Occupational Requirements Survey: Occupational Profiles

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Based on the 2023 Occupational Requirements Survey

• All workers (PDF) ▸
  • 

     

    This profile provides an overview of job requirements for civilian workers in the U.S. economy. Civilian workers include private industry as well as state and local government workers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 27.3 percent of civilian workers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 51.2 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of civilian workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	56.2	43.8
    Interaction with general public	79.2	20.8
    Working around crowds	3.1	96.9
    Telework	11.4	88.6
    Work review: Supervising others	16.7	83.3
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	62.4	37.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 45.3 percent of civilian workers. Prior work experience was required for 47.5 percent and on-the-job training was required for 78.9 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 30.0 percent of civilian workers and a high school diploma was required for 40.1 percent.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 94.5 percent of civilian workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 95.6 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 66.8 percent, 97.9 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 67.0 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 75.9 percent of civilian workers and was not required for 24.1 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 56.8 percent of civilian workers and was not required for 43.2 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 42.3 percent of civilian workers. On average, workers spent 43.7 percent of the workday sitting and 56.3 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of civilian workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	42.3	57.7
    Driving	25.8	74.2
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	20.3	79.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Architecture and engineering occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes architects, surveyors, cartographers, photogrammetrists, engineers, drafters, engineering technicians, electro-mechanical technicians, and mapping technicians.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 92.4 percent of architecture and engineering workers, and basic people skills were required for 7.6 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of architecture and engineering workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	95.1	4.9
    Interaction with general public	62.1	37.9
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	33.7	66.3
    Work review: Supervising others	16.1	83.9
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	66.4	33.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 40.1 percent of architecture and engineering workers. Prior work experience was required for 68.0 percent and on-the-job training was required for 71.4 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 69.5 percent of architecture and engineering workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 99.2 percent of architecture and engineering workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 97.8 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 94.5 percent, 97.6 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 68.2 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of architecture and engineering workers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 27.2 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 64.5 percent frequently, and for 5.4 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 29.0 percent of architecture and engineering workers and was not required for 71.0 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 83.7 percent of architecture and engineering workers. On average, workers spent 73.6 percent of the workday sitting and 26.4 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of architecture and engineering workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	83.7	16.3
    Driving	31.6	68.4
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	22.8	77.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Civil engineers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Perform engineering duties in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, and water and sewage systems. Includes architectural, structural, traffic, and geotechnical engineers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, work was controlled by people for 37.7 percent of civil engineers, and work was self-paced for 55.8 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of civil engineers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	>95	<5
    Interaction with general public	84.0	16.0
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	36.2	63.8
    Work review: Supervising others	32.5	67.5
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	63.7	36.3
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 78.9 percent of civil engineers. Prior work experience was required for 66.4 percent and on-the-job training was required for 60.8 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for greater than 99.5 percent of civil engineers.

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of civil engineers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 90 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 91.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 21.8 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of civil engineers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 39.3 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 58.4 percent frequently, and for less than 10 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 34.1 percent of civil engineers and was not required for 65.9 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 82.5 percent of civil engineers. On average, workers spent 78.9 percent of the workday sitting and 21.1 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of civil engineers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	82.5	17.5
    Driving	64.2	35.8
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	31.3	68.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Industrial engineers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Design, develop, test, and evaluate integrated systems for managing industrial production processes, including human work factors, quality control, inventory control, logistics and material flow, cost analysis, and production coordination.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 99.1 percent of industrial engineers, and basic people skills were required for 0.9 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of industrial engineers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	>85	<15
    Interaction with general public	59.3	40.7
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	11.9	88.1
    Work review: Supervising others	12.0	88.0
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	67.9	32.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 10.1 percent of industrial engineers. Prior work experience was required for 66.3 percent and on-the-job training was required for 77.4 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 94.9 percent of industrial engineers.

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 95.9 percent of industrial engineers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 98.3 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 91.9 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 97.2 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of industrial engineers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 32.3 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 63.7 percent frequently, and for 3.8 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 32.5 percent of industrial engineers and was not required for 67.5 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 84.0 percent of industrial engineers. On average, workers spent 68.5 percent of the workday sitting and 31.5 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of industrial engineers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	84.0	16.0
    Driving	7.2	92.8
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	19.9	80.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Mechanical engineers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Perform engineering duties in planning and designing tools, engines, machines, and other mechanically functioning equipment. Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, and repair of equipment such as centralized heat, gas, water, and steam systems.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, work was controlled by people for 21.7 percent of mechanical engineers, and work was self-paced for 74.7 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of mechanical engineers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	98.9	1.1
    Interaction with general public	68.1	31.9
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	26.0	74.0
    Work review: Supervising others	8.8	91.2
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	75.7	24.3
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 19.6 percent of mechanical engineers. Prior work experience was required for 54.7 percent and on-the-job training was required for 78.3 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 96.3 percent of mechanical engineers.

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 95 percent of mechanical engineers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 99.4 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 98.2 percent, greater than 75 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 91.4 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of mechanical engineers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 23.7 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 75.9 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 14.6 percent of mechanical engineers and was not required for 85.4 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 96.4 percent of mechanical engineers. On average, workers spent 80.5 percent of the workday sitting and 19.5 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of mechanical engineers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	96.4	3.6
    Driving	18.9	81.1
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	33.8	66.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes art directors, artists, fashion designers, actors, producers, directors, coaches, dancers, choreographers, musicians, singers, radio announcers, writers, editors, interpreters, sound engineering technicians, photographers, and film editors.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 85.2 percent of arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media workers, and basic people skills were required for 14.8 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	74.3	25.7
    Interaction with general public	81.7	18.3
    Working around crowds	8.9	91.1
    Telework	26.3	73.7
    Work review: Supervising others	11.4	88.6
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	56.9	43.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 35.8 percent of arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media workers. Prior work experience was required for 65.6 percent and on-the-job training was required for 68.7 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 42.9 percent of arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 95 percent of arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 91.2 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 72.3 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 88.5 percent of arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media workers and was not required for 11.5 percent. For 5.2 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 34.9 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 44.9 percent frequently, and for 3.6 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 39.1 percent of arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media workers and was not required for 60.9 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 70.2 percent of arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media workers. On average, workers spent 67.3 percent of the workday sitting and 32.7 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	70.2	29.8
    Driving	27.6	72.4
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	19.0	81.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Editors (PDF)▸
  •  

    Plan, coordinate, or edit content of material for publication. May review proposals and drafts for possible publication. Includes technical editors.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, work was controlled by people for 28.0 percent of editors, and work was self-paced for 63.1 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of editors with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	97.5	2.5
    Working around crowds	3.2	96.8
    Telework	49.3	50.7
    Work review: Supervising others	36.2	63.8
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	61.1	38.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 10.3 percent of editors. Prior work experience was required for 84.1 percent and on-the-job training was required for 46.2 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 83.2 percent of editors.

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of editors were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 95.1 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of editors and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 11.7 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 76.7 percent frequently, and for 11.6 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 2.6 percent of editors and was not required for 97.4 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 98.2 percent of editors. On average, workers spent 91.5 percent of the workday sitting and 8.5 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of editors with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	98.2	1.8
    Driving	10.3	89.7
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	5.9	94.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes janitors, maids and housekeeping cleaners, pest control, landscaping, pesticide handlers, tree trimmers, and grounds maintenance workers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 12.8 percent of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers, and basic people skills were required for 87.2 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	73.7	26.3
    Interaction with general public	55.3	44.7
    Working around crowds	2.3	97.7
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	8.9	91.1
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	44.7	55.3
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 28.3 percent of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers. Prior work experience was required for 20.7 percent and on-the-job training was required for 90.6 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 68.7 percent of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers and a high school diploma was required for 30.0 percent.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 98.8 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 22.6 percent, 92.8 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 26.2 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 98.0 percent of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers and was not required for 2.0 percent. For 7.4 percent of workers, reaching at or below the shoulder was seldom performed, for 54.3 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred occasionally, 33.1 percent frequently, and for 3.2 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 97.8 percent of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers and was not required for 2.2 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 7.7 percent of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers. On average, workers spent 11.8 percent of the workday sitting and 88.2 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	7.7	92.3
    Driving	37.4	62.6
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	38.1	61.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Maids and housekeeping cleaners (PDF)▸
  •  

