For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Tuesday, February 9, 2010 USDL-10-0169
Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
Job Openings and Labor Turnover – December 2009
There were 2.5 million job openings on the last business day of
December 2009, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The
job openings rate was little changed over the month at 1.9 percent.
The job openings rate has held relatively steady since March 2009. The
hires rate (3.1 percent) and the separations rate (3.2 percent) were
essentially unchanged in December. This release includes estimates of
the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the
total nonfarm sector by industry and geographic region.
Job Openings
The job openings rate was little changed in December at 1.9 percent.
The rate has been 1.8 percent or 1.9 percent since March 2009. In
December, the job openings rate increased in state and local
government and decreased in the Midwest. (See table 1.)
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Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally
adjusted
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Job openings | Hires | Total separations
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Industry | Dec. | Nov. | Dec. | Dec. | Nov. | Dec. | Dec. | Nov. | Dec.
| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p
-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total..............|3,224 |2,434 |2,497 |4,508 |4,125 |4,073 |4,958 |4,274 |4,238
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..|2,861 |2,088 |2,151 |4,214 |3,852 |3,816 |4,673 |3,993 |3,944
Construction.....| 66 | 75 | 53 | 366 | 324 | 358 | 452 | 361 | 436
Manufacturing....| 188 | 154 | 175 | 252 | 252 | 237 | 419 | 299 | 298
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 495 | 329 | 361 | 891 | 839 | 871 |1,041 | 863 | 917
Retail trade....| 337 | 197 | 246 | 595 | 539 | 548 | 664 | 544 | 571
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 562 | 431 | 415 | 786 | 808 | 661 | 898 | 763 | 620
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 685 | 543 | 550 | 528 | 517 | 524 | 498 | 488 | 510
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 315 | 229 | 234 | 711 | 703 | 684 | 755 | 752 | 704
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 40 | 24 | 22 | 111 | 119 | 89 | 106 | 117 | 104
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 274 | 207 | 213 | 605 | 590 | 588 | 647 | 622 | 595
Government(3).....| 345 | 341 | 343 | 271 | 278 | 262 | 278 | 280 | 297
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 312 | 258 | 294 | 253 | 248 | 244 | 251 | 240 | 255
|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total..............| 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.2
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..| 2.5 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 3.6
Construction.....| 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 7.4
Manufacturing....| 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.6
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.7
Retail trade....| 2.2 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 3.9
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 3.7
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 3.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.4
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 5.5
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.3
Government(3).....| 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and
other services, not shown separately.
2 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not
shown separately.
3 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
Over the 12 months ending in December, the job openings rate (not
seasonally adjusted) decreased for total nonfarm and total private and
was unchanged in government. The job openings rate also decreased over
that period in educational services and health care and social
assistance and in the South and Midwest. (See table 5.)
Hires
The hires rate was unchanged in December, remaining at 3.1 percent for
the fifth consecutive month. The rate hovered between 3.0 percent and
3.2 percent since February 2009. After falling from the most recent
peak of 5.6 million hires in July 2006, the hires level reached a low
point in June 2009 of 3.9 million. In December 2009, the hires level
was 4.1 million. The hires rate decreased in professional and business
services and was essentially unchanged for all four regions. (See
table 2.)
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Over the 12 months ending in December, the hires rate (not seasonally
adjusted) was little changed for total nonfarm, total private, and
government. The hires rate increased for transportation, warehousing,
and utilities and was essentially unchanged in all four regions. (See
table 6.)
Separations
Total separations includes quits (voluntary separations), layoffs and
discharges (involuntary separations), and other separations (including
retirements). The total separations, or turnover, rate was little
changed in December and remained low at 3.2 percent. The total
separations rate (not seasonally adjusted) decreased over the 12
months ending in December for total nonfarm and total private while
the rate for government was little changed. (See tables 3 and 7.)
The quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or
ability to change jobs. The quits rate decreased for total nonfarm and
total private and was unchanged for government in December. The quits
rate was essentially unchanged in all industries and all four regions.
After falling from the most recent peak of 3.2 million in December
2006, the number of quits has held steady at 1.8 million or 1.9
million since February 2009. (See table 4.)
