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Economic News Release
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JOLTS JLT Program Links

Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, February 1, 2022	USDL-22-0152
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

			      JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – DECEMBER 2021

The number of job openings was little changed at 10.9 million on the last business day of December, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires and total separations decreased to 6.3 million and 
5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was little changed at 2.9 percent. The layoffs 
and discharges rate was little changed at 0.8 percent, a series low. This release includes estimates of the 
number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, by four 
geographic regions, and by establishment size class. 
    
Job Openings

On the last business day of December, the number of job openings was little changed at 10.9 million. 
The job openings rate was unchanged at 6.8 percent. Job openings increased in several industries with 
the largest increases in accommodation and food services (+133,000), information (+40,000), and 
nondurable goods manufacturing and state and local government education (+31,000 each). Job 
openings decreased in finance and insurance (-89,000) and in wholesale trade (-48,000). The number of 
job openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.)

Hires

In December, the number of hires decreased to 6.3 million (-333,000). The hires rate was little changed 
at 4.2 percent. Hires decreased in professional and business services (-159,000). Hires decreased in the 
West region. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

In December, the number of total separations decreased to 5.9 million (-305,000). The total separations 
rate was little changed at 4.0 percent. Among the industries, only federal government had an increase in 
total separations (+15,000). Total separations decreased in the Northeast and South regions. (See table 
3.)

The number of quits edged down in December to 4.3 million (-161,000) following a series high in 
November. The quits rate was little changed at 2.9 percent. Quits decreased in health care and social 
assistance (-89,000), accommodation and food services (-64,000), and construction (-44,000). Quits 
increased in nondurable goods manufacturing (+19,000). The number of quits decreased in the South 
region. (See table 4.)

In December, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges were little changed at 1.2 million and 0.8 
percent, respectively; both series lows. Layoffs and discharges decreased in retail trade (-67,000) but 
increased in federal government (+14,000). The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in the 
Northeast region. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in December at 392,000. Other separations 
decreased in durable goods manufacturing (-7,000). The other separations level increased in educational 
services and in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+3,000 each). Other separations increased in the West 
region. (See table 6.) 

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in December 2021, hires totaled 75.3 million and separations totaled 68.9 
million, yielding a net employment gain of 6.4 million. These totals include workers who may have been 
hired and separated more than once during the year.

Establishment Size Class

In December, the hires rate decreased in large establishments with 5,000 or more employees. For a more 
in-depth description of the JOLTS establishment size class estimates, please visit 
www.bls.gov/jlt/sizeclassmethodology.htm.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for January 2022 are scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, March 9, 2022 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|				Upcoming Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates				 |
|													 |
|As part of an annual process, the January 2022 release on March 9, 2022 will incorporate the annual 	 |
|updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment	 | 
|factors. Unadjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January 2017 forward are subject to revision.|
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|				 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact					 |
|			       Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data				 |
|													 |
|More information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including 		 |
|information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-	 |
|covid-19-pandemic-on-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm.						 |
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted
Category Job openings Hires Total separations
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY
(in thousands)


Total

6,752 10,775 10,925 5,411 6,596 6,263 5,582 6,205 5,900

Total private

6,094 9,753 9,882 5,072 6,202 5,870 5,236 5,856 5,548

Mining and logging

21 41 46 24 23 23 19 20 15

Construction

267 358 337 399 419 373 352 387 330

Manufacturing

479 853 856 398 463 433 387 411 426

Durable goods

271 507 479 224 255 237 213 229 225

Nondurable goods

209 346 377 174 207 196 173 182 201

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,215 1,892 1,868 1,199 1,388 1,340 1,123 1,327 1,258

