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Economic News Release
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JOLTS JLT Program Links

Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, March 11, 2021	USDL-21-0392

Technical information:  (202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                            JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2021

The number of job openings changed little at 6.9 million on the last business day of January, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires were little changed at 5.3 million while total separations 
decreased to 5.3 million. Within separations, the quits rate and layoffs and discharges rate changed little 
at 2.3 percent and 1.2 percent, respectively. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job 
openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by four geographic 
regions. The release also includes 2020 annual estimates for hires and separations. The annual number 
of hires at 73.1 million and the annual number of layoffs and discharges at 41.0 million increased in 
2020. The annual number of quits at 36.3 million decreased in 2020.

Job Openings

On the last business day of January, the number and rate of job openings were little changed at 6.9 
million and 4.6 percent, respectively. Job openings increased in state and local government education 
(+56,000); educational services (+21,000); and mining and logging (+10,000). The number of job 
openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.)

Over the year, the number of job openings (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed in January. Job 
openings decreased in a number of industries over the year with the largest decreases in accommodation 
and food services; state and local government, excluding education; and arts, entertainment, and  
recreation. The job openings level increased over the year in nondurable goods manufacturing; durable 
goods manufacturing; and mining and logging. The number of job openings decreased in the West region. 
(See table 7.)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|                                   Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates                                     |
|                                                                                                        |
|Job openings, hires, and separations have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current |
|Employment Statistics employment data and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. See the revision       |
|section at the end of this release for more information.                                                |
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Hires

In January, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.3 million and 3.7 percent, respectively. 
Hires increased in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+59,000) and in educational services (+25,000). 
Hires decreased in federal government (-15,000). The number of hires decreased in the South region. 
(See table 2.)

The number of hires in January (not seasonally adjusted) decreased over the year (-696,000). Hires 
decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in accommodation and food services; 
professional and business services; and health care and social assistance. The number of hires decreased 
in the South and West regions. (See table 8.) 

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

In January, the number of total separations decreased to 5.3 million (-275,000), and the total 
separations rate was little changed at 3.7 percent. The total separations level decreased in 
accommodation and food services (-242,000); educational services (-38,000); and state and local 
government education (-27,000). Total separations increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities 
(+87,000) and in federal government (+9,000). Total separations were little changed in all four regions. 
(See table 3.)

Over the year, the number of total separations (not seasonally adjusted) decreased (-403,000). Total 
separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in professional and business 
services; state and local government education; and educational services. Total separations increased in 
transportation, warehousing, and utilities and in federal government. The number of total separations 
decreased in the South and Midwest regions. (See table 9.)

In January, the quits level and rate were little changed at 3.3 million and 2.3 percent, respectively. The 
number of quits increased in finance and insurance (+36,000) and in federal government (+5,000). The 
number of quits decreased in wholesale trade (-28,000); educational services (-18,000); and state and 
local government education (-14,000). The number of quits was little changed in all four regions. (See 
table 4.)

Over the year, the number of quits (not seasonally adjusted) decreased (-239,000). Quits decreased in a 
number of industries with the largest decreases in professional and business services; state and local 
government education; and educational services. Quits increased in a number of industries with the 
largest increases in durable goods manufacturing; finance and insurance; and nondurable goods 
manufacturing. The number of quits decreased in the West region. (See table 10.)

In January, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges were little changed at 1.7 million and 1.2 
percent, respectively. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in accommodation and food 
services (-209,000). The number of layoffs and discharges increased in transportation, warehousing, and 
utilities (+113,000) and in federal government (+5,000). Layoffs and discharges were little changed in 
all four regions. (See table 5.)

Over the year, the layoffs and discharges level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed. The number 
of layoffs and discharges decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in professional 
and business services; durable goods manufacturing; and finance and insurance. Layoffs and discharges 
increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities; wholesale trade; and federal government. The 
number of layoffs and discharges increased in the West region but decreased in the Midwest region. 
(See table 11.)

The number of other separations edged down in January to 310,000 (-42,000). Other separations 
decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in retail trade (-21,000); state and local 
government education (-9,000); and transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-8,000). Other 
separations increased in health care and social assistance (+17,000). The other separations level 
decreased in the South region but increased in the West region. (See table 6.)

Over the year, the other separations level (not seasonally adjusted) decreased (-67,000). Other 
separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in retail trade; accommodation 
and food services; and state and local government education. The number of other separations increased 
in federal government. The number of other separations decreased in the South region. (See table 12.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in January, hires totaled 72.4 million and separations totaled 81.2 million, 
yielding a net employment loss of 8.8 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 
and separated more than once during the year.

Annual Levels and Rates

Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data and are 
published with the January news release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings 
because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last business day of each month.
Calculating annual levels and rates allows additional comparisons across years. Annual levels for hires, 
quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 12 revised 
monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

In 2020, there were 73.1 million hires, an increase of 3.1 million from 2019. Total separations increased 
by 13.5 million in 2020 to 81.5 million. Quits decreased for the first time in 11 years to 36.3 million in 
2020, down by 5.8 million. Quits comprised 44.6 percent of total separations. Layoffs and discharges 
increased by 19.2 million in 2020 to 41.0 million and comprised 50.3 percent of total separations. Other 
separations increased by 162,000 in 2020 to 4.2 million and comprised 5.1 percent of total separations. 
These data reflect the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. (See 
tables 13 through 22.)

The annual hires rate for 2020 was 51.4 percent of the annual average CES employment level. The 
annual total separations rate for 2020 was 57.3 percent. The annual rates for the components of total 
separations were 25.5 percent for quits, 28.8 percent for layoffs and discharges, and 2.9 percent for other 
separations. (See tables 13 through 22.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2021 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, April 6, 2021 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|   Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on January 2021 Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data   |
|                                                                                                        |
|Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 42      |
|percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone          |
|respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due to |
|the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate for     |
|January was 43 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent.                 |
|More information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including               |
|information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/job-            |
|openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-january-2021.htm.                                                   |
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|


