For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, August 25, 2016 USDL-16-1731
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 * cpsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
WORKER DISPLACEMENT: 2013-15
From January 2013 through December 2015, there were 3.2 million workers displaced from
jobs they had held for at least 3 years, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported
today. This was down from 4.3 million workers for the prior survey period covering
January 2011 to December 2013. In January 2016, 66 percent of workers displaced from
2013 to 2015 were reemployed, up from 61 percent for the prior survey in January 2014.
Since 1984, the U.S. Department of Labor has sponsored surveys that collect information
on workers who were displaced from their jobs. These surveys have been conducted every
other January as supplements to the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of
households that is the primary source of information on the nation's labor force.
Displaced workers are defined as persons 20 years of age and older who lost or left
jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for
them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. The period covered in this study
was 2013-15, the 3 calendar years prior to the January 2016 survey date. This period
was characterized by employment growth and declining unemployment. The following
analysis focuses primarily on the 3.2 million persons who had worked for their employer
for 3 or more years at the time of displacement (referred to as long-tenured workers).
An additional 4.2 million persons were displaced from jobs they had held for less than
3 years (referred to as short-tenured workers). Combining the short- and long-tenured
groups, the number of displaced workers totaled 7.4 million from 2013 to 2015. In the
2011-13 survey period, this group numbered 9.5 million.
Highlights from the January 2016 survey include:
--In January 2016, 66 percent of the 3.2 million long-tenured displaced workers
were reemployed, up from 61 percent in January 2014 and 56 percent in January
2012. (See table 1.)
--Thirty-seven percent of long-tenured displaced workers from the 2013-15 period
cited that they lost their job because their plant or company closed down or
moved; an additional 37 percent said that their position or shift was abolished
and 26 percent cited insufficient work. (See table 2.)
--Seventeen percent of long-tenured displaced workers lost a job in manufacturing.
(See table 4.)
--Among long-tenured workers who were displaced from full-time wage and salary
jobs and were reemployed in such jobs in January 2016, 53 percent had earnings
that were as much or greater than those of their lost job, similar to the prior
survey. (See table 7.)
Characteristics of the Displaced
Sixty-six percent of the 3.2 million long-tenured displaced workers were reemployed at
the time of the survey in January 2016, up from 61 percent for the January 2014 survey,
and 56 percent for the January 2012 survey. The proportion unemployed at the time of the
most recent survey was 16 percent, down from 21 percent in the January 2014 survey and
from 27 percent in the January 2012 survey. Nineteen percent of long-tenured displaced
workers were not in the labor force in January 2016, about unchanged from the previous
survey. (See table 1.)
In January 2016, the reemployment rate was 73 percent for workers ages 25 to 54, up from
68 percent for the prior survey. Reemployment rates were lower for older workers. In
January 2016, the rates for those ages 55 to 64 and 65 years and over were 60 percent
and 27 percent, respectively. Among those age 65 and over, 63 percent were no longer in
the labor force when surveyed, little different from the prior survey.
Among long-tenured displaced workers, men and women had similar reemployment rates in
January 2016 (67 percent and 64 percent, respectively). The reemployment rate for women
increased by 6 percentage points from the prior survey, while the rate for men changed
little. Long-tenured displaced men and women were equally likely to be unemployed at the
time of the survey at 16 percent. The share of male displaced workers who had left the
labor force increased by 4 percentage points to 18 percent, while the share of women was
little changed at 20 percent.
In January 2016, the reemployment rate for long-tenured displaced White workers rose
by 4 percentage points to 67 percent. The rates for Hispanics (69 percent), Blacks
(62 percent), and Asians (55 percent), changed little from the prior survey.
Reason for Job Loss and Receipt of Advance Notice
Of the 3.2 million long-tenured workers displaced during the January 2013 through
December 2015 period, 37 percent lost or left their jobs due to plant or company
closings or moves. The proportion of displaced workers citing that their position or
shift was abolished was 37 percent and the proportion citing insufficient work was
26 percent. (See table 2.)