Wholesale trade

173 322 274 160 182 160 151 171 151

Retail trade

764 1,025 1,014 814 879 861 737 895 867

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

277 546 580 225 327 319 235 260 240

Information

109 177 217 72 104 102 74 96 117

Financial activities

295 529 445 212 227 213 182 207 200

Finance and insurance

231 407 318 134 151 137 113 139 130

Real estate and rental and leasing

65 122 128 78 75 76 69 68 70

Professional and business services

1,478 1,854 1,875 1,121 1,273 1,114 1,007 1,181 1,121

Education and health services

1,277 2,006 2,067 700 815 803 681 827 760

Educational services

90 180 207 67 102 102 102 88 82

Health care and social assistance

1,187 1,826 1,859 633 713 701 579 739 679

Leisure and hospitality

747 1,585 1,716 758 1,232 1,208 1,221 1,166 1,085

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

62 185 183 60 160 144 173 143 126

Accommodation and food services

685 1,400 1,533 698 1,073 1,063 1,049 1,023 958

Other services

205 458 456 187 258 261 190 235 236

Government

659 1,021 1,042 339 394 393 346 348 353

Federal

98 164 174 47 54 49 50 40 55

State and local

561 858 868 292 341 344 296 309 297

State and local education

217 331 362 145 185 189 141 150 144

State and local, excluding education

344 526 506 147 155 155 155 158 153




RATES BY INDUSTRY
(percent)


Total

4.5 6.8 6.8 3.8 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.0

Total private

4.8 7.1 7.2 4.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.4

Mining and logging

3.4 5.9 6.6 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.1 2.3

Construction

3.5 4.5 4.3 5.4 5.6 4.9 4.8 5.1 4.4

Manufacturing

3.8 6.4 6.4 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4

Durable goods

3.4 6.1 5.8 2.9 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9

Nondurable goods

4.3 6.8 7.3 3.8 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.8 4.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

4.3 6.4 6.3 4.4 5.0 4.8 4.1 4.8 4.5

Wholesale trade

3.0 5.3 4.5 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.6

Retail trade

4.8 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.7 5.6 4.8 5.8 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

4.3 7.7 8.1 3.6 5.0 4.9 3.8 4.0 3.6

Information

3.9 6.0 7.2 2.7 3.7 3.7 2.8 3.4 4.2

Financial activities

3.3 5.6 4.8 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.2

Finance and insurance

3.4 5.8 4.6 2.0 2.3 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing

2.8 5.0 5.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.0

Professional and business services

6.7 8.0 8.0 5.5 6.0 5.2 4.9 5.5 5.2

Education and health services

5.2 7.8 8.0 3.0 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.5 3.2

Educational services

2.6 4.7 5.4 2.0 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.4 2.2

Health care and social assistance

5.6 8.3 8.4 3.2 3.5 3.5 2.9 3.7 3.4

Leisure and hospitality

5.4 9.2 9.9 5.8 7.9 7.7 9.3 7.5 6.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

3.5 7.6 7.5 3.5 7.1 6.4 10.1 6.4 5.7

Accommodation and food services

5.7 9.5 10.2 6.1 8.0 7.9 9.2 7.6 7.1

Other services

3.6 7.3 7.3 3.4 4.5 4.5 3.5 4.0 4.1

Government

3.0 4.5 4.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6

Federal

3.3 5.4 5.7 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.9

State and local

2.9 4.3 4.4 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6

State and local education

2.2 3.2 3.5 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.4

State and local, excluding education

3.7 5.5 5.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7

Footnotes
(p) Preliminary


Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 
other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Industries are classified in 
accordance with the North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working.

Job Openings.  Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting Internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future, positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work, and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires.  Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations.  Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 
establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size class. The 
establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 
Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state unemployment insurance 
laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates 
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the 
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.

Birth/death model.  The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. Also within the first year, new businesses may go out of business, 
referred to as a death. Because not all births and deaths of establishments can be reflected on the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from them during their early 
existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity from previous 
years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to the 
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment.  The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences as well as sampling and non- sampling errors between the two surveys historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and re-seasonally adjust.

Seasonal adjustment.  BLS uses X-13 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal adjustment 
methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up 
to and including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models 
and REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally adjusted CES 
employment trends are applied to the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trends (hires minus 
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates.  The JOLTS estimates are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment 
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-
adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The 
seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment 
factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS 
data series, for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be 
approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are 
published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news release each year. Annual 
estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the 
last business day of each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs when a sample 
is surveyed rather than the entire population. There is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true 
population values they represent. The difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample 
selected. This variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 
the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 
sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons 
including: the failure to include a segment of the population; the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample; 
the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 
made in the collection or processing of the data; and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

6,752 10,629 10,602 11,091 10,775 10,925 4.5 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.8 6.8

