State Job Openings and Labor Turnover News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, March 21, 2023	USDL-23-0538
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

			STATE JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2023

Job openings rates decreased in 13 states and the District of Columbia and increased in 3 states on the 
last business day of January, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires rates increased in 
7 states and decreased in 4 states. Total separations rates increased in 4 states and decreased in 4 states. 
Nationally, the job openings rate decreased in January, while the hires and total separations rates showed 
little or no change.

This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, total separations, quits, and 
layoffs and discharges for the total nonfarm sector and for all states and the District of Columbia. 

Job Openings

In January, job openings rates decreased in 13 states and the District of Columbia, increased in 3 states, 
and were little changed in 34 states. The largest decreases in job openings rates occurred in North 
Dakota (-1.8 percentage points), Iowa (-1.7 points), and Michigan (-1.6 points). The increases occurred 
in Georgia and South Dakota (+0.8 point each), as well as in Florida (+0.5 point). Over the month, the 
national job openings rate decreased (-0.3 point). (See table A.)

The number of job openings decreased in 13 states and the District of Columbia, increased in 5 states, 
and was little changed in 32 states in January. The largest decreases in the job openings level occurred in 
California (-163,000), Texas (-98,000), and Michigan (-78,000). The largest increases occurred in 
Florida (+59,000), Georgia (+48,000), and New Hampshire (+5,000). Nationally, the number of job 
openings decreased over the month (-410,000). (See table A.)

Hires

In January, hires rates increased in 7 states, decreased in 4 states, and were little changed in 39 states 
and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in hires rates occurred in Arizona and South Dakota 
(+0.8 percentage point each), as well as in Ohio and Pennsylvania (+0.6 point each). The largest 
decreases occurred in Missouri (-1.1 points), Minnesota (-0.9 point), and North Dakota (-0.7 point). The 
national hires rate was little changed over the month. (See table B.)

The number of hires increased in 8 states, decreased in 3 states, and was little changed in 39 states and 
the District of Columbia in January. The largest increases in the hires level occurred in California 
(+87,000), Pennsylvania (+38,000), and Ohio (+35,000). The decreases occurred in Missouri and North 
Carolina (-32,000 each), as well as in Minnesota (-24,000). Nationally, the number of hires was little 
changed over the month. (See table B.)

Total Separations

In January, total separations rates increased in 4 states, decreased in 4 states, and were little changed in 
42 states and the District of Columbia. The increases in total separations rates occurred in Alaska  
(+1.1 percentage points) and Georgia (+0.8 point), as well as in Minnesota and North Carolina (+0.7 
point each). The largest decreases occurred in Idaho (-1.1 points) and in Iowa and Utah (-0.7 point 
each). Over the month, the national total separations rate was unchanged. (See table C.)

In January, the number of total separations increased in 5 states, decreased in 4 states, and was little 
changed in 41 states and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in the total separations level 
occurred in Georgia (+36,000), North Carolina (+34,000), and Minnesota (+21,000). The largest 
decreases occurred in Indiana (-17,000), Iowa (-12,000), and Utah (-11,000). Nationally, the number of 
total separations was little changed over the month. (See table C.)
 
Quits

In January, quits rates decreased in 8 states, increased in 1 state, and were little changed in 41 states and 
the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in quits rates occurred in Idaho and Utah (-0.9 
percentage point each) and in Wyoming (-0.7 point). The increase occurred in Maryland (+0.5 point). 
Over the month, the national quits rate was little changed. (See table D.)

The number of quits decreased in 8 states, increased in 1 state, and was little changed in 41 states and 
the District of Columbia in January. The largest decreases in the quits level occurred in Texas 
(-47,000), Florida (-25,000), and Utah (-13,000). The increase occurred in Maryland (+13,000). 
Nationally, the number of quits decreased over the month (-207,000). (See table D.)
 
Layoffs and Discharges 

In January, layoffs and discharges rates increased in 10 states, decreased in 1 state, and were little 
changed in 39 states and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in layoffs and discharges rates 
occurred in Alaska (+1.2 percentage points), North Carolina (+0.7 point), and Florida (+0.6 point). The 
decrease occurred in Indiana (-0.3 point). Over the month, the national layoffs and discharges rate was 
little changed. (See table E.)

The number of layoffs and discharges increased in 10 states, decreased in 2 states, and was little 
changed in 38 states and the District of Columbia in January. The largest increases in the layoffs and 
discharges levels occurred in Florida (+58,000), North Carolina (+34,000), and Texas (+33,000). The 
decreases occurred in Indiana and Missouri (-10,000 each). Nationally, the number of layoffs and 
discharges increased over the month (+241,000). (See table E.)

For more information, please see the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) interactive 
charts at www.bls.gov/charts/state-job-openings-and-labor-turnover/state-job-openings-rates.htm#.  
	
_____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey State estimates for February 2023 are scheduled 
to be released on Wednesday, April 19, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|		Changes to Annual Estimates for States from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover			|
|						 Survey								|
|														|
|Effective with the release of the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) national data for 		|
|January on March 8, 2023, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) published historical annual average job 	|
|openings levels and rates for states. State annual averages for 2001 through 2021 are available in the 	|
|BLS database at www.bls.gov/jlt/data.htm. 									|
|														|
|Also effective with the release of national data on March 8, 2023, JOLTS modified its method for 		|
|calculating annual estimates for hires and separations rates. Annual rates are computed as annual 		|
|averages, instead of annual totals, to make the estimates more helpful for data users and to be consistent 	|
|with other BLS programs. State annual average hires and separations rates for 2001 through 2021 are 		|
|available in the BLS database. 										|
|														|
|The 2022 state annual estimates will be published on July 26, 2023.						|
|														|
|Additional information about these changes, including the annual average calculation method, is 		|
|available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm.								|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________|


Table A: States with significant changes in job openings from Dec 2022 to Jan 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Dec   |   Jan  | Over-the-month |   Dec  |   Jan  | Over-the-month
                       |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............|11,234  |10,824  |     -410       |   6.8  |   6.5  |     -0.3        
California.............|  1219  |  1056  |     -163       |   6.4  |   5.6  |     -0.8
Connecticut............|   110  |    97  |      -13       |   6.2  |   5.5  |     -0.7
Delaware...............|    38  |    35  |       -3*      |   7.6  |   6.8  |     -0.8
District of Columbia...|    55  |    45  |      -10       |   6.6  |   5.5  |     -1.1
Florida................|   647  |   706  |       59       |   6.3  |   6.8  |      0.5
Georgia................|   388  |   436  |       48       |   7.4  |   8.2  |      0.8
Idaho..................|    65  |    58  |       -7       |   7.3  |   6.4  |     -0.9
Indiana................|   221  |   206  |      -15       |   6.4  |   6.0  |     -0.4*
Iowa...................|   135  |   104  |      -31       |   7.8  |   6.1  |     -1.7
Maine..................|    48  |    42  |       -6       |   6.9  |   6.1  |     -0.8
Michigan...............|   369  |   291  |      -78       |   7.8  |   6.2  |     -1.6
Minnesota..............|   231  |   212  |      -19       |   7.2  |   6.7  |     -0.5
New Hampshire..........|    51  |    56  |        5       |   6.8  |   7.4  |      0.6*
New Mexico.............|    70  |    63  |       -7       |   7.6  |   6.8  |     -0.8
North Dakota...........|    35  |    26  |       -9       |   7.5  |   5.7  |     -1.8
Ohio...................|   409  |   389  |      -20*      |   6.9  |   6.5  |     -0.4
Oregon.................|   153  |   140  |      -13       |   7.1  |   6.6  |     -0.5*
South Dakota...........|    33  |    37  |        4       |   6.7  |   7.5  |      0.8
Tennessee..............|   263  |   243  |      -20       |   7.4  |   6.8  |     -0.6
Texas..................|  1033  |   935  |      -98       |   7.0  |   6.4  |     -0.6
Vermont................|    22  |    25  |        3       |   6.7  |   7.5  |      0.8*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.