Table A.  Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                 |     Job openings     |         Hires         |    Total separations
                                 |----------------------------------------------------------------------
           Category              |Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	|Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	|Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	
                                 |2020	|2020	|2021p	|2020	|2020	|2021p	|2020	|2020	|2021p	
---------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                 |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
      LEVELS BY INDUSTRY         |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
        (in thousands)           |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
                                 |----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................|7,154	|6,752	|6,917	|5,974	|5,411	|5,301	|5,714	|5,582	|5,307	
                                 |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
 Total private...................|6,336	|6,094	|6,236	|5,584	|5,072	|4,965	|5,374	|5,236	|4,983	
  Mining and logging.............|19	|21	|31	|16	|24	|21	|22	|19	|12	
  Construction...................|296	|267	|309	|418	|399	|361	|362	|352	|363	
  Manufacturing..................|409	|479	|515	|321	|398	|351	|341	|387	|358	
   Durable goods.................|250	|271	|296	|181	|224	|192	|199	|213	|206	
   Nondurable goods..............|159	|209	|219	|140	|174	|159	|142	|173	|152	
  Trade, transportation,         |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   and utilities.................|1,236	|1,215	|1,239	|1,211	|1,199	|1,112	|1,212	|1,123	|1,191	
   Wholesale trade...............|183	|173	|179	|139	|160	|151	|134	|151	|134	
   Retail trade..................|752	|764	|763	|804	|814	|728	|818	|737	|736	
   Transportation, warehousing,  |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    and utilities................|301	|277	|298	|268	|225	|232	|260	|235	|322	
  Information....................|139	|109	|109	|83	|72	|86	|60	|74	|69	
  Financial activities...........|423	|295	|321	|219	|212	|206	|211	|182	|205	
   Finance and insurance.........|319	|231	|239	|142	|134	|129	|139	|113	|136	
   Real estate and               |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    rental and leasing...........|104	|65	|82	|76	|78	|78	|72	|69	|69	
  Professional and business      |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services......................|1,285	|1,478	|1,355	|1,164	|1,121	|1,032	|1,164	|1,007	|965	
  Education and health           |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services......................|1,321	|1,277	|1,356	|798	|700	|688	|708	|681	|675	
   Educational services..........|117	|90	|111	|112	|67	|92	|78	|102	|64	
   Health care and social        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    assistance...................|1,204	|1,187	|1,244	|686	|633	|596	|630	|579	|611	
  Leisure and hospitality........|927	|747	|733	|1,116	|758	|908	|1,077	|1,221	|945	
   Arts, entertainment, and      |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    recreation...................|158	|62	|80	|179	|60	|119	|170	|173	|138	
   Accommodation and food        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    services.....................|769	|685	|653	|937	|698	|789	|907	|1,049	|807	
  Other services.................|281	|205	|267	|239	|187	|199	|219	|190	|199	
 Government......................|819	|659	|681	|390	|339	|337	|340	|346	|325	
  Federal........................|131	|98	|83	|46	|47	|32	|42	|50	|59	
  State and local................|687	|561	|598	|343	|292	|305	|298	|296	|266	
   State and local education.....|270	|217	|273	|177	|145	|165	|153	|141	|114	
   State and local, excluding    |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    education....................|417	|344	|325	|166	|147	|140	|145	|155	|152	
                                 |----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                 |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     RATES BY INDUSTRY           |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
         (percent)               |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
                                 |----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................|4.5	|4.5	|4.6	|3.9	|3.8	|3.7	|3.8	|3.9	|3.7	
                                 |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
 Total private...................|4.7	|4.8	|4.9	|4.3	|4.2	|4.1	|4.2	|4.3	|4.1	
  Mining and logging.............|2.6	|3.4	|4.9	|2.3	|4.0	|3.4	|3.2	|3.1	|2.0	
  Construction...................|3.7	|3.5	|4.0	|5.5	|5.4	|4.9	|4.8	|4.8	|4.9	
  Manufacturing..................|3.1	|3.8	|4.0	|2.5	|3.3	|2.9	|2.7	|3.2	|2.9	
   Durable goods.................|3.0	|3.4	|3.8	|2.3	|2.9	|2.5	|2.5	|2.8	|2.7	
   Nondurable goods..............|3.2	|4.3	|4.5	|2.9	|3.8	|3.4	|3.0	|3.7	|3.3	
  Trade, transportation,         |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   and utilities.................|4.2	|4.3	|4.4	|4.3	|4.4	|4.1	|4.4	|4.1	|4.4	
   Wholesale trade...............|3.0	|3.0	|3.1	|2.4	|2.9	|2.7	|2.3	|2.7	|2.4	
   Retail trade..................|4.6	|4.8	|4.8	|5.1	|5.3	|4.8	|5.2	|4.8	|4.8	
   Transportation, warehousing,  |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    and utilities................|4.5	|4.3	|4.6	|4.2	|3.6	|3.7	|4.1	|3.8	|5.2	
  Information....................|4.6	|3.9	|3.9	|2.9	|2.7	|3.2	|2.1	|2.8	|2.6	
  Financial activities...........|4.6	|3.3	|3.5	|2.5	|2.4	|2.4	|2.4	|2.1	|2.3	
   Finance and insurance.........|4.7	|3.4	|3.5	|2.2	|2.0	|2.0	|2.1	|1.7	|2.1	
   Real estate and rental        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    and leasing..................|4.2	|2.8	|3.5	|3.2	|3.5	|3.5	|3.1	|3.1	|3.1	
  Professional and business      |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services......................|5.7	|6.7	|6.2	|5.4	|5.5	|5.0	|5.4	|4.9	|4.7	
  Education and health           |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
   services......................|5.1	|5.2	|5.5	|3.3	|3.0	|3.0	|2.9	|2.9	|2.9	
   Educational services..........|3.0	|2.6	|3.2	|3.0	|2.0	|2.7	|2.1	|3.1	|1.9	
   Health care and social        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    assistance...................|5.5	|5.6	|5.9	|3.3	|3.2	|3.0	|3.0	|2.9	|3.1	
   Leisure and hospitality.......|5.2	|5.4	|5.3	|6.6	|5.8	|7.0	|6.4	|9.3	|7.2	
    Arts, entertainment, and     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     recreation..................|5.9	|3.5	|4.5	|7.1	|3.5	|7.0	|6.8	|10.1	|8.2	
    Accommodation and food       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     services....................|5.1	|5.7	|5.4	|6.5	|6.1	|7.0	|6.3	|9.2	|7.1	
   Other services................|4.5	|3.6	|4.7	|4.0	|3.4	|3.6	|3.7	|3.5	|3.6	
 Government......................|3.5	|3.0	|3.1	|1.7	|1.6	|1.6	|1.5	|1.6	|1.5	
  Federal........................|4.4	|3.3	|2.8	|1.6	|1.6	|1.1	|1.5	|1.7	|2.1	
  State and local................|3.3	|2.9	|3.1	|1.7	|1.6	|1.6	|1.5	|1.6	|1.4	
   State and local education.....|2.5	|2.2	|2.7	|1.7	|1.5	|1.7	|1.4	|1.5	|1.2	
   State and local, excluding    |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
    education....................|4.3	|3.7	|3.5	|1.8	|1.6	|1.6	|1.6	|1.7	|1.7	
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  (p) Preliminary
  NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics 
  employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


                         Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data

The JOLTS data are revised annually to reflect updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
employment estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-adjusted to the CES 
employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. This annual 
benchmarking process results in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 
JOLTS data series. The seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 
reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. Further, the alignment methodology creates a dependency of 
the not seasonally adjusted estimates on the seasonal adjustment process. Therefore, the data series that 
are not seasonally adjusted are also recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect the effect 
of the updated seasonal adjustment factors on the alignment process.

Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2020. The 
December 2020 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 
final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2016 through 
December 2020 will be available on the JOLTS website later in the day following the release. The 
website also contains all revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision 
tables and data can be accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/.

As of January 2021, all JOLTS data series will be seasonally adjusted. Not seasonally adjusted series 
that were previously designated as equal to the seasonally adjusted series have been revised back to 
December 2000.