INDUSTRY

Total private

6,094 9,775 9,614 10,173 9,753 9,882 4.8 7.2 7.1 7.4 7.1 7.2

Mining and logging

21 38 37 36 41 46 3.4 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.9 6.6

Construction

267 358 354 455 358 337 3.5 4.6 4.5 5.7 4.5 4.3

Manufacturing

479 869 948 955 853 856 3.8 6.5 7.1 7.1 6.4 6.4

Durable goods

271 488 568 552 507 479 3.4 5.9 6.8 6.6 6.1 5.8

Nondurable goods

209 381 380 402 346 377 4.3 7.5 7.5 7.8 6.8 7.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,215 2,035 2,020 1,972 1,892 1,868 4.3 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.3

Wholesale trade

173 269 319 339 322 274 3.0 4.5 5.3 5.6 5.3 4.5

Retail trade

764 1,196 1,073 1,057 1,025 1,014 4.8 7.2 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

277 570 629 576 546 580 4.3 8.2 8.9 8.1 7.7 8.1

Information

109 179 155 173 177 217 3.9 6.1 5.3 5.8 6.0 7.2

Financial activities

295 474 438 450 529 445 3.3 5.1 4.7 4.8 5.6 4.8

Finance and insurance

231 288 322 324 407 318 3.4 4.2 4.7 4.7 5.8 4.6

Real estate and rental and leasing

65 186 115 126 122 128 2.8 7.5 4.7 5.1 5.0 5.2

Professional and business services

1,478 1,869 1,784 1,871 1,854 1,875 6.7 8.2 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.0

Education and health services

1,277 1,782 1,940 2,043 2,006 2,067 5.2 7.0 7.6 7.9 7.8 8.0

Educational services

90 182 134 174 180 207 2.6 4.8 3.6 4.6 4.7 5.4

Health care and social assistance

1,187 1,600 1,806 1,869 1,826 1,859 5.6 7.4 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.4

Leisure and hospitality

747 1,683 1,530 1,750 1,585 1,716 5.4 9.9 9.1 10.1 9.2 9.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

62 224 186 178 185 183 3.5 9.5 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.5

Accommodation and food services

685 1,459 1,344 1,571 1,400 1,533 5.7 10.0 9.3 10.5 9.5 10.2

Other services

205 487 407 469 458 456 3.6 7.8 6.6 7.5 7.3 7.3

Government

659 853 988 918 1,021 1,042 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.5 4.5

Federal

98 135 136 137 164 174 3.3 4.5 4.5 4.6 5.4 5.7

State and local

561 718 852 781 858 868 2.9 3.6 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.4

State and local education

217 297 261 303 331 362 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.5

State and local, excluding education

344 421 591 477 526 506 3.7 4.5 6.2 5.0 5.5 5.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

1,142 1,833 1,806 1,839 1,913 1,950 4.2 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.7

South

2,645 4,134 4,051 4,198 4,013 4,079 4.8 7.1 6.9 7.2 6.8 6.9

Midwest

1,465 2,239 2,364 2,569 2,391 2,381 4.5 6.6 6.9 7.4 6.9 6.9

West

1,501 2,422 2,382 2,485 2,458 2,515 4.3 6.6 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.7

Footnotes
(1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
(2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

5,411 6,497 6,546 6,506 6,596 6,263 3.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,072 6,140 6,206 6,140 6,202 5,870 4.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.6

Mining and logging

24 24 18 23 23 23 4.0 3.7 2.8 3.6 3.6 3.5

Construction

399 391 361 375 419 373 5.4 5.3 4.8 5.0 5.6 4.9

Manufacturing

398 476 483 482 463 433 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.4

Durable goods

224 260 264 270 255 237 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.0

Nondurable goods

174 216 219 212 207 196 3.8 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,199 1,411 1,375 1,384 1,388 1,340 4.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.8

Wholesale trade

160 194 179 171 182 160 2.9 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.2 2.8

Retail trade

814 932 896 875 879 861 5.3 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

225 284 301 338 327 319 3.6 4.4 4.7 5.2 5.0 4.9

Information

72 105 109 126 104 102 2.7 3.8 3.9 4.5 3.7 3.7

Financial activities

212 201 299 207 227 213 2.4 2.3 3.4 2.3 2.5 2.4

Finance and insurance

134 126 224 129 151 137 2.0 1.9 3.4 2.0 2.3 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