Over the 12 months ending in December, the quits rate (not seasonally
adjusted) was essentially unchanged for total nonfarm and government
and decreased for total private. The quits rate decreased in retail
trade. The quits rate was essentially unchanged in all four regions.
(See table 8.)
The layoffs and discharges component of total separations is
seasonally adjusted at the total nonfarm, total private, and
government levels. The layoffs and discharges levels for total
nonfarm, total private, and government were little changed in December
at 2.1 million, 2.0 million, and 117,000 respectively. The
corresponding layoffs and discharges rates were 1.6 percent, 1.8
percent, and 0.5 percent. The number of layoffs and discharges at the
total nonfarm level peaked at 2.6 million in January 2009; the most
recent trough was 1.6 million in January 2006. (See table B below.)
The layoffs and discharges rate (not seasonally adjusted) was little
changed over the 12 months ending in December for total nonfarm and
government and decreased for total private. The layoffs and discharges
rate fell in durable goods; wholesale trade; and professional and
business services. The rate rose in transportation, warehousing, and
utilities as well as federal government. The layoffs and discharges
rate remained essentially unchanged in all four regions. (See table
9.)
Table B. Layoffs and discharges by industry, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands) | Rates
|------------------------------------------------
Industry | Dec. | Nov. | Dec. | Dec. | Nov. | Dec.
| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p
-------------------|------------------------------------------------
Total..............| 2,360 | 2,011 | 2,079 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.6
Total private.....| 2,241 | 1,895 | 1,953 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.8
Government....... | 98 | 112 | 117 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------
p = preliminary.
The other separations series is not seasonally adjusted. In December,
there were 289,000 other separations for total nonfarm, 236,000 for
total private, and 53,000 for government. Compared to
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December 2008, the number of other separations was little changed for
total nonfarm and total private, and rose for government. (See table 10.)
The total separations level is influenced by the relative contribution
of its three components—quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations. The percentage of total separations at the total nonfarm
level attributable to the individual components has varied over time.
The proportion of quits had exceeded the proportion of layoffs and
discharges every month from the beginning of the series from December
2000 until November 2008 when layoffs and discharges became the larger
contributor to total separations. The proportion of separations due to
quits fell to a series low of 38 percent in April 2009 and is now 42
percent in December 2009. The proportion of separations due to layoffs
and discharges rose to a series high of 55 percent in July 2009 and is
now 49 percent in December 2009. (See tables 3 and 4, and table B
above.)
Net Change in Employment
Over the 12 months ending in December, hires totaled 49.4 million and
separations totaled 53.6 million, yielding a net employment loss of
4.2 million.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for January 2010
are scheduled to be released on Tuesday, March 9, 2010 at 10:00 a.m.
(EST).
________________________________________________________________________
| Revisions to the JOLTS Data |
| |
| With the release of January data on March 9, 2010, BLS will |
|revise the job openings, hires, and separations data to incorporate |
|the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment |
|estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Unadjusted data |
|from April 2008 forward and seasonally adjusted data from December |
|2000 forward are subject to revision. |
|______________________________________________________________________|
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Technical Note
The data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)
are collected and compiled monthly from a sample of business
establishments by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Collection
In a monthly survey of business establishments, data are
collected for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs
and discharges, and other separations. Data collection methods
include computer-assisted telephone interviewing, touchtone data
entry, fax, e-mail, and mail.
Coverage
The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments such
as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and
local government entities in the 50 states and the District of
Columbia.
Concepts
Industry classification. The industry classifications in this
release are in accordance with the 2007 version of the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS). In order to
ensure the highest possible quality of data, State Workforce
Agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the
industry code, location, and ownership classification of all
establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment
characteristics resulting from the verification process are always
introduced into the JOLTS sampling frame with the data reported for
the first month of the year.
Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who
worked or received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th
day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-
term, seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay
period, are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and
consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by the
establishment where they are working.