    Perform any combination of light cleaning duties to maintain private households or commercial establishments, such as hotels and hospitals, in a clean and orderly manner. Duties may include making beds, replenishing linens, cleaning rooms and halls, and vacuuming.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 2.3 percent of maids and housekeeping cleaners, and basic people skills were required for 97.7 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of maids and housekeeping cleaners with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	75.2	24.8
    Interaction with general public	73.7	26.3
    Working around crowds	<5	>95
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	1.7	98.3
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	41.9	58.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 7.1 percent of maids and housekeeping cleaners. Prior work experience was required for 7.2 percent and on-the-job training was required for 98.0 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 69.6 percent of maids and housekeeping cleaners and a high school diploma was required for 30.4 percent.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of maids and housekeeping cleaners were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 17.7 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 63.8 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 98.8 percent of maids and housekeeping cleaners and was not required for 1.2 percent. For 6.4 percent of workers, reaching at or below the shoulder was seldom performed, for 52.7 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred occasionally, 35.5 percent frequently, and for 4.2 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for greater than 99.5 percent of maids and housekeeping cleaners and was not required for less than 0.5 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 2.4 percent of maids and housekeeping cleaners. On average, workers spent 4.3 percent of the workday sitting and 95.7 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of maids and housekeeping cleaners with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	2.4	97.6
    Driving	7.2	92.8
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	32.7	67.3
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Business and financial operations occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

     This occupational group includes purchasing agents, compliance officers, human resource workers, logisticians, fundraisers, market research analysts, accountants, auditors, credit counselors, and tax examiners.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 98.1 percent of business and financial operations workers, and basic people skills were required for 1.9 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of business and financial operations workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	97.0	3.0
    Interaction with general public	83.0	17.0
    Working around crowds	1.4	98.6
    Telework	45.9	54.1
    Work review: Supervising others	18.2	81.8
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	58.8	41.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 29.9 percent of business and financial operations workers. Prior work experience was required for 82.7 percent and on-the-job training was required for 69.4 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 69.9 percent of business and financial operations workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of business and financial operations workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 98.9 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 90.9 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of business and financial operations workers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 23.5 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 73.2 percent frequently, and for 3.2 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 10.0 percent of business and financial operations workers and was not required for 90.0 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 95.3 percent of business and financial operations workers. On average, workers spent 86.8 percent of the workday sitting and 13.2 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of business and financial operations workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	95.3	4.7
    Driving	20.0	80.0
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	10.8	89.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Accountants and auditors (PDF)▸
  •  

    Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 95.2 percent of accountants and auditors, and basic people skills were required for 4.8 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of accountants and auditors with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	>99.5	<0.5
    Interaction with general public	79.2	20.8
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	51.1	48.9
    Work review: Supervising others	17.5	82.5
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	71.1	28.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 29.4 percent of accountants and auditors. Prior work experience was required for 75.9 percent and on-the-job training was required for 70.4 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 93.1 percent of accountants and auditors.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of accountants and auditors were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 99.2 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of accountants and auditors and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 13.4 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 80.2 percent frequently, and for 6.4 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 11.0 percent of accountants and auditors and was not required for 89.0 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to greater than 99.5 percent of accountants and auditors. On average, workers spent 91.8 percent of the workday sitting and 8.2 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of accountants and auditors with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	>99.5	<0.5
    Driving	14.7	85.3
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	8.4	91.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Human resources specialists (PDF)▸
  •  

    Perform activities in the human resource area. Includes employment specialists who screen, recruit, interview, and place workers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for less than 15 percent of human resources specialists, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 78.9 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of human resources specialists with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	95.7	4.3
    Interaction with general public	90.7	9.3
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	36.9	63.1
    Work review: Supervising others	15.8	84.2
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	59.1	40.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 16.1 percent of human resources specialists. Prior work experience was required for 88.6 percent and on-the-job training was required for 77.3 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 34.3 percent of human resources specialists and a bachelor's degree was required for 56.9 percent.

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of human resources specialists were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 99.1 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 98.4 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of human resources specialists and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 19.3 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 78.6 percent frequently, and for 1.7 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 5.3 percent of human resources specialists and was not required for 94.7 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 98.9 percent of human resources specialists. On average, workers spent 89.5 percent of the workday sitting and 10.5 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of human resources specialists with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	98.9	1.1
    Driving	11.0	89.0
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	9.9	90.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Meeting, convention, and event planners (PDF)▸
  •  

    Coordinate activities of staff, convention personnel, or clients to make arrangements for group meetings, events, or conventions.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 14.6 percent of meeting, convention, and event planners, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 71.1 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of meeting, convention, and event planners with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	95.3	4.7
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	32.7	67.3
    Telework	33.7	66.3
    Work review: Supervising others	29.1	70.9
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	59.9	40.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 44.0 percent of meeting, convention, and event planners. Prior work experience was required for 84.3 percent and on-the-job training was required for 70.7 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 34.5 percent of meeting, convention, and event planners and a bachelor's degree was required for 56.9 percent.

  •  

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of meeting, convention, and event planners were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 99.3 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 48.9 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •  

  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of meeting, convention, and event planners and was not required for less than 0.5 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 37.5 percent of meeting, convention, and event planners and was not required for 62.5 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 64.0 percent of meeting, convention, and event planners. On average, workers spent 68.1 percent of the workday sitting and 31.9 percent of the workday standing.

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of meeting, convention, and event planners with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	64.0	36.0
    Driving	39.2	60.8
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	17.2	82.8
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Community and social service occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes counselors, social workers, health educators, probation officers, correctional treatment specialists, community health workers, clergy, and directors of religious activities.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 98.4 percent of community and social service workers, and basic people skills were required for 1.6 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of community and social service workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	80.3	19.7
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	2.9	97.1
    Telework	18.0	82.0
    Work review: Supervising others	12.0	88.0
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	40.1	59.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 74.6 percent of community and social service workers. Prior work experience was required for 63.1 percent and on-the-job training was required for 68.0 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 40.9 percent of community and social service workers and a master's degree was required for 34.6 percent.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of community and social service workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 86.6 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 75.8 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 98.2 percent of community and social service workers and was not required for 1.8 percent. For 1.6 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 56.2 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 39.9 percent frequently, and for 0.6 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 26.2 percent of community and social service workers and was not required for 73.8 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 82.3 percent of community and social service workers. On average, workers spent 70.4 percent of the workday sitting and 29.6 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of community and social service workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	82.3	17.7
    Driving	48.0	52.0
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	32.3	67.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Community health workers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Promote health within a community by assisting individuals to adopt healthy behaviors. Serve as an advocate for the health needs of individuals by assisting community residents in effectively communicating with healthcare providers or social service agencies. Act as liaison or advocate and implement programs that promote, maintain, and improve individual and overall community health. May deliver health-related preventive services such as blood pressure, glaucoma, and hearing screenings. May collect data to help identify community health needs.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for greater than 90 percent of community health workers, and basic people skills were required for less than 10 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of community health workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	88.1	11.9
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	3.6	96.4
    Telework	26.9	73.1
    Work review: Supervising others	4.6	95.4
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	18.0	82.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 83.2 percent of community health workers. Prior work experience was required for 71.9 percent and on-the-job training was required for 69.2 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 52.3 percent of community health workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of community health workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 88.7 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 64.2 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of community health workers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 34.4 percent of community health workers and was not required for 65.6 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 91.0 percent of community health workers.

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of community health workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	91.0	9.0
    Driving	71.7	28.3
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	21.4	78.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Mental health and substance abuse social workers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Assess and treat individuals with mental, emotional, or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and/or other drugs. Activities may include individual and group therapy, crisis intervention, case management, client advocacy, prevention, and education.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 43.5 percent of mental health and substance abuse social workers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 55.6 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of mental health and substance abuse social workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	60.7	39.3
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	<5	>95
    Telework	14.8	85.2
    Work review: Supervising others	12.8	87.2
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	33.6	66.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 94.3 percent of mental health and substance abuse social workers. Prior work experience was required for 76.5 percent and on-the-job training was required for 69.2 percent.

    A master's degree was required for 62.8 percent of mental health and substance abuse social workers.

  •  

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of mental health and substance abuse social workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 70.8 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 87.9 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •  

  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of mental health and substance abuse social workers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 64.9 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 35.1 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 17.5 percent of mental health and substance abuse social workers and was not required for 82.5 percent.

    On average, mental health and substance abuse social workers spent 66.8 percent of the workday sitting and 33.2 percent of the workday standing.

  • 

  • Table 2. Percentage of mental health and substance abuse social workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	41.7	58.3
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Mental health counselors (PDF)▸
  •  

    Counsel with emphasis on prevention. Work with individuals and groups to promote optimum mental and emotional health. May help individuals deal with issues associated with addictions and substance abuse; family, parenting, and marital problems; stress management; self-esteem; and aging.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 31.6 percent of mental health counselors, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 44.5 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of mental health counselors with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	72.4	27.6
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	23.6	76.4
    Work review: Supervising others	10.1	89.9
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	20.5	79.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 84.2 percent of mental health counselors. Prior work experience was required for 34.4 percent and on-the-job training was required for 77.6 percent.

