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Employment Projections

Factors affecting occupational utilization

This National Employment Matrix shows the distribution of occupational employment by industries for wage and salary workers, as well as the distribution of self-employed workers by occupation. The distribution of occupations by industry represents the occupational staffing pattern for each industry. 

Each occupation in the matrix is analyzed to identify factors that are likely to cause an increase or decrease in demand for that occupation within industries. This analysis identifies any long-term structural changes in the economy that are expected to affect the demand for an occupation in each industry. Factors are not identified for every industry that employs a given occupation, and an industry can be affected by more than one factor.

For more information, see the “Factors affecting demand for occupations” section of the EP Handbook of Methods.

Other available formats: (XLSX)

Table 1.12 Factors affecting occupational utilization, projected 2023–33
2023 National Employment Matrix occupation title 2023 National Employment Matrix occupation code 2023 National Employment Matrix industry title 2023 National Employment Matrix industry code Factors affecting occupational utilization

Advertising and promotions managers

11-2011 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as advertising sales agents require proportionately fewer advertising and promotions managers.

Advertising and promotions managers

11-2011 Automobile dealers 441100 Productivity change - share decreases as consolidation of back office jobs allows same amount of output to be produced by fewer advertising and promotions managers.

Marketing managers

11-2021 Automobile dealers 441100 Productivity change - share decreases as consolidation of back office functions allow the same amount of output to be produced by fewer marketing managers.

Marketing managers

11-2021 Sound recording industries 512200 Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in marketing activities in the sound recording industries should increase demand for marketing managers.

Sales managers

11-2022 Automobile dealers 441100 Demand change - share decreases as growth in online sales will reduce the need for sales staff, including sales managers, on car showroom floors.

Computer and information systems managers

11-3021 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as organizations increasingly rely on IT services, supporting an increased demand for computer and information systems managers to plan and oversee computer hardware and software needs.

Financial managers

11-3031 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as several economic trends, including a greater emphasis on risk management and increases in corporate cash holdings, will increase demand for financial managers.

Financial managers

11-3031 Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities 523000 Demand change - share increases as several economic trends, including a greater emphasis on risk management and increases in demand for managing investments funds, will increase demand for financial managers.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071 Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9) 4230A1 Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071 Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4244,8) 4240A1 Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071 Truck transportation 484000 Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071 Freight transportation arrangement 488500 Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071 Couriers and express delivery services 492100 Demand change - share decreases as mergers reduce the number of transportation, storage, and distribution managers.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071 Warehousing and storage 493000 Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071 Management of companies and enterprises 551000 Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Compensation and benefits managers

11-3111 Total employment TE1000 Sourcing change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as compensation and benefits activities continue to be outsourced or automated through specialized software.

Compensation and benefits managers

11-3111 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 541200 Sourcing change - share increases as employers outsource compensation research and analysis to companies that specialize in those services.

Construction managers

11-9021 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as technical and process improvements increase the need for construction managers to track costs, materials, and schedules.

Construction managers

11-9021 Other heavy and civil engineering construction 237900 Demand change - share increases as technical and process improvements increase the need for construction managers to track costs, materials, and schedules.

Food service managers

11-9051 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as movie theaters continue to expand food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111 Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals; local 62220L Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state 62230S Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111 Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 623100 Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111 Residential intellectual and developmental disability facilities 623210 Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111 Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities 623220 Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as supply chains become more complex and additional service contracts are needed.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Elementary and secondary schools; state 61110S Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Junior colleges; state 61120S Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Junior colleges; local 61120L Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; local 61130L Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Technical and trade schools; state 61150S Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Technical and trade schools; local 61150L Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Postal service 491000 Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows workers to be more efficient. In addition, the continued use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators

13-1031 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as computer software and Artificial Intelligence (AI) will automate much of this work, reducing the needed number of adjusters.

Insurance appraisers, auto damage

13-1032 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as appraisal activities are automated through specialized software and AI.

Cost estimators

13-1051 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as cost estimation software has made this work more efficient.

Human resources specialists

13-1071 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 541200 Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.

Human resources specialists

13-1071 Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 541600 Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.

Human resources specialists

13-1071 Management of companies and enterprises 551000 Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.

Human resources specialists

13-1071 Office administrative services 561100 Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.

Human resources specialists

13-1071 Temporary help services 561320 Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.

Labor relations specialists

13-1075 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as the percentage of workers who are union members declines, and fewer unionized workers means less need for labor relations specialists who work with management on their behalf.

Logisticians

13-1081 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as the growth of e-commerce makes logistics more dynamic and complex.

Logisticians

13-1081 Other pipeline transportation 486900 Demand change - share increases as expanded pipeline networks, more complex transportation schedules, and volatility in oil markets boost demand for logisticians in pipeline transportation.

Logisticians

13-1081 Freight transportation arrangement 488500 Demand change - share increases as the growth of e-commerce makes logistics more dynamic and complex.

Logisticians

13-1081 Warehousing and storage 493000 Demand change - share increases as the growth of e-commerce makes logistics more dynamic and complex.

Logisticians

13-1081 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Demand change - share increases as an increasingly globalized economy will continue to make logistics more dynamic and complex.

Management analysts

13-1111 Management of companies and enterprises 551000 Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in business activities and investments into digital technology increase demand to manage and analyze new business operations by managing offices.

Management analysts

13-1111 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Demand change - share increases as government agencies increasingly seek the expertise of public sector consultants.

Management analysts

13-1111 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Demand change - share increases as government agencies increasingly seek the expertise of public sector consultants.

Training and development specialists

13-1151 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as demand for continuous training increases due to accelerating technological advancements such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and LLMs in the labor market.

Business operations specialists, all other

13-1199 Management of companies and enterprises 551000 Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in business activities and investments into digital technology increase demand to manage and support expanded business operations by managing offices.

Credit analysts

13-2041 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as companies increase the productivity of credit analysts by using more data and machine learning in the credit risk analyses process.

Financial and investment analysts

13-2051 Other investment pools and funds 525900 Demand change - share increases as corporations and investors increasingly seek to protect and grow their assets and investments via funds managed by financial and investments analysts.

Personal financial advisors

13-2052 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Demand change, productivity change - share increases as an aging population drives demand for investment advisory services. This demand will be partially offset by the use of robo-advisors in place of personal financial advisors.

Personal financial advisors

13-2052 Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities 523000 Demand change, productivity change - share increases as an aging population drives demand for investment advisory services. This demand will be partially offset by the use of robo-advisors in place of personal financial advisors.

Insurance underwriters

13-2053 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as automated underwriting systems will allow more applications to be handled by computer processing, reducing the needed number of insurance underwriters.

Insurance underwriters

13-2053 Insurance agencies and brokerages 524210 Productivity change - share decreases as automated underwriting systems will allow more applications to be handled by computer processing, reducing the needed number of insurance underwriters.

Insurance underwriters

13-2053 Other insurance related activities 524290 Productivity change - share decreases as automated underwriting systems will allow more applications to be handled by computer processing, reducing the needed number of insurance underwriters.

Financial examiners

13-2061 Other nondepository credit intermediation 522290 Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.

Financial examiners

13-2061 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.

Financial examiners

13-2061 Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities 523000 Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.

Financial examiners

13-2061 Management of companies and enterprises 551000 Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.

Loan officers

13-2072 Other nondepository credit intermediation 522290 Productivity change - share decreases as companies adopt automated systems, which can perform data processing tasks and require reduced interactions with customers, thereby enabling fewer officers to complete loan applications.

Loan officers

13-2072 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Productivity change - share decreases as companies adopt automated systems, which can perform data processing tasks and require reduced interactions with customers, thereby enabling fewer officers to complete loan applications.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211 Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services 518000 Demand change - share increases as computer cloud solutions and applications expand.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211 Monetary authorities-central bank 521000 Demand change - share increases as new digital payment systems continue to be introduced in the financial and monetary systems, requiring more computer systems analysts within the federal central bank system to analyze and maintain the integrity of those systems.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211 Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers 524120 Demand change - share increases as companies require new technology to support digitalization and automation of work processes.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 541200 Demand change - share increases as more devices, including software applications used on smart phones and other devices, will be needed to address data processing problems.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211 Computer systems design and related services 541500 Demand change - share increases as computer cloud solutions and applications expand.

Information security analysts

15-1212 Total employment TE1000 Demand change, productivity change - share increases as firms increase their IT security staffs and capabilities as a response to increasing threats of cyberattacks aimed at sensitive or financial data, offset slightly by efficiencies gained through increased use of automated and AI technologies to improve security measures.

Information security analysts

15-1212 Computer systems design and related services 541500 Demand change, productivity change - share increases as firms increase their IT security staffs and capabilities as a response to increasing threats of cyberattacks aimed at sensitive or financial data, offset slightly by efficiencies gained through increased use of automated and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to improve security measures.

Computer and information research scientists

15-1221 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as demand for solutions to complex computing challenges and for developing new technologies, including AI, will support an increased demand for computer and information research scientists.

Computer user support specialists

15-1232 Total employment TE1000 Sourcing change, productivity change - share decreases as specialized businesses and industries solve computer troubleshooting needs through automated tools such as chatbots, and businesses find these tools handle most problems their users face.

Computer user support specialists

15-1232 Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services 518000 Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.

Computer user support specialists

15-1232 Computer systems design and related services 541500 Sourcing change - share increases as companies outsource their IT needs to this industry, and specialists respond to complex user requests that cannot be solved through increasingly automated software tools.

Computer network architects

15-1241 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as businesses invest more in network infrastructure to support high-tech investments, including Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Database administrators

15-1242 Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services 518000 Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.

Network and computer systems administrators

15-1244 Total employment TE1000 Occupational substitution, Capital/Labor substitution - share decreases as job duties are increasingly performed by DevOps engineers and similar roles, including software developers, and as an increasing share of the job tasks are automated.

Computer programmers

15-1251 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as computer programming work continues to be automated, allowing computer programmers to become more efficient in some of their tasks.

Computer programmers

15-1251 Computer systems design and related services 541500 Occupational substitution - share decreases as computer programming tasks are more commonly performed by other computer occupations.

Software developers

15-1252 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as continued demand for devices to include software components and are connected to the internet, including IoT connected devices, will support an increased demand for software developers.

Software developers

15-1252 Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences 541710 Demand change - share increases as research and development of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous and electric vehicles, robotics and other automation applications, and various other technologies is expected to drive demand for research and development of new software that will enable and deploy these various technologies.

Computer occupations, all other

15-1299 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Demand change - share increases as the federal government continues to fend off cyber threats from both domestic and international bad actors.

Actuaries

15-2011 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as a greater emphasis on identifying, quantifying, and managing risks leads to greater demand for actuaries to analyze the financial costs of risks and uncertainty.

Operations research analysts

15-2031 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the projections decade. Businesses in all industries will hire operations research analysts to analyze data to help optimize and improve business processes.

Statisticians

15-2041 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the projections decade. Businesses in all industries will hire statisticians to analyze data to help improve business processes and design and develop new products.

Data scientists

15-2051 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the projections decade. Businesses in all industries will hire data scientists to analyze data to help improve business processes and design and develop new products.

Architects, except landscape and naval

17-1011 Engineering services 541330 Occupational substitution - share increases as architects take on the duties formerly performed by architectural paraprofessionals.

Aerospace engineers

17-2011 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Demand change - share increases as aerospace engineers are needed to support the government's increased interest in space, especially given the newly established Space Force military branch.

Agricultural engineers

17-2021 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share increases as growing concern related to the effects of climate change on agriculture supports increased demand for agricultural engineers.

Agricultural engineers

17-2021 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Demand change - share increases as growing concern related to the effects of climate change on agriculture supports increased demand for agricultural engineers.

Chemical engineers

17-2041 Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9) 3250A1 Demand change - share increases as chemical manufacturing processes undergo increasing complexity and requirements changes (availability, sustainability); there will be more of a need for chemical engineers, who are tasked with designing these manufacturing systems and processes.

Civil engineers

17-2051 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.

Civil engineers

17-2051 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.

Civil engineers

17-2051 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.

Computer hardware engineers

17-2061 Computer systems design and related services 541500 Demand change - share decreases as companies increase their focus on software innovation compared to hardware to support expanded use of growing technologies, tempering the demand for computer hardware engineers.

Electrical engineers

17-2071 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as electrical infrastructure is updated and new electrical systems and technology are developed.

Electronics engineers, except computer

17-2072 Audio and video equipment manufacturing 334300 Demand change - share increases as innovations in audio and video equipment drive demand for electronics engineers to research, design, and develop new equipment, and facilitate their production.

Electronics engineers, except computer

17-2072 Telecommunications 517000 Demand change - share increases as firms require more electronics engineers to implement newer telecommunications technology, such as 5G.

Environmental engineers

17-2081 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as growing public concern around the effects of climate change and the need to improve water and air quality will support demand for environmental engineers.

Industrial engineers

17-2112 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as increasingly complex manufacturing processes, logistics and supply chains drive demand for industrial engineers to design and develop them.

Marine engineers and naval architects

17-2121 Ship and boat building 336600 Demand change - share increases as ships and ports in the U.S. continue to come under pressure to meet international standards on the reduction in air pollution from ships, driving demand for marine engineers and naval architects to design and operate ships and port facilities that meet stricter emissions requirements.

Materials engineers

17-2131 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing 331100 Demand change - share increases as additional high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet production needs.

Materials engineers

17-2131 Alumina and aluminum production and processing 331300 Demand change - share increases as additional high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet production needs.

Materials engineers

17-2131 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 336400 Demand change - share increases as additional high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet the needs of the aerospace industry, e.g. lighter, stronger materials to improve efficiency.