Job openings. Establishments submit job openings information for
the last business day of the reference month. A job opening
requires that: 1) a specific position exists and there is work
available for that position, 2) work could start within 30 days
regardless of whether a suitable candidate is found, and 3) the
employer is actively recruiting from outside the establishment to
fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent,
short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that
the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by advertising
in newspapers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs,
accepting applications, or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions,
demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are
jobs with start dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for
which employees have been hired but have not yet reported for work,
and jobs to be filled by employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants.
The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job
openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying
that quotient by 100.
Hires. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll
occurring at any time during the reference month, including both
new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the
location after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or
intermittent employees who returned to work after having been
formally separated, and transfers from other locations. The hires
count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting
site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help
agencies or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or
consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of
hires by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
Separations. Separations are the total number of terminations of
employment occurring at any time during the reference month, and
are reported by type of separation--quits, layoffs and discharges,
and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations
initiated by the employer and include layoffs with no intent to
rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last more than 7
days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or closings;
firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or
short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal employees.
Other separations include retirements, transfers to other
locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. Separations
do not include transfers within the same location or employees on
strike.
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of
separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are
computed similarly, dividing the number by employment and
multiplying by 100.
Annual estimates. Annual estimates of rates and levels
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of hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total
separations are released with the January news release each year.
The JOLTS annual level estimates for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. The annual rate estimates are
computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying
that quotient by 100. This figure will be approximately equal to
the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Note that both the JOLTS and CES
annual levels are rounded to the nearest thousand before the annual
estimates are calculated. Consistent with BLS practices, annual
estimates are published only for not seasonally adjusted data.
Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings because job
openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last
business day of each month. Only jobs still open on the last day
of the month are counted. For the same reason job openings cannot
be cumulated throughout each month, annual figures for job openings
cannot be created by summing the monthly estimates. Hires and
separations are flow measures and are cumulated over the month with
a total reported for the month. Therefore, the annual figures can
be created by summing the monthly estimates.
Special Collection Procedures
An implied measure of employment change can be derived from the
JOLTS data by subtracting separations from hires for a given
month. Aggregating these monthly changes historically produced
employment levels that overstated employment change as measured by
CES at the total nonfarm level. Research into this problem showed
that a significant amount of the divergence between the CES
employment levels and the derived JOLTS employment levels was
traceable to the Employment Services industry and to the State
Government Education industry. In the former industry, businesses
have a difficult time reporting hires and separations of temporary
help workers. In the latter industry, employers have difficulty
reporting hires and separations of student workers. BLS now
devotes additional resources to the collection, editing, and review
of data for these industries. BLS analysts more closely examine
reported data that do not provide a consistent picture over time,
and re-contact the respondents as necessary. Analysts work with
the respondents to adjust their reporting practices as possible.
Units that cannot be reconciled but are clearly incorrect on a
consistent basis are not used, they are replaced by imputed values
using standard techniques.
Sample and estimation methodology
The JOLTS survey design is a random sample of 16,000 nonfarm
business establishments, including factories, offices, and stores,
as well as federal, state, and local governments in the 50 states
and the District of Columbia. The establishments are drawn from a
universe of over 9.1 million establishments compiled as part of the
operations of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW)
program. This program includes all employers subject to state
Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws and federal agencies subject to
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry
sector, and size class. The JOLTS sample is constructed from
individual panels of sample units drawn on an annual basis. The
full annual sample consists of one certainty panel composed of only
large units selected with virtual certainty based on their size and
24 non-certainty panels. Each month a new non-certainty panel is
rolled into collection, and the oldest non-certainty panel is
rolled out. This means that at any given time the JOLTS sample is
constructed from panels from three different annual sampling
frames. The entire sample of old plus new panels is post-
stratified and re-weighted annually to represent the most recent
sampling frame. Additionally, the out-of-business establishments
are removed from the old panels. The annual sample is supplemented
with a quarterly sample of birth establishments (i.e., new
establishments) to better reflect the impact of younger
establishments in the JOLTS sample.
JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked monthly to the
employment estimates of the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.
