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Economic News Release
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Employment Characteristics of Families News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, April 21, 2020 	             USDL-20-0670

Technical information:	cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902   *  PressOffice@bls.gov


              EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES -- 2019


In 2019, 4.9 percent of families included an unemployed person, down from
5.2 percent in 2018, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Of
the nation's 82.6 million families, 81.1 percent had at least one employed
member in 2019.

These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are
collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey
of about 60,000 households. Data in this news release are annual averages.
Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families
maintained by women or men without spouses present. Unless otherwise noted,
families include those with and without children under age 18. For further
information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Families and Unemployment

The number of families with at least one member unemployed decreased by
224,000 to 4.1 million in 2019. The proportion of families with an unemployed
person declined by 0.3 percentage point to 4.9 percent. (This is the lowest
proportion since 1994, the first year for which comparable data are available.)
In 2019, the proportion of families with an unemployed person was down for
White (4.5 percent), Black (7.9 percent), Asian (4.1 percent), and Hispanic
(6.6 percent) families. Black and Hispanic families remained more likely
to have an unemployed member than White or Asian families. (See table 1.) 

In 2019, among families with an unemployed member, 71.2 percent also had at
least one family member employed, up from 70.0 percent in the prior year.
The proportion of families with an unemployed member that had at least one
family member working full time grew to 62.4 percent in 2019. 

Among families with an unemployed member, Black families remained less likely
to also have at least one family member who was working (60.2 percent) than
White (73.7 percent), Asian (82.4 percent), and Hispanic (73.9 percent)
families. In 2019, the likelihood of families with an unemployed member also
having an employed family member increased for White and Hispanic families,
but changed little for Black and Asian families. 

In 2019, 3.9 percent of married-couple families had an unemployed member,
less than the corresponding percentages of families maintained by men or
families maintained by women (7.8 percent and 7.6 percent, respectively).
Among families with an unemployed member, those maintained by women were
less likely to also have an employed family member (53.7 percent) than 
families maintained by men and married-couple families (61.4 percent and
82.1 percent, respectively). (See table 3.)

Families and Employment

In 2019, 81.1 percent of families had at least one employed family member,
up from the prior year (80.8 percent). From 2018 to 2019, the likelihood
of having an employed family member increased for White (80.6 percent),
Black (80.0 percent), and Hispanic (88.3 percent) families and was little
different for Asian (88.4 percent) families. (See table 1.)

Families maintained by women remained less likely to have an employed
member (78.5 percent) in 2019 than families maintained by men (85.5 percent)
or married-couple families (81.2 percent). Among married-couple families,
both the husband and wife were employed in 49.4 percent of families. In
18.5 percent of married-couple families only the husband was employed,
and in 6.8 percent only the wife was employed. (See table 2.)

Families with Children

In 2019, 33.4 million families, or two-fifths of all families, included
children under age 18. (Children are sons, daughters, step-children, or
adopted children living in the household who are under age 18. Not included
are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related and unrelated children,
and children not living in the household.) At least one parent was employed
in 91.3 percent of families with children, an increase of 0.5 percentage
point from the previous year. Among married-couple families with children,
97.5 percent had at least one employed parent in 2019, and 64.2 percent had
both parents employed. Among families maintained by fathers, 85.2 percent
of fathers were employed, a greater share than the 75.4 percent of employed
mothers in families maintained by mothers. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Parents

The labor force participation rate--the percent of the population working
or looking for work--for all women with children under age 18 was 72.3 percent
in 2019, up from 71.5 percent in the prior year. Married mothers remained
less likely to participate in the labor force, at 69.9 percent, than mothers
with other marital statuses, at 77.6 percent. (Other marital status includes
persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married,
spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.) The unemployment
rate for married mothers was also considerably lower than for mothers with
other marital statuses--2.3 percent, compared with 5.9 percent. (See table 5.) 

Mothers with young children are less likely to be in the labor force than
those with older children. In 2019, the labor force participation rate of
mothers with children under age 6, at 66.4 percent, was lower than the rate
of those whose youngest child was age 6 to 17, at 76.8 percent. Among mothers
with children under age 3, the participation rate of married mothers was lower
than the rate of mothers with other marital statuses (62.2 percent versus 66.6
percent). The unemployment rate of mothers who were married and had children
under age 3, at 2.3 percent, was substantially lower than the rate for their
counterparts with other marital statuses, at 8.3 percent. (See tables 5 and 6.)