Mechanical engineers

17-2141 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as growing automation and innovation of mechanical and machinery products, equipment, and systems drive demand for mechanical engineers to design, develop, test, and maintain them.

Architectural and civil drafters

17-3011 Engineering services 541330 Productivity change - share decreases as software advances allow drafters to perform their tasks more efficiently.

Electrical and electronics drafters

17-3012 Engineering services 541330 Productivity change - share decreases as software capabilities allow drafters to perform work more rapidly.

Mechanical drafters

17-3013 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as software makes design process more efficient and allows drafters to produce designs for rapid prototype development.

Drafters, all other

17-3019 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as advanced CAD software allows design professionals to perform tasks more efficiently.

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians

17-3021 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 334500 Demand change - share increases as new aerospace products such as small satellites and drones require testing to comply with FAA regulations.

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians

17-3021 Engineering services 541330 Demand change - share increases as new aerospace products such as small satellites and drones require testing to comply with FAA regulations.

Civil engineering technologists and technicians

17-3022 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as fewer civil engineering technicians are needed due to improved drafting software, such as CAD, which increases their productivity.

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

17-3023 Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing 334100 Productivity change - share decreases as robotics and automation of tasks such as assembly and testing increase the productivity of workers.

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

17-3023 Communications equipment manufacturing 334200 Productivity change - share decreases as robotics and automation of tasks such as assembly and testing increase the productivity of workers.

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

17-3023 Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing 334400 Productivity change - share decreases as robotics and automation of tasks such as assembly and testing increase the productivity of workers.

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

17-3023 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 334500 Productivity change - share decreases as robotics and automation of tasks such as assembly and testing increase the productivity of workers.

Electro-mechanical and mechatronics technologists and technicians

17-3024 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation in manufacturing continues to increase.

Environmental engineering technologists and technicians

17-3025 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as automation of environmental testing increases.

Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians

17-3027 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in computer-aided design software, knowledge-based systems, and related technologies allow these workers to perform routine tasks more efficiently.

Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians

17-3027 Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing 334100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation and robotics take over some of the responsibilities of this occupation.

Conservation scientists

19-1031 Social advocacy organizations 813300 Demand change - share increases as social advocacy for environmental protection and conservation is expected to increase over the projections decade, driving demand for conservation scientists.

Epidemiologists

19-1041 Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences 541710 Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.

Epidemiologists

19-1041 Research and development in the social sciences and humanities 541720 Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.

Epidemiologists

19-1041 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.

Epidemiologists

19-1041 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.

Epidemiologists

19-1041 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Demand change - share increases as the volume of data shared and analyzed across the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is expected to grow.

Epidemiologists

19-1041 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share increases as the volume of data shared and analyzed across the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is expected to grow.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042 Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences 541710 Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042 Research and development in the social sciences and humanities 541720 Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; local 61130L Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Chemists

19-2031 Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 325400 Demand change - share increases as chemists are employed to investigate findings in nanotechnology for medical purposes.

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health

19-2041 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as growing public concern around the effects of climate change will support demand for environmental scientists and specialists.

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health

19-2041 Social advocacy organizations 813300 Demand change - share increases as social advocacy for environmental protection and conservation is expected to increase over the projections decade, driving demand for environmental scientists and specialists.

Hydrologists

19-2043 Management, scientific, and technical consulting services 541600 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as Artificial Intelligence (AI) replace hydrologists for some data analysis activities.

Survey researchers

19-3022 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as data collection increasingly occurs via mobile technologies and automated techniques.

Clinical and counseling psychologists

19-3033 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors and psychologists to help students.

School psychologists

19-3034 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors and psychologists to help students.

Geological technicians, except hydrologic technicians

19-4043 Oil and gas extraction 211000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.

Geological technicians, except hydrologic technicians

19-4043 Support activities for mining 213000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.

Hydrologic technicians

19-4044 Oil and gas extraction 211000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.

Hydrologic technicians

19-4044 Support activities for mining 213000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092 Testing laboratories and services 541380 Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 621500 Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Occupational health and safety specialists

19-5011 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as employers increasingly prioritize worker health and safety. This will be largely driven by an increased focus on employee well-being, the introduction of new technologies in the workplace, and a greater prevalence of climate-related hazards.

Occupational health and safety technicians

19-5012 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as employers increasingly prioritize worker health and safety. This will be largely driven by an increased focus on employee well-being, the introduction of new technologies in the workplace, and a greater prevalence of climate-related hazards.

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors

21-1012 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors to help students.

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors

21-1012 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors to help students get jobs.

Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors

21-1018 Research and development in the social sciences and humanities 541720 Demand change - share increases as a stronger emphasis on holistic care and treatment in health care models increases demand for research in the fields of substance abuse and mental health.

Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors

21-1018 Offices of mental health practitioners (except physicians) 621330 Demand change - share increases as demand rises for treatment of patients with mental and behavioral issues, including opioid addiction.

Community health workers

21-1094 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as community health workers are uniquely positioned to support cost-effective healthcare services, such as advising members of the public or community groups on issues related to improving general health, including diet, exercise, and reducing the spread of communicable diseases.

Directors, religious activities and education

21-2021 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Demand change - share increases as more families are able to choose religious based schools.

Paralegals and legal assistants

23-2011 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as tasks such as conducting research and preparing documents are increasingly automated via technology including Artificial Intelligence (AI), reducing the need for these workers.

Paralegals and legal assistants

23-2011 Legal services 541100 Productivity change - share decreases as tasks such as conducting research and preparing documents are increasingly automated via technology including Artificial Intelligence (AI), reducing the need for these workers.

Paralegals and legal assistants

23-2011 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Productivity change - share decreases as tasks such as conducting research and preparing documents are increasingly automated via technology including Artificial Intelligence (AI), reducing the need for these workers.

Paralegals and legal assistants

23-2011 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Productivity change - share decreases as tasks such as conducting research and preparing documents are increasingly automated via technology including Artificial Intelligence (AI), reducing the need for these workers.

Paralegals and legal assistants

23-2011 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Productivity change - share decreases as tasks such as conducting research and preparing documents are increasingly automated via technology including Artificial Intelligence (AI), reducing the need for these workers.

Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers

23-2093 Legal services 541100 Sourcing change - share decreases as law firms outsource an increasing amount of back office, administrative, and non-lawyer functions as a way to streamline operations and lower costs for clients.

Legal support workers, all other

23-2099 Legal services 541100 Sourcing change - share decreases as law firms outsource an increasing amount of back office, administrative, and non-lawyer functions as a way to streamline operations and lower costs for clients.

Business teachers, postsecondary

25-1011 Junior colleges; private 61120P Demand change - share decreases as demand for business degrees is expected to decrease.

Business teachers, postsecondary

25-1011 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share increases as demand for business degrees is expected to increase.

Computer science teachers, postsecondary

25-1021 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share increases as demand for STEM occupations and a growing number of degrees conferred in computer science result in additional computer science professors.

Computer science teachers, postsecondary

25-1021 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share increases as labor market demand for STEM occupations and growing numbers of degrees conferred in computer science result in additional computer science professors.

Engineering teachers, postsecondary

25-1032 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as demand for engineering degrees is expected to increase.

Biological science teachers, postsecondary

25-1042 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as demand for biology courses is expected to increase.

Psychology teachers, postsecondary

25-1066 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share increases as demand for psychology degrees is expected to increase.

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

25-1071 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

25-1071 Junior colleges; private 61120P Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

25-1071 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

25-1071 Technical and trade schools; private 61150P Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.

Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary

25-1072 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as demand for nursing degrees is expected to increase.

Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary

25-1072 Junior colleges; private 61120P Demand change - share increases as demand for nursing degrees is expected to increase.

Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary

25-1072 Technical and trade schools; private 61150P Demand change - share increases as demand for nurses and nurse-type training is expected to increase.

English language and literature teachers, postsecondary

25-1123 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share decreases as states prioritize workforce development programs and fields of study perceived as more valuable to the labor market.

Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary

25-1124 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share decreases as states prioritize workforce development programs and fields of study perceived as more valuable to the labor market at the expense of humanities fields.

History teachers, postsecondary

25-1125 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share decreases as states prioritize workforce development programs and fields of study perceived as more valuable to the labor market at the expense of humanities fields.

Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary

25-1194 Junior colleges; private 61120P Demand change - share decreases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service. Additionally, the number of high school graduates is projected to decrease.

Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary

25-1194 Junior colleges; state 61120S Demand change - share decreases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service. Additionally, the number of high school graduates is projected to decrease.

Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary

25-1194 Junior colleges; local 61120L Demand change - share decreases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service. Additionally, the number of high school graduates is projected to decrease.

Postsecondary teachers, all other

25-1199 Junior colleges; private 61120P Demand change - share increases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service.

Preschool teachers, except special education

25-2011 Child daycare services 624400 Demand change - share increases as academic-based early childhood education curriculums grow in usage.

Adult basic education, adult secondary education, and english as a second language instructors

25-3011 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as enrollment rates in ABE and ASE classes are expected to decline due to fewer high school dropouts, which will reduce the need for these types of teachers.

Substitute teachers, short-term

25-3031 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Demand change - share increases as an increase in paid leave for full-time teachers will increase demand for short-term substitute teachers relative to other occupations.

Tutors

25-3041 Other schools and instruction; private 61160P Capital/Labor substitution - share decreases as online tools and digital tutors utilizing generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and LLM capabilities reduce demand for tutors.

Library technicians

25-4031 Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services 519000 Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031 Junior colleges; state 61120S Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031 Junior colleges; local 61120L Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Farm and home management educators

25-9021 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as continued industry consolidation in agriculture reduces the number of farmers, and by extension the needed number of farm and home management advisors.

Special effects artists and animators

27-1014 Television broadcasting stations 516120 Productivity change - share decreases as local television broadcast affiliates consolidate and share staff in order to reduce operating costs.

Special effects artists and animators

27-1014 Media streaming distribution services, social networks, and other media networks and content providers 516210 Productivity change - share decreases as local television broadcast affiliates consolidate and share staff in order to reduce operating costs.

Fashion designers

27-1022 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in demand for a constant flow of new fashion designs has been accelerated by social media influencers and by retailers advertising and selling directly to consumers online.

Floral designers

27-1023 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as consumers prefer unarranged flowers.

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers

27-1026 Advertising, public relations, and related services 541800 Demand change - share decreases as increasing digital advertising results in reduced demand for the services provided by in-store brick-and-mortar merchandise displayers and window trimmers.

Producers and directors

27-2012 Advertising, public relations, and related services 541800 Demand change - share increases as more filmed content leads to additional commercials and advertising, particularly online video ads, which also need to be produced and directed.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share increases as demand for sports coaching and recruiting needs grow in colleges, universities, and professional schools.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022 Other schools and instruction; private 61160P Demand change - share increases as demand for sports and recreation instruction continue to grow within sports and recreation instruction establishments.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share increases as demand for sports coaching and recruiting needs grow in colleges, universities, and professional schools.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022 Spectator sports 711200 Demand change - share increases as professional sports teams invest more resources into coaching, strategy, and analysis, with particular emphasis on data analytics, and therefore hire more coaches and scouts.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022 Fitness and recreational sports centers 713940 Demand change - share increases as demand for sports and recreation instruction continue to grow within sports and recreation instruction establishments.

Music directors and composers

27-2041 Elementary and secondary schools; private 61110P Demand change - share decreases as private schools face declines in enrollment and tuition, forcing cuts for arts education, including music programs.

Music directors and composers

27-2041 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Demand change - share decreases as public school systems are cutting funding for arts education, including music programs.

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys

27-3011 Radio broadcasting stations 516110 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as demand for announcers and on-air talent decreases as radio stations consolidate locations or opt for a DJ-free format. Increased adoption of AI-generated voice technology is expected to further reduce the need for announcers and DJs.

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys

27-3011 Media streaming distribution services, social networks, and other media networks and content providers 516210 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as demand for announcers and on-air talent decreases as radio stations consolidate locations or opt for a DJ-free format. Increased adoption of AI-generated voice technology is expected to further reduce the need for announcers and DJs.

Technical writers

27-3042 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools grows, allowing technical writers to produce documentation more efficiently.

Writers and authors

27-3043 Independent artists, writers, and performers 711500 Demand change - share increases as self-publishing rises with e-books and audiobooks, supporting demand for writers and authors within the independent artists, writers, and performers industry.

Court reporters and simultaneous captioners

27-3092 Business support services 561400 Productivity change - share decreases as technology allows court reporters to produce more documentation.

Audio and video technicians

27-4011 Sound recording industries 512200 Demand change - share decreases as technologies such as digital audio workstations allow more artists to produce their own recordings, reducing demand for in-studio record production.

Broadcast technicians

27-4012 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as technology including Artificial Intelligence (AI) allow technicians to perform more activities onsite and in remote locations.

Sound engineering technicians

27-4014 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as the use of wireless technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems allow technicians to perform tasks more efficiently.

Sound engineering technicians

27-4014 Sound recording industries 512200 Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as technologies such as digital audio workstations allow more artists to produce their own recordings, while wireless technology and AI systems allow technicians to perform tasks more efficiently.

Lighting technicians

27-4015 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as technology, including Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, allows workers to design and operate lighting displays.

Camera operators, television, video, and film

27-4031 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as robotic cameras replace services previously provided by camera operators.

Chiropractors

29-1011 Offices of chiropractors 621310 Demand change - share increases as growing demand for chiropractic treatment, due to its growing popularity and recognition as a valid nonopioid approach to manage pain, will result in increased demand for chiropractors.