Table B: States with significant changes in hires from Dec 2022 to Jan 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Dec   |   Jan  | Over-the-month |   Dec  |   Jan  | Over-the-month
                       |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............| 6,251  | 6,372  |      121       |   4.0  |   4.1  |      0.1        
Arizona................|   135  |   159  |       24       |   4.3  |   5.1  |      0.8
California.............|   542  |   629  |       87       |   3.0  |   3.5  |      0.5
Idaho..................|    37  |    43  |        6       |   4.5  |   5.1  |      0.6*
Minnesota..............|   126  |   102  |      -24       |   4.3  |   3.4  |     -0.9
Missouri...............|   147  |   115  |      -32       |   5.0  |   3.9  |     -1.1
North Carolina.........|   239  |   207  |      -32       |   4.9  |   4.3  |     -0.6
North Dakota...........|    19  |    16  |       -3*      |   4.4  |   3.7  |     -0.7
Ohio...................|   195  |   230  |       35       |   3.5  |   4.1  |      0.6
Pennsylvania...........|   183  |   221  |       38       |   3.0  |   3.6  |      0.6
South Dakota...........|    20  |    24  |        4       |   4.4  |   5.2  |      0.8
Washington.............|   138  |   160  |       22       |   3.9  |   4.4  |      0.5
Wisconsin..............|   112  |   128  |       16       |   3.8  |   4.3  |      0.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.


Table C: States with significant changes in total separations from Dec 2022 to Jan 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Dec   |   Jan  | Over-the-month |   Dec  |   Jan  | Over-the-month
                       |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............| 5,906  | 5,902  |       -4       |   3.8  |   3.8  |      0.0        
Alaska.................|    18  |    22  |        4       |   5.6  |   6.7  |      1.1
Arkansas...............|    55  |    64  |        9       |   4.2  |   4.7  |      0.5*
Georgia................|   220  |   256  |       36       |   4.5  |   5.3  |      0.8
Idaho..................|    47  |    39  |       -8       |   5.7  |   4.6  |     -1.1
Indiana................|   154  |   137  |      -17       |   4.8  |   4.2  |     -0.6
Iowa...................|    67  |    55  |      -12       |   4.2  |   3.5  |     -0.7
Minnesota..............|    89  |   110  |       21       |   3.0  |   3.7  |      0.7
North Carolina.........|   175  |   209  |       34       |   3.6  |   4.3  |      0.7
Utah...................|    82  |    71  |      -11       |   4.9  |   4.2  |     -0.7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.


Table D: States with significant changes in quits from Dec 2022 to Jan 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Dec   |   Jan  | Over-the-month |   Dec  |   Jan  | Over-the-month
                       |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............| 4,091  | 3,884  |     -207       |   2.6  |   2.5  |     -0.1        
Colorado...............|    93  |    81  |      -12       |   3.2  |   2.8  |     -0.4
Florida................|   287  |   262  |      -25       |   3.0  |   2.7  |     -0.3*
Idaho..................|    34  |    27  |       -7       |   4.1  |   3.2  |     -0.9
Indiana................|    99  |    91  |       -8*      |   3.1  |   2.8  |     -0.3
Iowa...................|    43  |    37  |       -6       |   2.7  |   2.3  |     -0.4
Maryland...............|    55  |    68  |       13       |   2.0  |   2.5  |      0.5
Oregon.................|    62  |    54  |       -8       |   3.1  |   2.7  |     -0.4*
Texas..................|   440  |   393  |      -47       |   3.2  |   2.9  |     -0.3
Utah...................|    63  |    50  |      -13       |   3.8  |   2.9  |     -0.9
Virginia...............|   109  |    96  |      -13*      |   2.7  |   2.3  |     -0.4
Wyoming................|    12  |    10  |       -2       |   4.2  |   3.5  |     -0.7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.


Table E: States with significant changes in layoffs and discharges from Dec 2022 to Jan 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Dec   |   Jan  | Over-the-month |   Dec  |   Jan  | Over-the-month
                       |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2022  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............| 1,475  | 1,716  |      241       |   1.0  |   1.1  |      0.1        
Alaska.................|     4  |     8  |        4       |   1.2  |   2.4  |      1.2
Arizona................|    22  |    30  |        8*      |   0.7  |   1.0  |      0.3
Florida................|    68  |   126  |       58       |   0.7  |   1.3  |      0.6
Georgia................|    47  |    74  |       27       |   1.0  |   1.5  |      0.5
Illinois...............|    61  |    82  |       21       |   1.0  |   1.3  |      0.3
Indiana................|    49  |    39  |      -10       |   1.5  |   1.2  |     -0.3
Louisiana..............|    21  |    31  |       10       |   1.1  |   1.6  |      0.5
Minnesota..............|    24  |    35  |       11       |   0.8  |   1.2  |      0.4
Missouri...............|    42  |    32  |      -10       |   1.4  |   1.1  |     -0.3*
North Carolina.........|    42  |    76  |       34       |   0.9  |   1.6  |      0.7
Oregon.................|    13  |    21  |        8       |   0.7  |   1.1  |      0.4
South Carolina.........|    24  |    33  |        9       |   1.1  |   1.5  |      0.4*
Texas..................|   114  |   147  |       33       |   0.8  |   1.1  |      0.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The
JOLTS program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about
the JOLTS program can be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. State estimates are published for
job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all
private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian federal, state, and local government entities in the 50
states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for January 2023, industries are classified in
accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay
period that includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term,
seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other
paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on
strike for the entire pay period, and employees on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not
counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside
contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where
they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the
reference month. A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be
full-time or part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate
during that time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position.
Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include
advertising in newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help
wanted” signs, networking, or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications;
interviewing candidates; contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs,
state or local employment offices, or similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from
layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future;
positions for which employees have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work; and
positions to be filled by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside
contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job openings by
the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly
hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal
employees; employees who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension
from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after
having been formally separated; workers who were hired and separated during the month, and transfers
from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions within the reporting location, employees
returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside
contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month
and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include
employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs
and discharges includes involuntary separations initiated by the employer, such as layoffs with no
intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days;
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause;
terminations of permanent or short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or
not they are expected to return the next season). Other separations include retirements, transfers to
other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. Other separations comprise
less than 8 percent of total separations. Other separations rates are generally very low, and other
separations variance estimates are relatively high. Consequently, the other separations component is not
published for states. Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; 
employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The
separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that
quotient by 100. The quits and layoffs and discharges rates are computed similarly.

State Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business
and government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and
establishment size class. The JOLTS sample of 21,000 establishments does not directly support the
production of sample-based state estimates. However, state estimates have been produced by combining the
available sample with model-based estimates. 

The state estimates consist of four major estimating models; the Composite Regional model (an unpublished 
intermediate model), the Synthetic model (an unpublished intermediate model), the Composite Synthetic 
model (published historical series through the most current benchmark year), and the Extended Composite 
Synthetic model (published current-year monthly series). The Composite Regional model uses JOLTS microdata, 
JOLTS regional published estimates, and Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment data. The
Composite Synthetic model uses JOLTS microdata and Synthetic model estimates derived from monthly
employment changes in microdata from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), and
JOLTS published regional data. The Extended Composite Synthetic model extends the Composite Synthetic 
estimates by ratio-adjusting the Composite Synthetic model by the ratio of the current Composite
Regional model estimate to the Composite Regional model estimate from the previous year.

The Extended Composite Synthetic model (and its major component—the Composite Regional
model) is used to extend the Composite Synthetic estimates because all of the inputs required by this
model are available at the time monthly estimate are produced. In contrast, the Composite Synthetic model
(and its major component—the Synthetic model) can only be produced when the latest QCEW data are
available. The Extended Composite Synthetic model estimates are used to extend the Composite Synthetic
model estimates during the annual JOLTS retabulation process. The extension of the Composite
Synthetic model using current data-based Composite Regional model estimates ensures that the Composite
Synthetic model estimates reflect current economic trends.

The Composite Regional approach calculates state-level JOLTS estimates from JOLTS microdata
using sample weights and the adjustments for nonresponse. The Composite Regional estimate is then
benchmarked to CES state-supersector employment to produce state-supersector estimates. The JOLTS
sample, by itself, cannot ensure a reasonably sized sample for each state-supersector cell. The small
JOLTS sample results in several state-supersector cells that lack enough data to produce a reasonable
estimate. To overcome this issue, the state-level estimates derived directly from the JOLTS sample
are augmented using JOLTS regional estimates when the number of respondents is low (that is, less than
30). This approach is known as a composite estimate, which leverages the small JOLTS sample to the
greatest extent possible and supplements that with a model-based estimate. Previous research has found
that regional industry estimates are a good proxy at finer levels of geographical detail. That is, one can
make a reliable prediction of JOLTS estimates at the regional-level using only national industry-level
JOLTS rates. The assumption in this approach is that one can make a good prediction of JOLTS estimates
at the state-level using only regional industry-level JOLTS rates.)

In this approach, the JOLTS microdata-based estimate is used, without model augmentation, in all
state-supersector cells that have 30 or more respondents. The JOLTS regional estimate will be
used, without a sample-based component, in all state-supersector cells that have fewer than five
respondents. In all state-supersector cells with 5 to 30 respondents, an estimate is calculated that is a
composition of a weighted estimate of the microdata-based estimate and a weighted estimate of the JOLTS
regional estimate. The weight assigned to the JOLTS data in those cells is proportional the number of
JOLTS respondents in the cell (weight=n∕30, where n is the number of respondents). The sum of state
estimates within a region is made equal to the aligned regional JOLTS published regional estimates.

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) to
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all
relevant data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving
averages are used as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes
both additive and multiplicative models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA)
modeling, to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect
and adjust for outliers in the series.

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS state estimates utilize and leverage data from
three BLS programs; JOLTS, CES, and QCEW. These state estimates are published as a historical
series made up of a historical annually revised benchmark component of the Composite Synthetic
model and a current component of the Extended Composite Synthetic model that provides monthly
"real-time" estimates between lagged benchmarks. 

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios 
are applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect
updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally
adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was
established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations
are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published
monthly levels by 12.

Annual average rates for hires, total separations quits, and layoffs and discharges are calculated by
dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly
JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the
sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.)

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a
chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the
standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of
confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance that the true population mean will fall into the
interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard
errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard
errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. For sampling error estimates, see
www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the
population, the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of
respondents to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the
collection or processing of the data, and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.
The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

