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Economic News Release
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U.S. Business Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET), Wednesday, February 9, 2022                                USDL-22-0190

Technical Information:	(202) 691-6567  *  BRS_Inquiry@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/brs
Media Contact:	        (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov

U.S. BUSINESS RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC — 2021

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, 14.5 percent of private-sector establishments (1.2 million, 
with 20.5 percent of all private-sector employment) increased base wages, the U.S. Bureau of Labor 
Statistics reported today. Establishments in Accommodation and Food Services, Retail Trade, Health 
Care and Social Assistance, and Manufacturing increased base wages at a higher rate than average.

Data in this release are from the 2021 Business Response Survey (BRS) to the Coronavirus Pandemic. 
BRS data were collected from private-sector establishments from July 27, 2021 through September 30, 
2021. Topics covered include telework, workplace flexibilities, changes in pay, COVID-19 workplace 
requirements, establishment space size, relocation, supplementing workforce, automation, drug and 
alcohol testing, and COVID-19 loans or grants. Detailed tables by industry, state, and employment 
size are available at www.bls.gov/brs.
 
Changes in Pay
  • Hazard pay or an hourly bonus were temporarily offered by 5.5 percent of establishments (471,000, 
  with 15.7 percent of all private-sector employment). 
  
  • One-time, special monetary bonuses for working during the pandemic were paid by 9.4 percent of 
  establishments (809,000, with 23.7 percent of all private-sector employment). 

Changes in Telework
  • As a result of the pandemic, 34.5 percent of establishments increased telework for some or all of
  their employees. 
  
  • Among establishments that increased telework during the pandemic, 60.2 percent expect to keep the 
  increases permanent when the pandemic is over.


 
COVID-19 Vaccinations at Establishments
  • COVID-19 vaccinations were required for some or all employees before coming to work on-site at 
  17.5 percent of establishments.  
 
  • A larger share of establishments, 28 percent, offered some or all employees a financial incentive or 
  paid time off, or permitted employees to remain on the clock to get a COVID-19 vaccination.
 
Flexible or Staggered Work Hours
  • As a result of the pandemic, 24.6 percent of establishments (2.1 million, with 33.9 percent of all 
  private-sector employment) started to offer flexible or staggered work hours to employees.

 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
|                                                                                                         |
|                              Additional Industry, State, and Employment Size Data                       |
|                        for the 2021 Business Response Survey to the Coronavirus Pandemic                |
|                                                                                                         |
| Tables with detailed, industry, state, and establishment size class data along with highlighted         |
| results, charts, and state maps can be found at www.bls.gov/brs.                                        |
|                                                                                                         |
| Industry, state, and establishment size class data tables are available at                              |
| www.bls.gov/brs/data/tables/2021.                                                                       |
|                                                                                                         |
| Industry and establishment size class charts and state maps are available at                            |
| www.bls.gov/brs/data/charts/2021.                                                                       |
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

More Information 

  • Data were collected from private-sector establishments only; government establishments were not 
  surveyed. As a result, the estimates of establishments and employment refer to private-sector establishments 
  and employment. Total U.S. estimates include the 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

  • The full 2021 BRS Technical Note is available at www.bls.gov/brs/methods/2021-technical-notes.htm.

  • An earlier survey, the 2020 BRS, asked seven questions about changes businesses made to their operations 
  during the pandemic through September 2020. These data are available at www.bls.gov/brs/2020-results.htm.
		
  • Definitions for terms used in this news release are available in the BLS Glossary at 
  www.bls.gov/bls/glossary.htm.





