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Economic News Release
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JOLTS JLT Program Links

Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, February 1, 2023  USDL-23-0148
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                        JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – DECEMBER 2022

The number of job openings increased to 11.0 million on the last business day of December, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations 
changed little at 6.2 million and 5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (4.1 million) and 
layoffs and discharges (1.5 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number and 
rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class. 
      
Job Openings

On the last business day of December, the number and rate of job openings increased to 11.0 million 
and 6.7 percent, respectively. In December, the largest increases in job openings were in accommodation 
and food services (+409,000), retail trade (+134,000), and construction (+82,000). The number of job 
openings decreased in information (-107,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In December, the number and rate of hires changed little at 6.2 million and 4.0 percent, respectively. 
Hires changed little in all industries. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

In December, the number of total separations changed little at 5.9 million, and the rate remained 
unchanged at 3.8 percent. The number of total separations decreased in transportation, warehousing, and 
utilities (-67,000). (See table 3.)

In December, the number of quits was little changed at 4.1 million, and the rate was unchanged at 2.7 
percent. Quits decreased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-69,000) but increased in other 
services (+65,000). (See table 4.)

In December, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.5 million and 1.0 
percent, respectively. Layoffs and discharges decreased in finance and insurance (-43,000) but increased 
in federal government (+4,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in December at 336,000. Other separations 
increased in retail trade (+29,000) and in health care and social assistance (+19,000). Other separations 
decreased in state and local government, excluding education (-10,000) and in educational services             
(-6,000). (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class
In December, the job openings rate increased in establishments with 50 to 249 employees but decreased 
in establishments with 5,000 or more employees. The total separations rate increased in establishments 
with 10 to 49 employees but decreased in establishments with 50 to 249 employees and 250 to 999 
employees. The quits rate increased in establishments with 10 to 49 employees but decreased in 
establishments with 50 to 249 employees and 250 to 999 employees. For a more in-depth description of 
the JOLTS establishment size class estimates, please visit www.bls.gov/jlt/sizeclassmethodology.htm.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for January 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, March 8, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|Upcoming Changes to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data                                      |
|Effective with the release of January 2023 data on March 8, 2023, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover    | 
|Survey (JOLTS) estimates will be revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment     | 
|Statistics employment data and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and   | 
|seasonally adjusted data from January 2018 forward are subject to revision. In accordance with annual    | 
|practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the benchmark process. Also effective | 
|with this release, JOLTS is adopting the 2022 version of the North American Industry Classification      |
|System (NAICS), which has a minimal impact on the published JOLTS data series. For more                  |
|information on the 2022 NAICS, visit www.census.gov/naics.                                               |
|													  |
|Also effective with the release of January data, JOLTS will begin publishing two new tables presenting   | 
|annual average job openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each   | 
|year with January data.) In addition, JOLTS will modify its method for calculating annual estimates for  | 
|hires and separations rates. Annual rates will be computed as annual averages, instead of annual totals, | 
|to make the estimates more helpful for data users and to be consistent with other Bureau of Labor        | 
|Statistics programs.											  |
|													  |
|JOLTS will introduce several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with the news          | 
|release for January data. Two tables displaying JOLTS data by size class will be added to the news	  | 
|release: one for seasonally adjusted estimates and the other for not seasonally adjusted estimates. JOLTS| 
|will also introduce over-the-month change columns for levels and rates to tables 1 through 6. To	  | 
|accommodate the new tables, tables starting with table 7 will be renumbered.				  |
|													  |		
|Additional information about these changes, including the annual average calculation method and          | 
|sample table shells for all news release tables, is available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm. |
|_________________________________________________________________________________________________________|
     

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted
Category Job openings Hires Total separations
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY
(in thousands)


Total

11,448 10,440 11,012 6,450 6,034 6,165 6,042 5,831 5,890

Total private

10,343 9,380 9,931 6,062 5,612 5,741 5,648 5,459 5,501

Mining and logging

34 38 41 20 22 23 17 19 20

Construction

359 331 413 361 323 357 329 293 324

Manufacturing

746 803 764 457 405 405 434 400 386

Durable goods

422 502 473 258 217 233 244 216 203

Nondurable goods

324 301 291 199 188 172 190 185 183

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,942 1,571 1,746 1,377 1,251 1,281 1,330 1,276 1,277