    A master's degree was required for 85.0 percent of mental health counselors.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of mental health counselors were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 90 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 89.7 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of mental health counselors and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 76.0 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 24.0 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 12.2 percent of mental health counselors and was not required for 87.8 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 88.7 percent of mental health counselors. On average, workers spent 85.3 percent of the workday sitting and 14.7 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of mental health counselors with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	88.7	11.3
    Driving	32.7	67.3
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	16.5	83.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Computer and mathematical occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes computer and information analysts, software developers and programmers, database and systems administrators, computer support specialists, actuaries, mathematicians, statisticians, operations research analysts, and mathematical technicians.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 96.1 percent of computer and mathematical workers, and basic people skills were required for 3.9 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of computer and mathematical workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	96.0	4.0
    Interaction with general public	52.7	47.3
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	53.5	46.5
    Work review: Supervising others	12.5	87.5
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	52.5	47.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 15.2 percent of computer and mathematical workers. Prior work experience was required for 82.9 percent and on-the-job training was required for 62.1 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 65.5 percent of computer and mathematical workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of computer and mathematical workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 98.4 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of computer and mathematical workers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 8.1 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 71.7 percent frequently, and for 20.1 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 19.9 percent of computer and mathematical workers and was not required for 80.1 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 93.0 percent of computer and mathematical workers. On average, workers spent 88.9 percent of the workday sitting and 11.1 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of computer and mathematical workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	93.0	7.0
    Driving	8.5	91.5
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	5.3	94.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Computer user support specialists (PDF)▸
  •  

    Provide technical assistance to computer users. Answer questions or resolve computer problems for clients in person, via telephone, or electronically. May provide assistance concerning the use of computer hardware and software, including printing, installation, word processing, electronic mail, and operating systems.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 94.8 percent of computer user support specialists, and basic people skills were required for 5.2 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of computer user support specialists with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	84.1	15.9
    Interaction with general public	65.5	34.5
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	36.9	63.1
    Work review: Supervising others	2.6	97.4
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	56.6	43.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 29.7 percent of computer user support specialists. Prior work experience was required for 70.2 percent and on-the-job training was required for 80.9 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 44.5 percent of computer user support specialists.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of computer user support specialists were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 97.3 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of computer user support specialists and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 15.6 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 72.6 percent frequently, and for 11.8 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 50.4 percent of computer user support specialists and was not required for 49.6 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 78.4 percent of computer user support specialists. On average, workers spent 81.8 percent of the workday sitting and 18.2 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of computer user support specialists with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	78.4	21.6
    Driving	21.9	78.1
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	13.4	86.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Construction and extraction occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes carpenters, laborers, equipment operators, electricians, roofers, elevator installers and repairers, earth drillers, mining machine operators, and carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day for 49.9 percent of construction and extraction workers, and once per day for 27.9 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of construction and extraction workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	61.5	38.5
    Interaction with general public	47.8	52.2
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	19.1	80.9
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	65.3	34.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 61.3 percent of construction and extraction workers. Prior work experience was required for 51.3 percent and on-the-job training was required for 64.4 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 49.6 percent of construction and extraction workers and a high school diploma was required for 47.1 percent.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 99.0 percent of construction and extraction workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 93.8 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 58.8 percent, 77.9 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 7.6 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 95.5 percent of construction and extraction workers and was not required for 4.5 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 94.1 percent of construction and extraction workers and was not required for 5.9 percent. For 30.5 percent of workers, crouching was required to perform low work, and 34.2 percent were required to stoop.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 11.9 percent of construction and extraction workers. On average, workers spent 18.5 percent of the workday sitting and 81.5 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of construction and extraction workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	11.9	88.1
    Driving	53.3	46.7
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	58.8	41.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Construction laborers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Perform tasks involving physical labor at construction sites. May operate hand and power tools of all types: air hammers, earth tampers, cement mixers, small mechanical hoists, surveying and measuring equipment, and a variety of other equipment and instruments. May clean and prepare sites, dig trenches, set braces to support the sides of excavations, erect scaffolding, and clean up rubble, debris and other waste materials. May assist other craft workers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 8.5 percent of construction laborers, and basic people skills were required for 91.5 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of construction laborers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	44.7	55.3
    Interaction with general public	28.0	72.0
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	2.2	97.8
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	85.8	14.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 39.1 percent of construction laborers. Prior work experience was required for 29.4 percent and on-the-job training was required for 82.1 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 70.0 percent of construction laborers and a high school diploma was required for 30.0 percent.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of construction laborers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 94.4 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 52.3 percent, 63.9 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and less than 0.5 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for greater than 99.5 percent of construction laborers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For 2.5 percent of workers, reaching at or below the shoulder was seldom performed, for 57.9 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred occasionally, 38.1 percent frequently, and for less than 5 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 98.5 percent of construction laborers and was not required for 1.5 percent. For 35.1 percent of workers, crouching was required to perform low work, 35.1 percent were required to crouch, 32.6 percent required kneeling, and stooping was required for 39.9 percent.

    On average, construction laborers spent 7.5 percent of the workday sitting and 92.5 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of construction laborers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	<0.5	>99.5
    Driving	34.9	65.1
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	45.8	54.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Educational instruction and library occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes postsecondary teachers, preschool teachers, primary school teachers, middle school teachers, self-enrichment education teachers, special education school teachers, librarians, curators, archivists, home management advisors, instructional coordinators, and teacher assistants.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 97.2 percent of educational instruction and library workers, and basic people skills were required for 2.8 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of educational instruction and library workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	38.9	61.1
    Interaction with general public	98.7	1.3
    Working around crowds	5.7	94.3
    Telework	4.7	95.3
    Work review: Supervising others	9.7	90.3
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	38.2	61.8
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 71.6 percent of educational instruction and library workers. Prior work experience was required for 26.7 percent and on-the-job training was required for 43.5 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 59.4 percent of educational instruction and library workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of educational instruction and library workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 82.4 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 57.1 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 94.3 percent of educational instruction and library workers and was not required for 5.7 percent. For 9.7 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 72.1 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 12.4 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 54.7 percent of educational instruction and library workers and was not required for 45.3 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 66.2 percent of educational instruction and library workers. On average, workers spent 39.8 percent of the workday sitting and 60.2 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of educational instruction and library workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	66.2	33.8
    Driving	3.6	96.4
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	18.1	81.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Librarians and media collections specialists (PDF)▸
  •  

    Administer and maintain libraries or collections of information, for public or private access through reference or borrowing. Work in a variety of settings, such as educational institutions, museums, and corporations, and with various types of informational materials, such as books, periodicals, recordings, films, and databases. Tasks may include acquiring, cataloging, and circulating library materials, and user services such as locating and organizing information, providing instruction on how to access information, and setting up and operating a library's media equipment.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for greater than 95 percent of librarians and media collections specialists, and basic people skills were required for less than 5 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of librarians and media collections specialists with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	76.2	23.8
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	4.1	95.9
    Telework	3.1	96.9
    Work review: Supervising others	41.2	58.8
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	51.4	48.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 29.2 percent of librarians and media collections specialists. Prior work experience was required for 66.8 percent and on-the-job training was required for 54.9 percent.

    A master's degree was required for 67.0 percent of librarians and media collections specialists.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of librarians and media collections specialists were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 94.5 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of librarians and media collections specialists and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 51.0 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 46.5 percent frequently, and for 1.2 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 66.8 percent of librarians and media collections specialists and was not required for 33.2 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 76.2 percent of librarians and media collections specialists. On average, workers spent 58.7 percent of the workday sitting and 41.3 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of librarians and media collections specialists with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	76.2	23.8
    Driving	7.2	92.8
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	17.3	82.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Library technicians (PDF)▸
  •  

    Assist librarians by helping readers in the use of library catalogs, databases, and indexes to locate books and other materials; and by answering questions that require only brief consultation of standard reference. Compile records; sort and shelve books or other media; remove or repair damaged books or other media; register patrons; and check materials in and out of the circulation process. Replace materials in shelving area (stacks) or files. Includes bookmobile drivers who assist with providing services in mobile libraries.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 85.8 percent of library technicians, and basic people skills were required for 14.2 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of library technicians with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	74.9	25.1
    Interaction with general public	96.3	3.7
    Working around crowds	2.6	97.4
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	12.1	87.9
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	72.9	27.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 11.2 percent of library technicians. Prior work experience was required for 78.5 percent and on-the-job training was required for 81.9 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 66.7 percent of library technicians.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of library technicians were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 77.5 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of library technicians and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 64.7 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 35.3 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 68.4 percent of library technicians and was not required for 31.6 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 63.6 percent of library technicians. On average, workers spent 55.8 percent of the workday sitting and 44.2 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of library technicians with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	63.6	36.4
    Driving	5.6	94.4
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	10.9	89.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Secondary school teachers (except special and career/technical education) (PDF)▸
  •  

    Teach students in one or more subjects, such as English, mathematics, or social studies at the secondary level in public or private schools. May be designated according to subject matter specialty.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 69.0 percent of secondary school teachers, except special and career or technical education, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 31.0 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of secondary school teachers, except special and career or technical education with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	44.2	55.8
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	8.9	91.1
    Telework	0.5	99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	6.9	93.1
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	21.5	78.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 98.9 percent of secondary school teachers, except special and career or technical education. Prior work experience was required for 5.7 percent and on-the-job training was required for 36.1 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 98.0 percent of secondary school teachers, except special and career or technical education.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of secondary school teachers, except special and career or technical education were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 93.9 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 75.7 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of secondary school teachers, except special and career or technical education and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For 4.2 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 83.6 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 12.2 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 29.1 percent of secondary school teachers, except special and career or technical education and was not required for 70.9 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 73.4 percent of secondary school teachers, except special and career or technical education. On average, workers spent 34.9 percent of the workday sitting and 65.1 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of secondary school teachers, except special and career or technical education with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	73.4	26.6
    Driving	1.4	98.6
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	18.6	81.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (PDF)▸
  •  