Dentists, general

29-1021 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Occupational substitution - share decreases as the expanding scope of practice of dental hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Dentists, general

29-1021 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Occupational substitution - share decreases as the expanding scope of practice of dental hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Dietitians and nutritionists

29-1031 Offices of all other health practitioners 621390 Demand change - share increases as consumer interest and demand for nutrition services grow.

Dietitians and nutritionists

29-1031 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Demand change - share increases as dietitians are increasingly needed to provide nutrition care to veterans.

Optometrists

29-1041 Offices of physicians 621100 Occupational substitution - share increases as the adoption of integrated eye care models shifts primary care responsibilities to optometrists, allowing ophthalmologists to focus on more complex cases and surgery. The expanding scope of practice of optometrists further supports this trend.

Pharmacists

29-1051 Grocery and specialty food retailers 4450A1 Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacists in retail settings.

Pharmacists

29-1051 General merchandise retailers 455000 Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacists in retail settings.

Pharmacists

29-1051 Offices of physicians 621100 Demand change - share increases as pharmacists’ roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care.

Pharmacists

29-1051 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Demand change - share increases as pharmacists’ roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care. The growth of the specialty drug market will support this trend further within hospitals.

Pharmacists

29-1051 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Demand change - share increases as pharmacists’ roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care. The growth of the specialty drug market will support this trend further within hospitals.

Pharmacists

29-1051 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Demand change - share increases as pharmacists’ roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care. The growth of the specialty drug market will support this trend further within hospitals.

Physician assistants

29-1071 Offices of physicians 621100 Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Physician assistants

29-1071 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Also, advances in technologies will slow the growth of other administrative and support occupations relative to all professional healthcare providers.

Physician assistants

29-1071 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Also, advances in technologies will slow the growth of other administrative and support occupations relative to all professional healthcare providers.

Physician assistants

29-1071 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Also, advances in technologies will slow the growth of other administrative and support occupations relative to all professional healthcare providers.

Podiatrists

29-1081 Offices of all other health practitioners 621390 Occupational substitution - share decreases as team-care models grow in popularity.

Occupational therapists

29-1122 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local 62230L Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and occupational therapy services are increasingly needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and adapt daily activities that allow them to maintain their independence.

Physical therapists

29-1123 Offices of physicians 621100 Demand change - share increases as physical therapists are increasingly integrated into team-based models of care to help patients manage their pain conditions without the use of pharmaceuticals.

Physical therapists

29-1123 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local 62230L Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and physical therapy services are increasingly needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and manage chronic pain without the use of pharmaceuticals.

Radiation therapists

29-1124 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as increased adoption of radiotherapy techniques that deliver higher doses of radiation over fewer fractions allows radiation therapists to treat a greater number of patients.

Recreational therapists

29-1125 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions around the types of rehabilitation therapies that can be provided in hospitals constrain demand for recreational therapists.

Recreational therapists

29-1125 Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals; private 62220P Demand change - share increases as demand for psychiatric and substance abuse treatment grows, translating into a greater need for recreational therapists for implementation of inpatient treatment programs.

Recreational therapists

29-1125 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions around the types of rehabilitation therapies that can be provided in hospitals constrain demand for recreational therapists.

Recreational therapists

29-1125 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions around the types of rehabilitation therapies that can be provided in hospitals constrain demand for recreational therapists.

Recreational therapists

29-1125 Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals; state 62220S Demand change - share increases as demand for psychiatric and substance abuse treatment grows, translating into a greater need for recreational therapists for implementation of inpatient treatment programs.

Recreational therapists

29-1125 Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 623100 Demand change - share decreases as funding constraints for recreational therapy services reduce demand for recreational therapists.

Respiratory therapists

29-1126 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as the demand for respiratory care services grows. Respiratory therapists will be increasingly needed across hospital and non-hospital settings to treat a wide variety of conditions and patients.

Speech-language pathologists

29-1127 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as an aging population, higher autism-spectrum and special needs, and expanded service provision at schools increases demand for speech-language pathologists.

Registered nurses

29-1141 Direct health and medical insurance carriers 524114 Demand change - share increases as insurance companies increasingly employ registered nurses to manage complex compensation and medical coverage requests.

Registered nurses

29-1141 Other insurance related activities 524290 Demand change - share increases as third party administrator companies increasingly employ registered nurses to manage complex workers compensation and medical benefits for other companies.

Registered nurses

29-1141 Temporary help services 561320 Demand change - share increases as hospitals and other healthcare facilities increasingly use temporary help services to staff some of temporary their positions for registered nurses.

Registered nurses

29-1141 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Demand change - share decreases as the type of care delivered in these settings translates into a reduced need for registered nurses, relative to other occupations.

Nurse anesthetists

29-1151 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Occupational substitution - share increases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Nurse anesthetists

29-1151 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Occupational substitution - share increases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Nurse anesthetists

29-1151 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Occupational substitution - share increases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171 Offices of physicians 621100 Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171 Offices of all other health practitioners 621390 Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Anesthesiologists

29-1211 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Occupational substitution - share decreases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Anesthesiologists

29-1211 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Occupational substitution - share decreases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Anesthesiologists

29-1211 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Occupational substitution - share decreases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Cardiologists

29-1212 Offices of physicians 621100 Sourcing change - share increases as payer policy changes shift cardiovascular procedures away from hospitals to outpatient settings, such as office-based labs.

Cardiologists

29-1212 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Sourcing change - share decreases as payer policy changes shift cardiovascular procedures away from hospitals to outpatient settings, such as office-based labs and ambulatory surgery centers.

Dermatologists

29-1213 Offices of physicians 621100 Demand change - share increases as the growing popularity of cosmetic dermatology procedures increases demand for dermatologists.

Emergency medicine physicians

29-1214 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Occupational substitution - share decreases as nurse practitioners and physician assistants are increasingly utilized, relative to emergency medicine physicians, to provide care in hospital emergency departments.

Emergency medicine physicians

29-1214 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Occupational substitution - share decreases as nurse practitioners and physician assistants are increasingly utilized, relative to emergency medicine physicians, to provide care in hospital emergency departments.

Emergency medicine physicians

29-1214 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Occupational substitution - share decreases as nurse practitioners and physician assistants are increasingly utilized, relative to emergency medicine physicians, to provide care in hospital emergency departments.

General internal medicine physicians

29-1216 Offices of physicians 621100 Occupational substitution, sourcing change - share decreases as care teams (including nurses, physicians assistants, and other care professionals) are expected to become larger and more diverse. Internists are also expected to increasingly work for hospitals.

Neurologists

29-1217 Offices of physicians 621100 Demand change - share increases as the growing number of patients with neurological disorders raises demand for general neurologists.

Obstetricians and gynecologists

29-1218 Offices of physicians 621100 Occupational substitution - share decreases as care teams (including nurses, physicians assistants, and other care professionals) are expected to become larger and more diverse.

Pediatricians, general

29-1221 Offices of physicians 621100 Demand change, occupational substitution - share decreases as the portion of the national population under 18 continues to fall, and team-based care models grow.

Psychiatrists

29-1223 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Demand change - share increases as growing demand for psychiatric services increases the need for psychiatrists.

Radiologists

29-1224 Offices of physicians 621100 Productivity change - share decreases as Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly adopted in clinical practice, making the radiologist workflow more efficient.

Radiologists

29-1224 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Productivity change - share decreases as Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly adopted in clinical practice, making the radiologist workflow more efficient.

Pediatric surgeons

29-1243 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as the child population declines, reducing demand for pediatric surgery.

Dental hygienists

29-1292 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Occupational substitution - share increases as the expanding scope of practice of hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Dental hygienists

29-1292 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Occupational substitution - share increases as the expanding scope of practice of hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Dental hygienists

29-1292 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Occupational substitution - share increases as the expanding scope of practice of hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

29-2010 Offices of physicians 621100 Sourcing change - share decreases as physicians’ offices send more lab work to medical and diagnostic laboratories instead of doing it in-house.

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians

29-2031 Offices of physicians 621100 Sourcing change - share increases as payer policy changes shift cardiovascular procedures away from hospitals to outpatient settings, such as office-based labs.

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians

29-2031 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Sourcing change - share decreases as payer policy changes shift cardiovascular procedures away from hospitals to outpatient settings, such as office-based labs and ambulatory surgery centers.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032 Offices of physicians 621100 Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 621500 Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Nuclear medicine technologists

29-2033 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Demand change - share decreases as a challenging reimbursement environment for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals inhibits the use of nuclear medicine procedures, constraining demand for technologists.

Nuclear medicine technologists

29-2033 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Demand change - share decreases as a challenging reimbursement environment for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals inhibits the use of nuclear medicine procedures, constraining demand for technologists.

Nuclear medicine technologists

29-2033 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Demand change - share decreases as a challenging reimbursement environment for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals inhibits the use of nuclear medicine procedures, constraining demand for technologists.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034 Offices of physicians 621100 Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 621500 Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; private 62230P Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state 62230S Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035 Offices of physicians 621100 Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 621500 Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; private 62230P Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state 62230S Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Emergency medical technicians

29-2042 Ambulance services 621910 Occupational substitution - share increases as emergency medical technicians increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.

Emergency medical technicians

29-2042 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Occupational substitution - share increases as emergency medical technicians increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.

Paramedics

29-2043 Ambulance services 621910 Occupational substitution - share increases as paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.

Paramedics

29-2043 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Occupational substitution - share increases as paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.

Pharmacy technicians

29-2052 Grocery and specialty food retailers 4450A1 Occupational substitution, demand change - share increases as pharmacy technicians expand their role, taking on some of the tasks performed by pharmacists. This will be partially offset by lower demand due to the consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies.

Pharmacy technicians

29-2052 General merchandise retailers 455000 Occupational substitution, demand change - share increases as pharmacy technicians expand their role, taking on some of the tasks performed by pharmacists. This will be partially offset by lower demand due to the consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies.

Pharmacy technicians

29-2052 Pharmacies and drug retailers 456110 Occupational substitution - share increases as pharmacy technicians expand their role, taking on some of the tasks performed by pharmacists. The loosening of pharmacist-to-technician ratios across states is likely to support this trend further.

Psychiatric technicians

29-2053 Offices of mental health practitioners (except physicians) 621330 Demand change - share increases as growing demand for mental health and substance abuse treatment results in an increased need for psychiatric technicians.

Psychiatric technicians

29-2053 Outpatient mental health and substance abuse centers 621420 Demand change - share increases as growing demand for mental health and substance abuse treatment results in an increased need for psychiatric technicians.

Psychiatric technicians

29-2053 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Demand change - share increases as growing demand for mental health and substance abuse treatment results in an increased need for psychiatric technicians.

Psychiatric technicians

29-2053 Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities 623220 Demand change - share increases as growing demand for mental health and substance abuse treatment results in an increased need for psychiatric technicians.

Ophthalmic medical technicians

29-2057 Offices of physicians 621100 Occupational substitution - share increases as offices of physicians increasingly employ ophthalmic medical technicians who can perform a variety of patient care tasks, allowing ophthalmologists to examine more patients and do other more complex tasks.

Ophthalmic medical technicians

29-2057 Offices of optometrists 621320 Occupational substitution - share increases as offices of optometrists increasingly employ ophthalmic medical technicians who can perform a variety of patient care tasks, allowing optometrists to examine more patients and do other more complex tasks.

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

29-2061 Offices of physicians 621100 Occupational substitution - share decreases as the scope of work of medical assistants expands, reducing the need for licensed practical/vocational nurses.

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

29-2061 Home healthcare services 621600 Demand change - share decreases as growing demand for home healthcare flows mainly to occupations other than licensed practical/vocational nurses, such as home health and personal care aides.

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

29-2061 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Demand change - share decreases as the type of care delivered in these settings translates into a reduced need for licensed practical/vocational nurses, relative to other occupations.

Medical records specialists

29-2072 Total employment TE1000 Demand change, productivity change - share increases as the demand for health care services and complexity of medical coding grow. This demand for medical records specialists will be partially offset by the use of AI-based tools that make the medical coding process more efficient.

Orthotists and prosthetists

29-2091 Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 339100 Demand change - share increases as an aging population and rise in age-related illnesses combined with an increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes as well as other health issues and amputations will translate into a greater need for orthotic and prosthetic services.

Hearing aid specialists

29-2092 General merchandise retailers 455000 Demand change - share increases as an aging population increases the demand for hearing aids. Retailers will increasingly employ hearing aid specialists to dispense these devices.

Health technologists and technicians, all other

29-2099 Total employment TE1000 Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.

Health information technologists and medical registrars

29-9021 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of health data are generated over the coming years. Organizations across all industries, especially those tied to healthcare, will need technologists and registrars to process the data to support operational and clinical decision-making.

Athletic trainers

29-9091 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share increases as the demand for athletic health care grows. Colleges and universities will increasingly hire athletic trainers to help student athletes prevent and recover from injuries as well as perform at their highest level.

Athletic trainers

29-9091 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share increases as the demand for athletic health care grows. Colleges and universities will increasingly hire athletic trainers to help student athletes prevent and recover from injuries as well as perform at their highest level.

Athletic trainers

29-9091 Offices of physicians 621100 Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with physicians' offices to meet their athletic health care needs.

Athletic trainers

29-9091 Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists 621340 Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with clinics to meet their athletic health care needs.

Athletic trainers

29-9091 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with hospitals to meet their athletic health care needs.

Athletic trainers

29-9091 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with hospitals to meet their athletic health care needs.

Genetic counselors

29-9092 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as the number and quality of genetic tests is increasing while costs are decreasing.

Home health and personal care aides

31-1120 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Demand change - share increases as growing demand for long-term care services primarily flows to home-and community-based settings rather than institutional settings, translating into a greater need for aides specifically.