Wholesale trade

295 211 284 170 169 171 142 155 160

Retail trade

1,036 883 1,017 901 729 774 916 735 798

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

611 476 445 306 353 336 272 386 319

Information

232 216 109 111 119 97 112 92 87

Financial activities

470 568 581 229 233 195 206 234 190

Finance and insurance

355 389 424 145 152 121 135 161 129

Real estate and rental and leasing

115 179 157 84 80 74 70 73 61

Professional and business services

2,021 1,952 1,956 1,212 1,110 1,129 1,150 1,143 1,128

Education and health services

2,187 2,099 2,119 846 852 916 800 792 836

Educational services

217 161 187 102 96 96 84 84 92

Health care and social assistance

1,970 1,938 1,932 744 756 820 716 708 744

Leisure and hospitality

1,990 1,505 1,935 1,192 1,093 1,100 1,029 1,037 1,044

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

205 172 192 165 158 163 123 148 135

Accommodation and food services

1,785 1,334 1,743 1,027 935 937 906 889 909

Other services

362 298 266 256 204 239 241 173 209

Government

1,105 1,060 1,080 388 422 423 395 372 390

Federal

167 137 152 45 40 47 57 40 45

State and local

938 923 928 344 381 376 338 332 345

State and local education

361 353 353 183 189 181 174 157 166

State and local, excluding education

577 570 575 161 193 195 163 175 179




RATES BY INDUSTRY
(percent)


Total

7.1 6.4 6.7 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.8

Total private

7.5 6.7 7.0 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging

5.5 5.7 6.0 3.5 3.4 3.5 2.9 2.9 3.0

Construction

4.6 4.1 5.0 4.8 4.2 4.6 4.4 3.8 4.2

Manufacturing

5.6 5.8 5.6 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.5 3.1 3.0

Durable goods

5.1 5.9 5.5 3.3 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.5

Nondurable goods

6.4 5.8 5.7 4.2 3.8 3.5 4.0 3.8 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities

6.4 5.2 5.7 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.4

Wholesale trade

4.9 3.4 4.6 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.7

Retail trade

6.2 5.3 6.1 5.8 4.6 4.9 5.9 4.7 5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

8.2 6.4 6.0 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.0 5.5 4.5

Information

7.4 6.6 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.2 3.8 3.0 2.8

Financial activities

5.0 5.9 6.1 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.1

Finance and insurance

5.1 5.5 6.0 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing

4.8 7.0 6.2 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.5

Professional and business services

8.5 8.0 8.0 5.6 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.0

Education and health services

8.4 7.8 7.8 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.4

Educational services

5.5 4.0 4.6 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.4

Health care and social assistance

8.9 8.5 8.4 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.5

Leisure and hospitality

11.7 8.6 10.8 7.9 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.5 6.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

8.6 6.9 7.5 7.5 6.8 6.9 5.6 6.4 5.7

Accommodation and food services

12.2 8.9 11.3 8.0 6.9 6.9 7.0 6.5 6.6

Other services

6.1 4.9 4.4 4.6 3.5 4.1 4.3 3.0 3.6

Government

4.8 4.5 4.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7

Federal

5.5 4.6 5.0 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.5

State and local

4.6 4.5 4.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8

State and local education

3.4 3.3 3.3 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6

State and local, excluding education

6.0 5.9 5.9 1.8 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.0

Footnotes
(p) Preliminary


Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 
other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Industries are classified in 
accordance with the North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working.

Job Openings.  Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting Internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future, positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work, and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires.  Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations.  Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 
establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size class. The 
establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 
Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state unemployment insurance 
laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates 
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the 
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.

Birth/death model.  The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. Also within the first year, new businesses may go out of business, 
referred to as a death. Because not all births and deaths of establishments can be reflected on the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from them during their early 
existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity from previous 
years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to the 
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment.  The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences as well as sampling and non- sampling errors between the two surveys historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and re-seasonally adjust.