Business response to the coronavirus pandemic 2021 - Total U.S., private sector for all results
Result Reference Percent of establishments Number of establishments Percent of employment in establishments Employment in establishments

Establishments that increased telework for some or all employees

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 34.5 2,975,380 50.8 59,877,706

Establishments with increased telework that expect the increase to continue when the coronavirus pandemic is over

When the coronavirus pandemic is over 60.2 1,942,880 56.2 38,203,485

Establishments with all of their employees teleworking all of the time

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 10.3 883,713 3.0 3,499,020

Establishments with some of their employees teleworking

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 29.8 2,567,890 47.4 55,914,722

Establishments with all of their employees teleworking rarely or never

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 60.1 5,175,578 49.8 58,713,028

Establishments that started flexible or staggered work hours

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 24.6 2,118,194 33.9 39,964,827

Establishments that started compressed or alternative work schedules

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 12.2 1,054,815 18.2 21,451,103

Establishments that started voluntary reductions in hours worked (change to part-time or reduced hours)

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 11.0 944,423 14.4 16,983,489

Establishments that started job-sharing (two employees split hours/tasks of a full-time job)

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 2.3 198,168 2.7 3,209,639

Establishments that started paid leave for dependent care (additional paid leave of any kind for employees with dependent care responsibilities due to the coronavirus pandemic)

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 6.5 562,609 14.4 16,975,348

Establishments that started at least one of the employee flexibilities specified in results 4.1-4.5

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 34.5 2,973,307 47.2 55,704,908

Establishments that increased base wages (straight-time wages or salary)

Because of the coronavirus pandemic 14.5 1,246,153 20.5 24,175,563

Establishments that temporarily paid a wage premium/extra hourly amount for working during the pandemic (hazard pay, hero pay, or hourly bonus)

Because of the coronavirus pandemic 5.5 470,543 15.7 18,544,496

Establishments that paid one-time special monetary awards/appreciation bonuses for working during the pandemic

Because of the coronavirus pandemic 9.4 808,930 23.7 27,942,615

Establishments that paid one-time bonuses to newly hired workers (signing bonuses for new employees)

Because of the coronavirus pandemic 2.4 206,727 9.5 11,149,571

Establishments that paid workers who referred others to apply for jobs (recruitment bonuses to current employees)

Because of the coronavirus pandemic 4.5 385,525 16.6 19,633,047

Establishments that made at least one of the changes in pay specified in results 5.1-5.5

Because of the coronavirus pandemic 24.2 2,081,990 45.8 54,016,218

Establishments that required some or all employees to routinely wear a face covering or any protective gear while they were on-site

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 58.3 5,025,102 74.0 87,338,551

Establishments that required employees working on-site to have a temperature screening prior to entering their place of work

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 24.1 2,073,839 36.0 42,427,240

Establishments that required some or all employees to get a COVID-19 vaccination before coming to work on-site

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 17.5 1,508,911 14.5 17,067,801

Establishments that offered any employees a financial incentive, paid time off, or permitted employees to remain on the clock to get a COVID-19 vaccination

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 28.0 2,408,582 44.9 52,961,500

Establishments offering a vaccine incentive that required some or all employees to get a COVID-19 vaccination before coming to work on-site

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 28.4 745,090 20.0 11,834,475

Establishments NOT offering a vaccine incentive that required some or all employees to get a COVID-19 vaccination before coming to work on-site

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 13.6 823,412 10.3 7,239,137

Establishments requiring some or all employees to get a COVID-19 vaccination that offered employees a financial incentive, paid time off, or permitted employees to remain on the clock to get a COVID-19 vaccination

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 45.9 817,531 58.0 19,256,536

Establishments NOT requiring employees to get a COVID-19 vaccination that offered employees a financial incentive, paid time off, or permitted employees to remain on the clock to get a COVID-19 vaccination

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 24.3 1,719,312 42.4 43,752,495

Establishments that decreased their square footage of space

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 5.5 472,845 4.2 4,924,984

Establishments that increased their square footage of space

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 3.6 306,213 5.1 6,013,495

Establishments that have about the same square footage of space

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 91.0 7,836,981 90.7 107,023,286

Establishments that expect to decrease their square footage of space in the next 12 months