The labor force participation rate for all fathers with children under age 18
changed little at 93.4 percent in 2019. The participation rate for married
fathers, at 94.2 percent, continued to be higher than the rate of fathers
with other marital statuses (88.5 percent). Married fathers also continued
to have a lower unemployment rate (1.7 percent) than fathers with other marital
statuses (5.3 percent). (See table 5.)

Employed fathers remained more likely to work full time than employed mothers
in 2019; 96.2 percent of employed fathers worked full time, compared with 78.5
percent of employed mothers. Among employed mothers, those with older children
were more likely to work full time than those with younger children. In 2019,
80.3 percent of employed mothers with children ages 6 to 17 worked full time,
compared with 75.8 percent of mothers with children under age 6. Employed
fathers with younger and older children were about equally likely to work
full time, at 96.1 percent and 96.2 percent, respectively. 




Technical Note

   The estimates in this release are based on annual average data from the Current
Population Survey (CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible
households that provides information on the labor force status, demographics, and
other characteristics of the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16
and over.

   The data presented in this release are not strictly comparable with data for
earlier years due to the introduction of updated population estimates, or controls,
used in the CPS. The population controls are updated each year in January to reflect
the latest information about population change. Additional information is available
from the BLS website at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. 

   Upon request, the information in this release will be made available to individuals
who are sensory impaired: Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service:(800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When
a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the
sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and
this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 
90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ
by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for
many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of
respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing
of the data.

   Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and guidance on estimating
standard errors is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Definitions
	
   Definitions of the principal terms used in this release are described briefly below.
   
   Householder. The householder is the family reference person. This is the person (or
one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The relationship
of other individuals in the household is defined in terms of their relationship to the
householder. The race and Hispanic ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the
householder.
	
   Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by
birth, marriage, or adoption; all such individuals are considered members of one family. The
count of families is for "primary" families only. A primary family consists of a householder
and all other persons related to and residing with the householder. Sub-families are excluded
from the count of families. A sub-family is a family that does not maintain their own household,
such as a married couple living in the home of a friend and their family. In this example,
the report would include only one family (the householder's or primary family), not two. 
Families include those with and without children under age 18. Families are further categorized
as follows:

   --Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples residing together and any
     of their family members residing in the household.
   
   --Families maintained by women or men are made up of householders residing with one or
     more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include
     a same-sex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner of either sex.
	
   This release presents data for two marital status categories, defined below. Marital status is
based on a person's status at the time of the survey.
	
   Married, spouse present. Married, spouse present, includes persons in opposite-sex marriages
living together in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, on
vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.
	
   Other marital status. Other marital status includes persons who are never married; widowed;
divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.
Separated includes persons with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining
a divorce, and other persons permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord.
Married, spouse absent, includes opposite-sex married persons living apart because either the
husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away
from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence
for any other reason except separation as defined above.
	
   Children. Data on children refer to own children under age 18 that live in the household.
Included are sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or person
maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children,
and all unrelated children living in the household.
	
   Employed. Employed persons are all those who, during the survey reference week, (a) did any
work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm;
or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family.
Persons who were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, vacation, labor disputes,
or another reason also are counted as employed.
	
   Full-time workers. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at
all jobs.
	
   Part-time workers. Part-time workers are those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week
at all jobs.
	
   Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who had no employment during the reference week, were
available for work at that time, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a
job from which they had been laid off need not be looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
	
   Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all persons classified as employed or
unemployed. 
	
   Labor force participation rate. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a
percent of the population.
	
   Employment-population ratio. The employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of
the population.
	
   Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian
labor force.




Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018-2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic 2018 2019

EMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families

82,502 82,633

With at least one family member employed

66,655 67,006

As a percent of total families

80.8 81.1

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

61,159 61,551

With no family member employed

15,847 15,627

As a percent of total families

19.2 18.9

White

Total families

65,042 65,082

With at least one family member employed

52,264 52,435

As a percent of total families

80.4 80.6

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

47,973 48,146

With no family member employed

12,778 12,647

As a percent of total families

19.6 19.4

Black or African American

Total families

10,008 9,966

With at least one family member employed

7,934 7,975

As a percent of total families

79.3 80.0

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

7,149 7,228

With no family member employed

2,074 1,991

As a percent of total families

20.7 20.0

Asian

Total families

4,977 5,078

With at least one family member employed

4,393 4,487

As a percent of total families

88.3 88.4

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

4,159 4,251

With no family member employed

584 590

As a percent of total families

11.7 11.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families

13,194 13,281

With at least one family member employed

11,546 11,721

As a percent of total families

87.5 88.3

With at least one family member employed full time(1)

