State Job Openings and Labor Turnover News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, June 21, 2023	USDL-23-1363
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

			   STATE JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – APRIL 2023

Job openings rates increased in 13 states and decreased in 2 states on the last business day of April, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires rates decreased in 4 states and increased in 3 states. 
Total separations rates decreased in 9 states and increased in 5 states. Nationally, the job openings, hires, 
and total separations rates showed little or no change in April.

This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, total separations, quits, and 
layoffs and discharges for the total nonfarm sector and for all states and the District of Columbia. 

Job Openings

In April, job openings rates increased in 13 states, decreased in 2 states, and were little changed in 35 
states and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in job openings rates occurred in Maryland 
(+1.4 percentage points) and in Kansas and New Mexico (+1.2 points each). The decreases occurred in 
Maine (-1.1 points) and Virginia (-0.7 point). Over the month, the national job openings rate was little 
changed. (See table A.)

The number of job openings increased in 15 states, decreased in 4 states and the District of Columbia, 
and was little changed in 31 states in April. The largest increases in the job openings level occurred in 
California (+112,000), Maryland (+46,000), and Ohio (+29,000). The largest decreases occurred in 
Virginia (-33,000), New Jersey (-21,000), and Connecticut (-9,000). Nationally, the number of job 
openings edged up over the month. (See table A.)

Hires

In April, hires rates decreased in 4 states, increased in 3 states, and were little changed in 43 states and 
the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in the hires rates occurred in New Jersey and West 
Virginia (-0.8 percentage point each) and in Oregon (-0.7 point). The increases occurred in New 
Hampshire (+1.0 point), Kansas (+0.7 point), and Florida (+0.5 point). The national hires rate was 
unchanged over the month. (See table B.)

The number of hires decreased in 4 states, increased in 3 states, and was little changed in 43 states and 
the District of Columbia in April. The largest decreases in the hires level occurred in California  
(-61,000), New Jersey (-36,000), and Oregon (-14,000). The increases occurred in Florida (+54,000), 
Kansas (+10,000), and New Hampshire (+7,000). Nationally, the number of hires was little changed 
over the month. (See table B.)

Total Separations

In April, total separations rates decreased in 9 states, increased in 5 states, and were little changed in 
36 states and the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in total separations rates occurred in 
Tennessee (-1.4 percentage points) and New Hampshire (-1.0 point), as well as in Louisiana, Maine, and 
Maryland (-0.9 point each). The largest increases occurred in Alaska (+2.5 points), South Dakota     
(+1.5 points), and Idaho (+1.0 point). Over the month, the national total separations rate was little 
changed. (See table C.)

In April, the number of total separations decreased in 10 states, increased in 5 states, and was little 
changed in 35 states and the District of Columbia. The largest decreases occurred in California              
(-125,000), Tennessee (-46,000), and Georgia (-39,000). The largest increases in the total separations 
level occurred in Illinois (+30,000), Idaho (+9,000), and Alaska (+8,000). Nationally, the number of 
total separations decreased over the month (-286,000). (See table C.)
 
Quits

In April, quits rates decreased in 6 states, increased in 1 state, and were little changed in 43 states and 
the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in quits rates occurred in New Hampshire                       
(-0.9 percentage point) and Louisiana (-0.6 point), as well as in Maryland and Virginia (-0.5 point each). 
The increase occurred in Idaho (+0.8 point). Over the month, the national quits rate was little changed.            
(See table D.)

The number of quits decreased in 7 states, increased in 3 states, and was little changed in 40 states and 
the District of Columbia in April. The largest decreases in the quits level occurred in Georgia and 
Virginia (-20,000 each) and in New York (-19,000). The increases occurred in Arizona (+12,000), Idaho 
(+7,000), and South Dakota (+2,000). Nationally, the number of quits was little changed over the month. 
(See table D.)
 
Layoffs and Discharges

In April, layoffs and discharges rates decreased in 10 states, increased in 4 states, and were little 
changed in 36 states and the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in layoffs and discharges rates 
occurred in Tennessee (-1.5 percentage points) and Massachusetts (-0.7 point), as well as in California, 
Maine, Vermont, and Washington (-0.6 point each). The increases occurred in Alaska (+2.5 points) and 
South Dakota (+0.8 point), and in Kansas and Ohio (+0.5 point each). Over the month, the national 
layoffs and discharges rate decreased (-0.2 point). (See table E.)

The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in 13 states, increased in 4 states, and was little 
changed in 33 states and the District of Columbia in April. The largest decreases in the layoffs and 
discharges levels occurred in California (-106,000), Tennessee (-49,000), and Massachusetts (-26,000). 
The largest increases occurred in Ohio (+24,000), Alaska (+8,000), and Kansas (+7,000). Nationally, the 
number of layoffs and discharges decreased over the month (-264,000). (See table E.)

For more information, please see the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) interactive 
charts at www.bls.gov/charts/state-job-openings-and-labor-turnover/state-job-openings-rates.htm#.  
	
______________
State Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for May 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, July 26, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|		Upcoming Changes to State Estimates from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover		  |
|						Survey							  | 
|													  |
|Effective with the release of May 2023 data on July 26, 2023, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover 	  |
|Survey (JOLTS) state estimates will be benchmarked, or revised, to incorporate the annual updates to     |
|the Current Employment Statistics state employment estimates, Quarterly Census of Employment and 	  |
|Wages (QCEW) updates through fourth quarter 2022, revised JOLTS national data, and revised JOLTS 	  |
|seasonal adjustment factors. In 2022, state estimates were benchmarked in June with the release of April |
|data. The change in the release date from June to July is being made to incorporate QCEW data through    |
|the fourth quarter of 2022. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January 2018  |
|forward are subject to revision. Additional historical data may also be revised due to benchmarking.     |
|													  |
|JOLTS will introduce several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with the May 2023 	  |
|news release. Significance tables A through E will be removed from the news release and provided as 	  |
|supplemental tables on the JOLTS website. JOLTS will also introduce over-the-month change columns 	  |
|for levels and rates to tables 1 through 5. Also, two tables will be added to present annual average job |
|openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each year with the annual |
|benchmark.) 												  |
|													  |
|Also effective with the release of May 2023 data, JOLTS will modify its estimation methodology to 	  |
|reduce variance. State data from January 2018 forward is subject to revision. 				  |
|													  |
|Additional information about these changes is available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm.	  |
|_________________________________________________________________________________________________________|