Forty-five percent of long-tenured displaced workers in the January 2016 survey received
written advance notice that their jobs would be terminated, up from 40 percent for the
January 2014 survey. Workers who lost jobs during the 2013-15 period due to plant or
company closings or moves continued to be most likely to receive written advance notice.
Of this group, 60 percent received such notice. In contrast, 41 percent of workers who
were displaced because their position or shift was abolished and 28 percent of those who
lost jobs due to insufficient work were notified in advance. For each of these groups,
reemployment rates were not statistically different for those who received written
advanced notice and those who did not. (See table 3.)
Industry and Occupation
During the 2013-15 period, 553,000 long-tenured manufacturing workers were displaced
from their jobs--17 percent of all long-tenured displaced workers. Manufacturing
displacements occurred mostly in the durable goods component (332,000). Workers in
wholesale and retail trade accounted for 15 percent of all long-tenured displacements,
professional and business services accounted for 12 percent, and education and health
services also accounted for 12 percent of displacements. (See table 4.)
Among the major industry groups in January 2016, reemployment rates were not
statistically different for most industries. Workers displaced from mining, however,
were the least likely to be reemployed (41 percent). The rate for workers displaced
from education and health services increased to 70 percent and the reemployment rate
for those displaced from professional and business services rose to 69 percent. The
reemployment rates for workers displaced from other major industry groups changed little
from the prior survey. (Workers were not necessarily reemployed in the same industries
from which they were displaced.)
Reemployment rates were not statistically different by major occupation group in January
2016. The rate for those displaced from production, transportation, and material moving
occupations increased to 65 percent and the reemployment rate for those displaced from
sales and office occupations rose to 63 percent. The rates for those displaced from
management, professional, and related occupations (69 percent); service occupations (63
percent); and natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations (62 percent)
changed little from the prior survey. (See table 5.)
Geographic Divisions
The number of long-tenured workers displaced during the 2013-15 period declined from the
2011-13 period in most of the geographic divisions of the United States. In January 2016,
reemployment rates ranged from 75 percent for the Mountain division to 53 percent for the
East South Central division. (See table 6.)
Earnings
Of the 1.8 million long-tenured displaced workers who lost full-time wage and salary jobs
during the 2013-15 period and were reemployed, 1.5 million had full-time wage and salary
jobs in January 2016. Of these reemployed full-time workers who reported earnings on
their lost job, the proportion that were earning as much or more than they did at their
lost job was 53 percent in January 2016, little different from the January 2014 survey.
(See table 7.)
Total Displaced Workers (With No Tenure Restriction)
The total number of workers displaced between January 2013 and December 2015 (regardless
of how long they had held their jobs) was 7.4 million, down by 2.1 million from the
2011-13 survey period. Of the total number of workers who lost jobs over the 2013-15
period, 67 percent were reemployed, up from 61 percent in the prior survey. The
proportion unemployed fell by 7 percentage points to 17 percent in January 2016. (See
table 8.)
Technical Note
The data presented in this release were collected through a supplement to the
January 2016 Current Population Survey (CPS), the monthly survey of about 60,000
eligible households that provides basic data on employment and unemployment for
the nation. The CPS is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS). The purpose of this supplement was to obtain information on the
number and characteristics of persons who had been displaced (as defined below)
from their jobs over the prior 3 calendar years. The collection of these data is
sponsored by the Department of Labor. Additional information, reports, and
archived news releases are available to the public on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#displaced.
Data presented in this release are based on Census 2010 population controls that
are updated annually in January. For additional information, see "Population control
adjustments to the CPS", which is available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service:
(800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance
that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent.
The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is
known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of
the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the
true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted
at the 90-percent level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur
for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population,
inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the
collection or processing of the data.
Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and guidance on estimating
standard errors is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
Concepts and questions
Displaced workers are wage and salary workers 20 years of age and older who lost
or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient
work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Data are often presented
for long-tenured displaced workers--those who had worked for their employer for 3 or
more years at the time of displacement.
Wage and salary workers receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind,
or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but
excludes all self-employed persons, both those with incorporated businesses as well as
those with unincorporated businesses.