The JOLTS state variance estimates account for both sampling error and the error attributable to
modeling. A small area domain model uses a Bayesian approach to develop estimates of JOLTS
state variance. The small area model uses QCEW-based JOLTS synthetic model data to generate a
Bayesian prior distribution, then updates the prior distribution using JOLTS microdata and samplebased
variance estimates at the state and US Census regional level to generate a Bayesian posterior
distribution. Once the Bayesian posterior distribution has been generated, estimates of JOLTS state
variances are made by drawing 2,500 estimates from the Bayesian posterior distribution. This Bayesian
approach thus indirectly accounts for sampling error and directly for model error.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access
telecommunications relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	11,487	10,471	10,746	11,234	10,824	7.1	6.4	6.5	6.8	6.5
Alabama	151	156	154	161	162	6.8	6.9	6.8	7.1	7.0
Alaska	33	30	29	31	30	9.4	8.5	8.2	8.7	8.4
Arizona	236	231	214	214	225	7.2	6.9	6.5	6.4	6.7
Arkansas	92	103	95	103	108	6.6	7.2	6.7	7.2	7.4
California	1,148	1,212	1,239	1,219	1,056	6.3	6.4	6.5	6.4	5.6
Colorado	236	231	215	213	209	7.7	7.4	6.9	6.9	6.8
Connecticut	108	96	100	110	97	6.2	5.4	5.7	6.2	5.5
Delaware	36	38	37	38	35	7.4	7.6	7.4	7.6	6.8
District of Columbia	45	48	46	55	45	5.6	5.9	5.6	6.6	5.5
Florida	704	562	637	647	706	7.1	5.6	6.2	6.3	6.8
Georgia	394	396	392	388	436	7.7	7.6	7.5	7.4	8.2
Hawaii	48	38	34	39	41	7.4	5.8	5.2	5.9	6.1
Idaho	63	61	60	65	58	7.2	6.9	6.8	7.3	6.4
Illinois	484	374	416	474	464	7.5	5.8	6.4	7.2	7.1
Indiana	257	219	209	221	206	7.5	6.4	6.1	6.4	6.0
Iowa	123	106	117	135	104	7.3	6.3	6.9	7.8	6.1
Kansas	97	97	90	100	99	6.5	6.4	6.0	6.6	6.4
Kentucky	158	150	155	153	156	7.6	7.1	7.3	7.2	7.3
Louisiana	143	175	180	181	178	7.0	8.3	8.5	8.5	8.4
Maine	54	43	43	48	42	7.9	6.3	6.2	6.9	6.1
Maryland	212	188	198	203	206	7.3	6.4	6.8	6.9	7.0
Massachusetts	270	264	239	281	290	7.0	6.6	6.0	7.0	7.2
Michigan	357	280	286	369	291	7.7	6.0	6.1	7.8	6.2
Minnesota	260	206	185	231	212	8.3	6.5	5.9	7.2	6.7
Mississippi	84	85	86	88	91	6.8	6.9	6.9	7.0	7.2
Missouri	229	196	197	220	211	7.3	6.3	6.3	7.0	6.6
Montana	45	42	41	44	43	8.2	7.7	7.5	8.0	7.7
Nebraska	84	64	59	73	75	7.7	5.8	5.4	6.5	6.7
Nevada	113	106	104	114	114	7.3	6.7	6.6	7.2	6.9
New Hampshire	61	53	47	51	56	8.3	7.2	6.4	6.8	7.4
New Jersey	299	246	203	266	280	6.8	5.5	4.5	5.9	6.1
New Mexico	67	71	68	70	63	7.4	7.7	7.4	7.6	6.8
New York	591	509	442	473	452	6.0	5.1	4.4	4.7	4.5
North Carolina	352	365	363	367	351	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	6.7
North Dakota	34	25	28	35	26	7.4	5.5	6.1	7.5	5.7
Ohio	388	356	345	409	389	6.7	6.1	5.9	6.9	6.5
Oklahoma	119	124	132	135	139	6.7	6.8	7.2	7.3	7.4
Oregon	151	143	140	153	140	7.3	6.7	6.6	7.1	6.6
Pennsylvania	506	393	428	458	465	8.0	6.1	6.6	7.0	7.1
Rhode Island	39	35	33	37	38	7.4	6.6	6.2	6.9	7.1
South Carolina	181	169	182	188	178	7.7	7.0	7.5	7.7	7.3
South Dakota	37	29	30	33	37	7.7	6.0	6.2	6.7	7.5
Tennessee	258	244	259	263	243	7.5	7.0	7.3	7.4	6.8
Texas	940	933	886	1,033	935	6.7	6.4	6.1	7.0	6.4
Utah	124	107	111	112	113	7.0	6.0	6.2	6.3	6.2
Vermont	24	23	20	22	25	7.4	7.1	6.2	6.7	7.5
Virginia	310	356	320	344	333	7.2	8.0	7.2	7.7	7.5
Washington	221	230	214	242	248	6.0	6.1	5.7	6.4	6.5
West Virginia	57	61	66	69	71	7.6	7.9	8.4	8.9	9.2
Wisconsin	237	226	243	236	233	7.5	7.1	7.6	7.4	7.2
Wyoming	24	23	22	22	22	7.8	7.5	7.1	7.1	7.1
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	6,496	6,164	6,253	6,251	6,372	4.3	4.0	4.1	4.0	4.1
Alabama	106	116	98	103	99	5.2	5.5	4.7	4.9	4.6
Alaska	19	20	20	22	22	6.0	6.2	6.2	6.8	6.7
Arizona	156	141	130	135	159	5.2	4.5	4.2	4.3	5.1
Arkansas	63	61	62	67	62	4.8	4.6	4.7	5.1	4.6
California	638	634	585	542	629	3.7	3.6	3.3	3.0	3.5
Colorado	153	126	118	116	121	5.4	4.3	4.1	4.0	4.2
Connecticut	59	50	56	58	56	3.6	3.0	3.4	3.5	3.3
Delaware	27	25	24	24	22	6.0	5.4	5.2	5.2	4.6
District of Columbia	22	27	27	28	23	2.9	3.5	3.5	3.6	3.0
Florida	391	380	357	371	378	4.3	4.0	3.7	3.9	3.9
Georgia	266	245	228	248	259	5.7	5.1	4.7	5.1	5.3
Hawaii	30	23	20	24	28	5.0	3.7	3.2	3.9	4.5
Idaho	43	38	35	37	43	5.3	4.6	4.2	4.5	5.1
Illinois	254	241	241	257	262	4.3	4.0	3.9	4.2	4.3
Indiana	154	142	142	149	141	4.9	4.4	4.4	4.6	4.4
Iowa	61	57	67	64	61	3.9	3.6	4.2	4.0	3.8
Kansas	49	60	56	59	59	3.5	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.1
Kentucky	112	96	94	96	93	5.8	4.9	4.8	4.9	4.7
Louisiana	98	108	92	102	99	5.2	5.6	4.7	5.3	5.1
Maine	28	22	30	28	26	4.4	3.4	4.6	4.3	4.0
Maryland	99	111	113	113	115	3.7	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.2
Massachusetts	167	142	123	126	133	4.6	3.8	3.3	3.4	3.6
Michigan	182	171	166	175	171	4.2	3.9	3.8	4.0	3.9
Minnesota	106	104	107	126	102	3.7	3.5	3.6	4.3	3.4