Home health and personal care aides

31-1120 Private households 814000 Demand change - share increases as growing demand for long-term care services primarily flows to home-and community-based settings rather than institutional settings, translating into a greater need for aides specifically.

Nursing assistants

31-1131 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Demand change - share decreases as the type of care delivered in these settings translates into a reduced need for nursing assistants, relative to other occupations.

Psychiatric aides

31-1133 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Occupational substitution - share decreases as psychiatric technicians are increasingly utilized, relative to psychiatric aides, to provide day-to-day care to patients.

Psychiatric aides

31-1133 Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals; private 62220P Occupational substitution - share decreases as psychiatric technicians are increasingly utilized, relative to psychiatric aides, to provide day-to-day care to patients.

Psychiatric aides

31-1133 Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities 623220 Occupational substitution - share decreases as psychiatric technicians are increasingly utilized, relative to psychiatric aides, to provide day-to-day care to patients.

Occupational therapy assistants

31-2011 Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists 621340 Demand change - share increases as adjustments continue to be made in business and payment models which attempt to increase the supply of occupational therapy services to meet excess demand.

Occupational therapy assistants

31-2011 Home healthcare services 621600 Demand change - share increases as home health care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their occupational therapy workforce.

Occupational therapy assistants

31-2011 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local 62230L Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and occupational therapy services are increasingly needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and adapt daily activities that allow them to maintain their independence.

Occupational therapy assistants

31-2011 Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 623100 Demand change - share increases as nursing care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their occupational therapy workforce.

Occupational therapy aides

31-2012 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions in the reimbursement of services provided by occupational therapy aides dampens demand for the occupation.

Physical therapist assistants

31-2021 Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists 621340 Demand change - share increases as physical therapists increasingly attempt to leverage their own labor and continue to react to rule changes and business trends.

Physical therapist assistants

31-2021 Home healthcare services 621600 Demand change - share increases as home health care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their physical therapy workforce.

Physical therapist assistants

31-2021 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local 62230L Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and physical therapy services are increasingly in needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and manage chronic pain without the use of pharmaceuticals.

Physical therapist assistants

31-2021 Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 623100 Demand change - share increases as nursing care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their physical therapy workforce.

Physical therapist aides

31-2022 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions in the reimbursement of services provided by physical therapist aides dampens demand for the occupation.

Massage therapists

31-9011 Offices of chiropractors 621310 Demand change - share increases as more offices of chiropractors hire massage therapists to offer integrated therapy services to patients.

Massage therapists

31-9011 Offices of all other health practitioners 621390 Demand change - share increases as massage therapy is increasingly used to help maintain overall wellness and gains more acceptance as a form of pain relief.

Massage therapists

31-9011 Personal care services 812100 Demand change - share increases as massage therapy is increasingly used to help maintain overall wellness and gains more acceptance as a form of pain relief.

Medical assistants

31-9092 Offices of physicians 621100 Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092 Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 623100 Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094 Offices of physicians 621100 Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 621500 Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Sourcing change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers and adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) scribes grows.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.

Pharmacy aides

31-9095 Grocery and specialty food retailers 4450A1 Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacy aides in retail settings.

Pharmacy aides

31-9095 General merchandise retailers 455000 Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacy aides in retail settings.

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

33-1011 Facilities support services 561200 Demand change - share decreases as states reduce their reliance on private prisons.

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

33-1011 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Demand change - share decreases as states seek to reduce prison populations.

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

33-1011 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share decreases as states seek to reduce prison populations.

First-line supervisors of security workers

33-1091 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as fewer security guards require proportionately fewer first-line supervisors.

Firefighters

33-2011 Forestry 1131-2 Demand change - share increases as more frequent and severe wildfires will increase the demand for fire suppression.

Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists

33-2022 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as increasingly destructive wild land fires will increase the demand for fire prevention.

Bailiffs

33-3011 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as caseloads continue to decline and courts consolidate.

Correctional officers and jailers

33-3012 Facilities support services 561200 Demand change - share decreases as prison populations, and the reliance on private prisons, are expected to decline.

Correctional officers and jailers

33-3012 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Demand change - share decreases as state governments seek to reduce prison populations.

Correctional officers and jailers

33-3012 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share decreases as local governments seek to reduce prison populations.

Fish and game wardens

33-3031 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Demand change - share decreases as declining rates of hunting among Americans may continue to constrain future demand for employment of fish and game wardens.

Parking enforcement workers

33-3041 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as cities continue to adopt automated license plate readers.

Security guards

33-9032 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in remote sensing, including drones and autonomous robots, allow security guards to patrol larger areas.

School bus monitors

33-9094 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Demand change - share decreases as local school districts, which are faced with limited funding, are expected to allocate funds to other spending categories in lieu of bus monitors, who are not widely required by law. Lack of funding will continue to limit future demand for bus monitors.

Chefs and head cooks

35-1011 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Chefs and head cooks

35-1011 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Demand change - share increases as more senior living facilities hire chefs and head cooks to improve food options at their facilities.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Sourcing change - share decreases as schools continue to outsource food preparation services.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Sourcing change - share decreases as hospitals continue to outsource food preparation services.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Sourcing change - share decreases as hospitals continue to outsource food preparation services.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012 Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 623100 Sourcing change - share decreases as nursing care facilities continue to outsource food preparation services.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Sourcing change - share decreases as facilities continue to outsource food preparation services.

Cooks, fast food

35-2011 Full-service restaurants 722511 Occupational substitution - share decreases as restaurants hire fast food and counter workers instead of fast food cooks.

Cooks, restaurant

35-2014 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as consumers demand more high-quality healthy food options.

Cooks, restaurant

35-2014 Fitness and recreational sports centers 713940 Demand change - share decreases as fitness consumers choose to get their food from sources outside of the gym café.

Cooks, restaurant

35-2014 Drinking places (alcoholic beverages) 722400 Demand change - share increases as consumers demand more high-quality healthy food options.

Cooks, restaurant

35-2014 Full-service restaurants 722511 Demand change - share increases as consumers demand more high-quality healthy food options.

Cooks, short order

35-2015 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as movie theaters increasingly expand concessions offerings and services to include meals, beverages, and full restaurant services.

Cooks, short order

35-2015 Full-service restaurants 722511 Demand change - share decreases as restaurants continue to prefer restaurant cooks over short order cooks due to a greater skill set.

Cooks, all other

35-2019 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Food preparation workers

35-2021 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Sourcing change - share decreases as schools continue to outsource food preparation.

Food preparation workers

35-2021 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Sourcing change - share decreases as more hospitals outsource food service.

Food preparation workers

35-2021 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Sourcing change - share decreases as hospitals continue to outsource food preparation services.

Food preparation workers

35-2021 Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities) 623100 Sourcing change - share decreases as food service is outsourced.

Food preparation workers

35-2021 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Sourcing change - share decreases as food service is outsourced.

Food preparation workers

35-2021 Full-service restaurants 722511 Occupational substitution - share decreases as other workers take on the duties of food preparation workers.

Food preparation workers

35-2021 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Sourcing change - share decreases as jails and other local government agencies outsource food services.

Bartenders

35-3011 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as movie theaters increasingly offer more diverse concessions, including alcoholic beverages and traditional restaurant experiences.

Bartenders

35-3011 Casino hotels 721120 Productivity change - share decreases as establishments adopt automatic pouring, measuring, and mixing beverage systems.

Waiters and waitresses

35-3031 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as movie theaters increasingly add partial or full restaurant services to existing traditional concessions to encourage attendance.

Waiters and waitresses

35-3031 Full-service restaurants 722511 Productivity change - share decreases as adoption of technologies enables more self-service, including online ordering and payments, and will allow waiters and waitresses to serve more customers.

Food servers, nonrestaurant

35-3041 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as theaters are increasingly offering partial or full restaurant menus and services to moviegoers in addition to traditional concessions.

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

35-9011 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

35-9011 Special food services 722300 Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of food trucks expands which do not typically employ attendants and helpers.

Dishwashers

35-9021 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as movie theaters are increasingly offering partial or full restaurant menus to moviegoers to encourage attendance. Dishwashers will be needed as offerings require more involved preparation and larger kitchens.

Dishwashers

35-9021 Full-service restaurants 722511 Demand change - share decreases as an increasing number of delivery and carryout options reduces the number of dishes which need to be washed in-house.

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

35-9031 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

35-9031 Full-service restaurants 722511 Productivity change - share decreases as an increasing number of restaurants use robots to assist hosts and hostesses seat customers.

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other

35-9099 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

37-2012 Casino hotels 721120 Demand change - share decreases as some hotels continue to implement flexible schedules and on-demand room cleaning services instead of daily housekeeping.

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

37-2012 Rooming and boarding houses, dormitories, and workers' camps 721300 Demand change - share increases as young residents outsourcing daily chores (such as cleaning) becomes more common in shared living spaces.

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers

37-3011 Death care services 812200 Demand change - share decreases as the demand for traditional burials (compared to cremations) declines, thereby resulting in less demand for landscaping and groundskeeping workers to prepare gravesites.

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers

37-3011 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share increases as local governments increase their focus to plant more green spaces in urban areas, resulting in an increased demand for landscaping and groundskeeping workers to plant and maintain these green spaces.

Tree trimmers and pruners

37-3013 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share increases as local governments desire more trees in urban areas.

Animal caretakers

39-2021 Other personal services 812900 Demand change - share increases as more Americans own pets, and pet owners are spending more on their pets, which will continue to drive demand for animal caretakers in other personal services.

Gambling and sports book writers and runners

39-3012 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as the number of online betting options increase allowing betters to forgo travel to physical locations.

Motion picture projectionists

39-3021 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Demand change - share decreases as increased demand for alternative content, or event cinema, at movie theaters will reduce demand for motion picture projectionists to set up and operate motion picture projection.

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers

39-3031 Promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events 711300 Productivity change - share decreases as productivity improves through the adoption of more efficient, contactless ticketing and check-in systems.

Amusement and recreation attendants

39-3091 Amusement parks and arcades 713100 Productivity change - share decreases as productivity improves through the expansion in touchless technology, including through use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), RFID, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

Embalmers

39-4011 Death care services 812200 Demand change - share decreases as more cremations take place and fewer embalming services are needed.

Baggage porters and bellhops

39-6011 Support activities for air transportation 488100 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as changing passenger preferences and automated bag drop kiosks reduce demand for skycaps.

Baggage porters and bellhops

39-6011 Casino hotels 721120 Demand change - share decreases as casino hotels reduce nonessential services.

Concierges

39-6012 Real estate 531000 Demand change - share increases as luxury apartments in large metro areas, which are more likely to employ these workers, are built at a faster rate than other apartment buildings.

Concierges

39-6012 Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly 623300 Demand change - share increases as higher-end senior living communities that are more likely to offer concierge services are being built at a faster rate than less expensive senior living communities.

Concierges

39-6012 Casino hotels 721120 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as establishments implement digital solutions to provide information to customers.

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors

39-9031 Other schools and instruction; private 61160P Demand change - share increases as enrollment numbers continue to grow within sports and recreation instruction establishments.

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors

39-9031 Other personal services 812900 Demand change - share increases as a growing interests for healthier lifestyle, including exercise and fitness, among all segments of adult population results in demand for more trainers and instructors to workout with individuals and groups.

Cashiers

41-2011 Total employment TE1000 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011 Grocery and specialty food retailers 4450A1 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online grocery orders for pickup or delivery increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011 General merchandise retailers 455000 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online orders for pickup or delivery increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011 Building material and supplies dealers 444100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the use of self-checkout systems becomes more common.

Cashiers

41-2011 Electronics and appliance retailers 449200 Occupational substitution, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as retail salespersons complete transactions and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011 Clothing and clothing accessories retailers 458100 Occupational substitution - share decreases as the duties of a dedicated cashier are often performed by retail salespersons.

Cashiers

41-2011 Shoe retailers 458200 Occupational substitution - share decreases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties typical of a cashier, such as by processing transactions themselves.

Cashiers

41-2011 Book retailers and news dealers 459200 Occupational substitution - share decreases as the duties of a dedicated cashier are often performed by retail salespersons.

Cashiers

41-2011 Scenic and sightseeing transportation, land 487100 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011 Scenic and sightseeing transportation, water 487200 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011 Scenic and sightseeing transportation, other 487900 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011 Motion picture and video exhibition 512130 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011 Spectator sports 711200 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout systems become more common and increasingly replace cashiers.

Cashiers

41-2011 Amusement parks and arcades 713100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout systems become more common and increasingly replace cashiers.

Cashiers

41-2011 Gambling industries (except casino hotels) 713200 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout systems become more common and increasingly replace cashiers.

Cashiers

41-2011 Casino hotels 721120 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as casino hotels increasingly use mobile payment devices which allow customers to pay at their table.

Cashiers

41-2011 Special food services 722300 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increasing adoption of online ordering and payment and self-checkout systems by restaurants require fewer cashiers for payment processing.

Cashiers

41-2011 Drinking places (alcoholic beverages) 722400 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increasing adoption of online ordering and payment and self-checkout systems adopted by drinking places will require fewer cashiers for payment processing.

Cashiers

41-2011 Full-service restaurants 722511 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increasing adoption of online ordering and payment and self-checkout systems by restaurants require fewer cashiers for payment processing.

Cashiers

41-2011 Drycleaning and laundry services 812300 Demand change - share decreases as demand for dry cleaning at dry cleaning establishments falls and pickup and drop off laundry services increase.

Gambling change persons and booth cashiers

41-2012 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as electronic payment systems replace the need for workers.