Data discussed in this release on displaced workers were obtained from the following
questions:
(This question was asked of all persons 20 years and over.) During the last 3 calendar
years, that is, January 2011 through December 2013, did (you/name) lose a job or leave
one because: (your/his/her) plant or company closed or moved, (your/his/her) position or
shift was abolished, insufficient work, or another similar reason?
(If the respondent answered "yes" to the above question on job loss, the following
question was then asked.) Which of these specific reasons describes why (name/you)
(is/are) no longer working at that job?
Plant or company closed down or moved
Plant or company operating but lost or left job because of:
Insufficient work
Position or shift abolished
Seasonal job completed
Self-operated business failed
Some other reason
Respondents who provided one of the first three reasons--plant or company closed or
moved, insufficient work, or position or shift abolished--were classified as displaced
and asked additional questions about the lost job, including how many years they had
worked for their employer; the year the job was lost; the earnings, industry, and
occupation of the lost job; and whether health insurance had been provided. Other
questions were asked to determine what occurred before and after the job loss, such
as: Was the respondent notified of the upcoming dismissal? How long did he/she go
without work? Did he/she receive unemployment benefits? And, if so, were the benefits
used up? Did the person move to another location after the job loss to take or look for
another job? Information also was collected about current health insurance coverage
(other than Medicare and Medicaid) and current earnings for those employed at the time
of the survey.
Table 1. Long-tenured displaced workers (1) by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and
employment status in January 2016
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity Total
Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
labor force
TOTAL
Total, 20 years and over....... 3,191 100.0 65.5 15.9 18.6
20 to 24 years..................... 71 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
25 to 54 years..................... 2,023 100.0 72.5 17.1 10.4
55 to 64 years..................... 853 100.0 60.0 15.0 24.9
65 years and over.................. 245 100.0 26.5 10.7 62.8
Men
Total, 20 years and over....... 1,773 100.0 66.5 15.7 17.8
20 to 24 years..................... 33 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
25 to 54 years..................... 1,151 100.0 72.7 17.2 10.1
55 to 64 years..................... 469 100.0 62.6 15.1 22.3
65 years and over.................. 119 100.0 24.0 7.9 68.1
Women
Total, 20 years and over....... 1,419 100.0 64.1 16.3 19.6
20 to 24 years..................... 38 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
25 to 54 years..................... 872 100.0 72.3 17.0 10.7
55 to 64 years..................... 383 100.0 56.8 15.0 28.2
65 years and over.................. 125 100.0 28.9 13.3 57.8
White
Total, 20 years and over....... 2,573 100.0 66.5 14.8 18.6
Men................................ 1,450 100.0 67.7 14.8 17.5
Women.............................. 1,123 100.0 65.0 14.9 20.1
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and over....... 394 100.0 61.5 20.3 18.2
Men................................ 170 100.0 60.1 19.6 20.3
Women.............................. 224 100.0 62.5 20.9 16.6
Asian
Total, 20 years and over....... 145 100.0 54.9 24.7 20.3
Men................................ 96 100.0 59.4 20.3 20.3
Women.............................. 49 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and over....... 423 100.0 69.4 14.3 16.3
Men................................ 236 100.0 75.4 11.0 13.7
Women.............................. 187 100.0 61.9 18.4 19.6
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between
January 2013 and December 2015 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the
abolishment of their positions or shifts.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum
to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic
or Latino may be of any race.