Mississippi	55	51	53	58	57	4.7	4.4	4.6	5.0	4.8
Missouri	95	103	108	147	115	3.3	3.5	3.7	5.0	3.9
Montana	28	28	28	29	30	5.6	5.5	5.5	5.7	5.8
Nebraska	42	40	38	40	42	4.1	3.8	3.6	3.8	4.0
Nevada	71	76	73	74	75	5.0	5.2	4.9	5.0	4.9
New Hampshire	33	26	27	30	29	4.9	3.8	3.9	4.4	4.2
New Jersey	167	139	135	141	143	4.0	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.3
New Mexico	39	39	35	40	38	4.7	4.6	4.1	4.7	4.4
New York	310	262	282	323	309	3.3	2.7	2.9	3.4	3.2
North Carolina	273	229	223	239	207	5.9	4.7	4.6	4.9	4.3
North Dakota	19	16	19	19	16	4.5	3.7	4.4	4.4	3.7
Ohio	219	226	211	195	230	4.0	4.1	3.8	3.5	4.1
Oklahoma	84	75	82	85	85	5.1	4.4	4.8	5.0	4.9
Oregon	84	86	78	85	91	4.4	4.3	3.9	4.3	4.6
Pennsylvania	205	188	192	183	221	3.5	3.1	3.2	3.0	3.6
Rhode Island	23	19	19	22	21	4.7	3.8	3.8	4.4	4.2
South Carolina	114	96	109	113	108	5.2	4.3	4.9	5.0	4.8
South Dakota	19	19	21	20	24	4.3	4.2	4.6	4.4	5.2
Tennessee	162	164	162	161	166	5.1	5.0	5.0	4.9	5.0
Texas	536	554	609	608	583	4.1	4.1	4.5	4.4	4.2
Utah	81	69	66	79	85	4.9	4.1	3.9	4.7	5.0
Vermont	14	11	12	12	14	4.7	3.6	4.0	4.0	4.6
Virginia	169	164	174	177	178	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.3	4.3
Washington	133	135	132	138	160	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.9	4.4
West Virginia	34	34	36	37	37	4.9	4.8	5.0	5.2	5.3
Wisconsin	118	108	106	112	128	4.1	3.7	3.6	3.8	4.3
Wyoming	15	16	16	16	17	5.3	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.9
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	6,235	5,846	5,945	5,906	5,902	4.2	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.8
Alabama	97	100	96	99	94	4.7	4.8	4.6	4.7	4.4
Alaska	22	22	23	18	22	6.9	6.8	7.1	5.6	6.7
Arizona	155	151	145	125	125	5.1	4.9	4.7	4.0	4.0
Arkansas	57	58	65	55	64	4.4	4.4	4.9	4.2	4.7
California	667	540	592	598	571	3.9	3.0	3.3	3.3	3.2
Colorado	138	109	152	128	118	4.9	3.8	5.2	4.4	4.1
Connecticut	56	44	55	56	53	3.4	2.6	3.3	3.4	3.2
Delaware	21	23	22	21	21	4.6	5.0	4.8	4.6	4.4
District of Columbia	23	25	23	24	20	3.0	3.2	3.0	3.1	2.6
Florida	363	367	351	373	401	4.0	3.8	3.7	3.9	4.2
Georgia	246	243	238	220	256	5.2	5.0	4.9	4.5	5.3
Hawaii	23	23	24	23	20	3.9	3.7	3.9	3.7	3.2
Idaho	43	37	39	47	39	5.3	4.5	4.7	5.7	4.6
Illinois	199	215	256	210	232	3.3	3.5	4.2	3.4	3.8
Indiana	140	143	134	154	137	4.4	4.5	4.2	4.8	4.2
Iowa	65	60	70	67	55	4.2	3.8	4.4	4.2	3.5
Kansas	47	55	55	59	53	3.4	3.9	3.9	4.2	3.7
Kentucky	96	84	89	93	96	5.0	4.3	4.5	4.7	4.8
Louisiana	85	93	97	100	102	4.5	4.8	5.0	5.1	5.2
Maine	24	23	24	29	25	3.8	3.6	3.7	4.5	3.9
Maryland	94	106	102	90	100	3.5	3.9	3.7	3.3	3.7
Massachusetts	112	98	104	109	102	3.1	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.7
Michigan	181	154	158	160	167	4.2	3.5	3.6	3.7	3.8
Minnesota	91	106	100	89	110	3.2	3.6	3.4	3.0	3.7
Mississippi	57	61	55	53	52	4.9	5.3	4.8	4.6	4.4
Missouri	117	109	100	124	112	4.0	3.7	3.4	4.2	3.8
Montana	26	26	28	28	27	5.2	5.1	5.5	5.5	5.2
Nebraska	41	40	38	38	36	4.0	3.8	3.6	3.6	3.5
Nevada	69	69	70	69	69	4.8	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.5
New Hampshire	30	28	29	32	33	4.5	4.1	4.2	4.6	4.7
New Jersey	147	120	130	141	140	3.6	2.8	3.0	3.3	3.2
New Mexico	36	35	39	37	36	4.3	4.1	4.6	4.3	4.2
New York	271	270	233	280	288	2.9	2.8	2.4	2.9	3.0
North Carolina	202	206	196	175	209	4.3	4.3	4.0	3.6	4.3
North Dakota	19	17	17	18	17	4.5	3.9	3.9	4.2	3.9
Ohio	234	218	198	209	198	4.3	4.0	3.6	3.8	3.6
Oklahoma	72	76	74	75	74	4.3	4.5	4.4	4.4	4.3
Oregon	82	78	92	81	80	4.3	3.9	4.6	4.1	4.0
Pennsylvania	207	166	169	200	185	3.5	2.8	2.8	3.3	3.0
Rhode Island	19	21	17	22	22	3.9	4.2	3.4	4.4	4.4
South Carolina	104	95	97	111	110	4.8	4.2	4.3	4.9	4.8
South Dakota	18	18	18	18	18	4.1	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9
Tennessee	154	186	168	150	144	4.9	5.7	5.1	4.6	4.4
Texas	546	535	514	573	561	4.2	3.9	3.8	4.2	4.1
Utah	76	68	77	82	71	4.6	4.1	4.6	4.9	4.2
Vermont	14	11	12	12	13	4.7	3.6	4.0	4.0	4.2
Virginia	162	164	154	153	148	4.1	4.0	3.8	3.7	3.6
Washington	145	114	148	126	123	4.2	3.2	4.2	3.5	3.4
West Virginia	32	31	33	34	34	4.6	4.4	4.6	4.8	4.9
Wisconsin	102	98	95	102	98	3.5	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.3
Wyoming	16	15	16	17	15	5.7	5.3	5.6	5.9	5.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	4,391	4,048	4,148	4,091	3,884	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.5
Alabama	69	76	71	70	64	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.3	3.0
Alaska	16	14	13	13	13	5.0	4.4	4.0	4.0	4.0
Arizona	111	109	96	94	87	3.7	3.5	3.1	3.0	2.8
Arkansas	40	42	45	40	44	3.1	3.2	3.4	3.0	3.2
California	469	372	437	399	388	2.7	2.1	2.5	2.2	2.2
Colorado	96	70	89	93	81	3.4	2.4	3.1	3.2	2.8
Connecticut	38	29	35	35	34	2.3	1.7	2.1	2.1	2.0
Delaware	15	16	15	15	14	3.3	3.5	3.2	3.3	2.9
District of Columbia	16	18	15	16	13	2.1	2.3	1.9	2.1	1.7
Florida	262	280	266	287	262	2.9	2.9	2.8	3.0	2.7