Seasonal adjustment.  BLS uses X-13 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal adjustment 
methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up 
to and including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models 
and REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally adjusted CES 
employment trends are applied to the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trends (hires minus 
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates.  The JOLTS estimates are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment 
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-
adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The 
seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment 
factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS 
data series, for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be 
approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are 
published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news release each year. Annual 
estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the 
last business day of each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs when a sample 
is surveyed rather than the entire population. There is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true 
population values they represent. The difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample 
selected. This variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 
the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 
sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons 
including: the failure to include a segment of the population; the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample; 
the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 
made in the collection or processing of the data; and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay 
services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

11,448 10,280 10,687 10,512 10,440 11,012 7.1 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.7

INDUSTRY

Total private

10,343 9,240 9,627 9,528 9,380 9,931 7.5 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.7 7.0

Mining and logging

34 24 29 46 38 41 5.5 3.7 4.4 6.8 5.7 6.0

Construction

359 386 423 390 331 413 4.6 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.1 5.0

Manufacturing

746 846 835 722 803 764 5.6 6.2 6.1 5.3 5.8 5.6

Durable goods

422 514 490 480 502 473 5.1 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.5

Nondurable goods

324 332 346 242 301 291 6.4 6.4 6.6 4.7 5.8 5.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,942 1,576 1,620 1,647 1,571 1,746 6.4 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.7

Wholesale trade

295 342 243 285 211 284 4.9 5.5 4.0 4.6 3.4 4.6

Retail trade

1,036 792 855 850 883 1,017 6.2 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.3 6.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

611 442 521 512 476 445 8.2 5.9 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.0

Information

232 201 218 221 216 109 7.4 6.2 6.7 6.8 6.6 3.4

Financial activities

470 557 472 604 568 581 5.0 5.8 5.0 6.3 5.9 6.1

Finance and insurance

355 363 282 419 389 424 5.1 5.2 4.1 6.0 5.5 6.0

Real estate and rental and leasing

115 194 190 185 179 157 4.8 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.0 6.2

Professional and business services

2,021 1,812 1,940 1,814 1,952 1,956 8.5 7.5 8.0 7.5 8.0 8.0

Education and health services

2,187 2,168 2,277 2,159 2,099 2,119 8.4 8.1 8.5 8.0 7.8 7.8

Educational services

217 187 194 159 161 187 5.5 4.6 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.6

Health care and social assistance

1,970 1,981 2,083 1,999 1,938 1,932 8.9 8.7 9.1 8.7 8.5 8.4

Leisure and hospitality

1,990 1,397 1,578 1,637 1,505 1,935 11.7 8.1 9.1 9.3 8.6 10.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

205 193 213 209 172 192 8.6 7.7 8.4 8.2 6.9 7.5

Accommodation and food services

1,785 1,204 1,365 1,428 1,334 1,743 12.2 8.2 9.2 9.5 8.9 11.3

Other services

362 274 234 289 298 266 6.1 4.6 3.9 4.8 4.9 4.4

Government

1,105 1,040 1,060 984 1,060 1,080 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.6

Federal

167 139 181 120 137 152 5.5 4.6 5.9 4.0 4.6 5.0

State and local

938 900 880 864 923 928 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.5

State and local education

361 331 307 327 353 353 3.4 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.3

State and local, excluding education

577 569 573 537 570 575 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.9 5.9

REGION(3)

Northeast

1,923 1,634 1,670 1,661 1,555 1,653 6.8 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.7

South

4,330 4,092 4,227 4,150 4,187 4,306 7.2 6.7 6.9 6.8 6.8 7.0

Midwest

2,530 2,175 2,342 2,177 2,207 2,504 7.3 6.2 6.6 6.1 6.2 7.0

West

2,664 2,379 2,448 2,524 2,491 2,549 7.1 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.5 6.6

Footnotes
(1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
(2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

6,450 6,334 6,096 6,111 6,034 6,165 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0

INDUSTRY

Total private

6,062 5,919 5,716 5,719 5,612 5,741 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4

Mining and logging

20 20 22 21 22 23 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.5

Construction

361 349 359 337 323 357 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.6

Manufacturing

457 461 401 434 405 405 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.1 3.1

Durable goods

258 267 219 230 217 233 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.9

Nondurable goods

199 194 183 204 188 172 4.2 4.0 3.7 4.2 3.8 3.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,377 1,303 1,236 1,252 1,251 1,281 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5