78 75 75 78 75 76 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.2

Professional and business services

1,121 1,200 1,230 1,237 1,273 1,114 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0 5.2

Education and health services

700 815 808 801 815 803 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4

Educational services

67 139 59 104 102 102 2.0 3.8 1.6 2.9 2.8 2.8

Health care and social assistance

633 676 749 697 713 701 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5

Leisure and hospitality

758 1,274 1,243 1,241 1,232 1,208 5.8 8.4 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

60 194 193 166 160 144 3.5 9.0 8.8 7.5 7.1 6.4

Accommodation and food services

698 1,080 1,050 1,075 1,073 1,063 6.1 8.2 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.9

Other services

187 245 279 264 258 261 3.4 4.3 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.5

Government

339 357 340 366 394 393 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8

Federal

47 47 42 44 54 49 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.7

State and local

292 310 298 321 341 344 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8

State and local education

145 161 127 164 185 189 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.9

State and local, excluding education

147 149 171 157 155 155 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7

REGION(3)

Northeast

867 972 1,033 1,034 1,012 1,004 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7

South

2,156 2,659 2,662 2,636 2,689 2,534 4.1 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.6

Midwest

1,203 1,349 1,365 1,349 1,376 1,358 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.2

West

1,184 1,518 1,485 1,486 1,518 1,367 3.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 3.9

Footnotes
(1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
(2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

5,582 6,032 6,147 5,891 6,205 5,900 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.0

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,236 5,735 5,821 5,538 5,856 5,548 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.4

Mining and logging

19 19 16 22 20 15 3.1 2.9 2.5 3.4 3.1 2.3

Construction

352 384 321 340 387 330 4.8 5.2 4.3 4.5 5.1 4.4

Manufacturing

387 444 452 420 411 426 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.4

Durable goods

213 248 243 232 229 225 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9

Nondurable goods

173 196 209 188 182 201 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.0 3.8 4.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,123 1,381 1,282 1,257 1,327 1,258 4.1 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.8 4.5

Wholesale trade

151 200 167 158 171 151 2.7 3.5 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.6

Retail trade

737 959 861 866 895 867 4.8 6.2 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

235 223 255 233 260 240 3.8 3.5 3.9 3.6 4.0 3.6

Information

74 80 97 101 96 117 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.4 4.2

Financial activities

182 196 267 187 207 200 2.1 2.2 3.0 2.1 2.3 2.2

Finance and insurance

113 128 207 117 139 130 1.7 2.0 3.2 1.8 2.1 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing

69 67 59 70 68 70 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.0

Professional and business services

1,007 1,126 1,134 1,120 1,181 1,121 4.9 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.2

Education and health services

681 742 806 783 827 760 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.2

Educational services

102 71 89 88 88 82 3.1 1.9 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2

Health care and social assistance

579 672 717 694 739 679 2.9 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.4

Leisure and hospitality

1,221 1,180 1,158 1,067 1,166 1,085 9.3 7.7 7.5 6.9 7.5 6.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

173 120 167 149 143 126 10.1 5.6 7.6 6.7 6.4 5.7

Accommodation and food services

1,049 1,060 992 918 1,023 958 9.2 8.1 7.5 6.9 7.6 7.1

Other services

190 181 288 241 235 236 3.5 3.2 5.0 4.2 4.0 4.1

Government

346 297 326 353 348 353 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6

Federal

50 43 45 48 40 55 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.9

State and local

296 255 281 305 309 297 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6

State and local education

141 125 149 145 150 144 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4

State and local, excluding education

155 130 132 160 158 153 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.7

REGION(3)

Northeast

858 888 922 930 958 815 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.0

South

2,186 2,370 2,476 2,389 2,569 2,405 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.4

Midwest

1,166 1,401 1,381 1,242 1,327 1,295 3.8 4.4 4.3 3.9 4.1 4.0

West

1,372 1,374 1,367 1,330 1,351 1,384 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.9 4.0

Footnotes
(1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
(2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

3,407 4,270 4,362 4,157 4,499 4,338 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9