Table A: States with significant changes in job openings from Mar 2023 to Apr 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Mar   |   Apr  | Over-the-month |   Mar  |   Apr  | Over-the-month
                       |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............| 9,745  |10,103  |      358       |   5.9  |   6.1  |      0.2        
Alaska.................|    26  |    29  |        3       |   7.4  |   8.2  |      0.8
Arizona................|   211  |   238  |       27       |   6.3  |   7.0  |      0.7
California.............|   893  |  1005  |      112       |   4.7  |   5.3  |      0.6
Colorado...............|   218  |   243  |       25       |   7.0  |   7.8  |      0.8
Connecticut............|   103  |    94  |       -9       |   5.8  |   5.3  |     -0.5*
District of Columbia...|    47  |    41  |       -6       |   5.7  |   5.0  |     -0.7*
Kansas.................|    74  |    93  |       19       |   4.9  |   6.1  |      1.2
Maine..................|    51  |    43  |       -8       |   7.3  |   6.2  |     -1.1
Maryland...............|   167  |   213  |       46       |   5.8  |   7.2  |      1.4
Minnesota..............|   180  |   204  |       24       |   5.7  |   6.4  |      0.7
Mississippi............|    78  |    86  |        8       |   6.2  |   6.8  |      0.6
Montana................|    37  |    41  |        4       |   6.7  |   7.3  |      0.6*
Nebraska...............|    58  |    66  |        8       |   5.3  |   6.0  |      0.7
New Jersey.............|   242  |   221  |      -21       |   5.3  |   4.9  |     -0.4*
New Mexico.............|    59  |    71  |       12       |   6.4  |   7.6  |      1.2
Ohio...................|   360  |   389  |       29       |   6.0  |   6.5  |      0.5
Virginia...............|   340  |   307  |      -33       |   7.6  |   6.9  |     -0.7
Washington.............|   183  |   210  |       27       |   4.8  |   5.5  |      0.7
Wisconsin..............|   188  |   204  |       16       |   5.9  |   6.4  |      0.5
Wyoming................|    21  |    23  |        2       |   6.8  |   7.4  |      0.6*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.


Table B: States with significant changes in hires from Mar 2023 to Apr 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Mar   |   Apr  | Over-the-month |   Mar  |   Apr  | Over-the-month
                       |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............| 6,066  | 6,115  |       49       |   3.9  |   3.9  |      0.0        
California.............|   592  |   531  |      -61       |   3.3  |   2.9  |     -0.4
Florida................|   374  |   428  |       54       |   3.9  |   4.4  |      0.5
Kansas.................|    47  |    57  |       10       |   3.3  |   4.0  |      0.7
New Hampshire..........|    31  |    38  |        7       |   4.4  |   5.4  |      1.0
New Jersey.............|   205  |   169  |      -36       |   4.7  |   3.9  |     -0.8
Oregon.................|    83  |    69  |      -14       |   4.2  |   3.5  |     -0.7
West Virginia..........|    38  |    32  |       -6       |   5.4  |   4.6  |     -0.8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.


Table C: States with significant changes in total separations from Mar 2023 to Apr 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Mar   |   Apr  | Over-the-month |   Mar  |   Apr  | Over-the-month
                       |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............| 5,994  | 5,708  |     -286       |   3.9  |   3.7  |     -0.2        
Alaska.................|    18  |    26  |        8       |   5.5  |   8.0  |      2.5
California.............|   637  |   512  |     -125       |   3.5  |   2.8  |     -0.7
Colorado...............|   131  |   114  |      -17       |   4.5  |   3.9  |     -0.6*
Georgia................|   221  |   182  |      -39       |   4.5  |   3.7  |     -0.8
Idaho..................|    38  |    47  |        9       |   4.5  |   5.5  |      1.0
Illinois...............|   220  |   250  |       30       |   3.6  |   4.1  |      0.5
Louisiana..............|   106  |    88  |      -18       |   5.4  |   4.5  |     -0.9
Maine..................|    28  |    22  |       -6       |   4.3  |   3.4  |     -0.9
Maryland...............|   139  |   116  |      -23       |   5.1  |   4.2  |     -0.9
Massachusetts..........|   130  |   113  |      -17       |   3.5  |   3.0  |     -0.5
New Hampshire..........|    32  |    25  |       -7       |   4.6  |   3.6  |     -1.0
North Dakota...........|    17  |    21  |        4       |   3.9  |   4.8  |      0.9
South Dakota...........|    17  |    24  |        7       |   3.7  |   5.2  |      1.5
Tennessee..............|   184  |   138  |      -46       |   5.6  |   4.2  |     -1.4
Virginia...............|   174  |   146  |      -28       |   4.2  |   3.5  |     -0.7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.


Table D: States with significant changes in quits from Mar 2023 to Apr 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Mar   |   Apr  | Over-the-month |   Mar  |   Apr  | Over-the-month
                       |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............| 3,842  | 3,793  |      -49       |   2.5  |   2.4  |     -0.1        
Arizona................|    94  |   106  |       12       |   3.0  |   3.4  |      0.4*
Georgia................|   153  |   133  |      -20       |   3.1  |   2.7  |     -0.4
Idaho..................|    23  |    30  |        7       |   2.7  |   3.5  |      0.8
Louisiana..............|    73  |    61  |      -12       |   3.7  |   3.1  |     -0.6
Maine..................|    17  |    14  |       -3       |   2.6  |   2.2  |     -0.4*
Maryland...............|    92  |    80  |      -12       |   3.4  |   2.9  |     -0.5
New Hampshire..........|    21  |    15  |       -6       |   3.0  |   2.1  |     -0.9
New York...............|   159  |   140  |      -19       |   1.6  |   1.4  |     -0.2
South Dakota...........|    11  |    13  |        2       |   2.4  |   2.8  |      0.4*
Virginia...............|   119  |    99  |      -20       |   2.9  |   2.4  |     -0.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.


Table E: States with significant changes in layoffs and discharges from Mar 2023 to Apr 2023, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       |     Levels (in thousands)        |                  Rates                          
                       |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
         State         |  Mar   |   Apr  | Over-the-month |   Mar  |   Apr  | Over-the-month
                       |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)   |  2023  | 2023(p)|    change(p)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total U.S..............| 1,845  | 1,581  |     -264       |   1.2  |   1.0  |     -0.2        
Alaska.................|     6  |    14  |        8       |   1.8  |   4.3  |      2.5
California.............|   244  |   138  |     -106       |   1.4  |   0.8  |     -0.6
Colorado...............|    43  |    34  |       -9       |   1.5  |   1.2  |     -0.3*
Georgia................|    55  |    41  |      -14       |   1.1  |   0.8  |     -0.3
Kansas.................|    17  |    24  |        7       |   1.2  |   1.7  |      0.5
Maine..................|    10  |     6  |       -4       |   1.5  |   0.9  |     -0.6
Maryland...............|    39  |    29  |      -10       |   1.4  |   1.1  |     -0.3*
Massachusetts..........|    62  |    36  |      -26       |   1.7  |   1.0  |     -0.7
Montana................|    10  |     8  |       -2       |   1.9  |   1.5  |     -0.4*
New Hampshire..........|    11  |     8  |       -3       |   1.6  |   1.1  |     -0.5
New Jersey.............|    55  |    43  |      -12       |   1.3  |   1.0  |     -0.3
Ohio...................|    53  |    77  |       24       |   0.9  |   1.4  |      0.5
Pennsylvania...........|    73  |    51  |      -22       |   1.2  |   0.8  |     -0.4
South Dakota...........|     5  |     9  |        4       |   1.1  |   1.9  |      0.8
Tennessee..............|    79  |    30  |      -49       |   2.4  |   0.9  |     -1.5
Vermont................|     5  |     3  |       -2       |   1.6  |   1.0  |     -0.6
Washington.............|    54  |    34  |      -20       |   1.5  |   0.9  |     -0.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary.
   * Not significant.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. State estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and 
total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian federal, state, 
and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for January 2023, 
industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 
A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active recruiting 
means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in newspapers, on 
television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting "help wanted" signs, networking, or making "word-
of-mouth" announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; contacting employment agencies; 
or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation:  quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, such as layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Other separations comprise less than 8 percent of total separations. Other separations rates are generally very low, 
and other separations variance estimates are relatively high. Consequently, the other separations component is not 
published for states. 

Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits and layoffs and 
discharges rates are computed similarly.

State Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class. The JOLTS sample of 21,000 establishments does not directly support the production of sample-based state 
estimates. However, state estimates have been produced by combining the available sample with model-based 
estimates.

The state estimates consist of four major estimating models; the Composite Regional model (an unpublished 
intermediate model), the Synthetic model (an unpublished intermediate model), the Composite Synthetic model 
(published historical series through the most current benchmark year), and the Extended Composite Synthetic model 
(published current-year monthly series). The Composite Regional model uses JOLTS microdata, JOLTS regional 
published estimates, and Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment data. The Composite Synthetic model 
uses JOLTS microdata and Synthetic model estimates derived from monthly employment changes in microdata from 
the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), and JOLTS published regional data. The Extended 
Composite Synthetic model extends the Composite Synthetic estimates by ratio-adjusting the Composite Synthetic 
model by the ratio of the current Composite Regional model estimate to the Composite Regional model estimate 
from the previous year.

The Extended Composite Synthetic model (and its major component-the Composite Regional model) is used 
to extend the Composite Synthetic estimates because all of the inputs required by this model are available at the time 
monthly estimate are produced. In contrast, the Composite Synthetic model (and its major component-the 
Synthetic model) can only be produced when the latest QCEW data are available. The Extended Composite 
Synthetic model estimates are used to extend the Composite Synthetic model estimates during the annual JOLTS
retabulation process. The extension of the Composite Synthetic model using current data-based Composite Regional 
model estimates ensures that the Composite Synthetic model estimates reflect current economic trends.

The Composite Regional approach calculates state-level JOLTS estimates from JOLTS microdata using sample 
weights and the adjustments for non-response. The Composite Regional estimate is then benchmarked to CES state-
supersector employment to produce state-supersector estimates. The JOLTS sample, by itself, cannot ensure a 
reasonably sized sample for each state-supersector cell. The small JOLTS sample results in several state-supersector 
cells that lack enough data to produce a reasonable estimate. To overcome this issue, the state-level estimates 
derived directly from the JOLTS sample are augmented using JOLTS regional estimates when the number of 
respondents is low (that is, less than 30). This approach is known as a composite estimate, which leverages the small 
JOLTS sample to the greatest extent possible and supplements that with a model-based estimate. Previous research 
has found that regional industry estimates are a good proxy at finer levels of geographical detail. That is, one can 
make a reliable prediction of JOLTS estimates at the regional-level using only national industry-level JOLTS rates. 
The assumption in this approach is that one can make a good prediction of JOLTS estimates at the state-level using 
only regional industry-level JOLTS rates.)

In this approach, the JOLTS microdata-based estimate is used, without model augmentation, in all state-
supersector cells that have 30 or more respondents. The JOLTS regional estimate will be used, without a sample-
based component, in all state-supersector cells that have fewer than five respondents. In all state-supersector cells 
with 5 to 30 respondents, an estimate is calculated that is a composition of a weighted estimate of the microdata-
based estimate and a weighted estimate of the JOLTS regional estimate. The weight assigned to the JOLTS data in 
those cells is proportional the number of JOLTS respondents in the cell (weight=n/30, where n is the number of 
respondents). The sum of state estimates within a region is made equal to the aligned regional JOLTS published 
regional estimates.

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) to seasonally adjust 
the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant data, up to and 
including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used as seasonal 
filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models, as well 
as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS state estimates utilize and leverage data from three BLS 
programs; JOLTS, CES, and QCEW. These state estimates are published as a historical series made up of a 
historical annually revised benchmark component of the Composite Synthetic model and a current component of the 
Extended Composite Synthetic model that provides monthly "real-time" estimates between lagged benchmarks.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. 

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, total separations quits, and layoffs and discharges are calculated by dividing the 
sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published 
employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.)

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error:  sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. For sampling error 
estimates, see www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey's design. 