10,706 10,882

With no family member employed

1,649 1,559

As a percent of total families

12.5 11.7

UNEMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families

82,502 82,633

With at least one family member unemployed

4,300 4,076

As a percent of total families

5.2 4.9

Some family member(s) employed

3,012 2,902

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

70.0 71.2

Some family member(s) employed full time(1)

2,636 2,542

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

61.3 62.4

White

Total families

65,042 65,082

With at least one family member unemployed

3,042 2,903

As a percent of total families

4.7 4.5

Some family member(s) employed

2,184 2,139

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

71.8 73.7

Some family member(s) employed full time(1)

1,917 1,871

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

63.0 64.5

Black or African American

Total families

10,008 9,966

With at least one family member unemployed

837 791

As a percent of total families

8.4 7.9

Some family member(s) employed

504 476

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

60.3 60.2

Some family member employed full time(1)

437 416

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

52.3 52.6

Asian

Total families

4,977 5,078

With at least one family member unemployed

233 206

As a percent of total families

4.7 4.1

Some family member(s) employed

197 170

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

84.5 82.4

Some family member(s) employed full time(1)

175 154

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

75.1 74.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families

13,194 13,281

With at least one family member unemployed

918 879

As a percent of total families

7.0 6.6

Some family member(s) employed

657 650

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

71.5 73.9

Some family member(s) employed full time(1)

584 568

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

63.6 64.6

Footnotes
(1) Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

NOTE: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


Table 2. Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2018-2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Number Percent distribution
2018 2019 2018 2019

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES(1)

Total

60,094 60,300 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed

48,791 48,984 81.2 81.2

Husband only

11,469 11,163 19.1 18.5

Wife only

4,085 4,078 6.8 6.8

Husband and wife

29,317 29,809 48.8 49.4

Other employment combinations

3,921 3,934 6.5 6.5

With no family member employed

11,302 11,317 18.8 18.8

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN(2)

Total

15,452 15,317 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed

12,003 12,025 77.7 78.5

Householder only

6,250 6,163 40.4 40.2

Householder and other member(s)

3,484 3,548 22.5 23.2

Other member(s), not householder

2,269 2,315 14.7 15.1

With no family member employed

3,449 3,292 22.3 21.5

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN(2)

Total

6,956 7,016 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed

5,861 5,998 84.3 85.5

Householder only

2,703 2,724 38.9 38.8

Householder and other member(s)

2,173 2,268 31.2 32.3

Other member(s), not householder

985 1,006 14.2 14.3

With no family member employed

1,096 1,018 15.7 14.5

Footnotes
(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.
(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


Table 3. Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2018-2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Number Percent distribution
2018 2019 2018 2019

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES(1)

With at least one family member unemployed, total

2,528 2,367 4.2 3.9

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed

2,075 1,942 82.1 82.1

No family member employed

452 425 17.9 17.9

Unemployment of family members

Husband unemployed(2)

877 784 34.7 33.1

Wife employed

558 506 22.1 21.4

Wife unemployed, husband employed or not in labor force

766 712 30.3 30.1

Husband employed

654 604 25.9 25.5

Other family member(s) unemployed

885 871 35.0 36.8

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN(3)

With at least one family member unemployed, total

1,233 1,163 8.0 7.6

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed

633 624 51.4 53.7

No family member employed

600 538 48.6 46.3

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed

559 510 45.4 43.8

Other member(s) employed

154 152 12.5 13.1

Other family member(s) unemployed

673 653 54.6 56.2

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN(3)

With at least one family member unemployed, total

539 547 7.7 7.8

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed

303 336 56.2 61.4

No family member employed

236 211 43.8 38.6

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed

306 286 56.7 52.4

Other member(s) employed

125 137 23.2 25.1

Other family member(s) unemployed

233 260 43.3 47.6

Footnotes
(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.
(2) Total families with unemployed husbands, including those with unemployed wives.
(3) No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type, 2018-2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic Number Percent distribution
2018 2019 2018 2019

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Total families

33,632 33,399 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

30,522 30,484 90.8 91.3

No parent employed

3,109 2,915 9.2 8.7

Married-couple families(1)

Total

22,883 22,854 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

22,296 22,275 97.4 97.5

Mother employed

15,545 15,736 67.9 68.9

Both parents employed

14,407 14,661 63.0 64.2

Mother employed, not father

1,138 1,075 5.0 4.7

Father employed, not mother

6,751 6,539 29.5 28.6

Neither parent employed

586 579 2.6 2.5

Families maintained by mother(2)