Wholesale trade

170 164 158 159 169 171 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9

Retail trade

901 794 756 748 729 774 5.8 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

306 345 322 345 353 336 4.5 4.9 4.6 4.9 5.0 4.8

Information

111 106 102 100 119 97 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.2

Financial activities

229 233 234 210 233 195 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.2

Finance and insurance

145 158 148 136 152 121 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.3 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing

84 75 86 74 80 74 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.1

Professional and business services

1,212 1,192 1,137 1,159 1,110 1,129 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.9 5.0

Education and health services

846 878 840 801 852 916 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.7

Educational services

102 105 96 97 96 96 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Health care and social assistance

744 773 745 704 756 820 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.9

Leisure and hospitality

1,192 1,132 1,140 1,178 1,093 1,100 7.9 7.2 7.2 7.4 6.8 6.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

165 156 158 151 158 163 7.5 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.8 6.9

Accommodation and food services

1,027 976 982 1,027 935 937 8.0 7.3 7.3 7.6 6.9 6.9

Other services

256 244 244 227 204 239 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.0 3.5 4.1

Government

388 415 380 391 422 423 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9

Federal

45 38 43 43 40 47 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.6

State and local

344 377 337 348 381 376 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9

State and local education

183 185 156 177 189 181 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7

State and local, excluding education

161 191 181 171 193 195 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.1

REGION(3)

Northeast

999 898 893 859 875 870 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2

South

2,650 2,618 2,547 2,536 2,542 2,564 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5

Midwest

1,396 1,397 1,268 1,286 1,281 1,433 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.8 4.3

West

1,406 1,422 1,388 1,430 1,336 1,298 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.6

Footnotes
(1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
(2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

6,042 6,058 5,665 5,756 5,831 5,890 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,648 5,692 5,270 5,385 5,459 5,501 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging

17 21 20 18 19 20 2.9 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.0

Construction

329 338 343 318 293 324 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.1 3.8 4.2

Manufacturing

434 417 374 388 400 386 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0

Durable goods

244 231 203 200 216 203 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.5

Nondurable goods

190 186 170 187 185 183 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,330 1,319 1,212 1,221 1,276 1,277 4.7 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4

Wholesale trade

142 152 136 147 155 160 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.7

Retail trade

916 803 752 769 735 798 5.9 5.1 4.8 4.9 4.7 5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

272 364 324 305 386 319 4.0 5.1 4.6 4.3 5.5 4.5

Information

112 99 93 78 92 87 3.8 3.3 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.8

Financial activities

206 238 225 208 234 190 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.1

Finance and insurance

135 159 145 134 161 129 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.4 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing

70 79 80 74 73 61 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.5

Professional and business services

1,150 1,115 1,043 1,108 1,143 1,128 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.0

Education and health services

800 777 737 733 792 836 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.4

Educational services

84 80 87 90 84 92 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4

Health care and social assistance

716 696 650 643 708 744 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.5

Leisure and hospitality

1,029 1,144 1,032 1,086 1,037 1,044 6.8 7.3 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

123 159 145 143 148 135 5.6 6.9 6.2 6.1 6.4 5.7

Accommodation and food services

906 986 887 943 889 909 7.0 7.3 6.6 6.9 6.5 6.6

Other services

241 224 193 228 173 209 4.3 3.9 3.4 4.0 3.0 3.6

Government

395 365 395 371 372 390 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7

Federal

57 40 43 40 40 45 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5

State and local

338 325 352 331 332 345 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8

State and local education

174 159 169 167 157 166 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6

State and local, excluding education

163 166 183 164 175 179 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0

REGION(3)

Northeast

815 879 789 781 773 849 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.1

South

2,507 2,645 2,346 2,454 2,374 2,362 4.5 4.7 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.1

Midwest

1,341 1,168 1,270 1,233 1,239 1,281 4.1 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8

West

1,380 1,366 1,259 1,288 1,445 1,398 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.6 4.0 3.9

Footnotes
(1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
(2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

4,403 4,184 4,060 4,047 4,102 4,087 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7

INDUSTRY

Total private

4,164 3,965 3,819 3,817 3,879 3,851 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9