The JOLTS state variance estimates account for both sampling error and the error attributable to modeling. A 
small area domain model uses a Bayesian approach to develop estimates of JOLTS state variance. The small area 
model uses QCEW-based JOLTS synthetic model data to generate a Bayesian prior distribution, then updates the 
prior distribution using JOLTS microdata and sample-based variance estimates at the state and US Census regional 
level to generate a Bayesian posterior distribution. Once the Bayesian posterior distribution has been generated, 
estimates of JOLTS state variances are made by drawing 2,500 estimates from the Bayesian posterior distribution. 
This Bayesian approach thus indirectly accounts for sampling error and directly for model error.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	11,755	10,563	9,974	9,745	10,103	7.2	6.4	6.0	5.9	6.1
Alabama	157	155	145	136	141	7.1	6.8	6.3	6.0	6.2
Alaska	30	29	28	26	29	8.6	8.2	7.9	7.4	8.2
Arizona	222	211	189	211	238	6.8	6.3	5.7	6.3	7.0
Arkansas	96	105	105	96	97	6.8	7.2	7.2	6.6	6.7
California	1,251	1,021	985	893	1,005	6.7	5.4	5.2	4.7	5.3
Colorado	229	200	242	218	243	7.4	6.5	7.7	7.0	7.8
Connecticut	111	92	98	103	94	6.3	5.2	5.5	5.8	5.3
Delaware	35	34	36	36	38	7.1	6.6	7.0	6.9	7.3
District of Columbia	57	46	39	47	41	6.9	5.6	4.8	5.7	5.0
Florida	729	686	616	665	651	7.3	6.6	6.0	6.4	6.3
Georgia	436	420	424	387	392	8.4	7.9	8.0	7.3	7.4
Hawaii	54	39	37	33	37	8.2	5.8	5.5	5.0	5.5
Idaho	60	55	55	57	58	6.9	6.1	6.1	6.3	6.4
Illinois	507	461	408	395	404	7.8	7.0	6.3	6.1	6.2
Indiana	250	202	173	176	189	7.3	5.9	5.1	5.1	5.5
Iowa	131	103	100	93	97	7.7	6.1	5.9	5.5	5.7
Kansas	110	97	92	74	93	7.3	6.3	6.0	4.9	6.1
Kentucky	178	151	137	141	142	8.4	7.1	6.4	6.6	6.6
Louisiana	156	172	152	148	152	7.6	8.1	7.2	7.1	7.2
Maine	50	39	43	51	43	7.3	5.7	6.2	7.3	6.2
Maryland	227	212	210	167	213	7.7	7.2	7.1	5.8	7.2
Massachusetts	309	276	256	278	270	7.8	6.9	6.4	6.9	6.7
Michigan	369	291	262	254	269	7.9	6.2	5.6	5.4	5.7
Minnesota	235	203	190	180	204	7.5	6.4	6.0	5.7	6.4
Mississippi	85	88	84	78	86	6.8	7.0	6.7	6.2	6.8
Missouri	240	207	195	186	186	7.6	6.5	6.2	5.9	5.9
Montana	45	40	38	37	41	8.2	7.2	6.8	6.7	7.3
Nebraska	86	74	64	58	66	7.7	6.6	5.8	5.3	6.0
Nevada	115	108	107	100	106	7.4	6.6	6.5	6.1	6.4
New Hampshire	56	53	46	49	46	7.6	7.0	6.2	6.5	6.2
New Jersey	288	268	269	242	221	6.4	5.8	5.9	5.3	4.9
New Mexico	68	58	61	59	71	7.4	6.3	6.6	6.4	7.6
New York	581	451	419	429	446	5.8	4.5	4.1	4.2	4.4
North Carolina	396	340	366	367	357	7.7	6.5	7.0	7.0	6.8
North Dakota	36	28	27	29	28	7.8	6.1	5.9	6.3	6.1
Ohio	431	375	316	360	389	7.3	6.3	5.4	6.0	6.5
Oklahoma	128	136	122	121	124	7.1	7.3	6.6	6.6	6.7
Oregon	147	133	122	118	123	7.0	6.3	5.8	5.6	5.8
Pennsylvania	448	441	432	418	416	7.0	6.8	6.6	6.4	6.4
Rhode Island	41	36	33	32	32	7.6	6.7	6.2	6.0	6.1
South Carolina	180	177	176	184	172	7.6	7.2	7.2	7.5	7.0
South Dakota	37	37	31	29	29	7.6	7.5	6.3	5.9	5.9
Tennessee	265	236	254	245	249	7.6	6.7	7.1	6.9	7.0
Texas	1,002	943	881	824	845	7.0	6.4	6.0	5.6	5.7
Utah	108	106	102	105	112	6.1	5.9	5.6	5.8	6.1
Vermont	27	24	20	20	21	8.3	7.3	6.1	6.1	6.3
Virginia	316	337	335	340	307	7.3	7.5	7.5	7.6	6.9
Washington	229	241	200	183	210	6.2	6.3	5.2	4.8	5.5
West Virginia	60	72	59	56	52	7.9	9.4	7.8	7.4	6.9
Wisconsin	252	235	173	188	204	7.9	7.3	5.5	5.9	6.4
Wyoming	24	20	19	21	23	7.8	6.5	6.2	6.8	7.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	6,572	6,327	6,150	6,066	6,115	4.3	4.1	4.0	3.9	3.9
Alabama	104	98	97	90	91	5.0	4.6	4.5	4.2	4.2
Alaska	22	21	19	19	18	6.9	6.4	5.8	5.9	5.5
Arizona	140	156	137	141	152	4.6	5.0	4.4	4.5	4.8
Arkansas	64	64	65	58	58	4.9	4.7	4.8	4.3	4.3
California	665	665	593	592	531	3.8	3.7	3.3	3.3	2.9
Colorado	155	115	122	117	132	5.4	4.0	4.2	4.1	4.6
Connecticut	62	55	54	57	57	3.8	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.4
Delaware	23	22	25	24	24	5.0	4.6	5.2	5.0	5.0
District of Columbia	27	23	25	28	23	3.5	3.0	3.2	3.6	3.0
Florida	435	372	364	374	428	4.7	3.9	3.8	3.9	4.4
Georgia	268	258	238	236	229	5.6	5.3	4.9	4.8	4.7
Hawaii	34	26	27	24	20	5.6	4.1	4.3	3.8	3.2
Idaho	42	42	37	40	40	5.2	5.0	4.4	4.7	4.7
Illinois	256	254	253	238	240	4.3	4.2	4.1	3.9	3.9
Indiana	137	141	150	132	144	4.3	4.4	4.6	4.1	4.4
Iowa	61	62	62	58	59	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.6	3.7
Kansas	51	57	59	47	57	3.7	3.9	4.1	3.3	4.0
Kentucky	107	96	103	92	82	5.5	4.8	5.2	4.6	4.1
Louisiana	88	100	105	95	87	4.6	5.1	5.4	4.9	4.4
Maine	28	25	24	30	26	4.4	3.9	3.7	4.6	4.0
Maryland	120	116	116	116	111	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.2	4.1
Massachusetts	142	133	128	129	142	3.9	3.6	3.4	3.4	3.8
Michigan	169	173	162	164	170	3.9	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.8
Minnesota	112	98	102	113	118	3.9	3.3	3.4	3.8	4.0
Mississippi	56	59	58	47	50	4.8	5.0	4.9	4.0	4.2