JOLTS Business Birth/Death Model
As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as
current as its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an
establishment until its appearance on the sampling frame is
approximately one year. In addition, many of these new units may
fail within the first year. Since these universe units cannot be
reflected on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS sample
cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these
units during their early existence. BLS has developed a model to
estimate birth/death activity for current months by examining the
birth/death activity from previous years on the QCEW and projecting
forward to the present using an econometric technique known as X-12
ARIMA modeling. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS
data to estimate the amount of “churn” (hires and separations) that
exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines
the estimated churn with the projected employment change to
estimate the number of hires and separations taking place in these
units that cannot be measured through sampling.
- 7 -
The model-based estimate of total separations is distributed to
the three components – quits; layoffs and discharges; and other
separations - in proportion to their contribution to the sample-
based estimate of total separations. Additionally, job openings
for the modeled units are estimated by computing the ratio of
openings to hires in the collected data and applying that ratio to
the modeled hires. The estimates of job openings, hires, and
separations produced by the birth/death model are then added to the
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.
Seasonal adjustment
BLS seasonally adjusts several JOLTS series using the X-12-ARIMA
seasonal adjustment program. Seasonal adjustment is the process of
estimating and removing periodic fluctuations caused by events such
as weather, holidays, and the beginning and ending of the school
year. Seasonal adjustment makes it easier to observe fundamental
changes in the level of the series, particularly those associated
with general economic expansions and contractions. A concurrent
seasonal adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal
adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant
data, up to and including the data for the current month.
Alignment procedure
JOLTS hires minus separations should be comparable to the CES net
employment change. However, definitional differences as well as
sampling and non-sampling errors between the two surveys
historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit
the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires and
separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly Alignment Method.
The Monthly Alignment Method applies the CES employment trends to
the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while
preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two
series are seasonally adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS
implied employment trend and the CES net employment change is
calculated. Next, the JOLTS implied employment trend is adjusted to
equal the CES net employment change through a proportional
adjustment. This proportional adjustment procedure adjusts the two
components (hires, separations) proportionally to their
contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). For
example, if hires are 40 percent of the churn for a given month,
they will receive 40 percent of the needed adjustment and
separations will receive 60 percent of the needed adjustment. The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the monthly alignment method has been used to
adjust the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the
adjusted levels. The Monthly Alignment procedure assures a close
match of the JOLTS implied employment trend with the CES trend. The
CES series is considered a highly accurate measure of net
employment change owing to its very large sample size and annual
benchmarking to universe counts of employment from the QCEW
program.
Using JOLTS data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are
relatively new. The full sample is divided into panels, with one
panel enrolled each month. A full complement of panels for the
original data series based on the 1987 Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system was not completely enrolled in the
survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of
establishments needed to create NAICS estimates were not completely
enrolled until May 2003. The data collected up until those points
are from less than a full sample. Therefore, estimates from
earlier months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units
were reporting data at that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and
separations data were revised to address possible underreporting.
As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior
to March 2002 may not be comparable to estimates for March 2002 and
later.
The federal government reorganization that involved transferring
approximately 180,000 employees to the new Department of Homeland
Security is not reflected in the JOLTS hires and separations
estimates for the federal government. The Office of Personnel
Management's record shows these transfers were completed in March
2003. The inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions of hires
and separations is intended to cover ongoing movements of workers
between establishments. The Department of Homeland Security
reorganization was a massive one-time event, and the inclusion of
these intergovernmental transfers would distort the federal
government time series.
JOLTS uses moving averages as seasonal filters in seasonal
adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and
multiplicative seasonal adjustment models and REGARIMA (regression
with autocorrelated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to
detect and adjust for outliers in the series.
Reliability of the estimates
JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample rather than the entire population is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ
from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular
sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard
error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at the
90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a
- 8 -
90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a
sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the
"true" population value because of sampling error. Estimates of
sampling errors are available upon request.