Counter and rental clerks

41-2021 Drycleaning and laundry services 812300 Demand change - share decreases as demand for dry cleaning at dry cleaning establishments falls and pickup and drop off laundry services increase.

Retail salespersons

41-2031 Clothing and clothing accessories retailers 458100 Occupational substitution - share increases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties previously done by cashiers, such as processing transactions.

Retail salespersons

41-2031 Shoe retailers 458200 Occupational substitution - share increases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties previously done by cashiers, such as processing transactions.

Retail salespersons

41-2031 Book retailers and news dealers 459200 Occupational substitution - share increases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties previously done by cashiers, such as processing transactions.

Advertising sales agents

41-3011 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the ad buying and selling process is increasingly automated by technology, reducing the need for advertising sales agents.

Insurance sales agents

41-3021 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly integrated into workflows, allowing insurance sales agents to focus on direct sales activity.

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents

41-3031 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as technology, including Artificial Intelligence (AI), allows workers to analyze data more efficiently.

Travel agents

41-3041 Travel arrangement and reservation services 561500 Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as consumer use of online booking services reduces the need for travel agents. The increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools will also allow travel agents to perform administrative and marketing tasks more efficiently.

Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel

41-3091 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) is integrated into the sales process allowing sales representatives to focus on direct sales activity.

Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel

41-3091 Security systems services 561620 Demand change - share increases as companies increasingly add new products and services, such as wireless, facial recognition, mobile surveillance services, and robotic security services, requiring additional sales workers to market and sell them to consumers.

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products

41-4011 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) is integrated into the sales process allowing sales representatives to focus on direct sales activity.

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products

41-4012 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) is integrated into the sales process allowing sales representatives to focus on direct sales activity.

Demonstrators and product promoters

41-9011 Advertising, public relations, and related services 541800 Demand change - share decreases as in-store shopping declines requiring fewer product in-person demonstrations, digital promotion and demonstration via virtual and augmented reality advertising increases, and more freelancers demonstrate and promote products online.

Models

41-9012 Clothing and clothing accessories retailers 458100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the use of AI-generated models grows, reducing the need for models.

Sales engineers

41-9031 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as AI tools are increasingly integrated into workflows, allowing sales engineers to focus on direct sales activity.

Telemarketers

41-9041 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as the Do Not Call registry from the FCC continues to grow, and companies increasingly use alternative digital marketing methods.

Telemarketers

41-9041 Business support services 561400 Demand change - share decreases as the Do Not Call registry from the FCC continues to grow, and companies increasingly use alternative digital marketing methods.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011 Scheduled air transportation 481100 Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011 Other nondepository credit intermediation 522290 Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011 Insurance agencies and brokerages 524210 Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011 Offices of physicians 621100 Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

Switchboard operators, including answering service

43-2011 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies continue to use automated phone systems.

Telephone operators

43-2021 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies continue to adopt automated phone systems.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011 Other nondepository credit intermediation 522290 Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 541200 Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011 Management of companies and enterprises 551000 Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011 Business support services 561400 Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Billing and posting clerks

43-3021 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as automated billing software will allow more billing work to be done by fewer employees.

Billing and posting clerks

43-3021 Direct health and medical insurance carriers 524114 Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, automating billing activities, requiring fewer clerks.

Billing and posting clerks

43-3021 Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers 524120 Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, automating billing activities, requiring fewer clerks.

Billing and posting clerks

43-3021 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services 541200 Productivity change - share decreases as automated billing software will allow more billing work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031 Exterminating and pest control services 561710 Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031 Offices of dentists 621200 Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031 Ambulance services 621910 Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031 All other ambulatory healthcare services 621990 Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Gambling cage workers

43-3041 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as electronic payment and credit systems replace the need for workers.

Payroll and timekeeping clerks

43-3051 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as more payroll and timekeeping work is automated, reducing the need for these workers.

Procurement clerks

43-3061 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as procurement processes are increasingly automated, reducing the need for these workers.

Tellers

43-3071 Other nondepository credit intermediation 522290 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology, including online and mobile applications, enhanced ATMs, and video teller kiosks, will perform tasks currently performed by tellers.

Tellers

43-3071 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology, including online and mobile applications, enhanced ATMs, and video teller kiosks, will perform tasks currently performed by tellers.

Financial clerks, all other

43-3099 Other nondepository credit intermediation 522290 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology will perform some tasks currently performed by various financial clerks such as vault clerks and safety deposit clerks.

Financial clerks, all other

43-3099 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology will perform some tasks currently performed by various financial clerks such as vault clerks and safety deposit clerks.

Brokerage clerks

43-4011 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as technology automates many tasks formerly performed by these workers, including document processing and data entry.

Correspondence clerks

43-4021 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as increasingly capable automated document generators and online chat technology increase the productivity of these workers.

Court, municipal, and license clerks

43-4031 Business support services 561400 Productivity change - share decreases as technology allows court reporters to produce more documentation.

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

43-4041 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as the availability of online credit reports allows this work to be done more efficiently, reducing the need for these workers.

Customer service representatives

43-4051 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 423400 Productivity change - share decreases as an increasing use of advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency that will require fewer customer service representatives to answer customer questions.

Customer service representatives

43-4051 Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers 424300 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051 Wholesale trade agents and brokers 425000 Productivity change - share decreases as an increasing use of advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency that will require fewer customer service representatives to answer customer questions.

Customer service representatives

43-4051 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Demand change - share increases as federal payment models emphasize patient satisfaction as a requirement for reimbursement. This will result in increased demand for customer service representatives employed in hospitals that continue to try to achieve high levels of patient satisfaction.

File clerks

43-4071 Total employment TE1000 Occupational substitution - share decreases as continued adoption of digital records permits other occupations to file and retrieve records on their own.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to focus on more complex and nuanced tasks.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; private 62230P Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111 General medical and surgical hospitals; state 62210S Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state 62230S Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111 Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local 62230L Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121 Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services 519000 Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121 Junior colleges; state 61120S Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121 Junior colleges; local 61120L Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state 61130S Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Loan interviewers and clerks

43-4131 Other nondepository credit intermediation 522290 Productivity change - share decreases as credit companies adopt automated systems, which can perform many loan application tasks, and require reduced interactions with customers.

Loan interviewers and clerks

43-4131 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Productivity change - share decreases as credit companies adopt automated systems, which can perform many loan application tasks, and require reduced interactions with customers.

New accounts clerks

43-4141 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as bank customers increasingly use online and mobile tools to open bank accounts, reducing the need for these workers.

New accounts clerks

43-4141 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Productivity change - share decreases as bank customers increasingly use online and mobile tools to open bank accounts, reducing the need for these workers.

Order clerks

43-4151 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as establishments continue to adopt automated order-taking systems.

Order clerks

43-4151 Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers 424300 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as establishments continue to adopt automated order-taking systems.

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping

43-4161 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as organizations combine their administrative functions and leverage HR technology, resulting in the need for fewer human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping.

Receptionists and information clerks

43-4171 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technology such as automated phone trees will continue to be used.

Receptionists and information clerks

43-4171 Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers 524120 Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate data collection, document preparation, and other tasks performed by clerks.

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks

43-4181 Scheduled air transportation 481100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the tasks completed by reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks are completed by passengers using mobile applications and self-service kiosks to bypass the ticket counter.

Couriers and messengers

43-5021 Couriers and express delivery services 492100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as innovations such as e-delivery (and e-signatures) help get important and time-sensitive documents signed and delivered online, eliminating the expenses of printing and shipping signed documents for same day or overnight delivery.

Couriers and messengers

43-5021 Local messengers and local delivery 492200 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as innovations such as e-delivery (and e-signatures) help get important and time-sensitive documents signed and delivered online, eliminating the expenses of printing and shipping signed documents for same day or overnight delivery.

Couriers and messengers

43-5021 Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3) 5220A1 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as innovations such as e-delivery (and e-signatures) help get important and time-sensitive documents signed and delivered online, eliminating the expenses of printing and shipping signed documents for same day or overnight delivery.

Couriers and messengers

43-5021 Legal services 541100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as legally binding electronic signatures become more accepted and widely used and as more states adopt electronic document submission.

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

43-5032 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

43-5032 Taxi and limousine service 485300 Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

43-5032 Support activities for road transportation 488400 Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

43-5032 Security systems services 561620 Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.

Meter readers, utilities

43-5041 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as alternative remote meter reading technologies (e.g., AMR, AMI, and other smart systems) increasingly replace meter readers, allowing meter readers to be more productive and efficient. Innovative technology allows government and companies to remotely read meters more frequently.

Meter readers, utilities

43-5041 Natural gas distribution 221200 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as smart meters that automatically send energy usage data increasingly replace manual meter readings.

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators

43-5053 Postal service 491000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as continued gains are realized from improved sorting and tracking equipment and processes.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071 Animal food manufacturing 311100 Productivity change - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used to track products.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071 Chemical manufacturing (3255,6) 3250A2 Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071 Support activities for water transportation 488300 Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071 Freight transportation arrangement 488500 Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071 Other support activities for transportation 488900 Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071 Warehousing and storage 493000 Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping

43-5111 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as businesses increase use of process automation systems and integrate more activities into these systems.

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

43-6011 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as technology such as AI systems assist workers in performing tasks.

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

43-6011 Direct health and medical insurance carriers 524114 Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate routine back office functions, such as documents preparation.

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

43-6011 Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers 524120 Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate routine clerical and office tasks.

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

43-6011 Office administrative services 561100 Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows workers to perform with fewer secretaries.

Legal secretaries and administrative assistants

43-6012 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as technology such as AI systems assist workers in performing tasks.

Medical secretaries and administrative assistants

43-6013 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as the increasing use of technology, including AI systems, allows medical secretaries and administrative assistants to perform tasks more efficiently.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as technology such as AI systems assist workers in performing tasks.

Data entry keyers

43-9021 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as organizations increasingly manage, store, and analyze large quantities of data, requiring traditional data entry methods to be replaced by automated processes through use of expanded technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), mobile data capture, and optical character recognition (OCR).

Word processors and typists

43-9022 Total employment TE1000 Occupational substitution, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as other workers assume the functions of typists due to the ubiquity of typing skills and traditional typing methods continue to be replaced by automated processes through use of machine learning (ML) technologies.

Desktop publishers

43-9031 Total employment TE1000 Demand change, occupational substitution - share decreases as organizations continue to publish their materials electronically instead of printing them and publishing software improvements make it easier for other workers, such as editors and graphic designers, to perform the duties of desktop publishers.

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

43-9041 Direct health and medical insurance carriers 524114 Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

43-9041 Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers 524120 Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

43-9041 Insurance agencies and brokerages 524210 Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

43-9041 Other insurance related activities 524290 Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service

43-9051 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies use machines with programmable software that continues to supplant some office mailing tasks. Share will decrease as correspondence and communication is increasingly done online and organizations utilize administrative staff to handle incoming and outgoing mail.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 423100 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers 424300 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Nonscheduled air transportation 481200 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Scenic and sightseeing transportation, water 487200 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Scenic and sightseeing transportation, other 487900 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Support activities for air transportation 488100 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Support activities for rail transportation 488200 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Support activities for water transportation 488300 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Support activities for road transportation 488400 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Direct health and medical insurance carriers 524114 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers 524120 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Other insurance related activities 524290 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Office administrative services 561100 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Exterminating and pest control services 561710 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Landscaping services 561730 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Other support services 561900 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private 61130P Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Offices of dentists 621200 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Ambulance services 621910 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 All other ambulatory healthcare services 621990 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 General medical and surgical hospitals; local 62210L Occupational substitution - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software allows other workers in offices to perform the duties of general office clerks.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Residential intellectual and developmental disability facilities 623210 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities 623220 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061 Other residential care facilities 623900 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office machine operators, except computer

43-9071 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as offices become paperless and continue to use technology such as electronic filing systems.

Statistical assistants

43-9111 Total employment TE1000 Occupational substitution - share decreases as workers across a variety of disciplines can perform many of the tasks, such as compiling and analyzing data, once performed by statistical assistants.

Office and administrative support workers, all other

43-9199 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology require fewer workers to perform these duties such as stuffing envelopes.

Animal breeders

45-2021 Animal production and aquaculture 112000 Demand change - share increases as livestock farming operations increasingly emphasize new and improved breeding techniques.

Graders and sorters, agricultural products

45-2041 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as enhanced technology will automatically sort and grade a growing number of agricultural products.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091 Crop production 111000 Capital/labor substitution - share increases as the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) and IoT connected devices utilized in agricultural operations increase the demand for agricultural equipment operators to operate and monitor these devices and to make informed decisions using the data collected.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091 Animal production and aquaculture 112000 Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091 Support activities for agriculture and forestry 115000 Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091 Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers 424500 Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091 Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4241,7,9) 4240A3 Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.

Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse

45-2092 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the mechanization of agricultural operations is expected to reduce demand for these workers, with a corresponding increase in demand for agricultural equipment operators.

Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse

45-2092 Crop production 111000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) and IoT connected devices utilized in agricultural operations reduce the demand for manual work previously completed by farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse employees.

Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals

45-2093 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the mechanization of agricultural operations is expected to reduce demand for these workers, with a corresponding increase in demand for agricultural equipment operators.

Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals

45-2093 Crop production 111000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) and IoT connected devices utilized in agricultural operations reduce the demand for manual work previously completed by farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals employees.

Forest and conservation workers

45-4011 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as the automation of some manual labor tasks in forest and conservation work reduces the needed number of these workers.

Fallers

45-4021 Total employment TE1000 Occupational substitution - share decreases as logging equipment operators will continue to take over some of the tasks performed by fallers due increased mechanization.