Table 2. Long-tenured displaced workers (1) by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and reason for job
loss, January 2016
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by reason for job loss
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity Total Plant or Position or
Total company Insufficient shift
closed down work abolished
or moved
TOTAL
Total, 20 years and over................ 3,191 100.0 37.4 25.6 37.1
20 to 24 years.............................. 71 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
25 to 54 years.............................. 2,023 100.0 37.4 27.4 35.2
55 to 64 years.............................. 853 100.0 36.4 22.8 40.8
65 years and over........................... 245 100.0 33.9 23.7 42.4
Men
Total, 20 years and over................ 1,773 100.0 37.2 29.0 33.8
20 to 24 years.............................. 33 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
25 to 54 years.............................. 1,151 100.0 36.9 31.3 31.8
55 to 64 years.............................. 469 100.0 38.4 24.3 37.3
65 years and over........................... 119 100.0 25.9 31.7 42.4
Women
Total, 20 years and over................ 1,419 100.0 37.5 21.3 41.1
20 to 24 years.............................. 38 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
25 to 54 years.............................. 872 100.0 38.1 22.2 39.7
55 to 64 years.............................. 383 100.0 33.9 20.9 45.2
65 years and over........................... 125 100.0 41.6 16.0 42.4
White
Total, 20 years and over................ 2,573 100.0 37.2 25.9 36.9
Men......................................... 1,450 100.0 37.1 30.6 32.3
Women....................................... 1,123 100.0 37.4 19.7 42.9
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and over................ 394 100.0 35.4 27.7 36.9
Men......................................... 170 100.0 33.4 23.7 42.9
Women....................................... 224 100.0 36.9 30.7 32.4
Asian
Total, 20 years and over................ 145 100.0 45.9 21.3 32.8
Men......................................... 96 100.0 46.7 19.8 33.5
Women....................................... 49 100.0 (2) (2) (2)
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and over................ 423 100.0 45.3 24.4 30.3
Men......................................... 236 100.0 43.5 27.2 29.3
Women....................................... 187 100.0 47.4 20.9 31.7
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2013
and December 2015 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their
positions or shifts.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals
because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be
of any race.
Table 3. Long-tenured displaced workers(1) by whether they received written advance notice, reason for job loss, and
employment status in January 2016
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status
Characteristic Total
Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
labor force
TOTAL
Total, 20 years and over (2)......................... 3,191 100.0 65.5 15.9 18.6
Received written advance notice.......................... 1,424 100.0 63.3 16.9 19.8
Did not receive written advance notice................... 1,716 100.0 67.5 14.7 17.8
Plant or company closed down or moved
Total, 20 years and over (2)......................... 1,192 100.0 64.0 14.7 21.3
Received written advance notice.......................... 712 100.0 63.7 15.9 20.4
Did not receive written advance notice................... 468 100.0 65.2 11.5 23.3
Insufficient work
Total, 20 years and over (2)......................... 816 100.0 64.7 19.3 16.0
Received written advance notice.......................... 231 100.0 56.8 24.2 19.0
Did not receive written advance notice................... 568 100.0 67.5 17.2 15.3
Position or shift abolished
Total, 20 years and over (2)......................... 1,183 100.0 67.5 14.9 17.6
Received written advance notice.......................... 481 100.0 66.0 14.7 19.3
Did not receive written advance notice................... 681 100.0 69.1 14.9 16.0
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2013 and
December 2015 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions
or shifts.
2 Includes a small number who did not report information on advance notice.
Table 4. Long-tenured displaced workers (1) by industry and class of worker of lost job and employment status in
January 2016
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status
Industry and class of worker of lost job Total
Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
labor force
Total, 20 years and over (2)........................ 3,191 100.0 65.5 15.9 18.6
Agriculture and related industries wage and salary
workers................................................. 11 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Nonagricultural industries wage and salary workers....... 3,125 100.0 65.4 16.0 18.6
Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers........ 2,960 100.0 65.9 15.9 18.3
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.... 76 100.0 41.2 33.4 25.4
Construction..................................... 217 100.0 71.9 15.7 12.4