The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure
to include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain
data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by
respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the
data, and errors from the employment benchmark data used in
estimation.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD
message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p
Total.................................... 3,224 2,408 2,423 2,586 2,571 2,434 2,497 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 2,861 2,090 2,128 2,298 2,206 2,088 2,151 2.5 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9
Construction........................... 66 47 65 70 69 75 53 .9 .8 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 .9
Manufacturing.......................... 188 110 122 132 139 154 175 1.4 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 495 393 422 407 373 329 361 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4
Retail trade.......................... 337 260 273 271 247 197 246 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.7
Professional and business services..... 562 431 438 501 480 431 415 3.1 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.4
Education and health services.......... 685 553 520 546 524 543 550 3.5 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7
Leisure and hospitality................ 315 256 238 311 258 229 234 2.3 1.9 1.8 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 40 17 22 23 17 24 22 2.0 .9 1.1 1.2 .9 1.2 1.1
Accommodation and food services....... 274 237 216 286 242 207 213 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.9
Government(6)........................... 345 314 300 296 376 341 343 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.5
State and local government............. 312 266 269 240 286 258 294 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.5
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 633 508 513 539 503 493 522 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1
South.................................. 1,245 870 911 930 897 838 914 2.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.9
Midwest................................ 607 509 476 556 550 542 452 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5
West................................... 689 517 533 575 609 571 613 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus
job openings.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,
South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming.
p = preliminary.
Table 2. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p
Total.................................... 4,508 4,228 4,040 4,061 4,045 4,125 4,073 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 4,214 3,930 3,779 3,800 3,730 3,852 3,816 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5
Construction........................... 366 355 297 349 332 324 358 5.3 5.8 4.9 5.8 5.6 5.4 6.1
Manufacturing.......................... 252 272 243 270 245 252 237 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 891 819 818 842 768 839 871 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.5
Retail trade.......................... 595 547 557 535 523 539 548 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7
Professional and business services..... 786 686 715 724 735 808 661 4.5 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.8 3.9
Education and health services.......... 528 522 538 526 522 517 524 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
Leisure and hospitality................ 711 716 695 656 677 703 684 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 111 138 107 104 112 119 89 5.7 7.3 5.7 5.5 5.9 6.2 4.7
Accommodation and food services....... 605 582 591 562 566 590 588 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.2
Government(6)........................... 271 282 261 266 304 278 262 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2
State and local government............. 253 253 233 244 263 248 244 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 726 714 720 693 769 754 748 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.0
South.................................. 1,659 1,544 1,493 1,502 1,403 1,546 1,516 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.2
Midwest................................ 1,009 885 947 911 915 902 900 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0
West................................... 1,053 1,042 884 939 929 935 903 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 3. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p
Total.................................... 4,958 4,430 4,284 4,325 4,223 4,274 4,238 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 4,673 4,147 3,976 4,038 3,944 3,993 3,944 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6
Construction........................... 452 444 342 421 384 361 436 6.6 7.2 5.6 7.0 6.4 6.1 7.4
Manufacturing.......................... 419 329 313 314 300 299 298 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 1,041 874 850 870 840 863 917 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.7
Retail trade.......................... 664 578 567 561 568 544 571 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9
Professional and business services..... 898 738 728 740 725 763 620 5.2 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.5 3.7