Table B. Revisions in job openings data January 2020 - December 2020,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2020   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    7,012   |  7,154  |    142     |     4.4    |  4.5    |    0.1
February..|    7,004   |  7,012  |      8     |     4.4    |  4.4    |     .0
March.....|    6,011   |  5,769  |   -242     |     3.8    |  3.7    |    -.1
April.....|    4,996   |  4,630  |   -366     |     3.7    |  3.4    |    -.3
May.......|    5,371   |  5,447  |     76     |     3.9    |  3.9    |     .0
June......|    6,001   |  6,112  |    111     |     4.2    |  4.2    |     .0
July......|    6,697   |  6,717  |     20     |     4.6    |  4.6    |     .0
August....|    6,352   |  6,451  |     99     |     4.3    |  4.4    |     .1
September.|    6,494   |  6,611  |    117     |     4.4    |  4.5    |     .1
October...|    6,632   |  6,873  |    241     |     4.5    |  4.6    |     .1
November..|    6,572   |  6,766  |    194     |     4.4    |  4.5    |     .1
December..|    6,646   |  6,752  |    106     |     4.5    |  4.5    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table C. Revisions in hires data January 2020 - December 2020,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2020   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    5,921   |  5,974  |     53     |     3.9    |  3.9    |    0.0
February..|    5,864   |  5,979  |    115     |     3.8    |  3.9    |     .1
March.....|    5,111   |  5,132  |     21     |     3.4    |  3.4    |     .0
April.....|    4,047   |  3,942  |   -105     |     3.1    |  3.0    |    -.1
May.......|    7,199   |  8,272  |  1,073     |     5.4    |  6.2    |     .8
June......|    6,970   |  7,697  |    727     |     5.1    |  5.6    |     .5
July......|    5,903   |  6,237  |    334     |     4.2    |  4.5    |     .3
August....|    5,952   |  6,431  |    479     |     4.2    |  4.6    |     .4
September.|    5,886   |  5,932  |     46     |     4.2    |  4.2    |     .0
October...|    5,912   |  6,035  |    123     |     4.2    |  4.2    |     .0
November..|    5,935   |  6,019  |     84     |     4.2    |  4.2    |     .0
December..|    5,539   |  5,411  |   -128     |     3.9    |  3.8    |    -.1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table D. Revisions in total separations data January 2020 - December 2020,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2020   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    5,713   |  5,714  |      1     |     3.8    |  3.8    |    0.0
February..|    5,595   |  5,715  |    120     |     3.7    |  3.7    |     .0
March.....|   14,643   | 16,308  |  1,665     |     9.7    | 10.8    |    1.1
April.....|    9,975   | 11,782  |  1,807     |     7.6    |  9.1    |    1.5
May.......|    4,236   |  4,618  |    382     |     3.2    |  3.5    |     .3
June......|    4,899   |  5,180  |    281     |     3.6    |  3.8    |     .2
July......|    4,988   |  5,392  |    404     |     3.6    |  3.9    |     .3
August....|    4,689   |  4,901  |    212     |     3.3    |  3.5    |     .2
September.|    4,844   |  5,235  |    391     |     3.4    |  3.7    |     .3
October...|    5,142   |  5,427  |    285     |     3.6    |  3.8    |     .2
November..|    5,523   |  5,744  |    221     |     3.9    |  4.0    |     .1
December..|    5,460   |  5,582  |    122     |     3.8    |  3.9    |     .1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table E. Revisions in quits data January 2020 - December 2020,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2020   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    3,575   |  3,568  |     -7     |     2.3    |  2.3    |    0.0
February..|    3,436   |  3,430  |     -6     |     2.3    |  2.2    |    -.1
March.....|    2,789   |  2,902  |    113     |     1.8    |  1.9    |     .1
April.....|    1,877   |  2,107  |    230     |     1.4    |  1.6    |     .2
May.......|    2,067   |  2,206  |    139     |     1.6    |  1.7    |     .1
June......|    2,605   |  2,646  |     41     |     1.9    |  1.9    |     .0
July......|    2,932   |  3,182  |    250     |     2.1    |  2.3    |     .2
August....|    2,839   |  2,987  |    148     |     2.0    |  2.1    |     .1
September.|    3,074   |  3,307  |    233     |     2.2    |  2.3    |     .1
October...|    3,150   |  3,352  |    202     |     2.2    |  2.4    |     .2
November..|    3,180   |  3,296  |    116     |     2.2    |  2.3    |     .1
December..|    3,286   |  3,407  |    121     |     2.3    |  2.4    |     .1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data January 2020 - December 2020,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2020   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    1,749   |  1,788  |     39     |     1.1    |  1.2    |    0.1
February..|    1,846   |  1,953  |    107     |     1.2    |  1.3    |     .1
March.....|   11,489   | 13,046  |  1,557     |     7.6    |  8.6    |    1.0
April.....|    7,708   |  9,307  |  1,599     |     5.9    |  7.2    |    1.3
May.......|    1,903   |  2,096  |    193     |     1.4    |  1.6    |     .2
June......|    1,995   |  2,204  |    209     |     1.4    |  1.6    |     .2
July......|    1,745   |  1,845  |    100     |     1.3    |  1.3    |     .0
August....|    1,533   |  1,573  |     40     |     1.1    |  1.1    |     .0
September.|    1,437   |  1,555  |    118     |     1.0    |  1.1    |     .1
October...|    1,676   |  1,728  |     52     |     1.2    |  1.2    |     .0
November..|    2,055   |  2,123  |     68     |     1.4    |  1.5    |     .1
December..|    1,812   |  1,823  |     11     |     1.3    |  1.3    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table G. Revisions in other separations data January 2020 - December 2020,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2020   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|      389   |    358  |    -31     |     0.3    |  0.2    |   -0.1
February..|      313   |    332  |     19     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
March.....|      366   |    360  |     -6     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
April.....|      390   |    368  |    -22     |      .3    |   .3    |     .0
May.......|      266   |    316  |     50     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
June......|      300   |    331  |     31     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
July......|      311   |    365  |     54     |      .2    |   .3    |     .1
August....|      317   |    342  |     25     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
September.|      333   |    373  |     40     |      .2    |   .3    |     .1
October...|      317   |    347  |     30     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
November..|      288   |    325  |     37     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
December..|      362   |    352  |    -10     |      .3    |   .2    |    -.1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________


Technical Note

Special technical note:  This technical note describes the procedures regularly used on a monthly basis to develop 
estimates from JOLTS survey responses. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the procedures described in this technical 
note have been modified. The modifications are briefly described in the box note in the news release and are 
described in more detail at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm.

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 
other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Industries are classified in 
accordance with the North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working.

Job Openings.  Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting Internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future, positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work, and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires.  Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations.  Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 
establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size class. The 
establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 
Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state unemployment insurance 
laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates 
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the 
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.

Birth/death model.  The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. Also within the first year, new businesses may go out of business, 
referred to as a death. Because not all births and deaths of establishments can be reflected on the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from them during their early 
existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity from previous 
years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to the 
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment.  The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences as well as sampling and non- sampling errors between the two surveys historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and re-seasonally adjust.

Seasonal adjustment.  BLS uses X-13 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal adjustment 
methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up 
to and including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models 
and REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally adjusted CES 
employment trends are applied to the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trends (hires minus 
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates.  The JOLTS estimates are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment 
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-
adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The 
seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment 
factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS 
data series, for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be 
approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are 
published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news release each year. Annual 
estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the 
last business day of each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs when a sample 
is surveyed rather than the entire population. There is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true 
population values they represent. The difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample 
selected. This variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 
the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 
sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons 
including: the failure to include a segment of the population; the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample; 
the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 
made in the collection or processing of the data; and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.
Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

7,154 6,611 6,873 6,766 6,752 6,917 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6

INDUSTRY

Total private

6,336 5,903 6,173 6,078 6,094 6,236 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9

Mining and logging

19 17 21 16 21 31 2.6 2.9 3.4 2.7 3.4 4.9

Construction

296 232 253 261 267 309 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.0

Manufacturing

409 500 545 514 479 515 3.1 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.8 4.0

Durable goods

250 270 302 250 271 296 3.0 3.5 3.9 3.2 3.4 3.8

Nondurable goods

159 230 243 263 209 219 3.2 4.8 5.0 5.4 4.3 4.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,236 1,132 1,160 1,204 1,215 1,239 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.4

Wholesale trade

183 169 178 175 173 179 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1

Retail trade

752 674 703 720 764 763 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

301 289 278 310 277 298 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.6

Information

139 112 117 98 109 109 4.6 4.0 4.2 3.6 3.9 3.9

Financial activities

423 314 304 287 295 321 4.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.5

Finance and insurance

319 239 225 216 231 239 4.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.5

Real estate and rental and leasing

104 75 79 70 65 82 4.2 3.3 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.5

Professional and business services

1,285 1,235 1,225 1,261 1,478 1,355 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.8 6.7 6.2

Education and health services

1,321 1,247 1,394 1,335 1,277 1,356 5.1 5.1 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.5

Educational services

117 108 116 101 90 111 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.6 3.2

Health care and social assistance

1,204 1,139 1,278 1,234 1,187 1,244 5.5 5.5 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.9

Leisure and hospitality

927 837 888 859 747 733 5.2 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.4 5.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

158 86 97 110 62 80 5.9 4.7 5.2 5.7 3.5 4.5

Accommodation and food services

769 751 792 749 685 653 5.1 6.1 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.4

Other services

281 277 266 243 205 267 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.6 4.7

Government

819 708 700 688 659 681 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1

Federal

131 101 103 103 98 83 4.4 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.3 2.8

State and local

687 608 598 584 561 598 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1

State and local education

270 210 228 207 217 273 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.7

State and local, excluding education

417 398 369 377 344 325 4.3 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.5

REGION(3)

Northeast

1,241 1,088 1,170 1,166 1,142 1,150 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2

South

2,643 2,645 2,717 2,623 2,645 2,714 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9

Midwest

1,545 1,408 1,463 1,455 1,465 1,525 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7

West

1,726 1,470 1,524 1,522 1,501 1,528 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4

Footnotes
(1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
(2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

5,974 5,932 6,035 6,019 5,411 5,301 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,584 5,607 5,696 5,649 5,072 4,965 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.2 4.1

Mining and logging

16 23 19 25 24 21 2.3 3.9 3.2 4.2 4.0 3.4

Construction

418 385 401 389 399 361 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.4 4.9