In the next 12 months 4.0 344,873 3.3 3,917,156

Establishments that expect to increase their square footage of space in the next 12 months

In the next 12 months 3.6 307,447 5.6 6,559,086

Establishments that expect to have about the same square footage of space in the next 12 months

In the next 12 months 92.4 7,963,719 91.1 107,485,523

Establishments that relocated within the same city or county

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 3.9 334,350 2.4 2,833,729

Establishments that relocated to a different city or county, but within the same state

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 1.3 116,056 0.7 875,463

Establishments that relocated to a different state

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 0.6 52,018 0.2 240,836

Establishments that did not relocate since the start of the pandemic

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 94.2 8,113,614 96.7 114,011,737

Establishments that expect to relocate within the same city or county in the next 12 months

In the next 12 months 2.7 229,549 2.3 2,690,578

Establishments that expect to relocate to a different city or county, but within the same state in the next 12 months

In the next 12 months 0.7 59,916 0.4 510,724

Establishments that expect to relocate to a different state in the next 12 months

In the next 12 months 0.6 47,789 0.2 264,085

Establishments that do not expect to relocate within the next 12 months

In the next 12 months 96.1 8,278,785 97.1 114,496,378

Establishments that started or increased their use of independent contractors, freelancers, or consultants

At any time during the coronavirus pandemic 5.9 508,619 5.8 6,897,111

Establishments that started or increased their use of temporary help agency workers

At any time during the coronavirus pandemic 3.0 261,306 11.5 13,617,962

Establishments that started or increased their use of companies that provide contractors or subcontractors

At any time during the coronavirus pandemic 1.4 122,686 4.4 5,176,998

Establishments that started or increased their use of online platform companies that arrange assignments for workers through an app and collect a commission from establishments for each task/job workers do

At any time during the coronavirus pandemic 0.8 66,120 0.9 1,048,998

Establishments that did not start or increase their use of any of the types of workers specified in results 14.1-14.4

At any time during the coronavirus pandemic 91.0 7,844,398 83.7 98,786,206

Establishments that started or increased their use of at least one of the types of workers specified in results 14.1-14.4

At any time during the coronavirus pandemic 9.0 771,641 16.3 19,175,559

Establishments that expect to use independent contractors, freelancers, or consultants when the coronavirus pandemic is over

When the coronavirus pandemic is over 11.4 978,072 11.8 13,882,362

Establishments that expect to use temporary help agency workers when the coronavirus pandemic is over

When the coronavirus pandemic is over 4.0 342,048 14.3 16,922,799

Establishments that expect to use companies that provide contractors or subcontractors when the coronavirus pandemic is over

When the coronavirus pandemic is over 3.1 268,857 7.8 9,216,330

Establishments that expect to use online platform companies that arrange assignments for workers through an app and collect a commission from establishments for each task/job workers do when the coronavirus pandemic is over

When the coronavirus pandemic is over 1.2 105,817 1.2 1,402,227

Establishments that expect to use at least one of the types of workers specified in results 15.1-15.4 when the coronavirus pandemic is over

When the coronavirus pandemic is over 14.8 1,274,614 22.9 27,023,505

Establishments that do not expect to use any of the types of workers specified in results 15.1-15.4 when the coronavirus pandemic is over

When the coronavirus pandemic is over 85.2 7,341,425 77.1 90,938,260

Establishments that use self-service kiosks (including kiosks to order and pay for food)

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 2.2 188,105 8.3 9,825,544

Establishments that use voice-recognition-based customer service/automated online chats with customers

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 0.7 61,161 1.9 2,208,174

Establishments that use automated document analysis and review

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 1.5 129,020 3.7 4,412,745

Establishments that use industrial robots for building maintenance (including daily cleaning or disinfecting)

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 0.1 10,164 1.0 1,178,247

Establishments that use industrial robots for assembling goods (including robots that weld, and pick-and-pace robots to assemble, select parts, or inspect products)