Total

8,125 7,914 100.0 100.0

Mother employed

6,018 5,966 74.1 75.4

Mother not employed

2,108 1,948 25.9 24.6

Families maintained by father(2)

Total

2,624 2,631 100.0 100.0

Father employed

2,209 2,243 84.2 85.2

Father not employed

416 389 15.8 14.8

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Total families

19,377 19,297 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

17,627 17,630 91.0 91.4

No parent employed

1,751 1,667 9.0 8.6

Married-couple families(1)

Total

12,859 12,846 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

12,488 12,463 97.1 97.0

Mother employed

9,384 9,406 73.0 73.2

Both parents employed

8,643 8,680 67.2 67.6

Mother employed, not father

741 725 5.8 5.6

Father employed, not mother

3,104 3,058 24.1 23.8

Neither parent employed

370 382 2.9 3.0

Families maintained by mother(2)

Total

5,028 4,868 100.0 100.0

Mother employed

3,887 3,845 77.3 79.0

Mother not employed

1,141 1,023 22.7 21.0

Families maintained by father(2)

Total

1,491 1,583 100.0 100.0

Father employed

1,251 1,321 83.9 83.5

Father not employed

240 262 16.1 16.5

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Total families

14,254 14,102 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

12,896 12,855 90.5 91.2

No parent employed

1,359 1,248 9.5 8.8

Married-couple families(1)

Total

10,024 10,008 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed

9,808 9,812 97.8 98.0

Mother employed

6,161 6,330 61.5 63.3

Both parents employed

5,764 5,981 57.5 59.8

Mother employed, not father

396 350 4.0 3.5

Father employed, not mother

3,647 3,482 36.4 34.8

Neither parent employed

216 196 2.2 2.0

Families maintained by mother(2)

Total

3,097 3,046 100.0 100.0

Mother employed

2,130 2,121 68.8 69.6

Mother not employed

967 925 31.2 30.4

Families maintained by father(2)

Total

1,133 1,048 100.0 100.0

Father employed

957 921 84.5 87.9

Father not employed

176 127 15.5 12.1

Footnotes
(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.
(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children under 18, 2018-2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic 2018 2019
Total Men Women Total Men Women

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population

64,235 28,913 35,321 63,638 28,658 34,979

Civilian labor force

52,206 26,967 25,239 52,033 26,756 25,277

Participation rate

81.3 93.3 71.5 81.8 93.4 72.3

Employed

50,590 26,316 24,274 50,551 26,162 24,390

Full-time workers(1)

44,177 25,231 18,946 44,303 25,159 19,144

Part-time workers(2)

6,414 1,085 5,328 6,248 1,002 5,246

Employment-population ratio

78.8 91.0 68.7 79.4 91.3 69.7

Unemployed

1,616 651 965 1,482 594 888

Unemployment rate

3.1 2.4 3.8 2.8 2.2 3.5

Married, spouse present(3)

Civilian noninstitutional population

49,007 24,809 24,198 48,746 24,613 24,132

Civilian labor force

40,043 23,341 16,703 40,040 23,175 16,866

Participation rate

81.7 94.1 69.0 82.1 94.2 69.9

Employed

39,183 22,895 16,288 39,242 22,770 16,472

Full-time workers(1)

34,625 22,044 12,581 34,708 21,988 12,720

Part-time workers(2)

4,558 851 3,707 4,534 782 3,752

Employment-population ratio

80.0 92.3 67.3 80.5 92.5 68.3

Unemployed

860 445 415 798 404 394

Unemployment rate

2.1 1.9 2.5 2.0 1.7 2.3

Other marital status(4)

Civilian noninstitutional population

15,228 4,104 11,123 14,892 4,045 10,847

Civilian labor force

12,163 3,627 8,536 11,993 3,581 8,412

Participation rate

79.9 88.4 76.7 80.5 88.5 77.6

Employed

11,407 3,421 7,987 11,309 3,392 7,918

Full-time workers(1)

9,552 3,187 6,365 9,595 3,171 6,424

Part-time workers(2)

1,856 234 1,622 1,714 220 1,493

Employment-population ratio

74.9 83.3 71.8 75.9 83.8 73.0

Unemployed

755 206 550 684 189 494

Unemployment rate

6.2 5.7 6.4 5.7 5.3 5.9

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Civilian noninstitutional population

35,880 15,995 19,886 35,706 15,987 19,719

Civilian labor force

29,936 14,753 15,183 29,858 14,714 15,144

Participation rate

83.4 92.2 76.4 83.6 92.0 76.8

Employed

29,097 14,429 14,668 29,049 14,385 14,664

Full-time workers(1)