    This occupational group includes agricultural inspectors, animal breeders, graders and sorters for agricultural products, and other miscellaneous agricultural workers like farmworkers or laborers and agricultural equipment operators. This group also includes fishing and hunting workers as well as forest, conservation, and logging workers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 28.8 percent of farming, fishing, and forestry workers, and basic people skills were required for 71.2 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of farming, fishing, and forestry workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	67.3	32.7
    Interaction with general public	29.1	70.9
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	<5	>95
    Work review: Supervising others	15.3	84.7
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	67.6	32.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 51.4 percent of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. Prior work experience was required for 31.5 percent and on-the-job training was required for 82.5 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 49.4 percent of farming, fishing, and forestry workers and a high school diploma was required for 42.6 percent.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 93.5 percent of farming, fishing, and forestry workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 27.3 percent, 92.9 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 17.5 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 94.2 percent of farming, fishing, and forestry workers and was not required for 5.8 percent. For 4.0 percent of workers, reaching at or below the shoulder was seldom performed, and for 2.2 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 80.1 percent of farming, fishing, and forestry workers and was not required for 19.9 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 31.8 percent of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. On average, workers spent 22.5 percent of the workday sitting and 77.5 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of farming, fishing, and forestry workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	31.8	68.2
    Driving	35.0	65.0
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	49.8	50.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Food preparation and serving related occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

     This occupational group includes chefs, cooks, bartenders, dishwashers, waiters, waitresses, food servers, hosts, and hostesses.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 25.8 percent of food preparation and serving related workers, and basic people skills were required for 74.2 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of food preparation and serving related workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	22.6	77.4
    Interaction with general public	85.0	15.0
    Working around crowds	5.5	94.5
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	9.0	91.0
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	90.3	9.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 37.5 percent of food preparation and serving related workers. Prior work experience was required for 24.0 percent and on-the-job training was required for 95.5 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 78.3 percent of food preparation and serving related workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 65.2 percent of food preparation and serving related workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 76.1 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 9.0 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 66.5 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 96.1 percent of food preparation and serving related workers and was not required for 3.9 percent. For 10.1 percent of workers, reaching at or below the shoulder was seldom performed, for 54.4 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred occasionally, 29.1 percent frequently, and for 2.5 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 78.6 percent of food preparation and serving related workers and was not required for 21.4 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 1.4 percent of food preparation and serving related workers. On average, workers spent 2.8 percent of the workday sitting and 97.2 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of food preparation and serving related workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	1.4	98.6
    Driving	1.2	98.8
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	8.1	91.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Bartenders (PDF)▸
  •  

    Mix and serve drinks to patrons, directly or through waitstaff.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day for 54.0 percent of bartenders, and once per day for 37.9 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of bartenders with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	26.9	73.1
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	5.0	95.0
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	71.0	29.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 51.2 percent of bartenders. Prior work experience was required for 44.1 percent and on-the-job training was required for 96.4 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 71.7 percent of bartenders.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 81.9 percent of bartenders were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 95 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 5.0 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 69.1 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for greater than 85 percent of bartenders and was not required for less than 15 percent. For 5.4 percent of workers, reaching at or below the shoulder was seldom performed, for 54.7 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred occasionally, 33.9 percent frequently, and for less than 5 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 85.8 percent of bartenders and was not required for 14.2 percent.

    On average, bartenders spent 1.6 percent of the workday sitting and 98.4 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of bartenders with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	<0.5	>99.5
    Driving	0.7	99.3
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	18.2	81.8
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Waiters and waitresses (PDF)▸
  •  

    Take orders and serve food and beverages to patrons at tables in dining establishment.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day for 73.3 percent of waiters and waitresses, and once per day for 19.3 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of waiters and waitresses with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	24.9	75.1
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	18.1	81.9
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	0.6	99.4
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	96.2	3.8
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 34.6 percent of waiters and waitresses. Prior work experience was required for 22.5 percent and on-the-job training was required for 97.9 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 78.0 percent of waiters and waitresses.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 90.6 percent of waiters and waitresses were not exposed to extreme cold, and 98.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 7.3 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 72.0 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 95.8 percent of waiters and waitresses and was not required for 4.2 percent. For 6.6 percent of workers, reaching at or below the shoulder was seldom performed, for 55.5 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred occasionally, 30.7 percent frequently, and for 3.0 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 62.9 percent of waiters and waitresses and was not required for 37.1 percent.

    On average, waiters and waitresses spent 2.6 percent of the workday sitting and 97.4 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of waiters and waitresses with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	<0.5	>99.5
    Driving	<0.5	>99.5
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	10.3	89.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes chiropractors, dentists, pharmacists, physicians, surgeons, health diagnosing and treating practitioners, therapists, veterinarians, registered nurses, health technologists and technicians, and occupational health and safety specialists.

     

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 92.1 percent of healthcare practitioners and technical workers, and basic people skills were required for 7.9 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of healthcare practitioners and technical workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	40.9	59.1
    Interaction with general public	96.7	3.3
    Working around crowds	1.0	99.0
    Telework	1.9	98.1
    Work review: Supervising others	21.5	78.5
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	62.7	37.3
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 91.4 percent of healthcare practitioners and technical workers. Prior work experience was required for 39.1 percent and on-the-job training was required for 72.3 percent.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of healthcare practitioners and technical workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 26.3 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 92.7 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 96.5 percent of healthcare practitioners and technical workers and was not required for 3.5 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 73.3 percent of healthcare practitioners and technical workers and was not required for 26.7 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 30.8 percent of healthcare practitioners and technical workers. On average, workers spent 36.7 percent of the workday sitting and 63.3 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of healthcare practitioners and technical workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	30.8	69.2
    Driving	11.1	88.9
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	13.9	86.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (PDF)▸
  •  

    Care for ill, injured, or convalescing patients or persons with disabilities in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, private homes, group homes, and similar institutions. May work under the supervision of a registered nurse. Licensing required.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 96.6 percent of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses, and basic people skills were required for 3.4 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	33.7	66.3
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	1.5	98.5
    Work review: Supervising others	15.7	84.3
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	62.9	37.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for greater than 99.5 percent of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. Prior work experience was required for 31.8 percent and on-the-job training was required for 87.6 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 35.7 percent of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses and an associate's degree was required for 45.1 percent.

  • 

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Heavy vibrations were not present for greater than 99.5 percent, and 83.6 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 93.8 percent of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses and was not required for 6.2 percent. For less than 15 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 61.1 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 22.8 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 87.1 percent of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses and was not required for 12.9 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 12.8 percent of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. On average, workers spent 30.1 percent of the workday sitting and 69.9 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	12.8	87.2
    Driving	19.0	81.0
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	22.0	78.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Registered nurses (PDF)▸
  •  

    Assess patient health problems and needs, develop and implement nursing care plans, and maintain medical records. Administer nursing care to ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. May advise patients on health maintenance and disease prevention or provide case management. Licensing or registration required.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 34.7 percent of registered nurses, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 63.0 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of registered nurses with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	29.4	70.6
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	2.8	97.2
    Work review: Supervising others	31.0	69.0
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	60.6	39.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for greater than 99.5 percent of registered nurses. Prior work experience was required for 48.3 percent and on-the-job training was required for 72.8 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 49.7 percent of registered nurses.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of registered nurses were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 11.6 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 97.1 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 96.8 percent of registered nurses and was not required for 3.2 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 84.4 percent of registered nurses and was not required for 15.6 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 19.4 percent of registered nurses. On average, workers spent 30.7 percent of the workday sitting and 69.3 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of registered nurses with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	19.4	80.6
    Driving	11.9	88.1
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	19.7	80.3
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Healthcare support occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes nursing, psychiatric, home health aides, occupational therapy and physical therapist assistants and aides, dental, medical, and veterinary assistants, phlebotomists, and medial transcriptionists.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 30.7 percent of healthcare support workers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 57.9 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of healthcare support workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	37.6	62.4
    Interaction with general public	98.5	1.5
    Working around crowds	2.3	97.7
    Telework	0.7	99.3
    Work review: Supervising others	0.7	99.3
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	52.5	47.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 75.4 percent of healthcare support workers. Prior work experience was required for 20.4 percent and on-the-job training was required for 87.0 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 63.4 percent of healthcare support workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of healthcare support workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 97.9 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 13.8 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 66.9 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 93.9 percent of healthcare support workers and was not required for 6.1 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 82.6 percent of healthcare support workers and was not required for 17.4 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 18.4 percent of healthcare support workers. On average, workers spent 30.6 percent of the workday sitting and 69.4 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of healthcare support workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	18.4	81.6
    Driving	27.8	72.2
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	37.6	62.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Nursing assistants (PDF)▸
  •  