Logging equipment operators

45-4022 Total employment TE1000 Occupational substitution - share increases as logging equipment operators will continue to take over some of the tasks performed by fallers and other logging workers who perform tasks by hand, given increased mechanization in the industry.

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

47-1011 Highway, street, and bridge construction 237300 Demand change - share increases as more first-line supervisors are needed to manage expanding construction activities.

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

47-1011 Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors 238210 Demand change - share increases as growing demand for wind and solar installations, wiring for device connectivity, and electric vehicle (EV) charging will increase the need for electricians, construction workers, and their supervisors in turn.

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

47-1011 Other specialty trade contractors 238900 Demand change - share increases as more first-line supervisors are needed to manage expanding construction activities.

Boilermakers

47-2011 Nonresidential building construction 236200 Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011 Power and communication line and related structures construction 237130 Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011 Other heavy and civil engineering construction 237900 Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011 Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors 238220 Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011 Other building equipment contractors 238290 Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance 811300 Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Brickmasons and blockmasons

47-2021 Nonresidential building construction 236200 Sourcing change - share decreases as the increasing use of offsite manufactured prefabricated panels instead of onsite smaller bricks reduces the number of these workers needed onsite to install.

Brickmasons and blockmasons

47-2021 Masonry contractors 238140 Sourcing change - share decreases as the increasing use of offsite manufactured prefabricated panels instead of onsite smaller bricks reduces the number of these workers needed onsite to install.

Brickmasons and blockmasons

47-2021 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 327000 Sourcing change - share increases as more brick veneer work is prepared offsite and panels are shipped from factories.

Stonemasons

47-2022 Total employment TE1000 Occupational substitution - share decreases as brickmasons and blockmasons increasingly install more stone products instead of stonemasons.

Carpet installers

47-2041 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as other floor coverings replace carpet.

Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles

47-2042 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as more consumers choose resilient floor coverings.

Tile and stone setters

47-2044 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as tile and natural stone continue to gain share in overall flooring market sales.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051 Total employment TE1000 Sourcing change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed and fewer workers are needed onsite to build forms and pour concrete.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051 Nonresidential building construction 236200 Sourcing change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed and fewer workers are needed onsite to build forms and pour concrete.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051 Poured concrete foundation and structure contractors 238110 Sourcing change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051 Other specialty trade contractors 238900 Sourcing change, demand change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed which is partially offset by the increased demand for polished concrete.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 327000 Sourcing change - share increases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are built off-site to be installed on-site by other workers.

Construction laborers

47-2061 Residential building construction 236100 Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.

Construction laborers

47-2061 Nonresidential building construction 236200 Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.

Construction laborers

47-2061 Highway, street, and bridge construction 237300 Demand change - share increases as more laborers will be needed for road and bridge repair work.

Construction laborers

47-2061 Masonry contractors 238140 Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.

Construction laborers

47-2061 Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors 238210 Demand change - share increases as an expanding electric vehicle (EV) charging network will increase the need for construction laborers for site preparation work prior to the installation of charging equipment.

Construction laborers

47-2061 Other specialty trade contractors 238900 Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.

Tapers

47-2082 Residential building construction 236100 Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.

Tapers

47-2082 Nonresidential building construction 236200 Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.

Tapers

47-2082 Drywall and insulation contractors 238310 Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.

Tapers

47-2082 Painting and wall covering contractors 238320 Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.

Electricians

47-2111 Residential building construction 236100 Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111 Nonresidential building construction 236200 Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111 Power and communication line and related structures construction 237130 Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111 Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors 238210 Demand change - share increases as growing demand for wind and solar installations, wiring for device connectivity, and electric vehicle (EV) charging will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111 Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors 238220 Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111 Other specialty trade contractors 238900 Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

47-2171 Highway, street, and bridge construction 237300 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new equipment is used to place and tie rebar replacing workers.

Sheet metal workers

47-2211 Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors 238220 Sourcing change - share decreases as the use of prefabricated duct systems will reduce the need for sheet metal workers on residential construction sites.

Structural iron and steel workers

47-2221 Highway, street, and bridge construction 237300 Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient bridges.

Structural iron and steel workers

47-2221 Other specialty trade contractors 238900 Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient bridges.

Solar photovoltaic installers

47-2231 Solar electric power generation 221114 Demand change - share increases as there are a growing number of utility sized solar operations which will need some panel replacement as they age or suffer damage due to weather. PV Installers will be needed to replace the defective modules.

Solar photovoltaic installers

47-2231 Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors 238210 Demand change - share increases as the large number of private and government-led initiatives create demand for new solar panels installations.

Solar photovoltaic installers

47-2231 Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors 238220 Demand change - share increases as the large number of private and government-led initiatives create demand for new solar panels installations.

Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters

47-3011 Masonry contractors 238140 Sourcing change - share decreases as the increasing use of offsite manufactured prefabricated panels instead of onsite smaller bricks reduces the number of these helpers needed onsite to install.

Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters

47-3011 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 327000 Sourcing change - share increases as more brick veneer work is prepared offsite and panels are shipped from factories.

Helpers--carpenters

47-3012 Residential building construction 236100 Demand change - share decreases as the use of prefabricated materials replaces onsite carpenter and carpenters helpers assembly.

Helpers--carpenters

47-3012 Nonresidential building construction 236200 Demand change - share decreases as the use of prefabricated materials replaces onsite carpenter and carpenters helpers assembly.

Construction and building inspectors

47-4011 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as more remote inspection technology is used.

Construction and building inspectors

47-4011 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Productivity change - share decreases as more localities use remote inspection technology.

Construction and building inspectors

47-4011 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Productivity change - share decreases as more localities use remote inspection technology.

Hazardous materials removal workers

47-4041 Waste treatment and disposal 562200 Demand change - share decreases as less money is budgeted for hazardous material remediation activities as compared to recycling collection.

Hazardous materials removal workers

47-4041 Remediation and other waste management services 562900 Demand change - share decreases as less money is budgeted for hazardous material remediation activities as compared to recycling collection.

Derrick operators, oil and gas

47-5011 Support activities for mining 213000 Productivity change - share decreases as advancements in automated well drilling boosts labor productivity and reduces the number of derrick operators required in oil and gas drilling.

Rotary drill operators, oil and gas

47-5012 Support activities for mining 213000 Productivity change - share decreases as advancements in automated well drilling boosts labor productivity and reduces the number of rotatory drill operators required in oil and gas drilling.

Service unit operators, oil and gas

47-5013 Support activities for mining 213000 Productivity change - share decreases as technological advancements in robotics, automation, and digital solutions boost labor productivity in oil and gas operations.

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining

47-5022 Coal mining 212100 Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining

47-5022 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 212300 Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

47-5023 Coal mining 212100 Productivity change - share decreases as automated drilling equipment is used to increase accuracy and safety in coal mining.

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

47-5023 Metal ore mining 212200 Productivity change - share decreases as automation of some drilling activities increases the productivity of earth drillers in metal mining operations.

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

47-5023 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 212300 Productivity change - share decreases as automated drilling equipment is used to increase accuracy and safety in mining.

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

47-5023 Support activities for mining 213000 Productivity change - share decreases as automated drilling equipment is used to increase accuracy and safety in mining.

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

47-5032 Coal mining 212100 Productivity change - share decreases as automation of some blasting activities increases the productivity of explosives workers in mining operations.

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

47-5032 Metal ore mining 212200 Productivity change - share decreases as automation of some blasting activities increases the productivity of explosives workers in mining operations.

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

47-5032 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 212300 Productivity change - share decreases as automation of some blasting activities increases the productivity of explosives workers in mining operations.

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

47-5032 Support activities for mining 213000 Productivity change - share decreases as automation of some blasting activities increases the productivity of explosives workers in mining operations.

Roof bolters, mining

47-5043 Coal mining 212100 Demand change - share decreases as the industry increasingly prefers surface mining over underground mining.

Loading and moving machine operators, underground mining

47-5044 Coal mining 212100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts autonomous vehicles.

Underground mining machine operators, all other

47-5049 Coal mining 212100 Demand change - share decreases as the industry increasingly prefers surface mining over underground mining.

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

49-1011 Other automotive repair and maintenance 811190 Demand change - share decreases as newer vehicles require less frequent oil and lubrication servicing and are built more reliably, reducing demand for other vehicle maintenance and repair services. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

49-2011 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 423400 Demand change - share decreases as consumers use less cash for daily transactions, which leads to need for fewer ATM machines, and fewer ATM repairers.

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

49-2011 Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 811200 Demand change - share decreases as computer manufacturer proprietary repair policies drive independent repair shops to close, and thus increase the cost of repairing relative to replacing computers.

Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers

49-2021 Power and communication line and related structures construction 237130 Demand change - share increases as innovative deployment of 5G smart technology requires extensive upgrades to existing and new telecommunications infrastructure, such as installing small cells, and replacing or repairing towers, antennas or auxiliary equipment.

Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers

49-2021 Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors 238210 Demand change - share increases as innovative deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes.

Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers

49-2021 Telecommunications 517000 Demand change - share increases as innovative deployment of 5G smart technology requires extensive upgrades to existing and new telecommunications infrastructure, such as installing small cells, and replacing or repairing towers, antennas or auxiliary equipment.

Avionics technicians

49-2091 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 336400 Demand change - share increases as growing commercial space activity increases the demand for avionics technicians to test, troubleshoot, and maintain the complex electronic systems used on spacecraft systems.

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

49-2093 Ship and boat building 336600 Demand change - share increases as shipbuilders need installers and repairers to support the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G networks, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities on ships.

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

49-2093 Rail transportation 482000 Demand change - share increases as rail transportation operators need installers and repairers to support the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G networks, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities on trains and rail infrastructure.

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

49-2093 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share increases as local governments need installers and repairers to support the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G networks, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities on public bus and rail services.

Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment

49-2094 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as technology such as remote sensors and cloud connectivity replace hard wired systems, reducing the need for electrical repairs.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096 Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9) 4230A1 Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary and standardized across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may reduce the need for added equipment installation as well as diminish demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096 Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers 441300 Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary and standardized across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may lead to diminished demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096 Electronics and appliance retailers 449200 Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary and standardized across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may reduce the need for added equipment installation as well as diminish demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096 Automotive mechanical and electrical repair and maintenance 811110 Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may lead to diminished demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096 Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 811200 Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may lead to diminished demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers

49-2097 Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors 238210 Demand change - share increases as expected growth in consumer spending on home entertainment equipment and business spending on audiovisual equipment to facilitate hybrid and virtual work increase demand for the installation of audiovisual equipment.

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers

49-2097 Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9) 4230A1 Demand change - share increases as expected growth in consumer spending on home entertainment equipment and business spending on audiovisual equipment to facilitate hybrid and virtual work increase demand for the installation and repair of audiovisual equipment.

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers

49-2097 Electronics and appliance retailers 449200 Demand change - share increases as expected growth in consumer spending on home entertainment equipment increases demand for the installation of audiovisual equipment.

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians

49-3011 Ambulance services 621910 Demand change - share increases as demand for air ambulance services grows, increasing the need for aircraft mechanics and service technicians to maintain and repair the air ambulance fleet.

Automotive body and related repairers

49-3021 Automobile dealers 441100 Sourcing change - share decreases as dealerships have difficulty competing with automotive body repair shops and their lower costs.

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

49-3023 Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers 423100 Demand change - share increases as the increasing complexity of vehicle technology, engines and other parts, requires the knowledge of automotive service technicians and mechanics to provide assistance and services to wholesale customers.

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

49-3023 Automobile dealers 441100 Demand change - share increases as automobile dealers continue to offer more vehicle repair and maintenance services and drivers increasingly prefer to take their vehicle to a dealer for servicing.

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

49-3023 Postal service 491000 Demand change - share decreases as a new fleet of mail delivery trucks will not require the same amount of maintenance as the existing fleet which was manufactured years ago.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031 Urban transit systems 485100 Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases and the total number of diesel engines decreases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031 School and employee bus transportation 485400 Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases and the total number of diesel engines decreases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031 Charter bus industry 485500 Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases and the total number of diesel engines decreases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031 Scenic and sightseeing transportation, land 487100 Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases and the total number of diesel engines decreases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031 Waste collection 562100 Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases and the total number of diesel engines decreases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031 Elementary and secondary schools; local 61110L Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases and the total number of diesel engines decreases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031 State government, excluding education and hospitals 999200 Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases and the total number of diesel engines decreases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases and the total number of diesel engines decreases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians

49-3041 Crop production 111000 Demand change - share increases as the transition to smart farm equipment requires more specialized technicians to both service the more complex machines and train new users.

Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians

49-3041 Farm and garden machinery and equipment merchant wholesalers 423820 Demand change - share increases as the transition to smart farm equipment requires more specialized technicians to both service the more complex machines and train new users.

Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines

49-3042 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 212300 Demand change- share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery and semi-autonomous equipment, increasing demand for mechanics.

Rail car repairers

49-3043 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share increases as public transit agencies prioritize bringing their rail assets, including rail vehicles, to a state of good repair, resulting in increased demand for rail car repairers.

Motorboat mechanics and service technicians

49-3051 Other motor vehicle dealers 441200 Demand change - share increases as consumer demand for recreational boating and technological improvements that make boats more affordable and user-friendly are expected to increase boat ownership and rental services, driving demand for boat servicing and repair.

Motorboat mechanics and service technicians

49-3051 Personal and household goods repair and maintenance 811400 Demand change - share increases as consumer demand for recreational boating and technological improvements that make boats more affordable and user-friendly are expected to increase boat ownership and rental services, driving demand for boat servicing and repair.

Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics

49-3053 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies retailers 444200 Demand change - share decreases as growth in electric and battery-powered outdoor power equipment will reduce the need for routine maintenance services and part replacement.