Manufacturing

321 384 384 405 398 351 2.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9

Durable goods

181 220 226 230 224 192 2.3 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.5

Nondurable goods

140 164 159 176 174 159 2.9 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,211 1,255 1,276 1,285 1,199 1,112 4.3 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.1

Wholesale trade

139 193 136 150 160 151 2.4 3.5 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.7

Retail trade

804 729 739 713 814 728 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.7 5.3 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

268 333 401 421 225 232 4.2 5.5 6.5 6.7 3.6 3.7

Information

83 102 123 81 72 86 2.9 3.8 4.6 3.1 2.7 3.2

Financial activities

219 251 250 217 212 206 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.4

Finance and insurance

142 160 152 143 134 129 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing

76 91 99 73 78 78 3.2 4.1 4.5 3.3 3.5 3.5

Professional and business services

1,164 1,116 1,102 1,220 1,121 1,032 5.4 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.5 5.0

Education and health services

798 703 727 725 700 688 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0

Educational services

112 61 88 90 67 92 3.0 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.0 2.7

Health care and social assistance

686 642 639 635 633 596 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.0

Leisure and hospitality

1,116 1,102 1,154 1,097 758 908 6.6 8.2 8.5 8.1 5.8 7.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

179 121 145 138 60 119 7.1 7.0 8.1 7.6 3.5 7.0

Accommodation and food services

937 980 1,009 959 698 789 6.5 8.4 8.5 8.1 6.1 7.0

Other services

239 286 258 206 187 199 4.0 5.3 4.7 3.8 3.4 3.6

Government

390 325 339 370 339 337 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6

Federal

46 59 47 68 47 32 1.6 1.9 1.6 2.4 1.6 1.1

State and local

343 266 292 302 292 305 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

State and local education

177 119 138 140 145 165 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7

State and local, excluding education

166 147 154 163 147 140 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6

REGION(3)

Northeast

946 962 985 937 867 859 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.3

South

2,383 2,324 2,413 2,458 2,156 1,955 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.1 3.7

Midwest

1,170 1,207 1,230 1,316 1,203 1,192 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.9 3.9

West

1,474 1,438 1,407 1,309 1,184 1,295 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.9

Footnotes
(1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
(2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

5,714 5,235 5,427 5,744 5,582 5,307 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,374 4,804 4,878 5,305 5,236 4,983 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.1

Mining and logging

22 21 20 20 19 12 3.2 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.0

Construction

362 306 343 362 352 363 4.8 4.2 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.9

Manufacturing

341 380 354 367 387 358 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.9

Durable goods

199 210 205 206 213 206 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7

Nondurable goods

142 170 149 161 173 152 3.0 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,212 1,071 1,129 1,123 1,123 1,191 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.4

Wholesale trade

134 121 122 143 151 134 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.4

Retail trade

818 692 740 735 737 736 5.2 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

260 257 268 245 235 322 4.1 4.2 4.4 3.9 3.8 5.2

Information

60 62 78 79 74 69 2.1 2.3 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.6

Financial activities

211 207 208 199 182 205 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.3

Finance and insurance

139 128 131 133 113 136 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

72 79 78 66 69 69 3.1 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.1

Professional and business services

1,164 1,062 1,036 1,123 1,007 965 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.5 4.9 4.7

Education and health services

708 662 709 690 681 675 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9

Educational services

78 63 84 89 102 64 2.1 1.9 2.5 2.6 3.1 1.9

Health care and social assistance

630 599 625 600 579 611 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1

Leisure and hospitality

1,077 846 828 1,134 1,221 945 6.4 6.3 6.1 8.3 9.3 7.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

170 105 115 102 173 138 6.8 6.0 6.5 5.6 10.1 8.2

Accommodation and food services

907 741 713 1,032 1,049 807 6.3 6.4 6.0 8.7 9.2 7.1

Other services

219 187 172 209 190 199 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.6

Government

340 430 549 439 346 325 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.5

Federal

42 92 198 134 50 59 1.5 3.0 6.6 4.6 1.7 2.1

State and local

298 338 351 305 296 266 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.4

State and local education

153 196 196 150 141 114 1.4 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.2

State and local, excluding education

145 142 155 155 155 152 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

REGION(3)

Northeast

902 753 892 904 858 813 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.1

South

2,249 2,090 2,177 2,176 2,186 2,086 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.0

Midwest

1,226 1,167 1,202 1,308 1,166 1,071 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.2 3.8 3.5

West

1,337 1,225 1,157 1,355 1,372 1,338 3.8 3.7 3.5 4.1 4.1 4.0

Footnotes
(1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
(2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

3,568 3,307 3,352 3,296 3,407 3,311 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private

3,390 3,101 3,125 3,113 3,224 3,142 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6

Mining and logging

14 8 9 12 9 6 2.0 1.3 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.0

Construction

163 148 132 163 161 148 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.0

Manufacturing

189 254 231 235 240 244 1.5 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0

Durable goods

108 134 123 129 135 143 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Nondurable goods

81 120 109 106 105 101 1.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

831 707 744 752 816 760 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.8

Wholesale trade

92 92 89 75 97 69 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.2

Retail trade

594 468 512 540 549 539 3.8 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

145 147 142 137 170 152 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.5

Information

34 35 40 40 39 39 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4

Financial activities

133 114 127 124 108 146 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.7

Finance and insurance

82 72 81 82 69 105 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing

51 42 46 42 38 41 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.9

Professional and business services

696 669 619 592 581 580 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8

Education and health services

494 455 510 446 471 451 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.9

Educational services

52 29 44 46 52 34 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.0

Health care and social assistance

441 426 467 400 419 417 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.1

Leisure and hospitality

739 597 605 622 687 652 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.6 5.2 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

76 47 57 56 71 65 3.0 2.7 3.2 3.1 4.2 3.8

Accommodation and food services

662 550 548 566 616 588 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.8 5.4 5.2

Other services

98 114 108 126 113 115 1.6 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.1

Government

178 205 228 183 183 169 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8

Federal

18 20 31 24 21 26 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.9

State and local

160 186 197 159 162 143 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8

State and local education

83 107 106 81 81 67 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.7

State and local, excluding education

77 78 91 78 81 76 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

REGION(3)

Northeast

481 441 460 466 436 444 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7

South

1,490 1,426 1,479 1,445 1,465 1,420 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7

Midwest

777 723 733 709 761 720 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.3

West

820 718 680 676 746 727 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2

Footnotes
(1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
(2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

1,788 1,555 1,728 2,123 1,823 1,687 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.2

INDUSTRY

Total private

1,692 1,406 1,483 1,930 1,734 1,592 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.3

Mining and logging

6 10 11 7 9 5 0.9 1.7 1.8 1.2 1.5 0.8

Construction

181 145 200 189 183 200 2.4 2.0 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7

Manufacturing

126 103 99 110 120 94 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8

Durable goods

73 63 69 62 64 49 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6

Nondurable goods

53 40 29 47 56 45 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

320 307 313 327 243 404 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.5

Wholesale trade

36 20 25 61 40 60 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.7 1.1

Retail trade

187 194 187 174 156 186 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

97 93 101 92 46 159 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.7 2.6

Information

21 21 33 33 30 21 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.8

Financial activities

44 58 49 54 50 33 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4

Finance and insurance

35 26 20 36 23 12 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

9 32 29 18 27 22 0.4 1.5 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.0

Professional and business services

415 322 362 449 359 316 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.2 1.7 1.5

Education and health services

164 167 160 203 168 169 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7

Educational services

20 30 35 38 41 27 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.8

Health care and social assistance

145 138 125 165 126 143 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.7

Leisure and hospitality

298 220 197 485 506 271 1.8 1.6 1.4 3.6 3.9 2.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

91 56 56 44 98 71 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.4 5.7 4.2

Accommodation and food services

207 164 141 441 409 200 1.4 1.4 1.2 3.7 3.6 1.8

Other services

116 52 59 72 66 78 1.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4

Government

96 149 245 194 89 94 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.4 0.4

Federal

12 61 153 98 12 17 0.4 2.0 5.1 3.4 0.4 0.6

State and local

84 88 92 95 77 77 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4

State and local education

45 53 59 41 31 27 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding education