Manufacturing.................................... 553 100.0 63.2 15.0 21.7
Durable goods manufacturing ................ 332 100.0 66.0 13.6 20.4
Primary metals and fabricated metal
products............................... 40 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Machinery manufacturing................. 46 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Computers and electronic products....... 59 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Electrical equipment and appliances..... 28 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Transportation equipment................ 75 100.0 52.0 10.3 37.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing............. 52 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Other durable goods industries.......... 32 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Nondurable goods manufacturing ............. 221 100.0 59.1 17.1 23.8
Food manufacturing...................... 44 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Textiles, apparel, and leather.......... 35 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Paper and printing...................... 57 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Other nondurable goods industries....... 85 100.0 50.8 21.0 28.1
Wholesale and retail trade....................... 480 100.0 63.9 14.4 21.7
Wholesale trade............................. 118 100.0 69.7 13.3 17.0
Retail trade................................ 362 100.0 62.0 14.7 23.2
Transportation and utilities (4)................. 112 100.0 62.5 8.6 28.8
Transportation and warehousing.............. 96 100.0 59.5 10.0 30.4
Information (4).................................. 159 100.0 74.7 11.7 13.6
Telecommunications.......................... 63 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Financial activities............................. 279 100.0 64.8 20.7 14.5
Finance and insurance....................... 197 100.0 66.7 20.4 12.8
Finance................................. 151 100.0 66.5 21.5 12.0
Insurance............................... 46 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Real estate and rental and leasing.......... 82 100.0 60.1 21.3 18.6
Professional and business services............... 383 100.0 68.9 11.0 20.2
Professional and technical services......... 265 100.0 67.8 8.4 23.9
Management, administrative, and waste
services................................... 118 100.0 71.4 16.8 11.8
Education and health services.................... 384 100.0 69.9 16.9 13.2
Educational services........................ 85 100.0 64.7 8.8 26.5
Health care and social assistance (4)....... 298 100.0 71.4 19.2 9.4
Hospitals............................... 81 100.0 76.6 9.5 14.0
Health services, except hospitals....... 160 100.0 71.1 23.5 5.4
Leisure and hospitality (4)...................... 207 100.0 66.2 21.1 12.7
Accommodation and food services (4)......... 152 100.0 69.0 20.2 10.8
Food services and drinking places....... 143 100.0 70.0 21.4 8.5
Other services................................... 109 100.0 59.5 20.3 20.2
Government wage and salary workers..................... 165 100.0 56.5 18.9 24.6
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2013 and
December 2015 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions
or shifts.
2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report industry or class of
worker, not shown separately.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Table 5. Long-tenured displaced workers (1) by occupation of lost job and employment status in January 2016
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status
Occupation of lost job Total
Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
labor force
Total, 20 years and over (2)................. 3,191 100.0 65.5 15.9 18.6
Management, professional, and related occupations 1,301 100.0 69.0 13.5 17.4
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................... 702 100.0 72.1 14.6 13.3
Professional and related occupations........... 598 100.0 65.5 12.3 22.3
Service occupations.............................. 313 100.0 63.4 19.0 17.6
Sales and office occupations..................... 820 100.0 63.2 15.2 21.6
Sales and related occupations.................. 340 100.0 66.1 18.3 15.6
Office and administrative support occupations.. 479 100.0 61.1 13.0 25.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations.................................... 302 100.0 62.0 23.7 14.2
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations..... 8 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Construction and extraction occupations........ 193 100.0 61.1 28.5 10.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations.................................... 102 100.0 62.3 16.4 21.3
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations.................................... 418 100.0 65.0 16.2 18.8
Production occupations......................... 246 100.0 55.3 21.1 23.6
Transportation and material moving occupations 171 100.0 78.9 9.1 12.0
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January
2013 and December 2015 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of
their positions or shifts.