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 0.3 29,827 2.2 2,586,667

Establishments that use industrial robots or management systems for packing goods for shipment

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 0.2 19,583 1.5 1,816,545

Establishments that use automated provisions of physical medical care (such as drawing blood) and physical rehabilitation

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 0.1 5,833 0.2 251,764

Establishments that use at least one of the types of automation specified in results 16.1-16.7

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 4.2 365,701 13.8 16,284,473

Establishments that do not use any of the types of automation specified in results 16.1-16.7

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 95.8 8,250,338 86.2 101,677,291

Establishments that started or increased the use of any types of automation specified in results 16.1-16.7

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 1.8 153,844 4.2 4,969,637

Establishments using at least one of the types of automation specified in results 16.1-16.7 that started or increased their use since the start of the coronavirus pandemic

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 31.2 246,226 32.3 8,664,832

Establishments that are drug testing or alcohol testing new applicants or current employees

At the time of data collection (July-Sept 2021) 16.1 1,391,362 41.1 48,532,373

Establishments that reduced or delayed drug or alcohol testing for new applicants or current employees

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 2.0 171,505 5.6 6,596,022

Establishments drug or alcohol testing new applicants or current employees that also reduced or delayed drug or alcohol testing

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 7.9 128,246 10.0 5,922,779

Establishments that received a federal or state government coronavirus-related loan or grant tied to re-hiring or maintaining employees on the payroll AFTER January 1, 2021

After January 1, 2021 35.8 3,080,927 29.6 34,903,109

Establishments that received any type of coronavirus-related loan since the onset of the pandemic and the loan has been converted to a grant

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic 54.0 3,764,550 47.9 47,605,911

Note: Total U.S., private sector includes the 50 states, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico
Note: Data collection took place from July-September 2021


Technical Note

Methodology
Data for the 2021 BRS were collected from July 27 through September 30, 2021. The BRS relied on the 
existing data collection instrument of the BLS QCEW program’s Annual Refiling Survey (ARS). BRS survey 
responses were solicited via email and printed letters. Responses were collected online using the 
platform that is consistently relied on by the ARS. This allows for a large, nationally representative
sample to be surveyed with minimal financial costs to BLS.

Definitions
Establishments. An individual establishment is generally defined as a single physical location at 
which one, or predominantly one, type of economic activity is conducted. Most employers covered under 
the state UI laws operate only one place of business.

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes. NAICS codes are the standard used by 
federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, 
analyzing, and publishing statistical data. The BRS is based on 2017 NAICS. 

Large/small. For these data, establishments with 2020 annual average employment greater than 499 are 
considered large.

Sample Design and Selection Procedures
For the 2021 BRS, BLS selected a stratified sample of 322,560 establishments from a universe of just 
over 8.6 million establishments. The universe source was the set of establishments from the 2020 fourth 
quarter BLS Business Register that were identified as in-scope for this survey.

The BLS Business Register is a comprehensive quarterly business name and address file of employers 
subject to state Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws. It is sourced from data gathered by the QCEW program. 
Each quarter, QCEW employment and wage information is collected and summarized at various levels of 
geography and industry. Geographic breakouts include county, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), state, 
and national. Industry breakouts are based on the six-digit NAICS. 

The QCEW covers all fifty states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 
The primary sources of data for these 53 entities are the Quarterly Contributions Reports (QCRs) submitted
to State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) by employers subject to state UI laws. The QCEW program also gathers 
separately sourced data for Federal Government employees covered by the Unemployment Compensation for 
Federal Employees (UCFE) program.