Georgia	171	176	174	162	170	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.3	3.5
Hawaii	17	16	16	16	14	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.2
Idaho	28	25	25	34	27	3.4	3.0	3.0	4.1	3.2
Illinois	148	139	142	141	142	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3
Indiana	107	93	102	99	91	3.4	2.9	3.2	3.1	2.8
Iowa	43	43	50	43	37	2.8	2.7	3.2	2.7	2.3
Kansas	35	38	38	38	35	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.4
Kentucky	67	63	65	69	69	3.5	3.2	3.3	3.5	3.5
Louisiana	62	68	70	66	67	3.3	3.5	3.6	3.4	3.4
Maine	16	16	16	17	15	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.3
Maryland	70	71	73	55	68	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.0	2.5
Massachusetts	76	69	74	65	57	2.1	1.9	2.0	1.7	1.5
Michigan	144	111	108	111	100	3.3	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.3
Minnesota	64	74	74	60	69	2.2	2.5	2.5	2.0	2.3
Mississippi	43	44	39	37	36	3.7	3.8	3.4	3.2	3.1
Missouri	74	77	77	76	75	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.5
Montana	18	17	18	20	18	3.6	3.4	3.6	3.9	3.5
Nebraska	29	27	26	26	23	2.9	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.2
Nevada	44	46	46	49	45	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.3	2.9
New Hampshire	18	17	17	17	17	2.7	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.4
New Jersey	102	82	81	77	76	2.5	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.8
New Mexico	25	23	22	26	24	3.0	2.7	2.6	3.0	2.8
New York	174	163	155	183	176	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.9	1.8
North Carolina	130	156	137	127	126	2.8	3.2	2.8	2.6	2.6
North Dakota	14	12	11	12	11	3.3	2.8	2.6	2.8	2.5
Ohio	153	144	143	148	140	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.5
Oklahoma	52	55	55	49	48	3.1	3.3	3.2	2.9	2.8
Oregon	57	55	57	62	54	3.0	2.8	2.9	3.1	2.7
Pennsylvania	134	117	115	124	122	2.3	1.9	1.9	2.1	2.0
Rhode Island	12	13	11	12	12	2.5	2.6	2.2	2.4	2.4
South Carolina	80	69	71	79	72	3.7	3.1	3.2	3.5	3.2
South Dakota	13	13	13	13	12	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.6
Tennessee	109	125	122	105	102	3.4	3.8	3.7	3.2	3.1
Texas	418	411	408	440	393	3.2	3.0	3.0	3.2	2.9
Utah	51	48	52	63	50	3.1	2.9	3.1	3.8	2.9
Vermont	9	7	8	7	8	3.0	2.3	2.7	2.3	2.6
Virginia	119	122	108	109	96	3.0	3.0	2.6	2.7	2.3
Washington	88	77	99	89	85	2.6	2.2	2.8	2.5	2.4
West Virginia	24	23	24	23	23	3.5	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.3
Wisconsin	74	68	68	67	67	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.2
Wyoming	11	10	10	12	10	3.9	3.5	3.5	4.2	3.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Oct. 2022	Nov. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	1,425	1,525	1,485	1,475	1,716	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1
Alabama	23	21	21	23	24	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1
Alaska	4	6	9	4	8	1.3	1.9	2.8	1.2	2.4
Arizona	33	34	40	22	30	1.1	1.1	1.3	0.7	1.0
Arkansas	13	13	17	13	17	1.0	1.0	1.3	1.0	1.3
California	166	133	116	163	162	1.0	0.8	0.7	0.9	0.9
Colorado	28	34	55	23	30	1.0	1.2	1.9	0.8	1.0
Connecticut	14	13	17	17	13	0.9	0.8	1.0	1.0	0.8
Delaware	5	7	6	5	7	1.1	1.5	1.3	1.1	1.5
District of Columbia	6	7	6	5	6	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.6	0.8
Florida	83	71	69	68	126	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.7	1.3
Georgia	56	58	53	47	74	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.5
Hawaii	4	6	7	5	5	0.7	1.0	1.1	0.8	0.8
Idaho	11	10	11	10	9	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.1
Illinois	50	62	108	61	82	0.8	1.0	1.8	1.0	1.3
Indiana	22	42	29	49	39	0.7	1.3	0.9	1.5	1.2
Iowa	19	13	13	19	16	1.2	0.8	0.8	1.2	1.0
Kansas	9	13	14	17	15	0.6	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.0
Kentucky	25	18	21	19	23	1.3	0.9	1.1	1.0	1.2
Louisiana	17	21	25	21	31	0.9	1.1	1.3	1.1	1.6
Maine	6	6	6	9	8	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.4	1.2
Maryland	17	30	24	29	26	0.6	1.1	0.9	1.1	1.0
Massachusetts	29	27	24	37	34	0.8	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.9
Michigan	31	37	44	43	53	0.7	0.8	1.0	1.0	1.2
Minnesota	21	26	20	24	35	0.7	0.9	0.7	0.8	1.2
Mississippi	11	14	14	13	15	0.9	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.3
Missouri	21	26	17	42	32	0.7	0.9	0.6	1.4	1.1
Montana	6	7	8	7	7	1.2	1.4	1.6	1.4	1.4
Nebraska	9	11	9	10	11	0.9	1.1	0.9	1.0	1.1
Nevada	21	20	20	15	20	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.0	1.3
New Hampshire	9	10	10	13	14	1.3	1.5	1.4	1.9	2.0
New Jersey	26	34	41	58	53	0.6	0.8	1.0	1.4	1.2
New Mexico	8	10	14	8	10	1.0	1.2	1.6	0.9	1.2
New York	75	95	68	74	89	0.8	1.0	0.7	0.8	0.9
North Carolina	52	45	47	42	76	1.1	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.6
North Dakota	5	4	5	5	5	1.2	0.9	1.2	1.2	1.2
Ohio	70	64	42	52	53	1.3	1.2	0.8	0.9	1.0