2 Total includes a small number who did not report occupation.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Table 6. Long-tenured displaced workers (1) by selected characteristics and area of residence in January 2016
(In thousands)
New Middle East West South East West
Characteristic Total England Atlant- North North Atlant- South South Mountain Pacific
ic Central Central ic Central Central
Workers who lost jobs
Total, 20 years and over........ 3,191 154 392 519 267 640 145 299 275 501
Men................................. 1,773 94 202 284 139 327 62 164 186 313
Women............................... 1,419 59 190 235 128 313 83 135 88 188
Reason for job loss
Plant or company closed down or
moved.............................. 1,192 49 168 194 98 248 53 111 88 182
Insufficient work................... 816 43 110 144 47 154 36 99 62 121
Position or shift abolished......... 1,183 63 114 181 121 238 56 88 125 197
Industry and class of worker of lost
job (2)
Agriculture and related industries
wage and salary workers.......... 11 - - - 2 3 1 - 1 4
Nonagricultural industries wage and
salary workers................... 3,125 149 385 512 262 617 144 297 266 492
Private nonagricultural wage and
salary workers................... 2,960 140 368 491 244 588 130 278 257 463
Mining, quarrying, and oil
and gas extraction......... 76 - 3 - 3 8 7 26 21 7
Construction................ 217 11 32 50 17 35 7 5 16 43
Manufacturing............... 553 36 72 115 64 75 23 69 44 56
Durable goods.......... 332 25 40 81 34 31 7 41 34 38
Nondurable goods....... 221 12 31 33 30 44 16 28 10 18
Wholesale and retail trade.. 480 18 60 70 48 103 33 50 33 65
Transportation and utilities 112 10 14 10 2 22 6 15 1 32
Information................. 159 3 18 18 19 47 7 4 15 27
Financial activities........ 279 22 38 42 28 52 11 33 24 29
Professional and business
services................... 383 19 38 78 20 97 10 22 40 59
Education and health
services................... 384 14 62 60 19 75 25 38 36 54
Leisure and hospitality..... 207 2 13 33 14 43 2 16 17 69
Other services.............. 109 4 17 16 9 31 - - 8 22
Government wage and salary workers 165 9 17 22 18 29 13 20 9 29
Employment status
in January 2016
Employed............................ 2,089 84 221 319 191 432 77 203 206 356
Unemployed.......................... 509 26 81 92 29 106 27 35 31 82
Not in the labor force.............. 593 44 90 108 47 102 41 61 38 62
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2013 and
December 2015 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions
or shifts.
2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report industry or class of worker,
not shown separately.
NOTE: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont compose the New England
Division; New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania compose the Middle Atlantic Division; Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Ohio, and Wisconsin compose the East North Central Division; Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
and South Dakota compose the West North Central Division; Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia compose the South Atlantic Division; Alabama, Kentucky,
Mississippi, and Tennessee compose the East South Central Division; Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas compose
the West South Central Division; Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming compose the
Mountain Division; Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington compose the Pacific Division. Dash represents or
rounds to zero.
Table 7. Long-tenured displaced workers (1) who lost full-time wage and salary jobs and were reemployed in January
2016 by industry of lost job and characteristics of new job
(In thousands)
Reemployed in January 2016
Wage and salary workers
Full time
Self-
Industry and class of worker of lost job employed
Total Earnings relative to those of lost job and
Part unpaid
time family
Total 20 Below, Equal or 20 workers
(2) percent but above, percent
or more within 20 but or more
below percent within 20 above
percent
Total who lost full-time wage and salary
jobs (3)................................ 1,838 231 1,470 340 239 391 258 137
Agriculture and related industries wage and
salary workers............................. 10 3 1 1 - - - 5
Nonagricultural industries wage and salary
workers.................................... 1,799 221 1,447 339 239 387 252 131
Private nonagricultural wage and salary
workers.................................. 1,734 206 1,396 334 239 366 232 131
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas
extraction......................... 26 - 26 14 1 - 2 -
Construction........................ 143 19 101 20 18 36 10 24
Manufacturing....................... 332 35 273 59 57 86 35 25
Durable goods.................. 207 21 178 28 38 65 25 8
Nondurable goods............... 125 14 95 31 19 21 10 16
Wholesale and retail trade.......... 257 23 217 75 32 26 50 16
Transportation and utilities........ 64 - 59 11 11 23 8 5
Information......................... 119 6 100 34 23 13 14 13
Financial activities................ 170 14 145 26 38 20 28 12
Professional and business services.. 233 30 184 36 20 76 14 19
Education and health services....... 231 65 165 24 20 54 54 2
Leisure and hospitality............. 104 10 83 23 11 20 15 11
Other services...................... 52 4 43 12 8 12 1 5
Government wage and salary workers........ 66 15 50 5 - 21 20 -
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2013 and
December 2015 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions
or shifts.
2 Includes about 242,000 persons who did not report earnings on lost job.
3 Includes a small number who did not report industry.
NOTE: Dash represents or rounds to zero.