Mining and logging

13 14 14 13 12 12 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9

Construction

185 208 158 158 138 158 2.5 2.7 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.0

Manufacturing

322 286 250 271 269 258 2.6 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.0

Durable goods

180 159 135 141 143 130 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6

Nondurable goods

141 127 115 130 126 128 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,082 940 908 918 992 922 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.2

Wholesale trade

113 96 101 98 101 97 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6

Retail trade

786 591 588 617 614 617 5.0 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

183 254 219 203 277 208 2.7 3.6 3.1 2.9 3.9 3.0

Information

61 56 57 27 42 42 2.1 1.8 1.9 0.9 1.4 1.4

Financial activities

130 149 156 142 136 133 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5

Finance and insurance

81 96 95 92 87 88 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

49 53 60 49 49 45 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.1 1.9

Professional and business services

760 671 707 709 721 700 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1

Education and health services

597 580 558 573 619 630 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5

Educational services

57 53 53 55 51 56 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

Health care and social assistance

540 527 505 518 568 575 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.7

Leisure and hospitality

856 912 856 855 839 819 5.7 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

81 75 80 70 79 74 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.1

Accommodation and food services

776 837 776 784 760 745 6.0 6.2 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.4

Other services

159 150 155 151 111 176 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 1.9 3.0

Government

238 219 241 230 224 236 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1

Federal

23 22 21 19 19 20 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

State and local

215 196 220 211 205 217 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

State and local education

108 99 107 106 99 103 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

State and local, excluding education

107 97 113 105 105 113 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

REGION(3)

Northeast

601 588 539 512 512 546 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0

South

1,820 1,890 1,734 1,815 1,757 1,718 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.0

Midwest

998 800 899 838 853 856 3.1 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6

West

985 907 888 883 980 967 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7

Footnotes
(1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
(2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

1,262 1,490 1,329 1,445 1,418 1,468 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

INDUSTRY

Total private

1,183 1,405 1,247 1,372 1,344 1,378 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Mining and logging

4 5 5 5 6 6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9

Construction

133 120 173 151 141 153 1.8 1.6 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.0

Manufacturing

90 97 92 97 103 105 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

Durable goods

49 51 46 47 57 58 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7

Nondurable goods

41 46 46 50 47 46 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities

192 301 253 260 241 273 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9

Wholesale trade

20 42 24 39 44 50 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8

Retail trade

102 174 149 131 100 131 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

70 85 80 90 97 92 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3

Information

38 38 31 45 41 38 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.2

Financial activities

44 58 52 59 83 34 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4

Finance and insurance

24 35 37 38 63 20 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

19 23 16 21 20 14 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.6

Professional and business services

306 370 293 347 353 373 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7

Education and health services

166 148 161 135 145 165 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7

Educational services

20 23 30 28 22 32 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8

Health care and social assistance

147 124 131 107 122 132 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6

Leisure and hospitality

141 205 157 205 174 206 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

37 81 63 71 68 57 1.7 3.5 2.7 3.1 2.9 2.4

Accommodation and food services

104 124 94 133 107 149 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.1

Other services

69 64 30 68 57 25 1.2 1.1 0.5 1.2 1.0 0.4

Government

79 85 82 73 73 90 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4

Federal

19 7 9 7 7 11 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4

State and local

60 78 73 66 66 79 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4

State and local education

33 35 36 33 26 35 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding education

26 43 38 33 40 44 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

REGION(3)

Northeast

156 222 209 236 210 240 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9

South

550 598 499 552 514 525 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9

Midwest

271 301 318 326 326 365 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1

West

286 369 303 331 367 338 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9

Footnotes
(1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
(2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Aug.
2022
Sept.
2022
Oct.
2022
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

377 383 276 264 311 336 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private

300 322 204 197 236 272 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging

1 2 1 1 1 2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3

Construction

12 11 12 8 13 13 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing

22 34 31 20 28 23 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods

15 21 22 12 16 15 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods

7 13 9 8 12 8 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

56 78 51 42 43 83 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3

Wholesale trade

9 14 11 9 9 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Retail trade

28 38 15 21 21 50 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

19 26 25 12 13 19 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3

Information

13 5 5 6 10 6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Financial activities

32 31 17 7 14 22 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Finance and insurance