INDUSTRY

Total private

3,224 4,087 4,166 3,945 4,283 4,129 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.2

Mining and logging

9 10 9 14 12 11 1.6 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.9 1.7

Construction

161 192 192 191 225 181 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.0 2.4

Manufacturing

240 312 324 298 294 308 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.5

Durable goods

135 170 172 163 166 162 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1

Nondurable goods

105 141 152 135 128 147 2.3 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.7 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

816 1,041 976 953 1,012 1,044 3.0 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.8

Wholesale trade

97 158 126 117 129 115 1.7 2.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0

Retail trade

549 730 686 691 707 759 3.6 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

170 153 164 145 176 170 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.6

Information

39 43 49 54 54 60 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1

Financial activities

108 126 150 113 136 130 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.5

Finance and insurance

69 85 113 66 84 78 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

38 41 37 47 53 52 1.7 1.8 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.2

Professional and business services

581 701 719 730 800 776 2.8 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.6

Education and health services

471 597 625 606 653 558 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.3

Educational services

52 44 63 60 61 55 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5

Health care and social assistance

419 552 562 546 592 503 2.1 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.5

Leisure and hospitality

687 934 955 840 966 906 5.2 6.1 6.2 5.4 6.2 5.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

71 68 117 79 78 83 4.2 3.2 5.3 3.6 3.5 3.7

Accommodation and food services

616 867 838 761 887 823 5.4 6.6 6.4 5.7 6.6 6.1

Other services

113 132 167 146 132 153 2.1 2.3 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.6

Government

183 183 196 212 215 210 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

Federal

21 20 22 23 22 21 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

State and local

162 163 174 188 194 188 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

State and local education

81 77 92 88 89 88 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

State and local, excluding education

81 86 82 101 105 100 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1

REGION(3)

Northeast

436 619 616 611 649 623 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3

South

1,465 1,706 1,805 1,723 1,905 1,799 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.3

Midwest

761 1,024 949 888 973 965 2.5 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0

West

746 921 992 936 971 951 2.2 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.7

Footnotes
(1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
(2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

1,823 1,385 1,396 1,350 1,309 1,169 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8

INDUSTRY

Total private

1,734 1,330 1,333 1,283 1,245 1,097 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9

Mining and logging

9 8 5 7 6 3 1.5 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.4

Construction

183 168 113 132 154 130 2.5 2.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.7

Manufacturing

120 104 105 99 84 95 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8

Durable goods

64 60 59 53 42 50 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6

Nondurable goods

56 44 47 45 42 45 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

243 271 246 252 250 157 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6

Wholesale trade

40 31 32 36 37 31 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

Retail trade

156 186 145 146 142 75 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

46 54 70 70 72 51 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.8

Information

30 25 38 37 32 43 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5

Financial activities

50 44 47 37 34 41 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5

Finance and insurance

23 24 30 20 20 25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing

27 20 17 17 14 15 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7

Professional and business services

359 347 359 318 294 247 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2

Education and health services

168 111 141 130 131 169 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7

Educational services

41 21 21 23 21 19 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

Health care and social assistance

126 89 120 107 109 150 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7

Leisure and hospitality

506 211 177 196 172 142 3.9 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

98 50 46 66 62 37 5.7 2.4 2.1 3.0 2.8 1.6

Accommodation and food services

409 161 131 130 111 105 3.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8

Other services

66 42 102 76 89 70 1.2 0.7 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.2

Government

89 54 63 67 64 73 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal

12 8 10 9 5 19 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.7

State and local

77 46 54 58 59 54 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local education

31 29 27 30 35 31 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding education

46 17 27 29 24 23 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

356 205 243 260 239 132 1.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.5

South

576 516 531 505 519 474 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

Midwest

338 299 346 282 266 263 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8

West

554 365 276 302 285 300 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9

Footnotes
(1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
(2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Aug.
2021
Sept.
2021
Oct.
2021
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

352 378 388 385 397 392 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private

278 317 322 311 328 322 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

Mining and logging

1 1 2 2 1 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Construction

7 24 16 18 9 19 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing

27 28 23 24 33 23 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Durable goods

14 18 12 15 21 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Nondurable goods

12 10 10 9 12 9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

64 69 60 52 65 57 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade

13 11 9 4 5 5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Retail trade

32 43 29 30 47 33 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

19 16 22 18 13 18 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Information