39 35 33 54 46 50 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6

REGION(3)

Northeast

361 257 378 382 356 317 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2

South

617 502 553 636 576 567 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1

Midwest

393 379 401 527 338 295 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.1 1.0

West

417 418 396 578 554 507 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.5

Footnotes
(1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
(2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Sept.
2020
Oct.
2020
Nov.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

358 373 347 325 352 310 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private

293 297 271 262 278 248 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging

2 3 1 1 1 1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Construction

17 13 12 10 7 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing

25 23 24 22 27 21 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods

17 13 13 15 14 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods

8 11 11 8 12 6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

61 57 73 44 64 27 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1

Wholesale trade

5 10 7 6 13 5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Retail trade

37 31 42 22 32 11 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

19 17 24 16 19 11 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2

Information

5 6 5 5 4 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Financial activities

34 34 32 21 24 25 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3

Finance and insurance

23 30 30 16 21 20 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

12 5 2 5 3 6 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3

Professional and business services

52 71 55 82 67 69 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3

Education and health services

49 39 38 41 43 55 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Educational services

6 4 5 5 9 3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1

Health care and social assistance

44 35 33 36 34 51 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality

41 29 26 26 28 22 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

3 2 2 2 3 2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services

38 27 24 25 24 19 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other services

6 21 5 10 12 6 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Government

65 76 77 63 74 62 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal

11 12 14 12 17 16 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5

State and local

53 64 63 51 57 46 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local education

25 36 31 29 29 20 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding education

29 28 31 22 28 26 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

60 55 55 56 66 52 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

South

141 162 145 95 146 99 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

Midwest

56 66 68 72 67 55 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West

100 89 80 101 72 104 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

Footnotes
(1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
(2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment..
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

7,061 6,032 6,931 4.5 4.0 4.7

INDUSTRY

Total private

6,268 5,422 6,268 4.7 4.3 5.0

Mining and logging

17 14 31 2.5 2.3 4.9

Construction

283 211 313 3.8 2.8 4.3

Manufacturing

406 444 515 3.1 3.5 4.1

Durable goods

244 253 292 3.0 3.2 3.7

Nondurable goods

161 191 223 3.3 4.0 4.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,086 1,086 1,110 3.8 3.7 3.9

Wholesale trade

189 159 189 3.1 2.7 3.3

Retail trade

599 682 625 3.7 4.2 4.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

298 245 296 4.5 3.6 4.5

Information

140 107 111 4.7 3.9 4.0

Financial activities

467 279 376 5.0 3.1 4.1

Finance and insurance

354 220 281 5.2 3.2 4.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

113 59 96 4.7 2.6 4.2

Professional and business services

1,293 1,327 1,382 5.8 6.0 6.4

Education and health services

1,433 1,190 1,500 5.6 4.8 6.1

Educational services

120 75 116 3.1 2.2 3.4

Health care and social assistance

1,313 1,115 1,384 6.0 5.3 6.5

Leisure and hospitality

862 569 658 5.1 4.2 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

156 36 80 6.5 2.2 5.0

Accommodation and food services

706 533 578 4.8 4.5 5.0

Other services

282 195 271 4.6 3.5 4.8

Government

793 610 663 3.4 2.7 3.0

Federal

137 89 84 4.6 3.0 2.8

State and local

657 521 580 3.2 2.7 3.0

State and local education

250 196 264 2.3 1.9 2.6

State and local, excluding education

407 325 316 4.2 3.5 3.5

REGION(3)

Northeast

1,222 1,029 1,138 4.3 3.8 4.2

South

2,598 2,394 2,706 4.5 4.3 5.0

Midwest

1,476 1,294 1,480 4.3 4.0 4.6

West

1,765 1,315 1,608 4.8 3.8 4.7

Footnotes
(1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
(2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

5,756 4,059 5,060 3.8 2.8 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,386 3,858 4,740 4.2 3.2 4.0

Mining and logging

20 16 24 2.9 2.7 4.0

Construction

386 245 322 5.3 3.3 4.6

Manufacturing

337 298 361 2.7 2.4 3.0

Durable goods

196 166 202 2.5 2.2 2.7

Nondurable goods

140 132 159 3.0 2.8 3.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,037 1,014 943 3.7 3.6 3.5

Wholesale trade

146 127 160 2.5 2.3 2.9

Retail trade

647 651 568 4.2 4.1 3.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

244 236 215 3.8 3.6 3.4

Information

93 51 96 3.3 1.9 3.6

Financial activities

245 144 222 2.8 1.6 2.5

Finance and insurance

167 92 147 2.6 1.4 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing

78 52 75 3.4 2.3 3.4

Professional and business services

1,223 938 1,079 5.8 4.5 5.3

Education and health services

863 510 739 3.5 2.2 3.2

Educational services

113 28 96 3.0 0.8 2.9

Health care and social assistance

750 482 644 3.6 2.4 3.2

Leisure and hospitality

933 524 741 5.8 4.1 5.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

121 39 77 5.4 2.5 5.0

Accommodation and food services

812 485 664 5.9 4.3 6.1

Other services

249 118 212 4.3 2.2 3.9

Government

370 200 321 1.6 0.9 1.5

Federal

45 40 29 1.6 1.4 1.0

State and local

325 160 292 1.6 0.8 1.6

State and local education

185 69 179 1.7 0.7 1.8

State and local, excluding education

139 91 113 1.5 1.0 1.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

854 613 758 3.1 2.3 2.9

South

2,434 1,660 2,043 4.4 3.1 3.9

Midwest

1,058 907 1,073 3.3 2.9 3.5

West

1,409 879 1,187 4.0 2.6 3.6

Footnotes
(1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
(2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

6,201 5,416 5,798 4.1 3.8 4.1

INDUSTRY

Total private

5,898 5,125 5,528 4.6 4.2 4.6

Mining and logging

29 20 17 4.3 3.3 2.9

Construction

400 398 409 5.5 5.4 5.8

Manufacturing

343 344 358 2.7 2.8 2.9

Durable goods

205 188 214 2.6 2.5 2.8

Nondurable goods

137 156 144 2.9 3.4 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,548 1,172 1,549 5.6 4.2 5.7

Wholesale trade

152 130 150 2.6 2.3 2.7

Retail trade

1,002 752 922 6.5 4.8 6.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

394 290 478 6.2 4.4 7.6

Information

83 67 91 2.9 2.5 3.4

Financial activities

241 145 234 2.7 1.6 2.7

Finance and insurance

155 95 153 2.4 1.4 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

86 50 81 3.7 2.3 3.7

Professional and business services

1,260 1,038 1,038 6.0 5.0 5.1

Education and health services

780 586 736 3.2 2.5 3.2

Educational services

78 81 59 2.1 2.4 1.8

Health care and social assistance

702 505 677 3.4 2.5 3.4

Leisure and hospitality

1,013 1,168 907 6.3 9.1 7.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

137 188 108 6.1 11.7 7.1

Accommodation and food services

876 981 798 6.3 8.7 7.3

Other services

201 187 189 3.4 3.4 3.5

Government

303 291 270 1.3 1.3 1.3

Federal

52 54 73 1.8 1.8 2.6

State and local

251 238 196 1.3 1.3 1.1

State and local education

125 95 65 1.2 1.0 0.7

State and local, excluding education

127 143 131 1.4 1.6 1.5

REGION(3)

Northeast

1,019 876 941 3.7 3.3 3.7

South

2,430 2,069 2,249 4.4 3.9 4.3

Midwest

1,353 1,152 1,185 4.2 3.7 3.9

West

1,400 1,320 1,422 4.0 3.9 4.3

Footnotes
(1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
(2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

3,520 2,961 3,281 2.3 2.1 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private