30 28 13 4 10 21 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

2 3 4 3 4 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Professional and business services

83 75 42 52 70 54 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Education and health services

37 49 19 25 29 41 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Educational services

8 4 4 7 10 4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1

Health care and social assistance

29 45 14 18 18 37 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Leisure and hospitality

31 28 18 26 23 19 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

5 3 2 1 2 4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

Accommodation and food services

26 25 17 25 22 15 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Other services

13 10 9 9 4 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Government

77 61 72 67 76 63 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal

14 11 13 14 14 14 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

State and local

63 50 59 53 62 49 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local education

33 25 26 28 31 28 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding education

30 26 33 25 31 21 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION(3)

Northeast

59 69 41 33 50 63 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

South

137 157 113 88 102 119 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest

72 67 53 70 60 60 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West

109 89 69 73 99 93 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Footnotes
(1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
(2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment..
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.


Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

10,353 9,727 9,957 6.4 5.9 6.0

INDUSTRY

Total private

9,313 8,712 8,916 6.8 6.2 6.3

Mining and logging

31 37 38 5.0 5.5 5.5

Construction

301 284 359 3.9 3.5 4.5

Manufacturing

725 795 730 5.5 5.8 5.3

Durable goods

413 499 456 5.0 5.8 5.3

Nondurable goods

313 296 274 6.2 5.7 5.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,755 1,429 1,561 5.7 4.7 5.0

Wholesale trade

256 189 253 4.3 3.1 4.1

Retail trade

916 770 905 5.4 4.6 5.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

583 470 403 7.5 6.1 5.2

Information

242 204 109 7.6 6.2 3.4

Financial activities

448 544 550 4.8 5.7 5.7

Finance and insurance

334 375 407 4.8 5.3 5.8

Real estate and rental and leasing

114 170 143 4.7 6.7 5.6

Professional and business services

1,863 1,799 1,810 7.8 7.3 7.4

Education and health services

2,083 1,989 1,996 8.0 7.3 7.4

Educational services

197 152 170 4.9 3.6 4.1

Health care and social assistance

1,886 1,836 1,826 8.5 8.0 8.0

Leisure and hospitality

1,516 1,357 1,521 9.3 7.9 8.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

144 131 141 6.6 5.5 6.0

Accommodation and food services

1,371 1,226 1,380 9.7 8.3 9.2

Other services

350 273 242 5.9 4.5 4.0

Government

1,040 1,016 1,040 4.4 4.2 4.4

Federal

153 136 147 5.0 4.5 4.8

State and local

887 880 893 4.3 4.2 4.3

State and local education

320 322 317 2.9 2.9 2.8

State and local, excluding education

567 558 576 6.0 5.8 6.0

REGION(3)

Northeast

1,817 1,470 1,563 6.4 5.1 5.4

South

3,899 3,884 3,882 6.5 6.3 6.3

Midwest

2,264 2,083 2,238 6.5 5.8 6.3

West

2,374 2,291 2,274 6.3 6.0 5.9

Footnotes
(1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
(2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

4,825 5,568 4,556 3.2 3.6 2.9

INDUSTRY

Total private

4,593 5,230 4,298 3.6 4.0 3.3

Mining and logging

15 18 16 2.5 2.8 2.5

Construction

221 247 217 3.0 3.2 2.8

Manufacturing

315 343 275 2.5 2.7 2.1

Durable goods

179 187 162 2.3 2.3 2.0

Nondurable goods

136 156 113 2.9 3.2 2.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,132 1,568 1,076 3.9 5.4 3.6

Wholesale trade

125 138 128 2.2 2.3 2.2

Retail trade

701 837 622 4.4 5.2 3.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

306 593 326 4.2 8.2 4.4

Information

79 113 63 2.7 3.7 2.0

Financial activities

160 211 123 1.8 2.3 1.4

Finance and insurance

103 142 73 1.6 2.1 1.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

57 69 50 2.4 2.9 2.1

Professional and business services

980 1,011 884 4.5 4.5 3.9

Education and health services

640 713 684 2.7 2.8 2.7

Educational services

61 68 46 1.6 1.7 1.2

Health care and social assistance

579 645 638 2.9 3.1 3.0

Leisure and hospitality

870 850 785 5.9 5.4 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

95 103 97 4.7 4.6 4.3

Accommodation and food services

775 748 688 6.1 5.5 5.1

Other services

181 156 175 3.2 2.7 3.0

Government

232 338 258 1.0 1.5 1.1

Federal

39 51 44 1.3 1.8 1.5

State and local

193 288 214 1.0 1.4 1.1

State and local education

91 131 90 0.9 1.2 0.8

State and local, excluding education

102 156 124 1.1 1.7 1.4

REGION(3)