Missouri	114	109	108	109	108	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.6
Montana	30	29	29	28	26	5.9	5.6	5.6	5.4	5.0
Nebraska	41	41	49	35	41	4.0	3.9	4.7	3.4	3.9
Nevada	83	75	64	69	67	5.7	4.9	4.2	4.5	4.3
New Hampshire	33	28	28	31	38	4.8	4.0	4.0	4.4	5.4
New Jersey	173	141	152	205	169	4.1	3.3	3.5	4.7	3.9
New Mexico	40	37	36	36	35	4.7	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.0
New York	308	299	315	301	288	3.3	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.0
North Carolina	235	210	221	188	195	5.0	4.3	4.5	3.8	4.0
North Dakota	19	15	18	18	16	4.5	3.5	4.2	4.1	3.7
Ohio	207	220	200	212	218	3.8	3.9	3.6	3.8	3.9
Oklahoma	106	85	82	76	77	6.3	4.9	4.7	4.4	4.5
Oregon	90	88	81	83	69	4.6	4.4	4.1	4.2	3.5
Pennsylvania	180	211	180	182	199	3.0	3.5	3.0	3.0	3.3
Rhode Island	22	20	21	23	24	4.4	4.0	4.2	4.6	4.8
South Carolina	109	110	112	101	105	5.0	4.8	4.9	4.4	4.6
South Dakota	19	24	21	20	19	4.2	5.2	4.6	4.3	4.1
Tennessee	153	160	145	148	158	4.8	4.8	4.4	4.5	4.8
Texas	625	589	604	597	638	4.7	4.3	4.4	4.3	4.6
Utah	76	78	70	71	76	4.6	4.6	4.1	4.1	4.4
Vermont	14	14	12	13	15	4.7	4.6	3.9	4.2	4.8
Virginia	190	176	183	182	168	4.7	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.1
Washington	136	157	135	123	129	3.9	4.4	3.7	3.4	3.6
West Virginia	32	39	35	38	32	4.6	5.6	5.0	5.4	4.6
Wisconsin	106	124	110	100	101	3.6	4.1	3.7	3.3	3.4
Wyoming	17	16	16	16	15	6.0	5.6	5.5	5.5	5.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	6,175	5,900	5,841	5,994	5,708	4.1	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.7
Alabama	99	100	96	86	80	4.8	4.7	4.5	4.0	3.7
Alaska	20	21	19	18	26	6.3	6.4	5.8	5.5	8.0
Arizona	124	122	127	140	153	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.4	4.8
Arkansas	60	65	63	63	56	4.6	4.8	4.7	4.7	4.1
California	594	579	603	637	512	3.4	3.2	3.4	3.5	2.8
Colorado	128	117	120	131	114	4.5	4.1	4.2	4.5	3.9
Connecticut	59	52	50	56	53	3.6	3.1	3.0	3.3	3.1
Delaware	20	22	23	22	21	4.4	4.6	4.8	4.6	4.4
District of Columbia	25	22	28	21	20	3.3	2.9	3.6	2.7	2.6
Florida	387	397	415	397	408	4.2	4.1	4.3	4.1	4.2
Georgia	249	248	253	221	182	5.2	5.1	5.2	4.5	3.7
Hawaii	20	20	21	21	18	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.3	2.9
Idaho	39	39	39	38	47	4.8	4.6	4.6	4.5	5.5
Illinois	228	218	215	220	250	3.8	3.6	3.5	3.6	4.1
Indiana	145	126	139	126	142	4.6	3.9	4.3	3.9	4.4
Iowa	67	55	58	57	63	4.3	3.5	3.6	3.6	4.0
Kansas	52	52	52	57	64	3.7	3.6	3.6	4.0	4.4
Kentucky	107	97	93	92	92	5.5	4.9	4.7	4.6	4.6
Louisiana	83	104	104	106	88	4.3	5.4	5.3	5.4	4.5
Maine	24	25	28	28	22	3.8	3.9	4.3	4.3	3.4
Maryland	103	105	125	139	116	3.8	3.8	4.6	5.1	4.2
Massachusetts	119	108	104	130	113	3.3	2.9	2.8	3.5	3.0
Michigan	163	157	135	156	146	3.8	3.6	3.1	3.5	3.3
Minnesota	102	106	97	107	103	3.5	3.6	3.3	3.6	3.5
Mississippi	55	53	54	51	52	4.8	4.5	4.6	4.3	4.4
Missouri	129	106	101	104	103	4.4	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.5
Montana	25	27	25	29	28	4.9	5.2	4.8	5.6	5.4
Nebraska	44	39	34	37	42	4.3	3.7	3.3	3.5	4.0
Nevada	52	70	64	68	64	3.6	4.6	4.2	4.4	4.2
New Hampshire	28	31	24	32	25	4.1	4.4	3.4	4.6	3.6
New Jersey	153	183	129	151	143	3.6	4.2	3.0	3.5	3.3
New Mexico	34	36	37	38	35	4.0	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.0
New York	306	267	263	253	237	3.3	2.8	2.7	2.6	2.5
North Carolina	216	213	196	184	189	4.6	4.4	4.0	3.8	3.9
North Dakota	19	16	17	17	21	4.5	3.7	3.9	3.9	4.8
Ohio	199	198	198	219	236	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.9	4.2
Oklahoma	80	74	80	73	69	4.8	4.3	4.6	4.2	4.0
Oregon	73	80	78	82	78	3.8	4.0	3.9	4.1	3.9
Pennsylvania	179	189	171	204	188	3.0	3.1	2.8	3.3	3.1
Rhode Island	20	22	19	21	18	4.0	4.4	3.8	4.2	3.6
South Carolina	113	113	101	103	99	5.1	5.0	4.4	4.5	4.3
South Dakota	17	17	18	17	24	3.8	3.7	3.9	3.7	5.2
Tennessee	156	144	154	184	138	4.9	4.4	4.7	5.6	4.2
Texas	516	567	566	507	514	3.9	4.1	4.1	3.7	3.7
Utah	64	70	65	67	68	3.9	4.1	3.8	3.9	4.0
Vermont	11	13	12	13	11	3.7	4.2	3.9	4.2	3.6
Virginia	181	149	161	174	146	4.5	3.6	3.9	4.2	3.5
Washington	123	123	122	146	132	3.5	3.4	3.4	4.0	3.6
West Virginia	32	34	36	32	31	4.6	4.9	5.1	4.6	4.4
Wisconsin	111	97	94	103	110	3.8	3.2	3.1	3.4	3.7
Wyoming	14	15	15	15	16	4.9	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	4,497	3,878	3,980	3,842	3,793	3.0	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.4
Alabama	68	64	71	61	60	3.3	3.0	3.3	2.8	2.8
Alaska	15	13	12	10	11	4.7	4.0	3.7	3.1	3.4
Arizona	100	87	89	94	106	3.3	2.8	2.8	3.0	3.4
Arkansas	42	45	47	43	40	3.2	3.3	3.5	3.2	2.9
California	448	404	381	366	348	2.6	2.3	2.1	2.0	1.9
Colorado	95	81	81	74	74	3.3	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.6
Connecticut	41	33	33	34	34	2.5	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Delaware	15	14	16	15	15	3.3	2.9	3.3	3.1	3.1
District of Columbia	16	14	20	14	14	2.1	1.8	2.6	1.8	1.8
Florida	309	265	289	282	284	3.3	2.7	3.0	2.9	2.9