4 13 10 10 11 14 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5

Financial activities

24 26 70 37 37 29 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3

Finance and insurance

21 20 64 32 35 27 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing

3 7 5 6 2 3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1

Professional and business services

67 79 55 72 86 98 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5

Education and health services

43 35 41 47 44 34 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Educational services

9 5 5 6 5 8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance

34 30 36 42 38 25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Leisure and hospitality

28 34 27 31 28 36 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

3 2 4 4 3 6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3

Accommodation and food services

24 32 23 27 25 30 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other services

12 8 18 18 14 12 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Government

74 60 66 74 69 70 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal

17 15 13 16 13 15 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5

State and local

57 46 53 58 56 55 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local education

29 18 30 27 27 25 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding education

28 28 23 31 29 30 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

66 64 63 59 70 60 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

South

146 149 140 161 144 133 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

Midwest

67 77 86 72 88 67 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

West

72 88 100 93 96 133 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

Footnotes
(1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
(2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment..
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.


Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

6,032 10,147 9,946 4.0 6.3 6.2

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,422 9,187 8,943 4.3 6.7 6.5

Mining and logging

14 39 42 2.3 5.6 6.0

Construction

211 325 273 2.8 4.1 3.5

Manufacturing

444 819 737 3.5 6.1 5.5

Durable goods

253 502 400 3.2 6.0 4.9

Nondurable goods

191 318 337 4.0 6.3 6.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,086 1,803 1,676 3.7 6.0 5.5

Wholesale trade

159 308 251 2.7 5.1 4.2

Retail trade

682 944 881 4.2 5.6 5.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

245 551 544 3.6 7.6 7.3

Information

107 163 216 3.9 5.5 7.1

Financial activities

279 499 418 3.1 5.3 4.5

Finance and insurance

220 391 297 3.2 5.6 4.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

59 108 121 2.6 4.4 4.9

Professional and business services

1,327 1,736 1,714 6.0 7.4 7.3

Education and health services

1,190 1,943 1,963 4.8 7.5 7.6

Educational services

75 173 189 2.2 4.3 4.8

Health care and social assistance

1,115 1,770 1,774 5.3 8.1 8.1

Leisure and hospitality

569 1,453 1,491 4.2 8.6 8.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

36 151 143 2.2 6.7 6.4

Accommodation and food services

533 1,303 1,347 4.5 8.9 9.2

Other services

195 407 414 3.5 6.6 6.7

Government

610 960 1,004 2.7 4.1 4.3

Federal

89 159 168 3.0 5.2 5.5

State and local

521 801 836 2.7 4.0 4.2

State and local education

196 280 336 1.9 2.6 3.1

State and local, excluding education

325 521 501 3.5 5.5 5.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

1,029 1,825 1,825 3.8 6.3 6.3

South

2,394 3,790 3,704 4.3 6.4 6.3

Midwest

1,294 2,272 2,144 4.0 6.5 6.2

West

1,315 2,261 2,273 3.8 6.0 6.1

Footnotes
(1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
(2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

4,059 6,132 4,692 2.8 4.1 3.1

INDUSTRY

Total private

3,858 5,815 4,456 3.2 4.6 3.5

Mining and logging

16 19 15 2.7 2.8 2.3

Construction

245 339 220 3.3 4.5 2.9

Manufacturing

298 417 323 2.4 3.3 2.6

Durable goods

166 232 174 2.2 3.0 2.2

Nondurable goods

132 184 149 2.8 3.9 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,014 1,696 1,104 3.6 6.0 3.9

Wholesale trade

127 164 121 2.3 2.9 2.1

Retail trade

651 1,042 682 4.1 6.6 4.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

236 489 300 3.6 7.2 4.4

Information

51 93 72 1.9 3.3 2.6

Financial activities

144 205 149 1.6 2.3 1.7

Finance and insurance

92 140 96 1.4 2.1 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing

52 64 53 2.3 2.7 2.2

Professional and business services

938 1,197 927 4.5 5.5 4.3

Education and health services

510 698 606 2.2 2.9 2.5

Educational services

28 73 57 0.8 1.9 1.5

Health care and social assistance

482 625 549 2.4 3.1 2.7

Leisure and hospitality

524 949 856 4.1 6.2 5.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

39 107 82 2.5 5.1 3.9

Accommodation and food services

485 842 775 4.3 6.4 5.8

Other services

118 203 184 2.2 3.5 3.2

Government

200 317 235 0.9 1.4 1.1

Federal

40 61 44 1.4 2.1 1.5

State and local

160 256 191 0.8 1.3 1.0

State and local education

69 123 90 0.7 1.2 0.9

State and local, excluding education

91 133 101 1.0 1.5 1.1

REGION(3)