There were a little over 10.5 million establishments on the 2020 fourth quarter BLS Business Register that 
served as the source of the BRS’s sampling universe. However, about 1.9 million of these establishments 
were determined to be out-of-scope for the survey. Establishments that were excluded from the universe:
  •Public Administration & Government (NAICS 92)
  •Private Households (NAICS 814110)
  •U.S. Postal Service (NAICS 491110)
  •Services for the Elderly and Disabled Persons (NAICS 624120) with Establishment Size = 1
  •Unclassified Accounts (NAICS 999999)
  •U.S. Virgin Islands (State FIPS 78)

The 2021 BRS leveraged the technical and collection infrastructure of the ARS. While the synchronization of 
the two surveys was efficient, it created a need to adapt the BRS sample in accordance with some of the 
constraints imposed on the ARS sample. Regarding ARS sampling constraints, establishments with one to three 
employees are never administered the ARS and, of the establishments that are eligible for the ARS, roughly 
one-third are administered the ARS in any given year. The determination as to which ARS eligible establishments 
are active for any year’s ARS is based on a random mechanism. During BRS sample selection, active ARS eligible 
establishments and ARS ineligible establishments were “selectable,” whereas inactive ARS eligible establishments 
were disallowed from selection, in part as a means of managing respondent burden over time. 

To integrate the BRS sample into the ARS framework, each establishment in the BRS sampling universe was 
categorized into one of the following groups:
  •ARS Eligible Establishments – Active for this Year’s ARS (BRS Selectable)
  •ARS Eligible Establishments – Inactive for this Year’s ARS (BRS Not Selectable)
  •ARS Ineligible Establishments (BRS Selectable)

Each BRS sampling stratum consisted of establishments from one or more of the groups above. Within strata 
containing only active ARS eligible establishments or only ARS ineligible establishments, sample selection 
proceeded with no restrictions using simple random sampling. Strata containing only inactive ARS eligible 
establishments ended up being imputed because there were no selectable establishments and, therefore, no survey 
results. For any stratum containing a mix of ARS eligible and ARS ineligible establishments, stratum sample 
sizes were allocated proportionately to each sub-population. Within the stratum’s ARS ineligible sub-population,
sample selection then proceeded with no restrictions using simple random sampling. Within the stratum’s ARS eligible
sub-population, sample selection proceeded by taking a simple random sample from amongst only the active/selectable 
establishments.

Note that for any stratum containing both active ARS eligible and inactive ARS eligible establishments, the 
sample was selected from amongst only the active portion of the stratum. This selection was still considered 
to be representative of all ARS eligible establishments in the stratum, regardless of active/inactive status, 
since the determination of ARS active/inactive status was random. Because of this, and because stratum sample 
sizes were proportionately allocated to eligible/ineligible sup-populations, sample units were equally weighted 
within (but not across) strata and survey question combinations.

When designing the survey and determining sample sizes, BLS researchers, analysts, and methodologists collaborated 
to identify the key research goals. As part of this process, a balance had to be struck between producing precise
estimates for various establishment aggregations and the costs associated with fielding a sample that could deliver 
on those goals. Based on the types of administrative data available for establishments on the BLS Business Register 
and based on the team’s experience analyzing similar establishment-based surveys, research goals centered on creating 
survey estimates for different combinations of establishment geography, industry type, and/or establishment size. 
This motivated the decision to choose a design that stratified on all three factors. A decision was then made to 
define granular strata to keep the strata homogeneous and to facilitate the construction of a wide array of broader 
composite estimates as functions of the more narrowly defined strata estimates. In the end, for the 2021 BRS, strata
were defined jointly on the following factors:
  •State 
  {All states plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico}
  •Industry Type, Based Primarily on Two-Digit NAICS 
  {11-21, 22, 23, 31-33, 42, 44-45, 48-49Mod, 4811, 484, 51, 52-53, 54-56, 61, 62Mod, 71, 72, 81}
  •Establishment Size, Based on Employment 
  {1-4, 5-9, 10-19, 20-49, 50-99, 100-249, 250-499, 500-999, 1,000+}

In the industry type list above, industry grouping 48-49Mod excludes industries with NAICS classifications of 484 
and 4811. Industry 62Mod excludes industries with a NAICS classification of 624120 that also have an establishment 
size of one.