Georgia	177	166	199	153	133	3.7	3.4	4.1	3.1	2.7
Hawaii	15	14	14	14	11	2.5	2.2	2.2	2.2	1.7
Idaho	29	28	25	23	30	3.6	3.3	3.0	2.7	3.5
Illinois	164	136	129	133	143	2.7	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.3
Indiana	117	84	94	86	93	3.7	2.6	2.9	2.6	2.9
Iowa	48	38	38	38	39	3.1	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4
Kansas	38	34	35	36	35	2.7	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.4
Kentucky	76	70	67	66	69	3.9	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.4
Louisiana	61	68	75	73	61	3.2	3.5	3.9	3.7	3.1
Maine	17	14	18	17	14	2.7	2.2	2.8	2.6	2.2
Maryland	72	69	85	92	80	2.7	2.5	3.1	3.4	2.9
Massachusetts	85	59	67	63	68	2.3	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.8
Michigan	126	96	85	94	87	2.9	2.2	1.9	2.1	2.0
Minnesota	70	70	64	70	68	2.4	2.4	2.1	2.4	2.3
Mississippi	39	36	39	35	38	3.4	3.1	3.3	3.0	3.2
Missouri	98	74	67	72	70	3.4	2.5	2.3	2.4	2.4
Montana	19	18	16	17	17	3.7	3.5	3.1	3.3	3.3
Nebraska	33	23	22	24	25	3.2	2.2	2.1	2.3	2.4
Nevada	40	48	44	42	44	2.8	3.1	2.9	2.7	2.9
New Hampshire	20	16	15	21	15	2.9	2.3	2.1	3.0	2.1
New Jersey	105	76	82	90	92	2.5	1.8	1.9	2.1	2.1
New Mexico	25	24	24	23	22	3.0	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.5
New York	183	162	168	159	140	1.9	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.4
North Carolina	148	129	136	118	133	3.1	2.6	2.8	2.4	2.7
North Dakota	14	11	11	11	12	3.3	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.8
Ohio	137	135	128	135	130	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.3
Oklahoma	57	49	54	50	50	3.4	2.8	3.1	2.9	2.9
Oregon	54	55	51	52	50	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.5
Pennsylvania	120	121	101	125	126	2.0	2.0	1.7	2.0	2.1
Rhode Island	13	12	12	13	11	2.6	2.4	2.4	2.6	2.2
South Carolina	82	75	76	74	69	3.7	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.0
South Dakota	12	12	11	11	13	2.7	2.6	2.4	2.4	2.8
Tennessee	111	103	108	98	102	3.5	3.1	3.3	3.0	3.1
Texas	397	394	432	368	382	3.0	2.9	3.1	2.7	2.8
Utah	47	50	46	42	47	2.8	2.9	2.7	2.5	2.7
Vermont	7	8	8	7	7	2.3	2.6	2.6	2.3	2.3
Virginia	112	95	117	119	99	2.8	2.3	2.8	2.9	2.4
Washington	96	87	81	85	88	2.7	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.4
West Virginia	22	23	26	23	21	3.1	3.3	3.7	3.3	3.0
Wisconsin	79	66	63	66	63	2.7	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.1
Wyoming	10	10	10	9	10	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.1	3.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)					Rates
	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	1,342	1,719	1,557	1,845	1,581	0.9	1.1	1.0	1.2	1.0
Alabama	25	23	19	20	16	1.2	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.7
Alaska	4	6	6	6	14	1.3	1.8	1.8	1.8	4.3
Arizona	18	28	32	36	34	0.6	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.1
Arkansas	14	17	13	16	14	1.1	1.3	1.0	1.2	1.0
California	116	152	189	244	138	0.7	0.8	1.1	1.4	0.8
Colorado	25	28	32	43	34	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.5	1.2
Connecticut	14	14	15	20	15	0.9	0.8	0.9	1.2	0.9
Delaware	4	7	6	6	5	0.9	1.5	1.2	1.2	1.0
District of Columbia	6	6	6	5	5	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.6	0.6
Florida	61	117	108	97	106	0.7	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.1
Georgia	55	69	44	55	41	1.2	1.4	0.9	1.1	0.8
Hawaii	4	4	6	6	5	0.7	0.6	0.9	0.9	0.8
Idaho	8	8	12	12	14	1.0	0.9	1.4	1.4	1.7
Illinois	49	73	71	82	94	0.8	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.5
Indiana	22	36	39	37	43	0.7	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.3
Iowa	13	15	16	16	20	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.3
Kansas	10	14	15	17	24	0.7	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.7
Kentucky	25	23	21	22	19	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.1	0.9
Louisiana	17	32	25	29	23	0.9	1.6	1.3	1.5	1.2
Maine	6	9	7	10	6	0.9	1.4	1.1	1.5	0.9
Maryland	25	29	32	39	29	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.1
Massachusetts	26	39	30	62	36	0.7	1.0	0.8	1.7	1.0
Michigan	29	49	42	57	52	0.7	1.1	1.0	1.3	1.2
Minnesota	25	30	28	32	29	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.0
Mississippi	12	14	12	12	12	1.0	1.2	1.0	1.0	1.0
Missouri	26	27	30	28	28	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.9
Montana	5	6	7	10	8	1.0	1.2	1.4	1.9	1.5
Nebraska	9	13	10	12	14	0.9	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.3
Nevada	10	18	17	22	17	0.7	1.2	1.1	1.4	1.1
New Hampshire	7	13	7	11	8	1.0	1.9	1.0	1.6	1.1
New Jersey	39	98	41	55	43	0.9	2.3	1.0	1.3	1.0
New Mexico	6	8	11	12	10	0.7	0.9	1.3	1.4	1.2
New York	108	89	83	79	81	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8
North Carolina	60	76	51	55	47	1.3	1.6	1.0	1.1	1.0
North Dakota	4	5	5	6	7	0.9	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.6