Education and health services.......... 498 500 509 502 470 488 510 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.6
Leisure and hospitality................ 755 713 704 697 723 752 704 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 106 121 111 102 129 117 104 5.4 6.4 5.9 5.3 6.8 6.2 5.5
Accommodation and food services....... 647 594 593 590 590 622 595 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.3
Government(6)........................... 278 298 293 279 275 280 297 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3
State and local government............. 251 274 271 260 242 240 255 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 799 716 759 744 739 820 763 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.1
South.................................. 1,815 1,602 1,490 1,521 1,561 1,644 1,493 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.2
Midwest................................ 1,088 958 951 985 920 868 940 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.2
West................................... 1,227 1,181 1,086 1,036 963 985 1,021 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.5
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 4. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p
Total.................................... 2,114 1,778 1,779 1,804 1,771 1,919 1,764 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 1,984 1,673 1,680 1,713 1,663 1,817 1,653 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.5
Construction........................... 92 68 67 90 68 77 78 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.3
Manufacturing.......................... 87 82 85 94 78 77 76 .7 .7 .7 .8 .7 .7 .7
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 518 415 407 445 389 451 397 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6
Retail trade.......................... 379 295 309 342 292 300 290 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0
Professional and business services..... 297 265 269 276 283 294 253 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5
Education and health services.......... 256 235 249 269 268 262 282 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4
Leisure and hospitality................ 461 411 413 351 363 413 370 3.5 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.8 3.1 2.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 29 38 38 17 37 42 29 1.5 2.0 2.0 .9 2.0 2.2 1.5
Accommodation and food services....... 435 372 374 339 328 374 340 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.0
Government(6)........................... 130 107 106 98 103 108 111 .6 .5 .5 .4 .5 .5 .5
State and local government............. 121 101 97 95 97 99 98 .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 302 234 270 297 291 273 274 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
South.................................. 847 724 687 701 682 814 720 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.5
Midwest................................ 452 435 374 405 386 406 383 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3
West................................... 498 404 460 414 386 438 383 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.3
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 5. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 2,796 2,215 2,304 2.0 1.6 1.7
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,492 1,895 1,994 2.2 1.7 1.8
Mining and Logging............................ 17 6 6 2.1 .9 .9
Construction.................................. 54 58 40 .8 .9 .7
Manufacturing................................. 161 138 173 1.2 1.2 1.5
Durable goods................................ 83 66 89 1.0 .9 1.2
Nondurable goods............................. 78 72 85 1.6 1.5 1.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 399 296 296 1.5 1.1 1.1
Wholesale trade.............................. 85 60 67 1.4 1.1 1.2
Retail trade................................. 252 191 191 1.6 1.3 1.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 62 44 38 1.2 .9 .8
Information................................... 62 42 60 2.1 1.5 2.1
Financial activities.......................... 190 161 148 2.3 2.0 1.9
Finance and insurance........................ 144 129 112 2.4 2.2 1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 46 31 36 2.2 1.6 1.8
Professional and business services............ 522 386 386 2.9 2.2 2.2
Education and health services................. 651 517 547 3.3 2.6 2.7
Educational services......................... 68 40 39 2.1 1.2 1.2
Health care and social assistance............ 584 477 508 3.5 2.8 3.0
Leisure and hospitality....................... 268 190 191 2.0 1.5 1.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 27 21 15 1.5 1.2 .9
Accommodation and food services............. 242 169 176 2.1 1.5 1.6
Other services................................ 168 102 147 3.0 1.9 2.7
Government..................................... 304 319 310 1.3 1.4 1.3
Federal....................................... 33 74 42 1.2 2.5 1.5
State and local............................... 271 245 268 1.3 1.2 1.3
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 560 438 476 2.1 1.7 1.9
South......................................... 1,131 766 890 2.3 1.6 1.8
Midwest....................................... 539 472 399 1.7 1.6 1.3
West.......................................... 567 539 538 1.8 1.8 1.8
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a