3,362 2,830 3,147 2.6 2.3 2.6

Mining and logging

14 6 6 2.1 1.0 1.0

Construction

153 137 140 2.1 1.9 2.0

Manufacturing

174 194 229 1.4 1.6 1.9

Durable goods

100 108 138 1.3 1.4 1.8

Nondurable goods

73 86 91 1.5 1.8 2.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

827 765 765 3.0 2.7 2.8

Wholesale trade

99 80 74 1.7 1.4 1.3

Retail trade

601 493 552 3.9 3.1 3.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

127 192 139 2.0 2.9 2.2

Information

39 32 44 1.4 1.2 1.7

Financial activities

131 84 148 1.5 1.0 1.7

Finance and insurance

78 57 103 1.2 0.9 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing

53 27 44 2.3 1.2 2.0

Professional and business services

723 502 604 3.4 2.4 3.0

Education and health services

520 419 476 2.1 1.8 2.1

Educational services

52 39 34 1.4 1.2 1.0

Health care and social assistance

469 380 442 2.3 1.9 2.2

Leisure and hospitality

692 604 628 4.3 4.7 5.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

61 56 53 2.7 3.5 3.4

Accommodation and food services

632 548 575 4.6 4.9 5.2

Other services

89 87 108 1.5 1.6 2.0

Government

158 131 134 0.7 0.6 0.6

Federal

18 20 26 0.6 0.7 0.9

State and local

140 112 107 0.7 0.6 0.6

State and local education

69 47 40 0.6 0.5 0.4

State and local, excluding education

71 65 67 0.8 0.7 0.8

REGION(3)

Northeast

497 357 467 1.8 1.4 1.8

South

1,500 1,292 1,430 2.7 2.4 2.8

Midwest

749 653 701 2.3 2.1 2.3

West

774 659 683 2.2 2.0 2.1

Footnotes
(1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
(2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

2,244 2,100 2,147 1.5 1.5 1.5

INDUSTRY

Total private

2,167 2,015 2,068 1.7 1.7 1.7

Mining and logging

12 13 9 1.8 2.2 1.5

Construction

230 252 252 3.2 3.5 3.6

Manufacturing

136 119 101 1.1 1.0 0.8

Durable goods

83 62 56 1.0 0.8 0.7

Nondurable goods

53 57 45 1.1 1.2 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities

646 347 753 2.3 1.2 2.8

Wholesale trade

46 34 70 0.8 0.6 1.2

Retail trade

350 231 354 2.3 1.5 2.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

250 82 329 3.9 1.2 5.3

Information

36 32 34 1.3 1.2 1.3

Financial activities

66 43 52 0.7 0.5 0.6

Finance and insurance

45 23 22 0.7 0.3 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing

21 21 30 0.9 0.9 1.3

Professional and business services

463 465 344 2.2 2.3 1.7

Education and health services

194 124 189 0.8 0.5 0.8

Educational services

19 35 21 0.5 1.0 0.6

Health care and social assistance

175 89 168 0.8 0.4 0.8

Leisure and hospitality

278 531 258 1.7 4.1 2.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

73 129 54 3.2 8.0 3.5

Accommodation and food services

205 402 204 1.5 3.6 1.9

Other services

105 88 76 1.8 1.6 1.4

Government

77 85 79 0.3 0.4 0.4

Federal

17 13 26 0.6 0.4 0.9

State and local

60 73 53 0.3 0.4 0.3

State and local education

36 29 16 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding education

24 44 37 0.3 0.5 0.4

REGION(3)

Northeast

455 449 418 1.7 1.7 1.6

South

750 630 693 1.4 1.2 1.3

Midwest

528 419 418 1.6 1.3 1.4

West

511 601 618 1.5 1.8 1.9

Footnotes
(1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
(2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry and region Levels (in thousands) Rates(2)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)
Jan.
2020
Dec.
2020
Jan.
2021(p)

Total

437 355 370 0.3 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private

370 280 313 0.3 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging

3 0 2 0.4 0.1 0.4

Construction

17 9 17 0.2 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing

33 31 28 0.3 0.3 0.2

Durable goods

22 17 20 0.3 0.2 0.3

Nondurable goods

11 14 8 0.2 0.3 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities

75 60 31 0.3 0.2 0.1

Wholesale trade

7 16 6 0.1 0.3 0.1

Retail trade

51 28 16 0.3 0.2 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

18 17 10 0.3 0.3 0.2

Information

9 3 13 0.3 0.1 0.5

Financial activities

44 18 34 0.5 0.2 0.4

Finance and insurance

32 15 27 0.5 0.2 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing

12 3 7 0.5 0.1 0.3

Professional and business services

74 70 89 0.4 0.3 0.4

Education and health services

65 43 71 0.3 0.2 0.3

Educational services

7 7 4 0.2 0.2 0.1

Health care and social assistance

58 36 66 0.3 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality

42 33 21 0.3 0.3 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

3 3 2 0.1 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services

39 30 19 0.3 0.3 0.2

Other services

7 12 6 0.1 0.2 0.1

Government

68 75 57 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal

16 21 21 0.6 0.7 0.7

State and local

51 54 36 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local education

20 19 9 0.2 0.2 0.1

State and local, excluding education

31 35 27 0.3 0.4 0.3

REGION(3)

Northeast

66 69 55 0.2 0.3 0.2

South

181 146 128 0.3 0.3 0.2

Midwest

76 79 67 0.2 0.3 0.2

West

114 60 120 0.3 0.2 0.4

Footnotes
(1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
(2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
(3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
(p) Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 13. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

63,743 65,691 68,596 69,984 73,094

INDUSTRY

Total private

59,500 61,529 64,284 65,564 68,899

Mining and logging

293 375 447 303 246

Construction

4,059 4,593 4,526 4,987 5,022

Manufacturing

3,351 3,986 4,391 4,053 4,819

Durable goods

1,924 2,238 2,511 2,272 2,746

Nondurable goods

1,429 1,746 1,879 1,781 2,073

Trade, transportation, and utilities

12,849 12,645 13,673 13,902 15,306

Wholesale trade

1,641 1,653 1,755 1,775 1,843

Retail trade

8,781 8,482 9,026 9,032 9,836

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

2,424 2,510 2,894 3,095 3,629

Information

979 1,021 1,089 1,133 977

Financial activities

2,405 2,534 2,500 2,656 2,704

Finance and insurance

1,600 1,660 1,636 1,682 1,690

Real estate and rental and leasing

804 873 864 973 1,013

Professional and business services

13,340 13,436 13,749 13,790 13,362

Education and health services

7,687 8,010 8,516 8,665 9,288

Educational services

1,110 1,145 1,160 1,166 1,081

Health care and social assistance

6,578 6,866 7,352 7,499 8,207

Leisure and hospitality

12,225 12,238 12,798 13,464 13,952

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

1,909 2,048 2,208 1,992 1,646

Accommodation and food services

10,314 10,190 10,587 11,470 12,308

Other services

2,312 2,690 2,596 2,609 3,223

Government

4,243 4,162 4,311 4,420 4,193

Federal

411 381 419 501 907

State and local

3,833 3,781 3,891 3,918 3,286

State and local education

1,878 1,841 2,013 2,037 1,647

State and local, excluding education

1,954 1,941 1,879 1,882 1,641

REGION(2)

Northeast

10,198 10,494 10,496 10,864 12,037

South

24,410 25,923 27,315 28,278 27,803

Midwest

14,342 14,351 15,193 14,895 15,904

West

14,794 14,924 15,590 15,946 17,350

Footnotes
(1) The annual hires level is the total number of hires during the entire year.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 14. Annual hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

44.2 44.8 46.1 46.4 51.4

INDUSTRY

Total private

48.7 49.5 50.8 51.1 57.3

Mining and logging

43.9 55.5 61.5 41.7 39.7

Construction

60.3 65.9 62.1 66.6 69.1

Manufacturing

27.1 32.0 34.6 31.6 39.6

Durable goods

24.9 28.9 31.6 28.3 36.2

Nondurable goods

30.8 37.2 39.6 37.3 45.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities

47.2 46.1 49.5 50.1 57.5

Wholesale trade

28.4 28.4 30.0 30.1 32.7

Retail trade

55.5 53.5 57.2 57.8 66.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

43.5 43.7 48.4 49.8 59.5

Information

35.0 36.3 38.3 39.5 36.2

Financial activities

29.0 30.0 29.1 30.3 31.0

Finance and insurance

26.0 26.5 25.8 26.1 26.0

Real estate and rental and leasing

37.6 39.9 38.3 41.9 45.5

Professional and business services

66.3 65.5 65.6 64.8 66.0

Education and health services

34.0 34.5 36.0 35.9 40.0

Educational services

31.1 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.3

Health care and social assistance

34.5 35.2 36.9 36.7 41.5

Leisure and hospitality

78.1 76.2 78.5 81.2 104.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

84.8 87.8 92.7 81.7 92.4

Accommodation and food services

76.9 74.3 76.1 81.1 106.6

Other services

40.6 46.6 44.5 44.3 59.8

Government

19.1 18.6 19.2 19.5 19.1

Federal

14.7 13.6 15.0 17.7 31.0

State and local

19.7 19.3 19.8 19.8 17.3

State and local education

18.2 17.7 19.3 19.4 16.5

State and local, excluding education

21.5 21.2 20.4 20.3 18.2

REGION(2)

Northeast

38.4 39.0 38.5 39.5 46.4

South

46.3 48.4 50.1 51.0 53.2

Midwest

44.9 44.5 46.8 45.6 51.6

West

44.6 44.1 45.1 45.2 52.2

Footnotes
(1) The annual hires rate is the number of hires during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 15. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

61,512 63,447 66,201 67,993 81,493

INDUSTRY

Total private

57,443 59,396 62,062 63,785 76,187

Mining and logging

394 327 394 353 336

Construction

3,922 4,272 4,216 4,867 4,985

Manufacturing

3,365 3,813 4,124 4,048 5,391

Durable goods

1,980 2,115 2,291 2,300 3,166

Nondurable goods

1,383 1,697 1,832 1,747 2,223

Trade, transportation, and utilities

12,498 12,506 13,508 13,707 16,093

Wholesale trade

1,615 1,624 1,715 1,746 2,109

Retail trade

8,633 8,532 9,159 9,119 10,356

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

2,249 2,347 2,635 2,843 3,626

Information

929 1,011 1,057 1,103 1,207

Financial activities

2,217 2,383 2,336 2,491 2,728

Finance and insurance

1,468 1,575 1,532 1,584 1,630

Real estate and rental and leasing

748 809 803 906 1,098

Professional and business services

13,006 13,017 13,293 13,509 14,016

Education and health services

7,104 7,552 8,030 8,062 10,406

Educational services

1,037 1,067 1,126 1,115 1,466

Health care and social assistance

6,066 6,483 6,904 6,947 8,939

Leisure and hospitality

11,762 11,904 12,542 13,105 17,389

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

1,827 1,968 2,108 1,937 2,305

Accommodation and food services

9,932 9,936 10,434 11,170 15,087

Other services

2,250 2,611 2,565 2,541 3,637

Government

4,069 4,054 4,135 4,206 5,306

Federal

371 401 401 468 844

State and local

3,698 3,654 3,735 3,736 4,463

State and local education

1,817 1,769 1,928 1,924 2,556

State and local, excluding education

1,881 1,882 1,807 1,813 1,909

REGION(2)

Northeast

9,898 10,293 10,087 10,389 13,914

South

23,648 25,110 26,298 27,007 30,119

Midwest

13,807 13,824 14,622 14,396 18,095

West

14,157 14,223 15,194 16,197 19,370

Footnotes
(1) The annual total separations level is the total number of total separations during the entire year.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 16. Annual total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

42.6 43.3 44.5 45.1 57.3

INDUSTRY

Total private

47.0 47.8 49.1 49.7 63.3

Mining and logging

59.0 48.4 54.2 48.6 54.3

Construction

58.3 61.3 57.8 65.0 68.6

Manufacturing

27.2 30.7 32.5 31.6 44.3

Durable goods

25.7 27.3 28.8 28.6 41.8

Nondurable goods

29.8 36.1 38.6 36.6 48.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

46.0 45.6 48.9 49.4 60.5

Wholesale trade

27.9 27.9 29.4 29.6 37.4

Retail trade

54.5 53.8 58.0 58.4 69.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

40.3 40.8 44.0 45.8 59.5

Information

33.2 35.9 37.2 38.5 44.8

Financial activities

26.8 28.2 27.2 28.5 31.3

Finance and insurance

23.9 25.2 24.2 24.6 25.1

Real estate and rental and leasing

35.0 37.0 35.6 39.0 49.4

Professional and business services

64.7 63.5 63.5 63.5 69.2

Education and health services

31.4 32.6 34.0 33.4 44.8

Educational services

29.1 29.1 30.3 29.8 42.4

Health care and social assistance

31.8 33.2 34.7 34.0 45.2

Leisure and hospitality

75.1 74.2 77.0 79.0 130.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

81.1 84.4 88.5 79.5 129.3

Accommodation and food services

74.1 72.4 75.0 78.9 130.7

Other services

39.5 45.3 44.0 43.1 67.4

Government

18.3 18.1 18.4 18.6 24.2

Federal

13.3 14.3 14.3 16.5 28.8

State and local

19.0 18.7 19.0 18.9 23.5

State and local education

17.6 17.0 18.4 18.3 25.7

State and local, excluding education

20.7 20.6 19.6 19.6 21.2

REGION(2)

Northeast

37.3 38.2 37.0 37.8 53.7

South

44.9 46.9 48.2 48.7 57.7

Midwest

43.2 42.8 45.0 44.0 58.8

West

42.7 42.0 43.9 45.9 58.3

Footnotes
(1) The annual total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 17. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

35,880 37,687 40,329 42,142 36,318

INDUSTRY

Total private

33,838 35,667 38,173 39,916 33,883

Mining and logging

161 172 245 179 108

Construction

1,492 1,851 2,059 2,084 1,614

Manufacturing

1,777 2,295 2,504 2,490 2,356

Durable goods

997 1,259 1,378 1,396 1,274

Nondurable goods

779 1,034 1,127 1,094 1,082

Trade, transportation, and utilities

7,709 7,878 8,500 8,907 8,259

Wholesale trade

978 1,020 1,069 1,029 1,008

Retail trade

5,585 5,614 5,959 6,234 5,613

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

1,147 1,245 1,474 1,645 1,637

Information

482 519 566 554 480

Financial activities

1,215 1,366 1,406 1,547 1,307

Finance and insurance

808 910 856 1,005 896

Real estate and rental and leasing

405 455 550 545 414

Professional and business services

7,135 7,452 7,561 7,767 6,740

Education and health services

4,643 4,917 5,374 5,532 5,386

Educational services

575 576 582 648 492

Health care and social assistance

4,070 4,343 4,795 4,885 4,892

Leisure and hospitality

7,917 7,746 8,441 9,220 6,544

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

810 777 918 936 553

Accommodation and food services

7,107 6,971 7,523 8,286 5,993

Other services

1,308 1,470 1,514 1,634 1,087

Government

2,043 2,019 2,159 2,226 2,434

Federal

149 176 183 208 246

State and local

1,893 1,842 1,974 2,016 2,190

State and local education

929 922 1,044 1,091 1,270

State and local, excluding education

964 923 933 927 921

REGION(2)

Northeast

5,132 5,419 5,386 5,700 4,992

South

14,394 15,311 16,466 17,255 15,249

Midwest

7,972 8,109 8,989 9,187 8,097

West

8,384 8,847 9,488 10,000 7,981

Footnotes
(1) The annual quits level is the total number of quits during the entire year.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 18. Annual quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