Recreational vehicle service technicians

49-3092 Other motor vehicle dealers 441200 Demand change - share increases as recreational vehicle (RV) ownership and usage increase, leading to higher demand for RV maintenance and repair services.

Tire repairers and changers

49-3093 Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers 441300 Demand change - share increases as higher adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to drive demand for automotive tire services as EVs require more frequent tire replacement than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Tire repairers and changers

49-3093 Gasoline stations 457100 Demand change - share decreases as gasoline stations continue to reduce their automotive service offerings.

Tire repairers and changers

49-3093 Automotive mechanical and electrical repair and maintenance 811110 Demand change - share increases as higher adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to drive demand for automotive tire services as EVs require more frequent tire replacement than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Tire repairers and changers

49-3093 Other automotive repair and maintenance 811190 Demand change - share increases as higher adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to drive demand for automotive tire services as EVs require more frequent tire replacement than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Mechanical door repairers

49-9011 Other building equipment contractors 238290 Demand change - share increases as improved technology for doors, such as new fire-rated doors and wireless control access, require additional mechanical door repairers.

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

49-9021 Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors 238220 Demand change - share increases as demand for energy efficient heating and cooling systems continues to grow.

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

49-9021 Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9) 4230A1 Demand change - share increases as demand for energy efficient heating and cooling systems continues to grow.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Coal mining 212100 Demand change - share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery, increasing demand for mechanics.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Metal ore mining 212200 Demand change - share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery, increasing demand for mechanics.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 212300 Demand change - share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery, increasing demand for mechanics.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Animal food manufacturing 311100 Demand change - share increases as manufacturing automation increases requiring more maintenance and repair.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing 311300 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing 311400 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Dairy product manufacturing 311500 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Animal slaughtering and processing 311600 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 311800 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Other food manufacturing 311900 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Beverage manufacturing 312100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Tobacco manufacturing 312200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Textile mills 313000 Demand change - share increases as automation in textile manufacturing will increase demand for these workers to repair the equipment.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Textile product mills 314000 Demand change - share increases as automation in textile manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Apparel manufacturing 315000 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing 321200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Other wood product manufacturing 321900 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 322100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Converted paper product manufacturing 322200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 324000 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 325400 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Chemical manufacturing (3255,6) 3250A2 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9) 3250A1 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Plastics product manufacturing 326100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Rubber product manufacturing 326200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 327000 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing 331100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4) 3320A2 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing 332720 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9) 3320A1 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 333300 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Metalworking machinery manufacturing 333500 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 333600 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9) 3330A1 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing 334400 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 334500 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Electric lighting equipment manufacturing 335100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Household appliance manufacturing 335200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Electrical equipment manufacturing 335300 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Other electrical equipment and component manufacturing 335900 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Motor vehicle manufacturing 336100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing 336200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 336300 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 336400 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 339100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance 811300 Demand change - share increases as the increased automation leads to more equipment which needs to be maintained and repaired.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Animal food manufacturing 311100 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing 311300 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing 311400 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Dairy product manufacturing 311500 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Animal slaughtering and processing 311600 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 311800 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Other food manufacturing 311900 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Beverage manufacturing 312100 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Apparel manufacturing 315000 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Other wood product manufacturing 321900 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 322100 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Converted paper product manufacturing 322200 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 324000 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 325400 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Chemical manufacturing (3255,6) 3250A2 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9) 3250A1 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Plastics product manufacturing 326100 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Rubber product manufacturing 326200 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 327000 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing 331100 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4) 3320A2 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9) 3320A1 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 333300 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Metalworking machinery manufacturing 333500 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 333600 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9) 3330A1 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing 334400 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Electric lighting equipment manufacturing 335100 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Household appliance manufacturing 335200 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Electrical equipment manufacturing 335300 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Other electrical equipment and component manufacturing 335900 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Motor vehicle manufacturing 336100 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 336300 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 336400 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043 Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 339100 Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Millwrights

49-9044 Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing 321200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Other wood product manufacturing 321900 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 322100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Converted paper product manufacturing 322200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 324000 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Chemical manufacturing (3255,6) 3250A2 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9) 3250A1 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Plastics product manufacturing 326100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 327000 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing 331100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Steel product manufacturing from purchased steel 331200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Alumina and aluminum production and processing 331300 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4) 3320A2 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing 332720 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities 332800 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9) 3320A1 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 333300 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Metalworking machinery manufacturing 333500 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 333600 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9) 3330A1 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing 334500 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Household appliance manufacturing 335200 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Electrical equipment manufacturing 335300 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Motor vehicle manufacturing 336100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 336300 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 336400 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Ship and boat building 336600 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Other transportation equipment manufacturing 336900 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Furniture and related product manufacturing (3371,2) 3370A1 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044 Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 339100 Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons

49-9045 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as more metal products are 3D printed.

Camera and photographic equipment repairers

49-9061 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as fewer standalone cameras enter the market and as camera replacement becomes more cost-effective than camera repair.

Medical equipment repairers

49-9062 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers 423400 Demand change - share increases as an aging population and advancements in medical equipment technology increase demand for the repair and maintenance services this occupation provides.

Medical equipment repairers

49-9062 General medical and surgical hospitals; private 62210P Demand change - share increases as advancements in medical equipment technology increase demand for the repair and maintenance services this occupation provides.

Medical equipment repairers

49-9062 Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance 811200 Demand change - share increases as an aging population and advancements in medical equipment technology increase demand for the repair and maintenance services this occupation provides.

Wind turbine service technicians

49-9081 Wind electric power generation 221115 Demand change - share increases as wind electricity generation capacity continues to grow and age in the coming decade. Older equipment often needs additional maintenance.

Wind turbine service technicians

49-9081 Power and communication line and related structures construction 237130 Demand change - share increases as wind electricity generation grows rapidly in the coming decade.

Wind turbine service technicians

49-9081 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance 811300 Demand change - share increases as wind electricity generation grows rapidly in the coming decade.

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

49-9091 Gambling industries (except casino hotels) 713200 Demand change - share decreases as casinos continue replacing coin operated machines with electronic machines that dispense paper receipts.

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

49-9091 Casino hotels 721120 Demand change - share decreases as casinos continue replacing coin operated machines with electronic machines that dispense paper receipts.

Commercial divers

49-9092 Other heavy and civil engineering construction 237900 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share increases as commercial divers are needed to meet the needs for offshore wind farm construction, but the use of robots restrains the rate of growth.

Locksmiths and safe repairers

49-9094 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as new smart locks, apps on smart phones, key kiosks, and voice-activated locks reduce the need to hire a locksmith to open locks or create key copies.

Locksmiths and safe repairers

49-9094 Security systems services 561620 Demand change - share decreases as new smart locks, apps on smart phones, key kiosks, and voice-activated locks reduce the need to hire a locksmith to open locks or create key copies.

Manufactured building and mobile home installers

49-9095 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share decreases as Dodd-Frank rules make it likely that loans for mobile home purchases will be characterized as high-risk, therefore increasing the costs to banks and customers of offering and securing these types of loans. Therefore, as access to financing and credit decreases and dries up, the demand for workers to install these types of homes will decrease.

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

51-2011 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

51-2011 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 336400 Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Coil winders, tapers, and finishers

51-2021 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers

51-2028 Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing 334100 Productivity change - share decreases as production automation and an increase in the use of robotics should increase efficiency and reduce labor requirements of electrical, electronic and electromechanical assemblers.

Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers

51-2028 Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing 334400 Productivity change - share decreases as production automation and an increase in the use of robotics is expected to increase efficiency and reduce labor requirements of electrical, electronic and electromechanical assemblers.

Engine and other machine assemblers

51-2031 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Engine and other machine assemblers

51-2031 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 336300 Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor. An expected increase in electric vehicle (EV) production and reduction in internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle production should lower demand for internal combustion engines and parts, and in turn, engine assemblers.

Structural metal fabricators and fitters

51-2041 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Timing device assemblers and adjusters

51-2061 Total employment TE1000 Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as production continues to increase efficiency even as demand shifts away from legacy timing devices.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Bakers

51-3011 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 311800 Demand change - share increases as a variety of new baked goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.

Slaughterers and meat packers

51-3023 Animal slaughtering and processing 311600 Productivity change - share decreases as automated systems are adopted in slaughtering.

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders

51-3091 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 311800 Productivity change - share decreases as industrial bakeries adopt automated equipment, robotics, and other technologies that will make bread production more efficient.

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders

51-3091 Other food manufacturing 311900 Productivity change - share decreases as food manufacturers adopt automated equipment, robotics, and other technologies that will make food production more efficient.

Food batchmakers

51-3092 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing 311400 Demand change - share increases as a variety of new frozen, dried, and preserved goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.

Food batchmakers

51-3092 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 311800 Demand change - share increases as a variety of new baked goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.

Food cooking machine operators and tenders

51-3093 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the adoption of automation technologies, such as robotics, makes food production processes more labor efficient.

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4021 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as more processes can be performed by programmed machinery and improvements in software and equipment are expected to increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4022 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change, occupational substitution - share decreases as manufacturers continue to use and integrate automated, CNC, and programmable machines to complete tasks previously done by these workers.

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4023 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4031 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4032 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change, occupational substitution - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4033 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4034 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4035 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change, occupational substitution - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines increasing efficiency.

Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders

51-4051 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as modern furnaces incorporate more automation in monitoring and controlling of processes and systems. These changes are expected to increase productivity, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Pourers and casters, metal

51-4052 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as programmable machines, such as robotics and computer-controlled (CNC) machinery, increasingly replace less advanced machinery, increasing efficiency.

Model makers, metal and plastic

51-4061 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as models made with 3D printers replace hand crafted models.

Patternmakers, metal and plastic

51-4062 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as some patternmaking tasks are done by software and 3D printers, requiring fewer of these workers.

Foundry mold and coremakers

51-4071 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as molds made with 3D printers replace traditionally crafted molds.

Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4072 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as more processes can be performed by programmed machinery and improvements in software and equipment are expected to increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Converted paper product manufacturing 322200 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Plastics product manufacturing 326100 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Foundries 331500 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Machine shops 332710 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing 332720 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9) 3320A1 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Metalworking machinery manufacturing 333500 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9) 3330A1 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Motor vehicle manufacturing 336100 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 336300 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 336400 Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers

51-4121 Ship and boat building 336600 Productivity change - share decreases as welding robotics and other automated welding methods improve productivity, thus decreasing labor requirements.

Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-4122 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as programmable machines, such as robotics and computer-controlled (CNC) machinery, increasingly replace less advanced machinery, increasing efficiency.

Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-4122 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 336300 Productivity change - share decreases as programmable machines, such as robotics and computer-controlled (CNC) machinery, increasingly replace less advanced machinery, increasing efficiency.

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4191 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Layout workers, metal and plastic

51-4192 Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4) 3320A2 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the integration of programmable processes and equipment results in the replacement of workers.

Layout workers, metal and plastic

51-4192 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 336400 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the integration of programmable processes and equipment results in the replacement of workers.

Layout workers, metal and plastic

51-4192 Ship and boat building 336600 Capital/labor substitution, productivity change - share decreases as the integration of programmable processes and equipment replaces some workers and makes others more efficient.

Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4193 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194 Sawmills and wood preservation 321100 Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194 Foundries 331500 Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194 Machine shops 332710 Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194 Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9) 3320A1 Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194 Metalworking machinery manufacturing 333500 Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194 Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9) 3330A1 Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 336300 Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194 Aerospace product and parts manufacturing 336400 Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194 Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance 811300 Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other

51-4199 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as the tasks of these machine operators are supplanted by programmable computer-controlled machinery, requiring fewer of these workers.

Prepress technicians and workers

51-5111 Printing and related support activities 323000 Productivity change - share decreases as software and hardware improvements increase the productivity of workers.

Prepress technicians and workers

51-5111 Newspaper publishers 513110 Productivity change - share decreases as software and hardware improvements increase the productivity of workers.

Print binding and finishing workers

51-5113 Printing and related support activities 323000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts automated binding technologies.

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

51-6021 Drycleaning and laundry services 812300 Demand change - share decreases as demand declines due to the acceptance of casual dress in lieu of business attire and the continued use of wrinkle resistant fabrics.

Sewing machine operators

51-6031 Apparel manufacturing 315000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology (e.g. robots) allows manufacturers to automate arranging, cutting, fitting and sewing of apparel products once done by these workers.

Sewers, hand

51-6051 Textile product mills 314000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies deploy automation machinery to sew garments instead of human sewers.

Sewers, hand

51-6051 Apparel manufacturing 315000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies deploy automated machinery to sew garments instead of human sewers.

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-6062 Textile product mills 314000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows textile product mills to automate the cutting, sewing and storage of fabric materials once done by these workers.

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-6062 Apparel manufacturing 315000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows manufacturers to automate the cutting, sewing and storage of fabric materials once done by these workers.

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-6063 Apparel manufacturing 315000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows textile knitting to become automated through the use of 3D garment knitting.

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood

51-7041 Other wood product manufacturing 321900 Productivity change - share decreases as advances in CNC equipment allow for additional output to be produced by fewer woodworkers.

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing

51-7042 Other wood product manufacturing 321900 Productivity change - share decreases as advances in CNC equipment allow for additional output to be produced by fewer woodworkers.

Power distributors and dispatchers

51-8012 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as improved equipment monitoring systems reduce the need to manually check plant equipment.

Power plant operators

51-8013 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as upgraded technologies incorporated into power plants will make power plant operators more productive.