    Provide or assist with basic care or support under the direction of onsite licensed nursing staff. Perform duties such as monitoring of health status, feeding, bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, or ambulation of patients in a health or nursing facility. May include medication administration and other health-related tasks. Includes nursing care attendants, nursing aides, and nursing attendants.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day for 72.3 percent of nursing assistants, and once per day for 18.6 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of nursing assistants with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	27.0	73.0
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	1.1	98.9
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	0.7	99.3
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	85.9	14.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 89.0 percent of nursing assistants. Prior work experience was required for 14.1 percent and on-the-job training was required for 91.8 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 68.1 percent of nursing assistants.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of nursing assistants were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Heavy vibrations were not present for greater than 99.5 percent, and 82.2 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 97.1 percent of nursing assistants and was not required for 2.9 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 98.2 percent of nursing assistants and was not required for 1.8 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 11.0 percent of nursing assistants. On average, workers spent 15.9 percent of the workday sitting and 84.1 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of nursing assistants with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	11.0	89.0
    Driving	8.5	91.5
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	10.8	89.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes computer, automated teller and office machine repairers, avionics technicians, security and fire alarm systems installers, aircraft mechanics and technicians, bus and truck mechanics, diesel engine specialists, small engine mechanics, bicycle repairers, home appliance repairers, millwrights, watch repairers, wind turbine service technicians, and riggers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    Table 1. Percentage of installation, maintenance, and repair workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	71.8	28.2
    Interaction with general public	66.5	33.5
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	0.5	99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	14.1	85.9
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	51.4	48.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 73.3 percent of installation, maintenance, and repair workers. Prior work experience was required for 67.2 percent and on-the-job training was required for 75.6 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 61.2 percent of installation, maintenance, and repair workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, a quiet noise exposure was present for 2.6 percent of installation, maintenance, and repair workers. Another 82.8 percent were exposed to moderate noise, 14.0 percent were exposed to loud noise, and 0.7 percent to very loud noise. Personal protective equipment (PPE) was used by 33.1 percent of workers to mitigate noise exposure, and was not used by 66.9 percent.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 97.6 percent of installation, maintenance, and repair workers and was not required for 2.4 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 95.0 percent of installation, maintenance, and repair workers and was not required for 5.0 percent. For 33.4 percent of workers, stooping was required to perform low work.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 18.4 percent of installation, maintenance, and repair workers. On average, workers spent 20.4 percent of the workday sitting and 79.6 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of installation, maintenance, and repair workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	18.4	81.6
    Driving	74.0	26.0
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	42.9	57.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Aircraft mechanics and service technicians (PDF)▸
  •  

    Diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul aircraft engines and assemblies, such as hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Includes helicopter and aircraft engine specialists.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

  • Table 1. Percentage of aircraft mechanics and service technicians with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Interaction with general public	18.7	81.3
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	3.1	96.9
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	82.2	17.8
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 95.9 percent of aircraft mechanics and service technicians.

    A high school diploma was required for 77.6 percent of aircraft mechanics and service technicians.

  •  

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of aircraft mechanics and service technicians were not exposed to extreme cold, and 88.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 64.7 percent, 76.7 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 29.9 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •  
  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 99.3 percent of aircraft mechanics and service technicians and was not required for 0.7 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 96.2 percent of aircraft mechanics and service technicians and was not required for 3.8 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 23.0 percent of aircraft mechanics and service technicians

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of aircraft mechanics and service technicians with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	23.0	77.0
    Driving	66.0	34.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Legal occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes lawyers, judicial law clerks, judges, arbitrators, mediators, conciliators, paralegals, legal assistants, court reporters, title examiners, abstractors, and searchers. 

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs. In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 10.4 percent of legal workers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 66.5 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of legal workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	95.3	4.7
    Interaction with general public	98.8	1.2
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	53.8	46.2
    Work review: Supervising others	27.7	72.3
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	55.1	44.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 78.2 percent of legal workers. Prior work experience was required for 53.5 percent and on-the-job training was required for 60.3 percent.

    A professional degree was required for 60.5 percent of legal workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of legal workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 98.4 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of legal workers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 27.8 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 68.2 percent frequently, and for 3.7 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 6.6 percent of legal workers and was not required for 93.4 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 85.3 percent of legal workers. On average, workers spent 84.8 percent of the workday sitting and 15.2 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of legal workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	85.3	14.7
    Driving	39.1	60.9
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	12.4	87.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Lawyers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, or manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 12.4 percent of lawyers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 65.2 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of lawyers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	94.8	5.2
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	67.1	32.9
    Work review: Supervising others	40.9	59.1
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	44.5	55.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for greater than 99.5 percent of lawyers. Prior work experience was required for 44.1 percent and on-the-job training was required for 47.6 percent.

    A professional degree was required for greater than 99.5 percent of lawyers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of lawyers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 97.5 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of lawyers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 30.1 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 65.9 percent frequently, and for 3.8 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 4.1 percent of lawyers and was not required for 95.9 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 86.1 percent of lawyers. On average, workers spent 82.4 percent of the workday sitting and 17.6 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of lawyers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	86.1	13.9
    Driving	54.5	45.5
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	14.1	85.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Life, physical, and social science occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes agricultural scientists, food scientists, biological scientists, medical scientists, astronomers, physicists, chemists, hydrologists, economists, survey researchers, psychologists, sociologists, urban planners, anthropologists, archeologists, geographers, historians, political scientists, and nuclear technicians.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 90.3 percent of life, physical, and social science workers, and basic people skills were required for 9.7 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of life, physical, and social science workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	82.6	17.4
    Interaction with general public	69.7	30.3
    Working around crowds	0.6	99.4
    Telework	16.6	83.4
    Work review: Supervising others	16.0	84.0
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	49.5	50.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 51.2 percent of life, physical, and social science workers. Prior work experience was required for 71.1 percent and on-the-job training was required for 71.3 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 52.0 percent of life, physical, and social science workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 95.1 percent of life, physical, and social science workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 96.9 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 64.6 percent, 98.6 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 63.7 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 99.1 percent of life, physical, and social science workers and was not required for 0.9 percent. For 1.1 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 63.1 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 34.0 percent frequently, and for 1.0 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 46.6 percent of life, physical, and social science workers and was not required for 53.4 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 71.5 percent of life, physical, and social science workers. On average, workers spent 62.7 percent of the workday sitting and 37.3 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of life, physical, and social science workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	71.5	28.5
    Driving	38.7	61.3
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	23.5	76.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• School psychologists (PDF)▸
  •  

    Diagnose and implement individual or schoolwide interventions or strategies to address educational, behavioral, or developmental issues that adversely impact educational functioning in a school. May address student learning and behavioral problems and counsel students or families. May design and implement performance plans, and evaluate performance. May consult with other school-based personnel.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 16.9 percent of school psychologists, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 79.1 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of school psychologists with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	69.1	30.9
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	2.7	97.3
    Telework	<5	>95
    Work review: Supervising others	6.4	93.6
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	29.6	70.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for greater than 85 percent of school psychologists. Prior work experience was required for 53.2 percent and on-the-job training was required for 36.3 percent.

    A master's degree was required for 70.7 percent of school psychologists.

  •  

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of school psychologists were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 85 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 81.6 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •  

  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of school psychologists and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 59.4 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 40.6 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 27.5 percent of school psychologists and was not required for 72.5 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 85.7 percent of school psychologists. On average, workers spent 73.1 percent of the workday sitting and 26.9 percent of the workday standing.

  • 

    Table 2. Percentage of school psychologists with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	85.7	14.3
    Driving	29.2	70.8
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	38.9	61.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

  •  
• Management occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes chief executives, general and operations managers, advertising and promotions managers, construction, administrative services managers, financial managers, industrial production managers, transportation managers, storage managers, distribution managers, compensation and benefits managers, human resources managers, training managers, development managers, and education administrators.

    
    

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 19.4 percent of management workers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 69.0 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of management workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	97.5	2.5
    Interaction with general public	90.1	9.9
    Working around crowds	2.3	97.7
    Telework	33.0	67.0
    Work review: Supervising others	92.0	8.0
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	31.5	68.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 47.3 percent of management workers. Prior work experience was required for 95.6 percent and on-the-job training was required for 54.0 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 56.6 percent of management workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 97.8 percent of management workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 98.4 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 92.8 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 76.2 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 98.9 percent of management workers and was not required for 1.1 percent. For 1.2 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 41.0 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 54.9 percent frequently, and for 1.6 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 17.3 percent of management workers and was not required for 82.7 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 88.5 percent of management workers. On average, workers spent 72.6 percent of the workday sitting and 27.4 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of management workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	88.5	11.5
    Driving	36.0	64.0
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	17.3	82.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Architectural and engineering managers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as architecture and engineering or research and development in these fields.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 13.3 percent of architectural and engineering managers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 64.8 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of architectural and engineering managers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	>99.5	<0.5
    Interaction with general public	71.8	28.2
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	42.2	57.8
    Work review: Supervising others	98.0	2.0
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	45.0	55.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 42.9 percent of architectural and engineering managers. Prior work experience was required for greater than 80 percent and on-the-job training was required for 43.7 percent.