Ohio	50	57	61	53	77	0.9	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.4
Oklahoma	18	21	21	19	15	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1	0.9
Oregon	15	18	22	24	21	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.1
Pennsylvania	50	60	64	73	51	0.8	1.0	1.0	1.2	0.8
Rhode Island	6	9	6	7	6	1.2	1.8	1.2	1.4	1.2
South Carolina	25	33	20	24	26	1.1	1.4	0.9	1.1	1.1
South Dakota	3	5	6	5	9	0.7	1.1	1.3	1.1	1.9
Tennessee	37	35	35	79	30	1.2	1.1	1.1	2.4	0.9
Texas	81	154	107	121	106	0.6	1.1	0.8	0.9	0.8
Utah	14	16	16	20	17	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.2	1.0
Vermont	3	4	4	5	3	1.0	1.3	1.3	1.6	1.0
Virginia	63	45	33	45	40	1.6	1.1	0.8	1.1	1.0
Washington	21	26	36	54	34	0.6	0.7	1.0	1.5	0.9
West Virginia	8	9	8	7	8	1.1	1.3	1.1	1.0	1.1
Wisconsin	26	26	25	32	39	0.9	0.9	0.8	1.1	1.3
Wyoming	3	4	4	5	5	1.1	1.4	1.4	1.7	1.7
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	12,435	9,592	10,642	7.6	5.8	6.4
Alabama	171	131	149	7.6	5.8	6.5
Alaska	30	23	28	8.7	6.7	8.1
Arizona	227	197	240	6.9	5.9	7.1
Arkansas	101	94	100	7.1	6.5	6.9
California	1,329	866	1,037	7.1	4.6	5.4
Colorado	240	216	254	7.8	7.0	8.1
Connecticut	115	95	95	6.6	5.4	5.4
Delaware	40	33	44	8.0	6.4	8.5
District of Columbia	61	46	42	7.4	5.6	5.1
Florida	775	661	687	7.7	6.4	6.6
Georgia	457	379	407	8.8	7.2	7.7
Hawaii	52	32	34	7.9	4.8	5.2
Idaho	66	56	63	7.5	6.2	6.9
Illinois	536	401	440	8.2	6.2	6.7
Indiana	272	177	210	7.9	5.2	6.1
Iowa	149	93	111	8.7	5.6	6.5
Kansas	114	78	99	7.5	5.1	6.4
Kentucky	187	139	150	8.8	6.5	6.9
Louisiana	166	143	155	8.0	6.9	7.3
Maine	50	45	43	7.4	6.6	6.3
Maryland	233	188	224	7.9	6.5	7.6
Massachusetts	315	276	279	8.0	6.9	6.9
Michigan	388	245	295	8.3	5.3	6.3
Minnesota	256	172	232	8.2	5.5	7.3
Mississippi	89	79	90	7.2	6.3	7.1
Missouri	255	197	205	8.1	6.2	6.4
Montana	48	34	43	8.7	6.2	7.7
Nebraska	87	57	72	7.8	5.2	6.4
Nevada	117	103	108	7.5	6.3	6.5
New Hampshire	55	46	46	7.6	6.2	6.2
New Jersey	281	225	217	6.3	5.0	4.8
New Mexico	72	55	77	7.8	6.0	8.1
New York	581	423	456	5.8	4.2	4.5
North Carolina	413	375	370	8.0	7.1	7.0
North Dakota	36	29	28	7.9	6.4	6.2
Ohio	452	369	426	7.7	6.3	7.1
Oklahoma	141	117	134	7.7	6.4	7.2
Oregon	150	118	123	7.2	5.6	5.9
Pennsylvania	444	427	419	7.0	6.6	6.4
Rhode Island	43	31	34	8.0	6.0	6.5
South Carolina	207	176	193	8.6	7.2	7.8
South Dakota	38	29	30	8.0	6.0	6.2
Tennessee	282	238	259	8.1	6.7	7.2
Texas	1,104	804	910	7.7	5.5	6.2
Utah	118	100	123	6.6	5.5	6.7
Vermont	27	17	21	8.3	5.3	6.4
Virginia	343	324	324	7.8	7.3	7.3
Washington	260	184	235	7.0	4.9	6.1
West Virginia	67	56	56	8.7	7.5	7.4
Wisconsin	259	178	201	8.1	5.7	6.3
Wyoming	22	17	21	7.4	5.5	7.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 7. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	6,814	5,507	6,303	4.5	3.6	4.1
Alabama	110	79	93	5.3	3.7	4.3
Alaska	22	14	17	6.9	4.4	5.2
Arizona	147	126	163	4.8	4.0	5.1
Arkansas	65	53	58	4.9	3.9	4.3
California	684	508	534	3.9	2.8	3.0
Colorado	160	103	140	5.6	3.6	4.9
Connecticut	75	55	70	4.5	3.3	4.2
Delaware	27	21	28	5.9	4.4	5.7
District of Columbia	27	25	23	3.6	3.2	2.9
Florida	400	363	401	4.3	3.7	4.1
Georgia	267	206	224	5.6	4.2	4.6
Hawaii	35	19	19	5.8	3.0	3.0
Idaho	44	35	43	5.5	4.2	5.1
Illinois	248	228	228	4.1	3.8	3.7
Indiana	143	119	147	4.5	3.7	4.5
Iowa	66	51	61	4.2	3.3	3.8
Kansas	48	44	53	3.4	3.0	3.7
Kentucky	115	85	87	5.9	4.3	4.3
Louisiana	91	92	82	4.8	4.7	4.2
Maine	31	22	29	4.9	3.6	4.5
Maryland	131	106	119	4.9	3.9	4.4
Massachusetts	146	107	151	4.0	2.9	4.0
Michigan	169	148	164	3.9	3.4	3.7
Minnesota	119	93	127	4.1	3.2	4.3
Mississippi	56	43	48	4.9	3.6	4.1
Missouri	120	105	110	4.1	3.6	3.7
Montana	32	22	27	6.4	4.3	5.3
Nebraska	42	33	40	4.1	3.2	3.9
Nevada	94	64	67	6.5	4.1	4.4
New Hampshire	35	26	46	5.2	3.7	6.6
New Jersey	173	204	180	4.1	4.8	4.2
New Mexico	46	32	38	5.4	3.7	4.3
New York	321	274	304	3.4	2.9	3.1
North Carolina	250	178	199	5.3	3.6	4.1
North Dakota	20	17	16	4.6	3.9	3.7
Ohio	227	190	237	4.2	3.4	4.2
Oklahoma	110	73	79	6.6	4.2	4.6
Oregon	94	76	71	4.9	3.8	3.6
Pennsylvania	212	178	249	3.6	2.9	4.1
Rhode Island	26	21	29	5.3	4.3	5.9
South Carolina	116	91	109	5.3	4.0	4.8
South Dakota	20	17	19	4.5	3.7	4.2
Tennessee	158	139	159	4.9	4.2	4.8
Texas	647	539	668	4.9	3.9	4.8
Utah	78	57	79	4.7	3.3	4.6
Vermont	15	10	17	5.0	3.4	5.6
Virginia	199	168	174	4.9	4.1	4.2
Washington	147	117	136	4.2	3.2	3.7
West Virginia	35	35	33	5.0	5.1	4.7
Wisconsin	108	86	98	3.7	2.9	3.3
Wyoming	17	11	13	5.9	3.8	4.7
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	6,208	5,235	5,641	4.1	3.4	3.6
Alabama	104	85	81	5.0	4.0	3.8
Alaska	15	11	20	4.9	3.6	6.2
Arizona	133	128	168	4.4	4.1	5.3
Arkansas	55	55	51	4.2	4.1	3.8
California	616	549	520	3.5	3.1	2.9
Colorado	138	111	127	4.8	3.9	4.4
Connecticut	57	46	53	3.5	2.8	3.1
Delaware	20	18	20	4.4	3.9	4.2
District of Columbia	26	18	20	3.4	2.4	2.6