Northeast

722 771 616 2.7 2.8 2.2

South

1,995 2,337 1,900 3.6 4.0 3.3

Midwest

1,071 1,209 1,112 3.3 3.6 3.3

West

1,037 1,251 928 3.0 3.5 2.6

Footnotes
(1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
(2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

5,645 5,173 5,565 3.8 3.3 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,311 4,903 5,234 4.2 3.7 4.0

Mining and logging

16 15 19 2.7 2.4 3.0

Construction

350 298 352 4.7 3.8 4.6

Manufacturing

355 329 316 2.8 2.5 2.4

Durable goods

194 169 164 2.5 2.1 2.0

Nondurable goods

160 160 152 3.4 3.3 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,303 1,195 1,322 4.5 4.1 4.5

Wholesale trade

122 140 142 2.1 2.4 2.4

Retail trade

869 687 794 5.4 4.3 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

313 368 386 4.3 5.1 5.2

Information

111 80 90 3.8 2.6 2.9

Financial activities

166 202 145 1.9 2.2 1.6

Finance and insurance

108 138 95 1.6 2.1 1.4

Real estate and rental and leasing

58 65 49 2.5 2.7 2.1

Professional and business services

1,153 1,063 1,129 5.2 4.7 5.0

Education and health services

690 643 735 2.9 2.6 2.9

Educational services

63 51 73 1.7 1.3 1.8

Health care and social assistance

626 592 662 3.1 2.8 3.1

Leisure and hospitality

935 922 933 6.3 5.8 5.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

122 174 116 5.9 7.8 5.2

Accommodation and food services

813 748 817 6.4 5.5 6.0

Other services

232 156 194 4.2 2.7 3.4

Government

334 269 331 1.5 1.2 1.5

Federal

65 34 54 2.2 1.2 1.9

State and local

269 235 277 1.4 1.2 1.4

State and local education

126 86 124 1.2 0.8 1.1

State and local, excluding education

143 150 153 1.6 1.6 1.7

REGION(3)

Northeast

789 706 841 3.0 2.6 3.1

South

2,359 2,065 2,192 4.2 3.6 3.8

Midwest

1,244 1,134 1,228 3.8 3.4 3.7

West

1,254 1,269 1,305 3.6 3.5 3.6

Footnotes
(1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
(2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

3,826 3,501 3,530 2.5 2.3 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private

3,644 3,334 3,350 2.8 2.5 2.5

Mining and logging

10 9 9 1.7 1.5 1.4

Construction

161 103 125 2.2 1.3 1.6

Manufacturing

240 206 190 1.9 1.6 1.5

Durable goods

131 105 92 1.7 1.3 1.1

Nondurable goods

109 102 99 2.3 2.1 2.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,007 922 881 3.5 3.2 3.0

Wholesale trade

93 87 75 1.6 1.5 1.3

Retail trade

707 572 564 4.4 3.6 3.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

208 263 241 2.9 3.6 3.3

Information

53 34 36 1.8 1.1 1.2

Financial activities

104 120 98 1.2 1.3 1.1

Finance and insurance

64 72 61 1.0 1.1 0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing

40 48 37 1.7 2.0 1.5

Professional and business services

675 643 601 3.1 2.8 2.7

Education and health services

508 505 549 2.1 2.0 2.2

Educational services

41 33 41 1.1 0.8 1.0

Health care and social assistance

467 471 508 2.3 2.2 2.4

Leisure and hospitality

754 704 714 5.1 4.5 4.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

67 67 61 3.3 3.0 2.7

Accommodation and food services

687 638 653 5.4 4.7 4.8

Other services

131 87 147 2.3 1.5 2.6

Government

182 167 180 0.8 0.7 0.8

Federal

24 17 19 0.8 0.6 0.7

State and local

158 150 161 0.8 0.7 0.8

State and local education

74 62 69 0.7 0.6 0.6

State and local, excluding education

85 88 91 1.0 1.0 1.0

REGION(3)