In the establishment size list above, all nine “narrow” size groupings are given. Some BRS analyses were conducted 
using two other broader establishment size groupings – a “medium-width” grouping and a “broad,” or large/small, 
grouping. The medium-width size classes were 1-19, 20-99, 100-499, and 500+. The large/small groupings were 0-499 
and 500+. 

At the time the survey was designed, it was clear to researchers and analysts that different industries and 
establishment size classes would have different pandemic-related programs and policies targeted towards them. Because 
of this, specific state – industry, state – size class, and industry – size class establishment aggregations were 
identified as the key levels at which to produce estimates to a certain degree of precision while still being realistic
about survey costs and burden. These aggregations were used to drive sample size determination. 
Specifically, they were:
  •State by Goods-Producing/Services-Producing Industry Type Categorization {52*2 = 104 estimation cells}
  •State by Medium-Width Establishment Size {52*4 = 208 estimation cells}
  •Modified NAICS Sector by Medium-Width Establishment Size {15*4 = 60 estimation cells}
  •Narrow Establishment Size {9 estimation cells}

Researcher interest was not, and is not, limited to these aggregations. However, because these were the aggregates 
initially identified as the most important ones, the sample was designed to achieve a desired precision when estimating 
specifically for these groupings. Alternatively, the sample was not designed to achieve a desired precision when estimating 
for other groupings, although in some cases the desired precision was achieved anyway. Note that researchers were certainly
interested in estimating with precision at broader levels such as national, state, modified NAICS sector, and narrow size 
class. But it was easy to see that a sample that allowed for the generation of precise estimates for the four aggregates 
listed above would certainly allow for the generation of precise estimates for these broader level aggregates.

For each estimation cell within each of the four key aggregates listed above, sample sufficiency counts were determined
based on estimating proportions to an agreed upon degree of precision. The formula for the sample sufficiency of an 
estimation cell was based on the deconstruction of the formula for the variance of a proportion (using simple random 
sampling within the cell). Estimation cell sample sufficiency counts were then allocated proportionately to all strata 
within each cell. The result was a set of four “allocated sufficiency counts” per stratum. For each stratum, the maximum 
of the four sufficiency counts was chosen. Each stratum’s chosen sufficiency count was then divided by an estimated 
survey response rate to derive a stratum sample size. If the chosen value exceeded the number of selectable establishments
in a stratum, the stratum’s final sample size was set equal to its number of selectable establishments. In that case, the
truncated sample size was reallocated to other strata mapping to the same estimation cell. Once sample sizes were finalized, 
samples were selected within each stratum as described earlier when discussing the composition of strata in terms of active
ARS eligible, inactive ARS eligible, and ARS ineligible establishments.

Response Rate
The 2021 BRS consisted of 25 questions to which establishments could respond. A survey was considered usable if the 
respondent answered at least 5 of the 25 questions. Estimates were generated from usable surveys only.

Of the 322,560 sampled establishments, about 5,300 were deemed uncollectible prior to fielding the sample. These 
uncollectible establishments were treated as non-responders. Typically, these were establishments that changed status 
between the time when the universe was drawn and a point in time closer to fielding the sample, such that the establishment’s
new status indicated it could not be contacted and/or could not respond to the survey. Thus, the 2021 BRS was administered
to about 317,000 establishments.

Of the establishments that were given the opportunity to take the survey, 85,254 participated to some degree, and 82,487 
were usable (answered 5 or more questions). Thus:
  •Survey Participation Rate (relative to the full sample) = 26.4%
  •Survey Participation Rate (relative to the collectible sample) = 26.9%
  •Usable Response Rate (relative to the full sample) = 25.6%
  •Usable Response Rate (relative to the collectible sample) = 26.0%
  •Usability Rate Amongst Survey Participants = 96.8%

For full technical documentation visit: 
https://www.bls.gov/brs/methods/2021-technical-notes.htm

Last Modified Date: February 09, 2022