Table 8. Total displaced workers (1) by selected characteristics and employment status in January 2016
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status
Characteristic Total
Total Employed Unemployed Not in the
labor force
Workers who lost jobs
Total, 20 years and over...................... 7,440 100.0 66.5 16.9 16.5
20 to 24 years.................................... 708 100.0 62.5 20.2 17.3
25 to 54 years.................................... 4,972 100.0 71.3 17.1 11.5
55 to 64 years.................................... 1,386 100.0 61.0 16.6 22.5
65 years and over................................. 374 100.0 30.8 9.7 59.4
Men, 20 years and over........................ 4,242 100.0 68.4 16.7 14.8
20 to 24 years.................................... 441 100.0 62.4 20.5 17.1
25 to 54 years.................................... 2,833 100.0 73.2 17.2 9.6
55 to 64 years.................................... 761 100.0 64.6 14.7 20.6
65 years and over................................. 206 100.0 29.4 9.3 61.3
Women, 20 years and over...................... 3,199 100.0 64.0 17.2 18.7
20 to 24 years.................................... 267 100.0 62.7 19.6 17.6
25 to 54 years.................................... 2,139 100.0 68.9 17.0 14.1
55 to 64 years.................................... 625 100.0 56.5 18.8 24.7
65 years and over................................. 168 100.0 32.5 10.3 57.2
White............................................. 5,673 100.0 68.1 15.3 16.6
Black or African American......................... 1,155 100.0 59.9 25.3 14.8
Asian............................................. 309 100.0 63.4 19.6 17.0
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity...................... 1,219 100.0 68.0 15.9 16.1
Reason for job loss
Plant or company closed down or moved............. 2,350 100.0 67.0 15.5 17.5
Insufficient work................................. 2,839 100.0 66.1 18.4 15.6
Position or shift abolished....................... 2,252 100.0 66.7 16.7 16.6
Occupation of lost job (2)
Management, professional, and related occupations 2,470 100.0 71.5 13.6 14.9
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations................................... 1,149 100.0 71.0 16.0 13.0
Professional and related occupations........... 1,320 100.0 71.9 11.6 16.6
Service occupations.............................. 949 100.0 65.8 15.7 18.5
Sales and office occupations..................... 1,794 100.0 64.7 16.2 19.1
Sales and related occupations.................. 759 100.0 66.2 15.9 17.9
Office and administrative support occupations.. 1,035 100.0 63.6 16.4 19.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations..................................... 878 100.0 67.3 21.3 11.4
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations..... 22 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Construction and extraction occupations........ 567 100.0 68.8 20.5 10.8
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations................................... 289 100.0 66.3 22.7 11.1
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations..................................... 1,082 100.0 63.1 20.0 16.9
Production occupations......................... 567 100.0 63.6 20.4 16.0
Transportation and material moving occupations 515 100.0 62.5 19.7 17.8
Industry and class of worker of lost job (2)
Agriculture and related industries wage and salary
workers.......................................... 26 100.0 (3) (3) (3)
Nonagricultural industries wage and salary workers 7,107 100.0 67.2 16.5 16.4
Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers 6,771 100.0 67.1 16.5 16.4
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas
extraction..................................... 190 100.0 62.5 24.4 13.0
Construction.............................. 605 100.0 72.7 16.4 10.9
Manufacturing............................. 1,055 100.0 65.6 16.4 18.0
Durable goods........................ 665 100.0 65.6 15.7 18.7
Nondurable goods..................... 390 100.0 65.6 17.6 16.8
Wholesale and retail trade................ 1,081 100.0 62.7 17.1 20.2
Transportation and utilities.............. 292 100.0 62.7 14.7 22.6
Information............................... 260 100.0 68.4 20.4 11.2
Financial activities...................... 555 100.0 67.6 18.6 13.8
Professional and business services........ 1,005 100.0 73.0 12.2 14.9
Education and health services............. 800 100.0 68.6 17.2 14.2
Leisure and hospitality................... 614 100.0 62.5 17.9 19.6
Other services............................ 308 100.0 66.9 15.4 17.7
Government wage and salary workers.............. 337 100.0 68.5 14.8 16.6
1 Data refer to all persons (regardless of years of tenure on lost job) who had lost or left a job
between January 2013 and December 2015 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work,
or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report occupation,
industry, or class of worker, not shown separately.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum
to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic
or Latino may be of any race.
United States Department of Labor
