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Economic News Release
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Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2024-2025 annual averages

Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2024-2025 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation and industry 2024 2025
Total
employed		 Members
of
unions(1)		 Represented
by unions(2)		 Total
employed		 Members
of
unions(1)		 Represented
by unions(2)
Total Percent
of
employed		 Total Percent
of
employed		 Total Percent
of
employed		 Total Percent
of
employed

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations

 62,800 6,472 10.3 7,447 11.9 63,300 6,632 10.5 7,571 12.0

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

 25,560 1,051 4.1 1,293 5.1 25,632 1,105 4.3 1,358 5.3

Management occupations

 16,411 689 4.2 825 5.0 16,548 678 4.1 832 5.0

Business and financial operations occupations

 9,149 362 4.0 468 5.1 9,084 427 4.7 526 5.8

Professional and related occupations

 37,240 5,421 14.6 6,153 16.5 37,668 5,527 14.7 6,213 16.5

Computer and mathematical occupations

 6,196 228 3.7 291 4.7 6,517 239 3.7 285 4.4

Architecture and engineering occupations

 3,432 195 5.7 249 7.3 3,593 232 6.4 278 7.7

Life, physical, and social science occupations

 1,733 184 10.6 201 11.6 1,794 193 10.7 228 12.7

Community and social service occupations

 2,780 378 13.6 425 15.3 2,656 385 14.5 421 15.9

Legal occupations

 1,550 84 5.4 108 7.0 1,598 116 7.3 136 8.5

Education, training, and library occupations

 9,351 3,016 32.3 3,346 35.8 9,365 3,039 32.5 3,365 35.9

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

 2,358 152 6.5 184 7.8 2,392 158 6.6 182 7.6

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

 9,839 1,184 12.0 1,351 13.7 9,752 1,166 12.0 1,319 13.5

Service occupations

 23,707 2,182 9.2 2,430 10.3 24,552 2,326 9.5 2,618 10.7

Healthcare support occupations

 5,157 424 8.2 477 9.3 5,530 483 8.7 566 10.2

Protective service occupations

 3,070 908 29.6 998 32.5 3,327 1,042 31.3 1,136 34.1

Food preparation and serving related occupations

 7,860 310 3.9 353 4.5 8,074 300 3.7 351 4.3

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

 4,807 419 8.7 465 9.7 4,702 386 8.2 431 9.2

Personal care and service occupations

 2,813 121 4.3 136 4.9 2,919 116 4.0 135 4.6

Sales and office occupations

 27,032 1,614 6.0 1,835 6.8 27,970 1,685 6.0 1,941 6.9

Sales and related occupations

 11,929 325 2.7 391 3.3 12,208 308 2.5 382 3.1

Office and administrative support occupations

 15,104 1,289 8.5 1,444 9.6 15,762 1,376 8.7 1,560 9.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

 12,243 1,638 13.4 1,761 14.4 12,251 1,712 14.0 1,833 15.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

 881 13 1.5 13 1.5 871 21 2.4 24 2.7

Construction and extraction occupations

 6,939 1,068 15.4 1,140 16.4 6,850 1,124 16.4 1,195 17.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

 4,422 558 12.6 608 13.7 4,529 567 12.5 614 13.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

 18,740 2,348 12.5 2,550 13.6 18,588 2,310 12.4 2,523 13.6

Production occupations

 7,697 894 11.6 979 12.7 7,504 890 11.9 958 12.8

Transportation and material moving occupations

 11,044 1,454 13.2 1,571 14.2 11,084 1,420 12.8 1,565 14.1

INDUSTRY

Private sector

 122,684 7,230 5.9 8,216 6.7 124,561 7,384 5.9 8,443 6.8

Agriculture and related industries

 1,287 18 1.4 19 1.5 1,243 19 1.6 19 1.6

Nonagricultural industries

 121,397 7,212 5.9 8,197 6.8 123,318 7,365 6.0 8,423 6.8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction

 538 35 6.6 40 7.5 487 23 4.7 30 6.1

Construction

 8,894 916 10.3 994 11.2 9,000 995 11.1 1,078 12.0

Manufacturing

 14,338 1,124 7.8 1,244 8.7 14,371 1,107 7.7 1,210 8.4

Durable goods

 9,213 713 7.7 786 8.5 9,328 694 7.4 767 8.2

Nondurable goods

 5,125 411 8.0 458 8.9 5,043 413 8.2 443 8.8

Wholesale and retail trade

 17,986 731 4.1 844 4.7 18,072 780 4.3 901 5.0

Wholesale trade

 2,955 136 4.6 156 5.3 2,676 157 5.8 171 6.4

Retail trade

 15,031 596 4.0 687 4.6 15,396 623 4.0 729 4.7

Transportation and utilities

 7,540 1,221 16.2 1,307 17.3 7,815 1,119 14.3 1,216 15.6

Transportation and warehousing

 6,387 1,006 15.8 1,079 16.9 6,558 895 13.6 979 14.9

Utilities

 1,153 215 18.7 229 19.8 1,257 224 17.8 236 18.8

Information(3)

 2,354 156 6.6 180 7.6 2,376 158 6.6 182 7.6

Publishing, except Internet

 503 17 3.3 17 3.4 381 13 3.5 13 3.5

Motion pictures and sound recording industries

 356 30 8.4 36 10.2 395 44 11.0 51 12.8

Broadcasting and content providers

 - - - - - 449 24 5.2 28 6.2

Telecommunications

 770 69 9.0 83 10.7 724 69 9.6 79 10.9

Financial activities

 9,231 122 1.3 170 1.8 9,633 147 1.5 190 2.0

Finance and insurance

 7,149 67 0.9 102 1.4 7,453 72 1.0 102 1.4

Finance

 4,540 37 0.8 65 1.4 4,746 40 0.8 54 1.1

Insurance

 2,609 31 1.2 37 1.4 2,707 32 1.2 48 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing

 2,082 55 2.6 68 3.3 2,181 74 3.4 87 4.0

Professional and business services

 17,247 348 2.0 476 2.8 17,700 368 2.1 492 2.8

Professional and technical services

 11,304 131 1.2 211 1.9 11,946 154 1.3 235 2.0

Management, administrative, and waste services

 5,943 218 3.7 265 4.5 5,755 214 3.7 257 4.5

Education and health services

 24,877 2,027 8.1 2,333 9.4 25,522 2,087 8.2 2,445 9.6

Educational services

 5,207 689 13.2 805 15.5 5,343 717 13.4 839 15.7

Health care and social assistance

 19,670 1,337 6.8 1,528 7.8 20,179 1,370 6.8 1,606 8.0

Leisure and hospitality

 12,458 370 3.0 425 3.4 12,211 367 3.0 433 3.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

 2,467 146 5.9 167 6.8 2,402 129 5.4 147 6.1

Accommodation and food services

 9,991 224 2.2 258 2.6 9,809 238 2.4 286 2.9

Accommodation

 1,155 84 7.2 93 8.0 1,117 84 7.6 93 8.3

Food services and drinking places

 8,836 140 1.6 165 1.9 8,692 153 1.8 194 2.2

Other services(3)

 5,933 160 2.7 184 3.1 6,130 215 3.5 248 4.0

Other services, except private households

 5,301 152 2.9 172 3.3 5,540 209 3.8 239 4.3

Public sector

 21,838 7,025 32.2 7,807 35.7 22,100 7,280 32.9 8,043 36.4

Federal government

 4,170 1,056 25.3 1,246 29.9 4,131 1,124 27.2 1,286 31.1

State government

 7,524 2,096 27.9 2,364 31.4 7,783 2,304 29.6 2,544 32.7

Local government

 10,144 3,873 38.2 4,197 41.4 10,186 3,853 37.8 4,213 41.4

Footnotes
(1) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
(2) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
(3) Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2025 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2022 Census industry classification system, derived from the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2025 are not strictly comparable with earlier years. Annual estimates for 2025 are 11-month averages that exclude October. (Data for October 2025 were not collected due to the federal government shutdown.) As a result, 2025 annual estimates are not strictly comparable with annual averages for other years.
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Last Modified Date: February 18, 2026