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators

51-8031 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as improved equipment monitoring systems reduce the need to manually check plant equipment.

Chemical plant and system operators

51-8091 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 324000 Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.

Chemical plant and system operators

51-8091 Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 325400 Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.

Chemical plant and system operators

51-8091 Chemical manufacturing (3255,6) 3250A2 Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.

Chemical plant and system operators

51-8091 Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9) 3250A1 Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.

Gas plant operators

51-8092 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as improved process controls require less direct management, monitoring, and approval from operators due to automation.

Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers

51-8093 Oil and gas extraction 211000 Productivity change - share decreases as technological advancements in robotics, automation, and digital solutions boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.

Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers

51-8093 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 324000 Productivity change - share decreases as technological advancements in automation and digital solutions boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.

Chemical equipment operators and tenders

51-9011 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 324000 Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in petroleum and coal products manufacturing.

Chemical equipment operators and tenders

51-9011 Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 325400 Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in automation and expanded use of continuous manufacturing boost productivity in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.

Chemical equipment operators and tenders

51-9011 Chemical manufacturing (3255,6) 3250A2 Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.

Chemical equipment operators and tenders

51-9011 Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9) 3250A1 Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012 Dairy product manufacturing 311500 Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in dairy product manufacturing to improve quality.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012 Beverage manufacturing 312100 Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in beverage manufacturing to improve quality.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012 Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 325400 Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in automation and expanded use of continuous manufacturing boost productivity in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012 Chemical manufacturing (3255,6) 3250A2 Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012 Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9) 3250A1 Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.

Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9021 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as machines are becoming capable of more functionalities and are more integrated with each other allowing workers to produce more.

Grinding and polishing workers, hand

51-9022 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation increases capacity and reduces the need for as many manual workers.

Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9023 Animal food manufacturing 311100 Productivity change - share decreases as new technologies, including data usage and machine connectivity (integration) in the production process, are used in monitoring and adjusting production process.

Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9023 Other food manufacturing 311900 Productivity change - share decreases as greater integration of manufacturing processes will allow mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders to do more with fewer workers.

Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9023 Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 325400 Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in automation and expanded use of continuous manufacturing boost productivity in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.

Cutters and trimmers, hand

51-9031 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the improved integration of design systems and cutting equipment improve precision of cuts which reduces the need for hand cutters and trimmers.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032 Animal food manufacturing 311100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as animal food processing is increasingly automated.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing 311400 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as fruit and vegetable processing is more fully automated.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032 Dairy product manufacturing 311500 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as increased automation replaces workers in dairy processing.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032 Animal slaughtering and processing 311600 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved AI and equipment allow for some workers to be replaced by technology.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032 Seafood product preparation and packaging 311700 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved AI and robotics increase the ability to automate seafood processing.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 311800 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows the replacement of workers.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032 Other food manufacturing 311900 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved automation replaces workers.

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9041 Animal food manufacturing 311100 Productivity change - share decreases as automated food mixing, forming, and compacting equipment require fewer setters, operators, and tenders.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061 Converted paper product manufacturing 322200 Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061 Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 333300 Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061 Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing 333600 Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061 Other transportation equipment manufacturing 336900 Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061 Support activities for rail transportation 488200 Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Dental laboratory technicians

51-9081 Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 339100 Productivity change - share decreases as the continued adoption of digital manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, makes the fabrication process of dental devices more labor efficient.

Dental laboratory technicians

51-9081 Offices of dentists 621200 Productivity change - share decreases as the continued adoption of digital manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, makes the fabrication process of dental devices more labor efficient.

Medical appliance technicians

51-9082 Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 339100 Productivity change - share decreases as the adoption of additive manufacturing technologies makes the fabrication process of orthoses and prostheses more labor efficient.

Ophthalmic laboratory technicians

51-9083 Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing 333300 Productivity change - share decreases as continued automation makes the optical lens fabrication process more labor efficient.

Ophthalmic laboratory technicians

51-9083 Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 339100 Productivity change - share decreases as continued automation makes the eyewear fabrication process more labor efficient.

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

51-9111 Animal food manufacturing 311100 Productivity change - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities and will require fewer operators and tenders.

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

51-9111 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 311800 Demand change - share increases as a variety of new baked goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

51-9111 Beverage manufacturing 312100 Productivity change - share decreases as automated filling, packaging, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities and will require fewer operators and tenders.

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

51-9151 Pharmacies and drug retailers 456110 Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as technology allows consumers to easily print their own photos instead of relying on a service. People also print fewer photos and store them on computer or online.

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

51-9151 Other personal services 812900 Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as technology allows consumers to easily print their own photos instead of relying on a service. People also print fewer photos and store them on the computer or online.

Computer numerically controlled tool operators

51-9161 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as computer-controlled machine tool programmers are able to control more machines at once, which means fewer operators are needed to handle them.

Computer numerically controlled tool programmers

51-9162 Total employment TE1000 Demand change - share increases as manufacturers increase efficiency through more computer numerically controlled (CNC), automated, and programmable machines requiring programming by these workers.

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic

51-9195 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 327000 Demand change - share increases as more prefabricated concrete products are used in construction, requiring workers to mold, shape, or cast these products.

Helpers--production workers

51-9198 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation continues to replace production worker helpers in manufacturing facilities.

Helpers--production workers

51-9198 Temporary help services 561320 Demand change - share decreases as manufacturing facilities require fewer of these helpers as facilities become more automated.

First-line supervisors of transportation and material moving workers, except aircraft cargo handling supervisors

53-1047 Warehousing and storage 493000 Demand change - share decreases as increased use of automated guided vehicles requires fewer operators, resulting in fewer supervisors.

Air traffic controllers

53-2021 Federal government, excluding postal service 999100 Demand change, productivity change - share increases as growing air traffic volume increases the demand for air traffic controllers. This effect will be partially offset by the deployment of technologies that make air traffic management more efficient.

Flight attendants

53-2031 Scheduled air transportation 481100 Demand change - share increases as airlines continue to replace smaller planes with larger aircraft or add more seats to the existing planes, which will result in more flight attendants on average per aircraft.

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

53-3011 Ambulance services 621910 Occupational substitution - share decreases as emergency medical technicians and paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Being able to drive an ambulance is also an implicit skill required from technicians and paramedics, contributing further to this trend.

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

53-3011 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Occupational substitution - share decreases as emergency medical technicians and paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Being able to drive an ambulance is also an implicit skill required from technicians and paramedics, contributing further to this trend.

Driver/sales workers

53-3031 Grocery and specialty food retailers 4450A1 Demand change - share increases as grocery stores increasingly add food delivery to their services and some grocery stores choose to employ their own drivers to handle deliveries.

Driver/sales workers

53-3031 Local messengers and local delivery 492200 Demand change - share increases as strong demand for both restaurant meal delivery and grocery delivery services will require more driver/sales workers to facilitate these transactions.

Driver/sales workers

53-3031 Full-service restaurants 722511 Demand change - share increases as restaurants increasingly add food delivery to their services and some restaurants choose to employ their own drivers to handle deliveries.

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers

53-3032 Metal ore mining 212200 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts autonomous vehicles such as hauling trucks.

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers

53-3032 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 212300 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts autonomous vehicles such as hauling trucks.

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers

53-3032 Highway, street, and bridge construction 237300 Demand change - share increases as more drivers are needed to deliver components and materials to construction sites.

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers

53-3032 Other specialty trade contractors 238900 Demand change - share increases as more drivers are needed to deliver components and materials to construction sites.

Light truck drivers

53-3033 Truck transportation 484000 Demand change - share increases as demand from e-commerce growth results in greater volumes of home delivery, which requires more drivers relative to other occupations.

Light truck drivers

53-3033 Couriers and express delivery services 492100 Demand change - share increases as demand from e-commerce growth results in greater volumes of home delivery, which requires more drivers relative to other occupations.

Light truck drivers

53-3033 Local messengers and local delivery 492200 Demand change - share increases as demand from e-commerce growth results in greater volumes of home delivery, which requires more drivers relative to other occupations.

Bus drivers, school

53-3051 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Demand change - share decreases as public school enrollment declines, resulting in less demand for school bus transportation.

Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs

53-3053 Taxi and limousine service 485300 Demand change - share increases as continued demand for chauffeured transportation services supports demand for shuttle drivers and chauffeurs.

Bridge and lock tenders

53-6011 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increase in the automation and remote operation of locks and bridges will replace some of the tasks previously performed by bridge and lock tenders.

Parking attendants

53-6021 Other personal services 812900 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated parking machines replace the tasks previously done by human parking attendants.

Automotive and watercraft service attendants

53-6031 Automobile dealers 441100 Demand change - share increases as automobile dealers continue to offer more vehicle repair and maintenance services and drivers increasingly prefer to take their vehicle to a dealer for servicing.

Automotive and watercraft service attendants

53-6031 Other automotive repair and maintenance 811190 Demand change - share decreases as improvements in vehicle reliability and durability reduce demand for automotive repair and maintenance services as the lifespan of parts and systems continues to increase. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.

Conveyor operators and tenders

53-7011 Motor vehicle manufacturing 336100 Productivity change - share decreases as firms use technology to supplant some functions of these operators.

Conveyor operators and tenders

53-7011 Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9) 4230A1 Productivity change - share decreases as firms use technology to supplant some functions of these operators.

Conveyor operators and tenders

53-7011 Couriers and express delivery services 492100 Productivity change - share decreases as firms use technology to supplant some functions of these operators.

Conveyor operators and tenders

53-7011 Warehousing and storage 493000 Productivity change - share decreases as firms use technology to supplant some functions of these operators.

Crane and tower operators

53-7021 Support activities for water transportation 488300 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as increased ship sizes are causing ports to automate their operations in order to meet shipping schedules and demand.

Dredge operators

53-7031 Total employment TE1000 Productivity change - share decreases as dredge control and monitoring systems become more advanced as dredging processes become increasingly more complex, increasing the productivity of dredge operators.

Hoist and winch operators

53-7041 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the expansion of automated lifting systems eliminates some of the tasks previously performed by hoist and winch operators.

Industrial truck and tractor operators

53-7051 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 212300 Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.

Industrial truck and tractor operators

53-7051 Warehousing and storage 493000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the increased use of automated guided vehicles replaces these operators.

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment

53-7061 Automobile dealers 441100 Demand change - share increases as automobile dealers continue to offer more vehicle repair and maintenance services and drivers increasingly prefer to take their vehicle to a dealer for servicing.

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

53-7062 Animal food manufacturing 311100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment used in new facilities will require fewer laborers.

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

53-7062 Couriers and express delivery services 492100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as delivery services implement robotics technology to replace roles related to manual stock and material moving tasks.

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

53-7062 Warehousing and storage 493000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as warehouses implement robotics technology to replace manual labor tasks in warehouses.

Machine feeders and offbearers

53-7063 Total employment TE1000 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated equipment replaces roles of loading and unloading products and materials into machinery and equipment.

Packers and packagers, hand

53-7064 Animal food manufacturing 311100 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities instead of hand packers.

Packers and packagers, hand

53-7064 Grocery and specialty food retailers 4450A1 Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online grocery orders for pickup or delivery increase, reducing the need for baggers to bag groceries at checkout counters, and self-checkout systems become more common.

Packers and packagers, hand

53-7064 General merchandise retailers 455000 Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative automation within warehouses increase.

Packers and packagers, hand

53-7064 Warehousing and storage 493000 Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative automation within warehouses increase.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065 Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4244,8) 4240A1 Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as some firms increasingly use automated storage and retrieval equipment based on sensors, bar codes, and Radio-frequency identification to remove workers from the process.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065 Grocery and specialty food retailers 4450A1 Demand change - share increases as online grocery orders for pickup and delivery increase. As consumers continue to shop online for groceries, there will be more demand for individuals to stock and fill orders.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065 General merchandise retailers 455000 Demand change - share increases as growing preference for buy online, pickup in-store options will require more stockers and order fillers to facilitate these online orders in general merchandise stores.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065 Building material and supplies dealers 444100 Demand change - share increases as more workers are needed to pick orders from shelves for customers as current technology does not allow for preparing these types of increased orders.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065 Furniture and home furnishings retailers 449100 Demand change - share increases as changing consumer shopping habits (e.g. buy online, pick up in-store) will require additional workers to obtain merchandise from the store and deliver to curbside shoppers.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065 Warehousing and storage 493000 Productivity change - share decreases as continued adoption of enhanced automation technologies increases the ability of workers to receive and store products.

Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators

53-7071 Pipeline transportation of natural gas 486200 Productivity change - share decreases as automation and remote monitoring technologies reduce some demand for on-site staff at compressor stations along pipelines.

Wellhead pumpers

53-7073 Oil and gas extraction 211000 Productivity change - share decreases as automation, including use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, in the oil fields will boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.

Wellhead pumpers

53-7073 Support activities for mining 213000 Productivity change - share decreases as automation, including use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, in the oil fields will boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

53-7081 Waste collection 562100 Productivity change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technological improvements, including automated side-loading trucks and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable more efficient collection routes, allow collection work to be done with fewer workers.

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

53-7081 Waste treatment and disposal 562200 Productivity change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technological improvements, including automated side-loading trucks and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable more efficient collection routes, allow collection work to be done with fewer workers.

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

53-7081 Local government, excluding education and hospitals 999300 Productivity change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technological improvements, including automated side-loading trucks and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable more efficient collection routes, allow collection work to be done with fewer workers.

Material moving workers, all other

53-7199 Warehousing and storage 493000 Productivity change - share decreases as continued adoption of enhanced automation technologies increases the ability of workers to move materials.

Source: Employment Projections program, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Last Modified Date: August 29, 2024