percent of total employment plus job openings.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 6. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 3,124 3,694 2,965 2.3 2.8 2.2
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,963 3,498 2,815 2.6 3.2 2.6
Mining and Logging............................ 18 20 15 2.3 2.8 2.2
Construction.................................. 222 243 225 3.3 4.0 3.9
Manufacturing................................. 165 208 152 1.3 1.8 1.3
Durable goods................................ 95 115 82 1.2 1.6 1.2
Nondurable goods............................. 70 94 70 1.5 2.0 1.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 689 945 683 2.6 3.7 2.7
Wholesale trade.............................. 113 126 81 1.9 2.2 1.4
Retail trade................................. 467 669 432 3.0 4.5 2.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 109 151 170 2.2 3.2 3.5
Information................................... 48 62 63 1.6 2.2 2.2
Financial activities.......................... 141 113 146 1.8 1.5 1.9
Finance and insurance........................ 84 74 79 1.4 1.3 1.4
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 57 40 66 2.7 2.0 3.4
Professional and business services............ 629 776 527 3.6 4.6 3.1
Education and health services................. 372 425 374 1.9 2.2 1.9
Educational services......................... 31 47 32 1.0 1.4 1.0
Health care and social assistance............ 341 378 342 2.1 2.3 2.1
Leisure and hospitality....................... 522 591 499 4.0 4.6 3.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 80 93 66 4.5 5.3 3.8
Accommodation and food services............. 442 498 433 3.9 4.5 3.9
Other services................................ 157 113 131 2.9 2.1 2.5
Government..................................... 161 196 150 .7 .9 .7
Federal....................................... 19 22 13 .7 .8 .5
State and local............................... 141 174 137 .7 .9 .7
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 534 678 550 2.1 2.7 2.2
South......................................... 1,129 1,394 1,101 2.3 2.9 2.3
Midwest....................................... 703 781 638 2.3 2.6 2.1
West.......................................... 758 841 677 2.5 2.8 2.3
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 7. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 4,579 3,686 3,965 3.4 2.8 3.0
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 4,367 3,506 3,732 3.9 3.2 3.4
Mining and Logging............................ 29 17 23 3.7 2.4 3.2
Construction.................................. 465 357 455 6.9 5.9 7.8
Manufacturing................................. 345 246 247 2.7 2.1 2.1
Durable goods................................ 214 132 127 2.6 1.8 1.8
Nondurable goods............................. 131 114 119 2.7 2.5 2.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 1,078 750 981 4.1 2.9 3.8
Wholesale trade.............................. 204 117 141 3.5 2.1 2.5
Retail trade................................. 697 480 610 4.5 3.2 4.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 177 153 230 3.5 3.2 4.8
Information................................... 74 66 73 2.5 2.3 2.6
Financial activities.......................... 166 108 145 2.1 1.4 1.9
Finance and insurance........................ 97 57 71 1.6 1.0 1.2
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 69 51 74 3.3 2.6 3.7
Professional and business services............ 1,019 765 675 5.9 4.5 4.0
Education and health services................. 387 349 403 2.0 1.8 2.1
Educational services......................... 48 33 47 1.5 1.0 1.5
Health care and social assistance............ 339 316 355 2.1 1.9 2.2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 624 692 582 4.8 5.4 4.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 78 129 75 4.4 7.3 4.3
Accommodation and food services............. 545 564 507 4.9 5.1 4.6
Other services................................ 181 156 149 3.3 2.9 2.8
Government..................................... 212 180 233 .9 .8 1.0
Federal....................................... 24 23 38 .9 .8 1.4
State and local............................... 187 157 195 .9 .8 1.0
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 768 694 734 3.0 2.8 3.0
South......................................... 1,604 1,363 1,333 3.3 2.9 2.8
Midwest....................................... 1,103 793 964 3.6 2.6 3.2
West.......................................... 1,104 836 934 3.6 2.8 3.2
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 8. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 1,659 1,542 1,401 1.2 1.2 1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 1,568 1,468 1,319 1.4 1.3 1.2
Mining and Logging............................ 9 4 3 1.2 .6 .5
Construction.................................. 58 56 60 .9 .9 1.0
Manufacturing................................. 60 55 49 .5 .5 .4
Durable goods................................ 34 27 20 .4 .4 .3
Nondurable goods............................. 25 28 29 .5 .6 .6
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 448 378 348 1.7 1.5 1.4
Wholesale trade.............................. 53 54 41 .9 1.0 .7
Retail trade................................. 332 265 260 2.1 1.8 1.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 64 59 47 1.3 1.2 1.0
Information................................... 21 34 25 .7 1.2 .9
Financial activities.......................... 52 50 62 .7 .6 .8
Finance and insurance........................ 42 29 34 .7 .5 .6