Oklahoma	16	19	15	20	22	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.2	1.3
Oregon	19	19	26	13	21	1.0	1.0	1.3	0.7	1.1
Pennsylvania	62	42	36	60	55	1.1	0.7	0.6	1.0	0.9
Rhode Island	5	7	5	8	8	1.0	1.4	1.0	1.6	1.6
South Carolina	19	23	21	24	33	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.5
South Dakota	4	4	4	5	5	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.1	1.1
Tennessee	37	56	40	35	37	1.2	1.7	1.2	1.1	1.1
Texas	100	107	90	114	147	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.8	1.1
Utah	19	16	19	15	17	1.2	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.0
Vermont	4	3	3	4	4	1.3	1.0	1.0	1.3	1.3
Virginia	34	37	38	35	44	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.1
Washington	49	32	37	30	29	1.4	0.9	1.0	0.8	0.8
West Virginia	7	7	7	7	9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.3
Wisconsin	22	25	21	30	26	0.8	0.8	0.7	1.0	0.9
Wyoming	3	4	4	4	4	1.1	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	11,432	10,164	10,767	7.2	6.1	6.6
Alabama	141	146	155	6.5	6.3	6.8
Alaska	29	27	28	8.8	8.0	8.3
Arizona	264	208	259	8.1	6.1	7.6
Arkansas	88	92	108	6.3	6.3	7.4
California	1,153	1,122	1,052	6.3	5.9	5.6
Colorado	244	199	213	8.1	6.4	7.0
Connecticut	118	100	100	6.8	5.6	5.7
Delaware	39	30	36	8.0	5.9	7.2
District of Columbia	46	43	47	5.8	5.3	5.8
Florida	683	606	699	6.9	5.9	6.8
Georgia	393	364	440	7.8	6.9	8.3
Hawaii	47	42	41	7.4	6.2	6.1
Idaho	62	64	57	7.2	7.1	6.4
Illinois	459	421	450	7.3	6.4	7.0
Indiana	243	189	194	7.3	5.5	5.7
Iowa	116	116	100	7.1	6.8	6.0
Kansas	98	90	100	6.7	5.8	6.5
Kentucky	156	141	154	7.6	6.6	7.3
Louisiana	147	157	183	7.2	7.5	8.7
Maine	59	45	43	8.8	6.6	6.4
Maryland	210	187	206	7.4	6.4	7.1
Massachusetts	262	249	287	6.9	6.3	7.3
Michigan	339	303	270	7.4	6.5	5.9
Minnesota	255	207	213	8.3	6.5	6.8
Mississippi	76	80	85	6.2	6.4	6.8
Missouri	222	205	204	7.2	6.5	6.5
Montana	40	45	39	7.6	8.1	7.1
Nebraska	86	65	80	8.0	5.9	7.2
Nevada	105	106	110	6.9	6.5	6.8
New Hampshire	65	52	60	9.0	7.0	8.1
New Jersey	309	254	288	7.1	5.5	6.4
New Mexico	76	65	71	8.4	7.0	7.7
New York	609	440	444	6.3	4.3	4.5
North Carolina	352	331	350	7.1	6.3	6.8
North Dakota	34	31	26	7.6	6.7	5.8
Ohio	378	358	374	6.6	6.0	6.4
Oklahoma	117	119	142	6.6	6.5	7.7
Oregon	153	146	146	7.5	6.8	6.9
Pennsylvania	519	443	495	8.3	6.8	7.6
Rhode Island	39	32	37	7.6	6.0	7.1
South Carolina	191	164	190	8.2	6.7	7.8
South Dakota	30	28	31	6.6	5.7	6.4
Tennessee	266	224	250	7.8	6.3	7.1
Texas	896	863	874	6.5	5.9	6.0
Utah	138	114	127	7.8	6.3	7.0
Vermont	26	24	26	8.0	7.2	8.0
Virginia	297	324	319	7.0	7.3	7.2
Washington	211	211	246	5.9	5.6	6.5
West Virginia	51	62	66	6.9	8.1	8.7
Wisconsin	239	208	235	7.8	6.5	7.4
Wyoming	21	24	19	7.2	7.8	6.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 7. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	6,273	4,641	6,143	4.2	3.0	4.0
Alabama	102	78	93	5.0	3.6	4.4
Alaska	16	12	18	5.3	3.9	5.7
Arizona	158	96	170	5.2	3.0	5.4
Arkansas	61	46	61	4.7	3.4	4.5
California	595	393	605	3.5	2.2	3.4
Colorado	149	88	121	5.4	3.1	4.3
Connecticut	57	39	51	3.5	2.3	3.1
Delaware	27	16	22	6.1	3.4	4.6
District of Columbia	22	19	22	2.9	2.4	2.9
Florida	428	290	408	4.7	3.0	4.2
Georgia	258	188	255	5.5	3.9	5.3
Hawaii	28	19	27	4.7	3.1	4.3
Idaho	39	27	40	4.9	3.2	4.8
Illinois	236	219	246	4.0	3.6	4.1
Indiana	135	114	124	4.3	3.5	3.9
Iowa	53	49	51	3.5	3.1	3.3
Kansas	48	44	57	3.5	3.0	4.0
Kentucky	103	72	85	5.4	3.6	4.3
Louisiana	105	76	106	5.6	3.9	5.5
Maine	27	19	24	4.5	3.0	3.8
Maryland	95	83	112	3.6	3.0	4.2
Massachusetts	157	85	121	4.5	2.3	3.3
Michigan	167	143	156	3.9	3.2	3.6
Minnesota	100	90	91	3.6	3.1	3.1
Mississippi	51	44	54	4.4	3.7	4.6
Missouri	93	107	110	3.3	3.6	3.8
Montana	23	23	25	4.7	4.4	5.0
Nebraska	42	33	43	4.2	3.1	4.2
Nevada	69	47	77	4.9	3.1	5.1
New Hampshire	33	23	29	4.9	3.3	4.2
New Jersey	156	102	132	3.9	2.3	3.1
New Mexico	37	25	38	4.5	2.9	4.5
New York	276	225	277	3.0	2.3	2.9
North Carolina	260	162	192	5.6	3.3	4.0
North Dakota	18	14	15	4.2	3.3	3.4
Ohio	201	141	211	3.8	2.5	3.8
Oklahoma	82	62	86	5.0	3.6	5.0
Oregon	81	61	90	4.3	3.1	4.6
Pennsylvania	178	133	196	3.1	2.2	3.3
Rhode Island	21	14	18	4.5	2.7	3.8
South Carolina	114	84	107	5.3	3.7	4.8
South Dakota	14	14	18	3.2	3.1	4.1
Tennessee	155	119	163	4.9	3.6	5.0
Texas	567	469	607	4.4	3.4	4.4
Utah	81	60	92	5.0	3.5	5.5
Vermont	13	11	14	4.4	3.5	4.6
Virginia	158	135	168	4.0	3.3	4.1
Washington	126	102	158	3.7	2.8	4.5
West Virginia	30	26	34	4.4	3.7	4.9
Wisconsin	100	87	111	3.5	2.9	3.8
Wyoming	12	12	13	4.5	4.4	4.6
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	6,595	5,598	6,437	4.5	3.6	4.2
Alabama	99	88	98	4.9	4.1	4.6
Alaska	16	16	18	5.3	5.0	5.8
Arizona	174	110	140	5.8	3.5	4.4
Arkansas	57	51	65	4.4	3.8	4.8
California	685	570	631	4.0	3.2	3.6
Colorado	125	124	110	4.5	4.3	3.8
Connecticut	68	55	63	4.2	3.3	3.8
Delaware	25	20	25	5.6	4.1	5.4