    A bachelor's degree was required for 88.7 percent of architectural and engineering managers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of architectural and engineering managers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 99.4 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 96.7 percent, greater than 90 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 75.4 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of architectural and engineering managers and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 30.4 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 66.1 percent frequently, and for less than 10 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 11.5 percent of architectural and engineering managers and was not required for 88.5 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 89.4 percent of architectural and engineering managers. On average, workers spent 84.3 percent of the workday sitting and 15.7 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of architectural and engineering managers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	89.4	10.6
    Driving	20.9	79.1
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	19.8	80.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Office and administrative support occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes communications equipment and computer operators, bill collectors, gaming cage workers, tellers, information and record clerks, customer service representatives, eligibility interviewers, secretaries and administrative assistants, couriers, dispatchers, data entry and information processing workers, and desktop publishers. 

    
    

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 31.4 percent of office and administrative support workers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 55.2 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of office and administrative support workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	70.8	29.2
    Interaction with general public	90.9	9.1
    Working around crowds	0.8	99.2
    Telework	12.5	87.5
    Work review: Supervising others	8.6	91.4
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	79.8	20.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 10.8 percent of office and administrative support workers. Prior work experience was required for 59.4 percent and on-the-job training was required for 88.5 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 75.6 percent of office and administrative support workers.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of office and administrative support workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 97.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 95.3 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 98.1 percent of office and administrative support workers and was not required for 1.9 percent. For 1.3 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 26.6 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 65.1 percent frequently, and for 5.1 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 21.1 percent of office and administrative support workers and was not required for 78.9 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 80.9 percent of office and administrative support workers. On average, workers spent 79.4 percent of the workday sitting and 20.6 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of office and administrative support workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	80.9	19.1
    Driving	7.6	92.4
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	8.0	92.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants (PDF)▸
  •  

    Provide high-level administrative support by conducting research, preparing statistical reports, handling information requests, and performing clerical functions such as preparing correspondence, receiving visitors, arranging conference calls, and scheduling meetings. May also train and supervise lower-level clerical staff.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 93.0 percent of executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants, and basic people skills were required for 7.0 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	88.7	11.3
    Interaction with general public	93.6	6.4
    Working around crowds	<5	>95
    Telework	23.1	76.9
    Work review: Supervising others	11.5	88.5
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	82.9	17.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 9.1 percent of executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants. Prior work experience was required for 93.6 percent and on-the-job training was required for 71.1 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 64.0 percent of executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 98.3 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants and was not required for less than 0.5 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 12.0 percent of executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants and was not required for 88.0 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 96.5 percent of executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants. On average, workers spent 86.9 percent of the workday sitting and 13.1 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	96.5	3.5
    Driving	8.4	91.6
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	5.4	94.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Library assistants, clerical (PDF)▸
  •  

    Compile records, sort, shelve, issue, and receive library materials such as books, electronic media, pictures, cards, slides and microfilm. Locate library materials for loan and replace material in shelving area, stacks, or files according to identification number and title. Register patrons to permit them to borrow books, periodicals, and other library materials.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 40.6 percent of library assistants, clerical, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 47.5 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of library assistants, clerical with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	64.6	35.4
    Interaction with general public	96.0	4.0
    Working around crowds	<5	>95
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	2.4	97.6
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	80.2	19.8
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 12.0 percent of library assistants, clerical. Prior work experience was required for 27.5 percent and on-the-job training was required for 90.9 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 72.9 percent of library assistants, clerical.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of library assistants, clerical were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for greater than 99.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 92.2 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 96.5 percent of library assistants, clerical and was not required for 3.5 percent. For 14.2 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 46.4 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 35.9 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 89.6 percent of library assistants, clerical and was not required for 10.4 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 45.8 percent of library assistants, clerical. On average, workers spent 47.9 percent of the workday sitting and 52.1 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of library assistants, clerical with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	45.8	54.2
    Driving	11.3	88.7
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	9.2	90.8
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Medical secretaries and administrative assistants (PDF)▸
  •  

    Perform secretarial duties using specific knowledge of medical terminology and hospital, clinic, or laboratory procedures. Duties may include scheduling appointments, billing patients, and compiling and recording medical charts, reports, and correspondence.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 54.6 percent of medical secretaries and administrative assistants, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 43.8 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of medical secretaries and administrative assistants with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	52.5	47.5
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	2.3	97.7
    Work review: Supervising others	3.8	96.2
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	85.0	15.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 8.5 percent of medical secretaries and administrative assistants. Prior work experience was required for 53.8 percent and on-the-job training was required for 91.7 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 87.8 percent of medical secretaries and administrative assistants.

    

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of medical secretaries and administrative assistants were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 90.7 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and greater than 95 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •  
  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of medical secretaries and administrative assistants and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 23.7 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 71.9 percent frequently, and for 4.4 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 16.9 percent of medical secretaries and administrative assistants and was not required for 83.1 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 79.8 percent of medical secretaries and administrative assistants. On average, workers spent 86.1 percent of the workday sitting and 13.9 percent of the workday standing.

    

    Table 2. Percentage of medical secretaries and administrative assistants with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	79.8	20.2
    Driving	2.5	97.5
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	4.6	95.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Secretaries and administrative assistants (except legal, medical, and executive) (PDF)▸
  •  

    Perform routine clerical and administrative functions such as drafting correspondence, scheduling appointments, organizing and maintaining paper and electronic files, or providing information to callers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 24.3 percent of secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 68.1 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	84.5	15.5
    Interaction with general public	96.0	4.0
    Working around crowds	0.6	99.4
    Telework	8.1	91.9
    Work review: Supervising others	3.4	96.6
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	79.3	20.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 11.6 percent of secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive. Prior work experience was required for 69.1 percent and on-the-job training was required for 84.3 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 81.9 percent of secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive.

  •  
  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 99.2 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 95.5 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •  
  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for greater than 99.5 percent of secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive and was not required for less than 0.5 percent. For less than 0.5 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 27.0 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 70.0 percent frequently, and for 2.7 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 19.4 percent of secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive and was not required for 80.6 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 94.1 percent of secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive. On average, workers spent 86.6 percent of the workday sitting and 13.4 percent of the workday standing.

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	94.1	5.9
    Driving	10.2	89.8
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	9.7	90.3
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Personal care and service occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes animal care and service workers, entertainment attendants, funeral service workers, personal appearance workers, baggage portages, bellhops, and concierges, tour and travel guides, childcare workers, personal care aides, recreation and fitness workers, and residential advisors. 

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 54.1 percent of personal care and service workers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 39.8 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of personal care and service workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	35.0	65.0
    Interaction with general public	98.6	1.4
    Working around crowds	9.5	90.5
    Telework	0.6	99.4
    Work review: Supervising others	11.4	88.6
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	65.3	34.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 50.4 percent of personal care and service workers. Prior work experience was required for 26.4 percent and on-the-job training was required for 87.4 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 32.0 percent of personal care and service workers and a high school diploma was required for 60.7 percent.

    

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of personal care and service workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 98.9 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 38.2 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 48.5 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 90.2 percent of personal care and service workers and was not required for 9.8 percent. For 11.1 percent of workers, reaching at or below the shoulder was seldom performed, for 60.9 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred occasionally, 16.1 percent frequently, and for 2.1 percent reaching at or below the shoulder occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 71.8 percent of personal care and service workers and was not required for 28.2 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 21.5 percent of personal care and service workers. On average, workers spent 24.3 percent of the workday sitting and 75.7 percent of the workday standing.

    

     

    Table 2. Percentage of personal care and service workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	21.5	78.5
    Driving	13.4	86.6
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	19.8	80.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Animal caretakers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Feed, water, groom, bathe, exercise, or otherwise provide care to promote and maintain the well-being of pets and other animals that are not raised for consumption, such as dogs, cats, race horses, ornamental fish or birds, zoo animals, and mice. Work in settings such as kennels, animal shelters, zoos, circuses, and aquariums. May keep records of feedings, treatments, and animals received or discharged. May clean, disinfect, and repair cages, pens, or fish tanks.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 20.5 percent of animal caretakers, and basic people skills were required for 79.5 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of animal caretakers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	42.8	57.2
    Interaction with general public	89.3	10.7
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	0.6	99.4
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	91.4	8.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    he minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 13.9 percent of animal caretakers. Prior work experience was required for 20.9 percent and on-the-job training was required for 96.2 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 45.7 percent of animal caretakers and a high school diploma was required for 51.2 percent.