Florida	400	377	416	4.3	3.9	4.3
Georgia	272	218	190	5.7	4.5	3.9
Hawaii	22	18	19	3.6	2.8	2.9
Idaho	38	30	47	4.6	3.6	5.5
Illinois	209	194	234	3.5	3.2	3.8
Indiana	155	106	150	4.9	3.3	4.6
Iowa	65	44	59	4.1	2.8	3.7
Kansas	48	47	57	3.4	3.3	3.9
Kentucky	102	81	89	5.3	4.1	4.4
Louisiana	84	103	85	4.4	5.3	4.3
Maine	24	20	20	3.8	3.2	3.2
Maryland	95	116	109	3.5	4.3	4.0
Massachusetts	110	94	106	3.0	2.5	2.8
Michigan	157	122	139	3.7	2.8	3.2
Minnesota	97	91	97	3.4	3.1	3.3
Mississippi	52	53	48	4.5	4.5	4.1
Missouri	122	93	96	4.2	3.1	3.2
Montana	24	21	26	4.8	4.1	5.1
Nebraska	41	30	39	4.0	2.9	3.8
Nevada	51	60	60	3.5	3.9	3.9
New Hampshire	29	29	24	4.3	4.2	3.4
New Jersey	142	129	138	3.4	3.0	3.2
New Mexico	34	31	34	4.0	3.6	3.9
New York	310	201	234	3.3	2.1	2.4
North Carolina	211	171	182	4.5	3.5	3.7
North Dakota	17	14	19	4.0	3.2	4.4
Ohio	187	179	219	3.4	3.2	3.9
Oklahoma	82	64	69	4.9	3.7	4.0
Oregon	71	68	75	3.6	3.4	3.8
Pennsylvania	177	157	190	3.0	2.6	3.1
Rhode Island	19	18	16	3.8	3.7	3.3
South Carolina	111	106	95	5.0	4.6	4.1
South Dakota	14	14	20	3.2	3.1	4.3
Tennessee	155	171	131	4.8	5.2	4.0
Texas	540	475	527	4.1	3.4	3.8
Utah	73	57	77	4.4	3.4	4.5
Vermont	13	11	12	4.5	3.6	4.1
Virginia	185	161	150	4.6	3.9	3.6
Washington	124	114	136	3.6	3.2	3.7
West Virginia	31	28	30	4.4	4.1	4.3
Wisconsin	107	83	104	3.7	2.8	3.5
Wyoming	14	11	16	4.9	3.8	5.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	4,657	3,444	3,869	3.1	2.2	2.5
Alabama	74	61	61	3.5	2.8	2.9
Alaska	11	7	8	3.6	2.3	2.6
Arizona	108	91	116	3.6	2.9	3.7
Arkansas	40	37	37	3.1	2.8	2.7
California	462	319	361	2.6	1.8	2.0
Colorado	96	62	77	3.4	2.2	2.7
Connecticut	43	30	36	2.6	1.8	2.1
Delaware	14	13	14	3.0	2.6	3.0
District of Columbia	17	12	14	2.2	1.6	1.8
Florida	333	270	312	3.6	2.8	3.2
Georgia	196	146	143	4.1	3.0	2.9
Hawaii	16	12	12	2.7	1.8	1.9
Idaho	28	20	30	3.4	2.4	3.6
Illinois	152	122	133	2.5	2.0	2.2
Indiana	129	75	103	4.1	2.3	3.2
Iowa	50	30	39	3.2	1.9	2.4
Kansas	37	31	33	2.6	2.2	2.3
Kentucky	74	58	68	3.8	2.9	3.4
Louisiana	63	72	59	3.3	3.7	3.0
Maine	18	12	14	2.8	2.0	2.2
Maryland	70	78	79	2.6	2.9	2.9
Massachusetts	84	49	70	2.3	1.3	1.9
Michigan	127	77	85	3.0	1.8	1.9
Minnesota	70	63	65	2.4	2.2	2.2
Mississippi	37	37	35	3.2	3.1	3.0
Missouri	92	66	64	3.2	2.2	2.1
Montana	18	13	17	3.5	2.6	3.2
Nebraska	32	20	24	3.1	2.0	2.3
Nevada	39	39	41	2.7	2.5	2.7
New Hampshire	21	19	16	3.1	2.7	2.3
New Jersey	105	76	98	2.5	1.8	2.3
New Mexico	26	20	21	3.0	2.4	2.5
New York	188	138	138	2.0	1.4	1.4
North Carolina	151	105	136	3.2	2.1	2.8
North Dakota	13	9	12	3.0	2.1	2.7
Ohio	140	120	128	2.6	2.2	2.3
Oklahoma	57	44	49	3.4	2.6	2.8
Oregon	54	46	49	2.8	2.3	2.5
Pennsylvania	127	102	137	2.2	1.7	2.2
Rhode Island	13	11	11	2.7	2.2	2.3
South Carolina	83	77	68	3.8	3.4	3.0
South Dakota	11	10	12	2.5	2.1	2.6
Tennessee	110	89	98	3.4	2.7	2.9
Texas	413	347	390	3.1	2.5	2.8
Utah	52	37	52	3.1	2.2	3.0
Vermont	10	6	9	3.2	2.1	2.8
Virginia	124	111	107	3.1	2.7	2.6
Washington	94	74	91	2.7	2.1	2.5
West Virginia	22	20	21	3.2	2.9	3.0
Wisconsin	81	56	64	2.8	1.9	2.1
Wyoming	10	7	10	3.6	2.4	3.6
Footnotes (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)	Apr. 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023(p)
TOTAL U.S.	1,236	1,514	1,449	0.8	1.0	0.9
Alabama	26	20	17	1.2	0.9	0.8
Alaska	3	3	10	1.0	1.0	3.1
Arizona	19	29	37	0.6	0.9	1.2
Arkansas	12	15	12	0.9	1.1	0.8
California	122	202	131	0.7	1.1	0.7
Colorado	33	36	43	1.2	1.3	1.5
Connecticut	11	15	13	0.7	0.9	0.8
Delaware	5	5	5	1.1	1.1	1.0
District of Columbia	7	5	5	0.9	0.6	0.7
Florida	53	92	89	0.6	0.9	0.9
Georgia	61	61	40	1.3	1.3	0.8
Hawaii	4	5	5	0.6	0.8	0.8
Idaho	8	8	14	0.9	0.9	1.6
Illinois	41	69	82	0.7	1.1	1.3
Indiana	21	28	39	0.7	0.9	1.2
Iowa	10	12	15	0.6	0.8	1.0
Kansas	8	13	19	0.6	0.9	1.3
Kentucky	23	20	17	1.2	1.0	0.9
Louisiana	17	28	23	0.9	1.4	1.2
Maine	5	7	5	0.8	1.1	0.8
Maryland	20	32	23	0.7	1.2	0.9
Massachusetts	19	41	29	0.5	1.1	0.8
Michigan	24	42	47	0.6	1.0	1.1
Minnesota	22	24	26	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mississippi	11	12	11	1.0	1.1	0.9
Missouri	25	22	27	0.9	0.7	0.9
Montana	5	6	8	1.0	1.2	1.5
Nebraska	7	8	12	0.7	0.8	1.1
Nevada	10	17	16	0.7	1.1	1.0
New Hampshire	6	9	6	0.9	1.3	0.9
New Jersey	29	48	32	0.7	1.1	0.7
New Mexico	6	8	9	0.8	0.9	1.0
New York	105	48	80	1.1	0.5	0.8
North Carolina	52	55	39	1.1	1.1	0.8
North Dakota	3	4	6	0.8	0.9	1.3
Ohio	37	33	64	0.7	0.6	1.1
Oklahoma	20	17	17	1.2	1.0	1.0
Oregon	13	17	20	0.7	0.9	1.0
Pennsylvania	41	50	41	0.7	0.8	0.7
Rhode Island	5	7	4	0.9	1.3	0.8
South Carolina	23	24	24	1.1	1.1	1.0
South Dakota	2	3	7	0.5	0.7	1.4
Tennessee	37	76	27	1.1	2.3	0.8
Texas	97	115	115	0.7	0.8	0.8
Utah	18	15	22	1.1	0.9	1.3
Vermont	3	4	3	1.0	1.4	1.0
Virginia	56	42	37	1.4	1.0	0.9
Washington	22	32	34	0.6	0.9	0.9
West Virginia	7	7	7	1.0	1.0	1.0
Wisconsin	21	22	32	0.7	0.7	1.1
Wyoming	3	3	5	1.0	1.0	1.6
Footnotes (p) Preliminary