District of Columbia	27	23	24	3.6	3.0	3.1
Florida	389	340	464	4.3	3.5	4.8
Georgia	255	197	266	5.5	4.0	5.5
Hawaii	28	18	25	4.8	2.8	4.0
Idaho	40	46	38	5.1	5.5	4.6
Illinois	212	213	263	3.6	3.5	4.4
Indiana	144	147	146	4.6	4.5	4.6
Iowa	67	63	57	4.4	4.0	3.6
Kansas	50	53	57	3.7	3.6	4.0
Kentucky	102	88	105	5.4	4.4	5.3
Louisiana	85	95	105	4.5	4.8	5.4
Maine	25	28	26	4.2	4.4	4.1
Maryland	109	88	125	4.1	3.2	4.7
Massachusetts	117	106	108	3.3	2.9	2.9
Michigan	181	159	180	4.3	3.6	4.1
Minnesota	92	98	116	3.3	3.3	4.0
Mississippi	58	48	54	5.1	4.0	4.6
Missouri	121	118	118	4.2	4.0	4.0
Montana	25	26	28	5.1	5.0	5.5
Nebraska	50	35	45	5.0	3.3	4.4
Nevada	68	68	74	4.8	4.4	4.9
New Hampshire	30	32	35	4.4	4.6	5.1
New Jersey	156	151	163	3.9	3.5	3.9
New Mexico	34	37	36	4.2	4.3	4.2
New York	304	265	337	3.3	2.7	3.6
North Carolina	214	154	217	4.6	3.2	4.5
North Dakota	20	18	18	4.9	4.2	4.2
Ohio	248	193	210	4.6	3.5	3.8
Oklahoma	77	70	80	4.7	4.0	4.7
Oregon	78	79	82	4.1	4.0	4.2
Pennsylvania	232	216	219	4.0	3.5	3.7
Rhode Island	21	22	24	4.4	4.4	5.1
South Carolina	111	100	119	5.2	4.4	5.3
South Dakota	18	17	19	4.3	3.6	4.3
Tennessee	188	134	179	6.0	4.0	5.5
Texas	552	520	587	4.2	3.8	4.3
Utah	81	78	79	5.0	4.6	4.7
Vermont	13	12	12	4.4	3.8	4.0
Virginia	155	148	148	3.9	3.6	3.6
Washington	155	117	137	4.6	3.3	3.9
West Virginia	34	33	37	5.0	4.7	5.4
Wisconsin	112	99	112	3.9	3.3	3.8
Wyoming	14	14	14	5.1	4.8	5.1
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	4,282	3,540	3,785	2.9	2.3	2.5
Alabama	68	56	60	3.3	2.6	2.9
Alaska	10	10	9	3.5	3.3	3.0
Arizona	116	81	91	3.8	2.6	2.9
Arkansas	39	33	41	3.0	2.4	3.0
California	425	351	372	2.5	2.0	2.1
Colorado	82	87	70	2.9	3.0	2.5
Connecticut	38	30	35	2.3	1.8	2.1
Delaware	17	13	15	3.8	2.7	3.1
District of Columbia	19	15	15	2.5	1.9	1.9
Florida	257	269	256	2.8	2.8	2.7
Georgia	170	137	166	3.6	2.8	3.4
Hawaii	19	12	16	3.2	1.9	2.6
Idaho	23	31	23	2.9	3.7	2.8
Illinois	138	130	137	2.4	2.1	2.3
Indiana	100	87	88	3.2	2.7	2.8
Iowa	38	35	33	2.5	2.2	2.1
Kansas	34	31	34	2.5	2.2	2.3
Kentucky	67	60	70	3.5	3.0	3.6
Louisiana	58	58	63	3.1	3.0	3.3
Maine	16	14	13	2.6	2.3	2.1
Maryland	75	48	76	2.9	1.7	2.8
Massachusetts	78	52	55	2.2	1.4	1.5
Michigan	133	99	95	3.1	2.2	2.2
Minnesota	59	58	68	2.1	2.0	2.3
Mississippi	41	32	33	3.6	2.7	2.8
Missouri	71	66	74	2.5	2.2	2.5
Montana	16	17	17	3.2	3.3	3.3
Nebraska	30	20	24	3.0	1.9	2.4
Nevada	42	46	46	3.0	3.0	3.0
New Hampshire	17	14	15	2.5	2.0	2.2
New Jersey	102	58	75	2.5	1.3	1.8
New Mexico	23	25	22	2.7	2.9	2.6
New York	170	163	180	1.9	1.7	1.9
North Carolina	127	104	119	2.7	2.1	2.5
North Dakota	12	10	10	3.0	2.3	2.3
Ohio	139	124	132	2.6	2.2	2.4
Oklahoma	53	42	49	3.3	2.4	2.9
Oregon	50	57	49	2.6	2.9	2.5
Pennsylvania	136	104	125	2.4	1.7	2.1
Rhode Island	12	11	13	2.6	2.1	2.6
South Carolina	83	66	75	3.8	2.9	3.3
South Dakota	11	10	11	2.7	2.2	2.5
Tennessee	118	90	108	3.8	2.7	3.3
Texas	411	369	385	3.2	2.7	2.8
Utah	49	56	47	3.0	3.3	2.8
Vermont	8	6	6	2.5	1.8	2.1
Virginia	109	92	87	2.8	2.2	2.1
Washington	85	73	87	2.5	2.0	2.5
West Virginia	23	20	22	3.4	2.9	3.2
Wisconsin	68	60	65	2.4	2.0	2.2
Wyoming	9	8	8	3.1	2.9	3.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)	Jan. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	1,836	1,698	2,298	1.2	1.1	1.5
Alabama	24	25	29	1.2	1.2	1.4
Alaska	4	4	8	1.3	1.3	2.4
Arizona	40	21	38	1.3	0.7	1.2
Arkansas	14	15	20	1.1	1.1	1.5
California	223	182	239	1.3	1.0	1.3
Colorado	28	25	32	1.0	0.9	1.1
Connecticut	24	21	22	1.5	1.3	1.4
Delaware	6	6	9	1.4	1.2	2.0
District of Columbia	6	6	7	0.8	0.8	0.9
Florida	109	57	194	1.2	0.6	2.0
Georgia	57	49	80	1.2	1.0	1.7
Hawaii	7	4	8	1.2	0.6	1.3
Idaho	13	12	11	1.7	1.5	1.4
Illinois	72	74	118	1.2	1.2	2.0
Indiana	29	54	51	0.9	1.7	1.6
Iowa	25	22	21	1.6	1.4	1.3
Kansas	12	18	21	0.9	1.2	1.5
Kentucky	29	22	30	1.5	1.1	1.5
Louisiana	20	23	37	1.0	1.2	1.9
Maine	7	11	10	1.1	1.7	1.6
Maryland	26	34	41	1.0	1.2	1.5
Massachusetts	32	46	40	0.9	1.2	1.1
Michigan	40	54	70	0.9	1.2	1.6
Minnesota	27	34	43	1.0	1.2	1.5
Mississippi	13	12	18	1.1	1.0	1.5
Missouri	27	45	40	0.9	1.5	1.3
Montana	6	7	9	1.3	1.3	1.8
Nebraska	15	12	18	1.5	1.2	1.7
Nevada	21	17	25	1.5	1.1	1.6
New Hampshire	10	16	17	1.5	2.3	2.5
New Jersey	34	86	75	0.8	2.0	1.8
New Mexico	8	8	12	1.0	1.0	1.4
New York	110	75	130	1.2	0.8	1.4
North Carolina	60	44	89	1.3	0.9	1.8
North Dakota	7	7	7	1.6	1.6	1.6
Ohio	97	58	73	1.8	1.0	1.3
Oklahoma	18	22	27	1.1	1.3	1.6
Oregon	22	16	26	1.1	0.8	1.3
Pennsylvania	81	93	85	1.4	1.5	1.4
Rhode Island	7	10	10	1.4	2.0	2.0
South Carolina	22	26	38	1.0	1.1	1.7
South Dakota	6	6	7	1.3	1.2	1.6
Tennessee	58	35	62	1.9	1.1	1.9
Texas	108	135	176	0.8	1.0	1.3
Utah	25	17	25	1.5	1.0	1.5
Vermont	4	5	4	1.4	1.7	1.5
Virginia	36	46	51	0.9	1.1	1.2
Washington	59	35	38	1.7	1.0	1.1
West Virginia	8	8	12	1.2	1.2	1.8
Wisconsin	37	34	43	1.3	1.1	1.5
Wyoming	4	4	5	1.4	1.4	1.8
Footnotes (p) Preliminary