Northeast

613 902 715 2.3 3.3 2.6

South

1,660 2,510 1,940 3.1 4.6 3.5

Midwest

907 1,298 1,043 2.9 4.0 3.2

West

879 1,421 994 2.6 4.0 2.8

Footnotes
(1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
(2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

5,416 5,652 5,716 3.8 3.8 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,125 5,378 5,388 4.2 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging

20 15 15 3.3 2.3 2.3

Construction

398 401 357 5.4 5.3 4.8

Manufacturing

344 363 374 2.8 2.9 3.0

Durable goods

188 190 191 2.5 2.4 2.4

Nondurable goods

156 172 183 3.4 3.6 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,172 1,242 1,320 4.2 4.4 4.6

Wholesale trade

130 155 125 2.3 2.7 2.2

Retail trade

752 842 897 4.8 5.3 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

290 245 297 4.4 3.6 4.3

Information

67 83 116 2.5 2.9 4.1

Financial activities

145 178 160 1.6 2.0 1.8

Finance and insurance

95 121 106 1.4 1.8 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing

50 57 54 2.3 2.5 2.3

Professional and business services

1,038 1,106 1,148 5.0 5.1 5.3

Education and health services

586 698 672 2.5 2.9 2.8

Educational services

81 63 64 2.4 1.6 1.7

Health care and social assistance

505 635 607 2.5 3.1 3.0

Leisure and hospitality

1,168 1,075 992 9.1 7.0 6.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

188 173 138 11.7 8.2 6.6

Accommodation and food services

981 902 854 8.7 6.8 6.4

Other services

187 218 234 3.4 3.8 4.0

Government

291 274 328 1.3 1.2 1.5

Federal

54 36 59 1.8 1.3 2.0

State and local

238 238 268 1.3 1.2 1.4

State and local education

95 97 126 1.0 0.9 1.2

State and local, excluding education

143 141 142 1.6 1.6 1.6

REGION(3)

Northeast

876 918 812 3.3 3.4 3.0

South

2,069 2,286 2,290 3.9 4.1 4.1

Midwest

1,152 1,232 1,269 3.7 3.8 3.9

West

1,320 1,215 1,345 3.9 3.5 3.8

Footnotes
(1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
(2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

2,961 3,984 3,893 2.1 2.7 2.6

INDUSTRY

Total private

2,830 3,799 3,714 2.3 3.0 2.9

Mining and logging

6 10 8 1.0 1.5 1.2

Construction

137 198 149 1.9 2.6 2.0

Manufacturing

194 248 255 1.6 2.0 2.0

Durable goods

108 136 129 1.4 1.7 1.7

Nondurable goods

86 112 125 1.8 2.4 2.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities

765 940 1,012 2.7 3.3 3.5

Wholesale trade

80 116 94 1.4 2.0 1.6

Retail trade

493 652 722 3.1 4.1 4.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

192 172 196 2.9 2.5 2.8

Information

32 48 54 1.2 1.7 1.9

Financial activities

84 123 101 1.0 1.4 1.1

Finance and insurance

57 74 59 0.9 1.1 0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing

27 49 42 1.2 2.1 1.8

Professional and business services

502 729 704 2.4 3.4 3.3

Education and health services

419 559 496 1.8 2.3 2.1

Educational services

39 46 42 1.2 1.2 1.1

Health care and social assistance

380 513 454 1.9 2.5 2.2

Leisure and hospitality

604 836 802 4.7 5.4 5.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

56 61 72 3.5 2.9 3.4

Accommodation and food services

548 775 730 4.9 5.8 5.5

Other services

87 109 133 1.6 1.9 2.3

Government

131 185 179 0.6 0.8 0.8

Federal

20 21 21 0.7 0.7 0.7

State and local

112 164 158 0.6 0.8 0.8

State and local education

47 68 74 0.5 0.6 0.7

State and local, excluding education

65 96 84 0.7 1.1 1.0

REGION(3)