Northeast

518 433 464 1.9 1.6 1.7

South

1,636 1,513 1,505 2.9 2.6 2.6

Midwest

831 724 722 2.6 2.2 2.2

West

841 831 839 2.4 2.3 2.3

Footnotes
(1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
(2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

1,441 1,420 1,700 1.0 0.9 1.1

INDUSTRY

Total private

1,367 1,366 1,616 1.1 1.0 1.2

Mining and logging

6 5 8 1.0 0.8 1.3

Construction

178 182 215 2.4 2.3 2.8

Manufacturing

89 99 101 0.7 0.8 0.8

Durable goods

45 52 55 0.6 0.6 0.7

Nondurable goods

44 47 46 0.9 1.0 0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities

244 235 365 0.8 0.8 1.2

Wholesale trade

19 45 51 0.3 0.8 0.9

Retail trade

139 96 188 0.9 0.6 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

86 94 126 1.2 1.3 1.7

Information

45 38 48 1.5 1.2 1.6

Financial activities

38 72 29 0.4 0.8 0.3

Finance and insurance

23 58 18 0.3 0.9 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

16 14 11 0.7 0.6 0.5

Professional and business services

387 356 471 1.8 1.6 2.1

Education and health services

147 120 147 0.6 0.5 0.6

Educational services

16 13 28 0.4 0.3 0.7

Health care and social assistance

131 107 118 0.6 0.5 0.6

Leisure and hospitality

145 193 197 1.0 1.2 1.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

49 106 50 2.4 4.7 2.2

Accommodation and food services

96 87 147 0.7 0.6 1.1

Other services

87 66 36 1.6 1.1 0.6

Government

74 55 84 0.3 0.2 0.4

Federal

22 6 14 0.8 0.2 0.5

State and local

52 48 70 0.3 0.2 0.4

State and local education

31 11 34 0.3 0.1 0.3

State and local, excluding education

21 37 36 0.2 0.4 0.4

REGION(3)

Northeast

209 235 307 0.8 0.9 1.1

South

593 468 579 1.1 0.8 1.0

Midwest

331 364 441 1.0 1.1 1.3

West

308 354 373 0.9 1.0 1.0

Footnotes
(1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
(2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary


Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)
Dec.
2021
Nov.
2022
Dec.
2022(p)

Total

378 251 335 0.3 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private

300 203 268 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging

0 1 2 0.1 0.1 0.3

Construction

11 13 12 0.1 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing

25 24 25 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods

18 12 17 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods

8 11 8 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

52 38 76 0.2 0.1 0.3

Wholesale trade

10 8 16 0.2 0.1 0.3

Retail trade

23 19 42 0.1 0.1 0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

19 11 19 0.3 0.2 0.3

Information

12 8 6 0.4 0.3 0.2

Financial activities

24 10 18 0.3 0.1 0.2

Finance and insurance

22 8 16 0.3 0.1 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

2 3 2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Professional and business services

91 63 57 0.4 0.3 0.3

Education and health services

35 19 39 0.1 0.1 0.2

Educational services

7 5 3 0.2 0.1 0.1

Health care and social assistance

28 14 35 0.1 0.1 0.2

Leisure and hospitality

36 24 22 0.2 0.2 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

5 2 5 0.2 0.1 0.2

Accommodation and food services

31 22 17 0.2 0.2 0.1

Other services

14 3 10 0.2 0.0 0.2

Government

78 48 68 0.3 0.2 0.3

Federal

20 11 21 0.7 0.4 0.7

State and local

59 37 47 0.3 0.2 0.2

State and local education

22 13 21 0.2 0.1 0.2

State and local, excluding education

37 24 26 0.4 0.3 0.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

61 38 70 0.2 0.1 0.3

South

130 84 108 0.2 0.1 0.2

Midwest

82 46 65 0.3 0.1 0.2

West

104 84 93 0.3 0.2 0.3

Footnotes
(1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
(2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.


Last Modified Date: February 01, 2023