  •   

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of animal caretakers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for less than 0.5 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 61.3 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •   

  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 99.0 percent of animal caretakers and was not required for 1.0 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for greater than 90 percent of animal caretakers and was not required for less than 10 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 9.8 percent of animal caretakers. On average, workers spent 5.4 percent of the workday sitting and 94.6 percent of the workday standing.

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of animal caretakers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	9.8	90.2
    Driving	10.4	89.6
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	6.4	93.6
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Production occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes engine assemblers, structural metal fabricators and fitters, bakers, butchers and meat cutters, meat packers, computer-controlled machine tool operators, forging machine setters, machinists, pourers and casters, tool and die makers, printing press operators, upholsters, furniture finishers, model maters, gas plant operators, tire builders, etchers, and engravers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 25.4 percent of production workers, and basic people skills were required for 74.6 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of production workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	42.5	57.5
    Interaction with general public	16.8	83.2
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	11.7	88.3
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	84.9	15.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 18.4 percent of production workers. Prior work experience was required for 46.3 percent and on-the-job training was required for 89.1 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 39.2 percent of production workers and a high school diploma was required for 55.5 percent.

    

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 92.4 percent of production workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 87.1 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 70.3 percent, 97.0 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 88.6 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 86.2 percent of production workers and was not required for 13.8 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 67.1 percent of production workers and was not required for 32.9 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 16.6 percent of production workers. On average, workers spent 18.8 percent of the workday sitting and 81.2 percent of the workday standing.

    

     

    Table 2. Percentage of production workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	16.6	83.4
    Driving	13.5	86.5
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	18.3	81.7
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Butchers and meat cutters (PDF)▸
  •    

    Cut, trim, or prepare consumer-sized portions of meat for use or sale in retail establishments.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 26.8 percent of butchers and meat cutters, and basic people skills were required for 73.2 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of butchers and meat cutters with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	16.8	83.2
    Interaction with general public	96.4	3.6
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	5.0	95.0
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	84.1	15.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 35.8 percent of butchers and meat cutters. Prior work experience was required for 61.3 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 52.8 percent of butchers and meat cutters and a high school diploma was required for 47.2 percent.

  •  

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 13.3 percent of butchers and meat cutters were not exposed to extreme cold, and 97.1 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 9.3 percent, greater than 95 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 95.3 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •      

  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for greater than 95 percent of butchers and meat cutters and was not required for less than 5 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 91.1 percent of butchers and meat cutters and was not required for 8.9 percent.

    On average, butchers and meat cutters spent 99.7 percent of the workday standing.

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of butchers and meat cutters with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	<10	>90
    Driving	<0.5	>99.5
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	<5	>95
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic (PDF)▸
  •  

    Set up, operate, or tend machines to saw, cut, shear, slit, punch, crimp, notch, bend, or straighten metal or plastic material.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 14.6 percent of cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic, and basic people skills were required for 85.4 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	22.8	77.2
    Interaction with general public	<15	>85
    Working around crowds	<0.5	>99.5
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	0.7	99.3
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	96.1	3.9
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 14.1 percent of cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. Prior work experience was required for 33.7 percent and on-the-job training was required for 97.6 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 44.5 percent of cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic and a high school diploma was required for 55.5 percent.

  •   

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic were not exposed to extreme cold, and 90.4 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 81.1 percent, 97.4 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 94.6 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •   

  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 84.9 percent of cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic and was not required for 15.1 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 68.8 percent of cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic and was not required for 31.2 percent.

    On average, cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic spent 11.7 percent of the workday sitting and 88.3 percent of the workday standing.

  •  
  •  
  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	<5	>95
    Driving	25.9	74.1
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	9.0	91.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Protective service occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes workers engaged in firefighting and fire prevention, law enforcement, and animal control, as well as private detectives and investigators, security guards, lifeguards, transportation security screeners, and crossing guards. 

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 79.0 percent of protective service workers, and basic people skills were required for 21.0 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of protective service workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	13.2	86.8
    Interaction with general public	98.8	1.2
    Working around crowds	40.6	59.4
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	12.5	87.5
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	34.9	65.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 89.4 percent of protective service workers. Prior work experience was required for 30.4 percent and on-the-job training was required for 75.9 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 82.3 percent of protective service workers.

    

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, a quiet noise exposure was present for 3.6 percent of protective service workers. Another 82.2 percent were exposed to moderate noise, 13.2 percent were exposed to loud noise, and 1.1 percent to very loud noise. Personal protective equipment (PPE) was used by 9.3 percent of workers to mitigate noise exposure, and was not used by 90.7 percent.

    

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 85.5 percent of protective service workers and was not required for 14.5 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 73.4 percent of protective service workers and was not required for 26.6 percent. For 33.7 percent of workers, stooping was required to perform low work.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 9.2 percent of protective service workers. On average, workers spent 43.2 percent of the workday sitting and 56.8 percent of the workday standing.

    

     

    Table 2. Percentage of protective service workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	9.2	90.8
    Driving	56.8	43.2
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	70.7	29.3
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Security guards (PDF)▸
  •  

    Guard, patrol, or monitor premises to prevent theft, violence, or infractions of rules. May operate x-ray and metal detector equipment.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day for 53.6 percent of security guards, and once per day for 31.5 percent.

  • Table 1. Percentage of security guards with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	10.2	89.8
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	30.3	69.7
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	0.6	99.4
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	28.0	72.0
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 85.5 percent of security guards. Prior work experience was required for 22.1 percent and on-the-job training was required for 97.1 percent.

    A high school diploma was required for 94.9 percent of security guards.

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of security guards were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 99.4 percent, greater than 95 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 9.6 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, keyboarding was required for 77.8 percent of security guards and was not required for 22.2 percent. For 36.8 percent of workers, keyboarding was seldom performed, for 38.7 percent keyboarding occurred occasionally, 2.3 percent frequently, and for less than 0.5 percent keyboarding occurred constantly.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 49.2 percent of security guards and was not required for 50.8 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 7.5 percent of security guards. On average, workers spent 41.7 percent of the workday sitting and 58.3 percent of the workday standing.

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of security guards with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	7.5	92.5
    Driving	38.0	62.0
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	73.5	26.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Sales and related occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes cashiers, rental clerks, retail salespersons, advertising sales agents, travel agents, wholesale and manufacturing sales representatives, models, demonstrators, product promoters, sales engineers, real estate brokers, street vendors, and telemarketers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, verbal interactions were required constantly (every few minutes) for 46.2 percent of sales and related workers, and were required not constantly, but more than once per hour for 51.1 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of sales and related workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	45.5	54.5
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	1.8	98.2
    Telework	11.9	88.1
    Work review: Supervising others	11.0	89.0
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	70.6	29.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 27.8 percent of sales and related workers. Prior work experience was required for 33.2 percent and on-the-job training was required for 93.4 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 50.7 percent of sales and related workers and a high school diploma was required for 39.6 percent.

    

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 97.0 percent of sales and related workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 79.4 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 71.9 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 78.3 percent of sales and related workers and was not required for 21.7 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 59.3 percent of sales and related workers and was not required for 40.7 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 32.3 percent of sales and related workers. On average, workers spent 31.4 percent of the workday sitting and 68.6 percent of the workday standing.

    

     

    Table 2. Percentage of sales and related workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	32.3	67.7
    Driving	21.9	78.1
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	10.6	89.4
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Cashiers (PDF)▸
  •  

    Receive and disburse money in establishments other than financial institutions. May use electronic scanners, cash registers, or related equipment. May process credit or debit card transactions and validate checks.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 10.6 percent of cashiers, and basic people skills were required for 89.4 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of cashiers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	4.4	95.6
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	0.7	99.3
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	2.6	97.4
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	90.9	9.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 5.7 percent of cashiers. Prior work experience was required for 4.3 percent and on-the-job training was required for greater than 99.5 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 84.6 percent of cashiers.

  •  

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 92.3 percent of cashiers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 99.2 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 51.1 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 76.9 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •  

  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 97.7 percent of cashiers and was not required for 2.3 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 73.8 percent of cashiers and was not required for 26.2 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 4.4 percent of cashiers. On average, workers spent 5.8 percent of the workday sitting and 94.2 percent of the workday standing.

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of cashiers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	4.4	95.6
    Driving	0.7	99.3
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	1.8	98.2
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Retail salespersons (PDF)▸
  •  

    Sell merchandise, such as furniture, motor vehicles, appliances, or apparel to consumers.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day for 53.8 percent of retail salespersons, and once per day for 26.8 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of retail salespersons with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	35.9	64.1
    Interaction with general public	>99.5	<0.5
    Working around crowds	3.1	96.9
    Telework	0.5	99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	1.8	98.2
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	84.2	15.8
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 15.2 percent of retail salespersons. Prior work experience was required for 16.0 percent and on-the-job training was required for 96.6 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 67.9 percent of retail salespersons and a high school diploma was required for 31.9 percent.