Northeast

357 574 535 1.4 2.1 2.0

South

1,292 1,677 1,637 2.4 3.0 3.0

Midwest

653 859 850 2.1 2.6 2.6

West

659 874 870 2.0 2.5 2.5

Footnotes
(1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
(2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

2,100 1,334 1,425 1.5 0.9 0.9

INDUSTRY

Total private

2,015 1,289 1,352 1.7 1.0 1.1

Mining and logging

13 4 7 2.2 0.7 1.0

Construction

252 196 188 3.5 2.6 2.5

Manufacturing

119 85 93 1.0 0.7 0.7

Durable goods

62 36 45 0.8 0.5 0.6

Nondurable goods

57 49 48 1.2 1.0 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

347 242 257 1.2 0.9 0.9

Wholesale trade

34 35 26 0.6 0.6 0.4

Retail trade

231 146 146 1.5 0.9 0.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

82 61 85 1.2 0.9 1.2

Information

32 26 49 1.2 0.9 1.7

Financial activities

43 21 35 0.5 0.2 0.4

Finance and insurance

23 13 25 0.3 0.2 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing

21 8 10 0.9 0.3 0.4

Professional and business services

465 298 342 2.3 1.4 1.6

Education and health services

124 106 143 0.5 0.4 0.6

Educational services

35 14 16 1.0 0.4 0.4

Health care and social assistance

89 92 127 0.4 0.5 0.6

Leisure and hospitality

531 213 148 4.1 1.4 1.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

129 108 60 8.0 5.1 2.9

Accommodation and food services

402 105 88 3.6 0.8 0.7

Other services

88 98 89 1.6 1.7 1.5

Government

85 45 73 0.4 0.2 0.3

Federal

13 5 20 0.4 0.2 0.7

State and local

73 39 53 0.4 0.2 0.3

State and local education

29 17 32 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local, excluding education

44 22 21 0.5 0.2 0.2

REGION(3)

Northeast

449 289 213 1.7 1.1 0.8

South

630 477 522 1.2 0.9 0.9

Midwest

419 301 341 1.3 0.9 1.1

West

601 267 349 1.8 0.8 1.0

Footnotes
(1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
(2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)
Dec.
2020
Nov.
2021
Dec.
2021(p)

Total

355 334 398 0.2 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private

280 290 322 0.2 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging

0 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.1

Construction

9 8 20 0.1 0.1 0.3

Manufacturing

31 29 26 0.3 0.2 0.2

Durable goods

17 19 17 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods

14 11 10 0.3 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

60 60 50 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade

16 3 6 0.3 0.1 0.1

Retail trade

28 44 28 0.2 0.3 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

17 13 16 0.3 0.2 0.2

Information

3 9 13 0.1 0.3 0.5

Financial activities

18 34 24 0.2 0.4 0.3

Finance and insurance

15 34 22 0.2 0.5 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

3 0 2 0.1 0.0 0.1

Professional and business services

70 79 102 0.3 0.4 0.5

Education and health services

43 32 33 0.2 0.1 0.1

Educational services

7 3 7 0.2 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance

36 30 26 0.2 0.1 0.1

Leisure and hospitality

33 26 42 0.3 0.2 0.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

3 4 6 0.2 0.2 0.3

Accommodation and food services

30 22 36 0.3 0.2 0.3

Other services

12 11 12 0.2 0.2 0.2

Government

75 44 76 0.3 0.2 0.3

Federal

21 10 18 0.7 0.3 0.6

State and local

54 35 58 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local education

19 12 21 0.2 0.1 0.2

State and local, excluding education

35 23 37 0.4 0.3 0.4

REGION(3)

Northeast

69 55 64 0.3 0.2 0.2

South

146 132 131 0.3 0.2 0.2

Midwest

79 73 77 0.3 0.2 0.2

West

60 74 126 0.2 0.2 0.4

Footnotes
(1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
(2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.


Last Modified Date: February 01, 2022