25,604 13,860 11,744 25,608 13,841 11,768

Part-time workers(2)

3,493 569 2,924 3,441 544 2,897

Employment-population ratio

81.1 90.2 73.8 81.4 90.0 74.4

Unemployed

840 324 515 809 329 480

Unemployment rate

2.8 2.2 3.4 2.7 2.2 3.2

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population

28,354 12,919 15,436 27,932 12,672 15,260

Civilian labor force

22,270 12,214 10,056 22,175 12,042 10,133

Participation rate

78.5 94.5 65.1 79.4 95.0 66.4

Employed

21,494 11,888 9,606 21,502 11,777 9,725

Full-time workers(1)

18,573 11,371 7,201 18,695 11,319 7,376

Part-time workers(2)

2,921 516 2,405 2,807 458 2,349

Employment-population ratio

75.8 92.0 62.2 77.0 92.9 63.7

Unemployed

776 327 449 673 265 408

Unemployment rate

3.5 2.7 4.5 3.0 2.2 4.0

WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population

193,556 95,765 97,791 195,538 96,695 98,842

Civilian labor force

109,869 59,129 50,740 111,506 59,931 51,574

Participation rate

56.8 61.7 51.9 57.0 62.0 52.2

Employed

105,171 56,382 48,789 106,987 57,299 49,688

Full-time workers(1)

84,396 47,704 36,692 86,294 48,664 37,630

Part-time workers(2)

20,775 8,678 12,096 20,693 8,634 12,059

Employment-population ratio

54.3 58.9 49.9 54.7 59.3 50.3

Unemployed

4,698 2,747 1,951 4,519 2,633 1,886

Unemployment rate

4.3 4.6 3.8 4.1 4.4 3.7

Footnotes
(1) Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.
(2) Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.
(3) Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
(4) Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


Table 6. Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest child and marital status, 2018-2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic 2018 2019
With own children under 3 years old With own children under 3 years old
Total 2 years 1 year Under 1
year
Total 2 years 1 year Under 1
year

TOTAL MOTHERS

Civilian noninstitutional population

8,825 2,842 3,133 2,849 8,685 2,673 3,171 2,842

Civilian labor force

5,462 1,858 1,956 1,648 5,512 1,778 2,032 1,702

Participation rate

61.9 65.4 62.4 57.8 63.5 66.5 64.1 59.9

Employed

5,210 1,775 1,866 1,569 5,284 1,707 1,947 1,630

Full-time workers(1)

3,827 1,323 1,347 1,157 3,940 1,271 1,463 1,206

Part-time workers(2)

1,383 452 519 412 1,344 436 485 424

Employment-population ratio

59.0 62.5 59.6 55.1 60.8 63.9 61.4 57.4

Unemployed

251 83 90 78 228 71 85 72

Unemployment rate

4.6 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.2

Married, spouse present(3)

Civilian noninstitutional population

6,195 1,996 2,195 2,004 6,187 1,896 2,278 2,013

Civilian labor force

3,694 1,221 1,328 1,145 3,849 1,192 1,438 1,219

Participation rate

59.6 61.2 60.5 57.1 62.2 62.9 63.2 60.5

Employed

3,597 1,187 1,294 1,116 3,759 1,165 1,404 1,191

Full-time workers(1)

2,656 881 945 831 2,825 869 1,064 891

Part-time workers(2)

940 306 349 285 934 295 340 299

Employment-population ratio

58.1 59.4 59.0 55.7 60.8 61.4 61.6 59.1

Unemployed

97 35 33 29 90 27 34 28

Unemployment rate

2.6 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3

Other marital status(4)

Civilian noninstitutional population

2,630 846 938 845 2,499 777 893 828

Civilian labor force

1,768 637 628 503 1,663 586 594 483

Participation rate

67.2 75.2 67.0 59.5 66.6 75.4 66.5 58.3

Employed

1,614 589 572 453 1,525 542 544 439

Full-time workers(1)

1,170 442 402 327 1,116 402 399 315

Part-time workers(2)

443 147 170 127 410 140 145 124

Employment-population ratio

61.4 69.5 60.9 53.6 61.0 69.8 60.8 53.0

Unemployed

154 48 57 50 138 44 50 44

Unemployment rate

8.7 7.6 9.0 9.8 8.3 7.5 8.5 9.1

Footnotes
(1) Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.
(2) Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.
(3) Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
(4) Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


Last Modified Date: April 21, 2020