  •  

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 99.3 percent of retail salespersons were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 87.2 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 66.3 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •  

  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 92.5 percent of retail salespersons and was not required for 7.5 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 83.1 percent of retail salespersons and was not required for 16.9 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 10.1 percent of retail salespersons. On average, workers spent 12.8 percent of the workday sitting and 87.2 percent of the workday standing.

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of retail salespersons with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	10.1	89.9
    Driving	11.7	88.3
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	7.5	92.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Transportation and material moving occupations (PDF)▸
  • 

    This occupational group includes airline pilots, flight attendants, bus drivers, taxi drivers, chauffeurs, locomotive engineers, railroad conducts, ship engineers, parking lot attendants, crane operators, recyclable material collectors, mine shuttle car operators, and ship loaders.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 18.4 percent of transportation and material moving workers, and basic people skills were required for 81.6 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of transportation and material moving workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	31.4	68.6
    Interaction with general public	62.6	37.4
    Working around crowds	2.4	97.6
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	5.2	94.8
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	56.9	43.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for 58.6 percent of transportation and material moving workers. Prior work experience was required for 29.8 percent and on-the-job training was required for 89.2 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 60.2 percent of transportation and material moving workers and a high school diploma was required for 39.2 percent.

    

     

    Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, 88.8 percent of transportation and material moving workers were not exposed to extreme cold, and 98.4 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 79.5 percent, 99.2 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 42.4 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

    

     

    Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 93.2 percent of transportation and material moving workers and was not required for 6.8 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 83.4 percent of transportation and material moving workers and was not required for 16.6 percent.

    The choice to sit or stand when performing critical tasks was available to 5.4 percent of transportation and material moving workers. On average, workers spent 34.8 percent of the workday sitting and 65.2 percent of the workday standing.

     

    Table 2. Percentage of transportation and material moving workers with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	5.4	94.6
    Driving	60.3	39.7
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	22.2	77.8
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

     
• Bus drivers, school (PDF)▸
  •  

    Drive a school bus to transport students. Ensure adherence to safety rules. May assist students in boarding or exiting.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    The qualifications that workers need to use judgment, make decisions, interact with others, and adapt to changes in jobs.

    In 2023, more than basic people skills were required for 19.1 percent of bus drivers, school, and basic people skills were required for 80.9 percent.

    Table 1. Percentage of bus drivers, school with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Pace: Pause control	<0.5	>99.5
    Interaction with general public	96.6	3.4
    Working around crowds	2.8	97.2
    Telework	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Supervising others	<0.5	>99.5
    Work review: Presence of supervisor	<0.5	>99.5
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    The minimum level of formal education required, credentials necessary, on-the-job training, and prior work experience necessary for average performance in jobs.

    In 2023, credentials were required for greater than 99.5 percent of bus drivers, school. Prior work experience was required for 6.2 percent and on-the-job training was required for 90.7 percent.

    No minimum education was required for 37.7 percent of bus drivers, school and a high school diploma was required for 62.3 percent.

  •  

  • Environmental conditions

    The various tangible or concrete hazards or difficulties that are in the vicinity of where jobs’ critical tasks are performed.

    In 2023, greater than 99.5 percent of bus drivers, school were not exposed to extreme cold, and greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to extreme heat. Wetness was not present for 82.8 percent, greater than 99.5 percent were not exposed to heavy vibrations, and 15.9 percent were not exposed to the outdoors.

  •  

  • Physical demands

    Refer to the physical activities required to perform tasks in jobs. The presence and, in some cases, duration of these activities are published.

    In 2023, reaching at or below the shoulder was required for 92.1 percent of bus drivers, school and was not required for 7.9 percent.

    Performing work in low postures was required for 75.8 percent of bus drivers, school and was not required for 24.2 percent.

    On average, bus drivers, school spent 88.2 percent of the workday sitting and 11.8 percent of the workday standing.

  •  

  • Table 2. Percentage of bus drivers, school with physical demands, 2023

    Requirement	Yes	No
    Choice of sitting or standing	<0.5	>99.5
    Driving	>99.5	<0.5
    Climbing structure-related ramps or stairs	16.9	83.1
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

• Technical note▸

  • The Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS) is conducted by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The ORS is an establishment-based survey and provides job-related information about the physical demands; environmental conditions; education, training, and experience; as well as cognitive and mental requirements of jobs in the U.S. economy. Job requirements do not include modifications or adjustments to a job or change in the work environment that enables a person with a disability to compete equally or carry out the occupational critical tasks in support of the critical job functions.

    Additional estimates for detailed occupations and occupational groups are available at www.bls.gov/ors/data.htm.

    Sample size

    For information regarding the sample size see the technical note in the current News Release. The ORS Handbook of Methods provides information on the sample design.

    Measures of reliability

    To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of ORS estimates, standard errors are available for each estimate. For more information on standard errors see: www.bls.gov/ors/se.htm.

    Occupational classification

    BLS uses the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system to code and publish occupations to the 6-digit level of detail. The occupational groups in this publication reflect the 2-digit aggregation of occupations as defined using the 2018 SOC. Military specific occupations (55-0000.00) are out of scope for the ORS.

    Definitions of major terms

    The complete list of terms is available within the ORS collection manuals and ORS Handbook of Methods. The glossary below contains some major terms used in these occupational group profiles.

    General terms

    • Civilian workers – includes private industry and state and local government workers. Excluded are the federal government, the military, agricultural workers, private household workers, and the self-employed.
    • Critical job function - This is the main purpose and the primary pay factor for the job. It consists of critical tasks that are integral to the job.
    • Critical tasks - Activities workers must perform to carry out their critical job function(s).
    • Duration levels:
      • Seldom – up to 2 percent of the workday
      • Occasionally – from 2 percent up to 1/3 of the workday
      • Frequently – from 1/3 up to 2/3 of the workday
      • Constantly – from 2/3 or more of the workday
    • Job – group of workers in an establishment that have the same position. The term job refers to a single position within an establishment, whereas occupation refers to a profession or trade. Example: “waiters at Smith’s Restaurant” is a job, whereas “waiters” is an occupation.

    Cognitive and mental requirements

    • Crowds - Working around crowds is present when the following five conditions are met:
      1. many unfamiliar people are present considering the space available,
      2. movement is restricted,
      3. any given arrangement of the crowd is temporary,
      4. a certain level of disorganization is present, and
      5. workers are not separated from unfamiliar people by counters, dividers, or other objects.
    • General public - Includes interacting with individuals other than coworkers to perform critical tasks.

    Education, training, and experience requirements

    • Preparation time – the amount of time required by a typical worker to learn the techniques, acquire the information, and develop the facility needed for average performance in a specific job/worker situation. This is also referred to as specific vocational preparation (SVP) and is measure in nine levels from a “short demonstration” to “over 10 years”. For more information see the Calculation section of the Handbook of Methods.
    • Minimum education – the lowest level of formal coursework required in a job and excludes general education, see the Minimum formal education factsheet for more information.
    • Credentials – the amount of time needed to complete required training as a condition for hiring which may include certifications, licenses, and educational certificates.
    • On-the-job training – the amount of training time that occurs after an employee has been hired.
    • Prior work experience – the amount of prior relevant work activity. This excludes any non-vocationally specific requirements.

    Environmental conditions

    • Extreme cold – 40 degrees or below when exposed 2/3 or more of the workday or 32 degrees or below when exposed up to 2/3 of the workday.
    • Extreme heat – above 90 degrees in a dry environment or above 85 degrees in a humid environment.
    • Hazardous contaminants – exposure that negatively affects the respiratory system, eyes, skin, or other living tissue via inhalation, ingestion, or contact.
    • Noise intensity level – amount of noise that a worker experiences while working. Examples of noise level:
      • Quiet – settings such as a private office or art museum;
      • Moderate – business office, department store, fast food restaurant;
      • Loud – large earth moving equipment or can manufacturing department;
      • Very loud – rock concert or jackhammer work.
    • Outdoors – is considered present when two conditions exist, (1) a worker performs typical job duties outdoors or a worker moves between different work sites during the workday and (2) a worker is unprotected and exposed to the elements.
    • Personal protective equipment (PPE) – gear used or worn to minimize exposure to serious workplace injuries and illnesses.
    • Proximity to moving mechanical parts – refers to moving materials, mechanical parts, settings, or any moving objects that could cause bodily injury.
    • High and exposed places – when a worker is at risk of falling five feet or more from the worker’s center of gravity.

    Physical demands

    • Fine manipulation – touching, picking, pinching, or otherwise working primarily with fingers rather than with the whole hand or arm.
    • Gross manipulation – seizing, holding, grasping, turning, or otherwise working with the hands; and also often present when lifting involves the hands.
    • Strength level – A job is classified into strength five levels: sedentary, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy. The strength level is determined by how much weight a worker is required to lift or carry, how often they have to lift or carry that weight, as well as standing and walking in some special cases. Pushing or pulling – Pushing or pulling can be done with the hands and arms, feet and legs, or feet only. Additional detail on the calculation of strength levels is available in the Handbook of Methods.