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 10 21 29 .5 1.1 1.4
Professional and business services............ 274 263 207 1.6 1.6 1.2
Education and health services................. 193 198 218 1.0 1.0 1.1
Educational services......................... 14 19 23 .4 .6 .7
Health care and social assistance............ 179 179 195 1.1 1.1 1.2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 369 348 294 2.8 2.7 2.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 16 28 18 .9 1.6 1.0
Accommodation and food services............. 352 320 277 3.1 2.9 2.5
Other services................................ 84 81 51 1.5 1.5 1.0
Government..................................... 91 74 82 .4 .3 .4
Federal....................................... 5 4 10 .2 .1 .3
State and local............................... 86 70 73 .4 .3 .4
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 230 220 209 .9 .9 .8
South......................................... 661 635 573 1.3 1.3 1.2
Midwest....................................... 355 338 303 1.2 1.1 1.0
West.......................................... 412 349 315 1.4 1.2 1.1
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 9. Layoffs and discharges levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 2,631 1,912 2,274 1.9 1.4 1.7
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,550 1,839 2,177 2.3 1.7 2.0
Mining and Logging............................ 18 12 18 2.4 1.7 2.6
Construction.................................. 389 292 377 5.8 4.8 6.5
Manufacturing................................. 269 178 171 2.1 1.5 1.5
Durable goods................................ 169 98 92 2.1 1.4 1.3
Nondurable goods............................. 100 80 80 2.1 1.7 1.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 563 330 582 2.1 1.3 2.3
Wholesale trade.............................. 143 58 93 2.4 1.0 1.6
Retail trade................................. 331 185 318 2.1 1.2 2.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 89 87 172 1.8 1.8 3.6
Information................................... 42 25 41 1.4 .9 1.4
Financial activities.......................... 95 48 70 1.2 .6 .9
Finance and insurance........................ 47 22 28 .8 .4 .5
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 48 26 42 2.3 1.3 2.1
Professional and business services............ 679 433 433 3.9 2.6 2.6
Education and health services................. 168 130 149 .9 .7 .8
Educational services......................... 31 12 20 1.0 .4 .6
Health care and social assistance............ 137 118 129 .9 .7 .8
Leisure and hospitality....................... 238 325 263 1.8 2.5 2.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 60 96 55 3.3 5.4 3.1
Accommodation and food services............. 178 229 208 1.6 2.1 1.9
Other services................................ 88 66 72 1.6 1.2 1.3
Government..................................... 82 73 97 .4 .3 .4
Federal....................................... 14 13 19 .5 .5 .7
State and local............................... 68 60 78 .3 .3 .4
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 466 445 463 1.8 1.8 1.9
South......................................... 853 619 680 1.7 1.3 1.4
Midwest....................................... 690 407 600 2.2 1.4 2.0
West.......................................... 623 441 531 2.0 1.5 1.8
1 Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a
percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 10. Other separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 289 232 289 0.2 0.2 0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 250 199 236 .2 .2 .2
Mining and Logging............................ 1 1 1 .2 .1 .1
Construction.................................. 19 9 18 .3 .1 .3
Manufacturing................................. 16 12 26 .1 .1 .2
Durable goods................................ 10 6 16 .1 .1 .2
Nondurable goods............................. 6 6 10 .1 .1 .2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 67 42 51 .3 .2 .2
Wholesale trade.............................. 9 5 8 .1 .1 .1
Retail trade................................. 34 30 32 .2 .2 .2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 24 7 11 .5 .1 .2
Information................................... 11 7 8 .4 .2 .3
Financial activities.......................... 19 10 12 .2 .1 .2
Finance and insurance........................ 8 6 9 .1 .1 .2
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 10 4 4 .5 .2 .2
Professional and business services............ 65 69 36 .4 .4 .2
Education and health services................. 26 20 35 .1 .1 .2
Educational services......................... 3 2 4 .1 .1 .1
Health care and social assistance............ 23 18 31 .1 .1 .2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 17 19 24 .1 .1 .2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 2 5 2 .1 .3 .1
Accommodation and food services............. 15 14 22 .1 .1 .2
Other services................................ 10 9 26 .2 .2 .5
Government..................................... 39 32 53 .2 .1 .2
Federal....................................... 6 6 9 .2 .2 .3
State and local............................... 33 27 44 .2 .1 .2
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 71 28 60 .3 .1 .2
South......................................... 94 110 83 .2 .2 .2
Midwest....................................... 54 47 59 .2 .2 .2
West.......................................... 71 46 87 .2 .2 .3
1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
United States Department of Labor