24.9 25.7 27.1 27.9 25.5

INDUSTRY

Total private

27.7 28.7 30.2 31.1 28.2

Mining and logging

24.1 25.4 33.7 24.6 17.4

Construction

22.2 26.6 28.3 27.8 22.2

Manufacturing

14.4 18.5 19.7 19.4 19.3

Durable goods

12.9 16.3 17.3 17.4 16.8

Nondurable goods

16.8 22.0 23.8 22.9 23.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

28.3 28.7 30.8 32.1 31.0

Wholesale trade

16.9 17.5 18.3 17.5 17.9

Retail trade

35.3 35.4 37.7 39.9 37.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

20.6 21.7 24.6 26.5 26.8

Information

17.2 18.4 19.9 19.3 17.8

Financial activities

14.7 16.2 16.4 17.7 15.0

Finance and insurance

13.1 14.5 13.5 15.6 13.8

Real estate and rental and leasing

18.9 20.8 24.4 23.5 18.6

Professional and business services

35.5 36.3 36.1 36.5 33.3

Education and health services

20.5 21.2 22.7 22.9 23.2

Educational services

16.1 15.7 15.7 17.3 14.2

Health care and social assistance

21.3 22.2 24.1 23.9 24.7

Leisure and hospitality

50.6 48.3 51.8 55.6 49.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

36.0 33.3 38.5 38.4 31.0

Accommodation and food services

53.0 50.8 54.1 58.6 51.9

Other services

23.0 25.5 26.0 27.7 20.2

Government

9.2 9.0 9.6 9.8 11.1

Federal

5.3 6.3 6.5 7.3 8.4

State and local

9.7 9.4 10.0 10.2 11.5

State and local education

9.0 8.9 10.0 10.4 12.8

State and local, excluding education

10.6 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.2

REGION(2)

Northeast

19.3 20.1 19.7 20.7 19.2

South

27.3 28.6 30.2 31.1 29.2

Midwest

24.9 25.1 27.7 28.1 26.3

West

25.3 26.1 27.4 28.3 24.0

Footnotes
(1) The annual quits rate is the number of quits during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 19. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

21,240 21,585 21,804 21,851 41,018

INDUSTRY

Total private

19,905 20,249 20,550 20,607 39,081

Mining and logging

173 125 128 151 206

Construction

2,238 2,241 2,002 2,583 3,216

Manufacturing

1,293 1,250 1,370 1,315 2,752

Durable goods

803 703 752 750 1,727

Nondurable goods

493 548 619 566 1,025

Trade, transportation, and utilities

3,690 3,734 4,174 4,055 7,198

Wholesale trade

493 489 500 614 1,019

Retail trade

2,305 2,299 2,658 2,420 4,410

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

896 948 1,013 1,021 1,767

Information

306 397 412 463 663

Financial activities

704 684 637 639 1,107

Finance and insurance

417 381 417 320 489

Real estate and rental and leasing

287 303 219 320 617

Professional and business services

5,198 4,890 4,991 5,041 6,458

Education and health services

1,977 2,064 2,102 2,037 4,486

Educational services

397 428 479 402 914

Health care and social assistance

1,579 1,634 1,626 1,633 3,573

Leisure and hospitality

3,472 3,846 3,800 3,551 10,541

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

988 1,152 1,147 967 1,724

Accommodation and food services

2,484 2,694 2,654 2,586 8,818

Other services

851 1,013 942 769 2,450

Government

1,337 1,339 1,253 1,244 1,937

Federal

120 118 90 123 443

State and local

1,216 1,219 1,167 1,123 1,496

State and local education

606 557 600 543 851

State and local, excluding education

610 661 565 577 647

REGION(2)

Northeast

4,030 4,124 3,930 3,968 8,244

South

7,525 8,182 8,353 8,248 13,329

Midwest

4,919 4,865 4,788 4,419 9,136

West

4,766 4,413 4,733 5,217 10,309

Footnotes
(1) The annual layoffs and discharges level is the total number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 20. Annual layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

14.7 14.7 14.6 14.5 28.8

INDUSTRY

Total private

16.3 16.3 16.3 16.1 32.5

Mining and logging

25.9 18.5 17.6 20.8 33.3

Construction

33.3 32.2 27.5 34.5 44.2

Manufacturing

10.5 10.0 10.8 10.3 22.6

Durable goods

10.4 9.1 9.5 9.3 22.8

Nondurable goods

10.6 11.7 13.1 11.8 22.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities

13.6 13.6 15.1 14.6 27.1

Wholesale trade

8.5 8.4 8.6 10.4 18.1

Retail trade

14.6 14.5 16.8 15.5 29.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

16.1 16.5 16.9 16.4 29.0

Information

10.9 14.1 14.5 16.2 24.6

Financial activities

8.5 8.1 7.4 7.3 12.7

Finance and insurance

6.8 6.1 6.6 5.0 7.5

Real estate and rental and leasing

13.4 13.8 9.7 13.8 27.7

Professional and business services

25.8 23.8 23.8 23.7 31.9

Education and health services

8.7 8.9 8.9 8.4 19.3

Educational services

11.1 11.7 12.9 10.7 26.4

Health care and social assistance

8.3 8.4 8.2 8.0 18.1

Leisure and hospitality

22.2 24.0 23.3 21.4 79.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

43.9 49.4 48.1 39.7 96.7

Accommodation and food services

18.5 19.6 19.1 18.3 76.4

Other services

15.0 17.6 16.2 13.1 45.4

Government

6.0 6.0 5.6 5.5 8.8

Federal

4.3 4.2 3.2 4.3 15.1

State and local

6.3 6.2 5.9 5.7 7.9

State and local education

5.9 5.4 5.7 5.2 8.5

State and local, excluding education

6.7 7.2 6.1 6.2 7.2

REGION(2)

Northeast

15.2 15.3 14.4 14.4 31.8

South

14.3 15.3 15.3 14.9 25.5

Midwest

15.4 15.1 14.7 13.5 29.7

West

14.4 13.0 13.7 14.8 31.0

Footnotes
(1) The annual layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 21. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

4,389 4,178 4,066 3,997 4,159

INDUSTRY

Total private

3,699 3,479 3,339 3,262 3,226

Mining and logging

61 26 21 17 19

Construction

191 181 155 201 155

Manufacturing

293 269 246 244 283

Durable goods

182 155 161 154 166

Nondurable goods

111 115 88 89 117

Trade, transportation, and utilities

1,097 894 835 745 636

Wholesale trade

146 115 146 102 80

Retail trade

745 622 543 466 330

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

207 154 147 178 226

Information

141 94 80 86 63

Financial activities

297 332 294 305 313

Finance and insurance

240 283 256 260 245

Real estate and rental and leasing

57 48 37 44 68

Professional and business services

672 675 745 698 817

Education and health services

484 569 554 493 532

Educational services

65 65 68 65 58

Health care and social assistance

417 506 484 428 474

Leisure and hospitality

370 311 303 333 304

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

27 41 42 36 29

Accommodation and food services

342 271 259 296 274

Other services

89 127 115 141 101

Government

691 698 724 736 934

Federal

102 104 127 140 156

State and local

589 591 595 596 777

State and local education

281 293 284 287 438

State and local, excluding education

305 302 310 309 340

REGION(2)

Northeast

737 747 769 722 668

South

1,725 1,620 1,480 1,503 1,549

Midwest

916 848 844 794 867

West

1,011 964 970 977 1,077

Footnotes
(1) The annual other separations level is the total number of other separations during the entire year.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Table 22. Annual other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]
Industry and region 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Total

3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.9

INDUSTRY

Total private

3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.7

Mining and logging

9.1 3.8 2.9 2.3 3.1

Construction

2.8 2.6 2.1 2.7 2.1

Manufacturing

2.4 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.3

Durable goods

2.4 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.2

Nondurable goods

2.4 2.4 1.9 1.9 2.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities

4.0 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4

Wholesale trade

2.5 2.0 2.5 1.7 1.4

Retail trade

4.7 3.9 3.4 3.0 2.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities

3.7 2.7 2.5 2.9 3.7

Information

5.0 3.3 2.8 3.0 2.3

Financial activities

3.6 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.6

Finance and insurance

3.9 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.8

Real estate and rental and leasing

2.7 2.2 1.6 1.9 3.1

Professional and business services

3.3 3.3 3.6 3.3 4.0

Education and health services

2.1 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.3

Educational services

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7

Health care and social assistance

2.2 2.6 2.4 2.1 2.4

Leisure and hospitality

2.4 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

1.2 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.6

Accommodation and food services

2.6 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.4

Other services

1.6 2.2 2.0 2.4 1.9

Government

3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.3

Federal

3.6 3.7 4.5 4.9 5.3

State and local

3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.1

State and local education

2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 4.4

State and local, excluding education

3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.8

REGION(2)

Northeast

2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6

South

3.3 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.0

Midwest

2.9 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.8

West

3.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.2

Footnotes
(1) The annual other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.
(2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.


Last Modified Date: March 11, 2021