long-distance	48412	884.2	1.2	1.4	2.0	0.7	3.4	2.7
Specialized freight trucking(2)	4842	465.2	0.8	2.3	1.4	0.6	3.8	3.2
Postal service(3)	491	597.8	-0.7	3.9	-1.4	-0.6	2.5	3.1
Postal service(3)	4911	597.8	-0.7	3.9	-1.4	-0.6	2.5	3.1
Couriers and messengers	492	1,311.6	-2.3	5.6	0.8	3.3	6.5	3.1
Warehousing and storage(1)	493	1,885.9	0.4	2.1	5.1	4.6	7.3	2.5
Warehousing and storage(1)	4931	1,885.9	0.4	2.1	5.1	4.6	7.3	2.5

Information

Publishing	511	884.5	4.4	1.3	4.5	0.1	5.9	5.8
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers	5111	229.5	0.3	4.1	-3.1	-3.4	0.9	4.4
Newspaper publishers	51111	82.2	-0.2	4.0	-4.9	-4.7	-1.0	3.8
Periodical publishers	51112	65.0	0.0	4.5	-2.2	-2.2	2.1	4.5
Software publishers	5112	655.0	9.7	-4.2	16.2	6.0	11.3	5.1
Broadcasting, except Internet	515	242.3	3.2	1.1	2.9	-0.3	4.0	4.3
Radio and television broadcasting	5151	190.2	2.9	1.3	2.2	-0.6	3.5	4.2
Cable and other subscription programming	5152	52.1	4.3	0.2	5.3	0.9	5.5	4.5
Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers	5173	520.5	5.6	-2.1	4.5	-1.0	2.3	3.4
Wired telecommunications carriers	517311	439.9	2.7	0.6	1.3	-1.4	1.9	3.4
Wireless telecommunications carriers	517312	80.6	10.7	-7.9	14.9	3.8	5.8	2.0

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking	52211	1,372.8	2.6	2.4	2.4	-0.1	4.9	5.1

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing	53212	99.2	2.7	1.2	3.1	0.4	4.3	3.9

Professional and Technical Services

Engineering services	54133	1,232.7	1.1	2.8	2.9	1.7	5.7	3.9

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services(4)	5615	227.9	7.2	-1.6	5.2	-1.8	3.5	5.5

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories(5)	6215	326.0	2.8	0.2	5.5	2.6	5.7	3.0

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades(6)	7131	243.1	-1.5	5.2	0.1	1.7	5.3	3.6
Gambling industries(4)	7132	141.4	3.4	1.4	3.4	0.0	4.9	4.9

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation	721	1,959.5	1.6	2.2	2.2	0.5	4.4	3.9
Traveler accommodation	7211	1,860.9	1.7	2.2	2.2	0.5	4.4	3.9
Food services and drinking places	722	12,491.2	0.5	3.2	2.0	1.5	5.2	3.7
Restaurants and other eating places	72251	11,129.8	0.6	3.3	2.1	1.5	5.5	3.9
Full-service restaurants	722511	5,421.0	0.7	3.5	2.1	1.3	5.6	4.2
Limited-service eating places	722513,4,5	5,708.8	0.4	3.2	2.1	1.7	5.3	3.6

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance	8111	1,298.8	0.7	2.7	1.4	0.7	4.1	3.4
Drycleaning and laundry services	8123	275.1	1.6	2.0	0.6	-0.9	2.6	3.6
Footnotes (1) For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, and 4931, annual percent changes are for 1992-2025. (2) For NAICS industry 4842, annual percent changes are for 2002-2025. (3) For NAICS industries 491 and 4911, annual percent changes are for the fiscal year ending in September. (4) For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 5615, and 7132, annual percent changes are for 1997-2025. (5) For NAICS industry 6215, annual percent changes are for 1994-2025. (6) For NAICS industry 7131, annual percent changes are for 2007-2025.

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Last Modified Date: August 26, 2026