Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, March 11, 2025	USDL-25-0331
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                             JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2025

The number of job openings was little changed at 7.7 million in January, the U.S. Bureau of Labor 
Statistics reported today. Hires held at 5.4 million, and total separations changed little at 5.3 million. 
Within separations, quits (3.3 million) and layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. 

This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the 
total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by establishment size class. This release also includes 2024 annual 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations. Job openings include all positions that are open on the 
last business day of the month. Hires and separations include all changes to the payroll during the entire 
month.

Job Openings

The number of job openings was little changed at 7.7 million in January but was down by 728,000 over 
the year. The job openings rate, at 4.6 percent, changed little over the month. The number of job 
openings increased in real estate and rental and leasing (+46,000). (See table 1.)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________
|                    Changes to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data                       |
|                                                                                                     |
|Effective with this release, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) estimates will       |
|incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment data and the JOLTS    |
|seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January  |
|2020 forward are subject to revision.                                                                |
|_____________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Hires

In January, the number and rate of hires were unchanged at 5.4 million and 3.4 percent, respectively. 
Hires decreased in mining and logging (-6,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

The number and rate of total separations in January were little changed at 5.3 million and 3.3 percent, 
respectively. (See table 3.)

In January, the number and rate of quits were little changed at 3.3 million and 2.1 percent, respectively. 
Quits increased in construction (+53,000) and in mining and logging (+6,000). (See table 4.)

In January, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million and 1.0 percent, 
respectively. Layoffs and discharges decreased in mining and logging (-8,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations changed little at 350,000 in January. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In January, the quits rate increased for establishments with 1 to 9 employees, while the job openings, 
hires, layoffs and discharges, and total separations rates showed little change. For establishments with 
5,000 or more employees, all rates showed little or no change. (See table 7.)

December 2024 Revisions

The number of job openings for December was revised down by 92,000 to 7.5 million, the number of 
hires was revised down by 88,000 to 5.4 million, and the number of total separations was revised down 
by 187,000 to 5.1 million. Within separations, the number of quits was revised down by 102,000 to 3.1 
million, and the number of layoffs and discharges was revised down by 102,000 to 1.7 million. (Monthly 
revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last 
published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

Annual Levels and Rates

Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data each year 
with the January news release. For details about how these estimates are calculated, see the technical 
note.

In 2024, the annual average job openings level was 7.8 million, a decrease of 1.5 million from 2023. The 
annual average job openings rate was 4.7 percent in 2024, compared to 5.6 percent in 2023. 
(See tables 15 and 16.)

In 2024, the annual hires level was 65.3 million, a decrease of 5.1 million from 2023. Annual total 
separations decreased by 4.6 million in 2024 to 63.2 million. Annual quits decreased by 5.0 million in 
2024 to 39.2 million and accounted for 62.0 percent of total separations. Annual layoffs and discharges 
increased by 402,000 in 2024 to 20.2 million and accounted for 31.9 percent of total separations. Annual 
other separations decreased by 5,000 in 2024 to 3.8 million and accounted for 6.1 percent of total 
separations. (See tables 17 through 26.)

The annual average hires rate for 2024 was 3.4 percent, down from 3.8 percent in 2023. The annual 
average total separations rate for 2024 was 3.3 percent, compared to 3.6 percent in 2023. The 2024 
annual average rates for the components of total separations were 2.1 percent for quits, 1.1 percent for 
layoffs and discharges, and 0.2 percent for other separations. (See tables 17 through 26.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2025 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, April 1, 2025, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

                      Annual Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data

The JOLTS data are revised annually to reflect updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
employment estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-adjusted to the CES 
employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. This annual 
benchmarking process results in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 
JOLTS data series. The seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 
updated seasonal adjustment factors. Further, the alignment methodology creates a dependency of the 
not seasonally adjusted estimates on the seasonal adjustment process. Therefore, the data series that are 
not seasonally adjusted are also recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect the effect of the 
updated seasonal adjustment factors on the alignment process.

Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2024. The 
December 2024 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 
final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2020 through 
December 2024 will be available on the JOLTS website later in the day following the release. The 
website also contains all revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision 
tables and data can be accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/.

Table A.  Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |      Job openings     |         Hires         |    Total separations	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
           Category             |Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	|Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	|Jan.	|Dec.	|Jan.	
                                |2024	|2024	|2025p	|2024	|2024	|2025p	|2024	|2024	|2025p	
--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
      LEVELS BY INDUSTRY        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
        (in thousands)          |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................|8,468	|7,508	|7,740	|5,572	|5,374	|5,393	|5,429	|5,082	|5,252
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
 Total private..................|7,577	|6,634	|6,860	|5,181	|4,998	|5,016	|5,095	|4,731	|4,923
  Mining and logging............|26	|20	|16	|20	|21	|15	|22	|23	|21
  Construction..................|407	|205	|236	|372	|327	|353	|336	|268	|335
  Manufacturing.................|556	|431	|462	|384	|300	|332	|374	|315	|324
   Durable goods................|326	|291	|317	|208	|155	|195	|212	|175	|194
   Nondurable goods.............|230	|140	|144	|176	|145	|137	|162	|141	|130
  Trade, transportation,        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
   and utilities................|1,088	|1,079	|1,228	|981	|1,066	|1,082	|1,036	|1,047	|1,072
   Wholesale trade..............|179	|180	|226	|147	|136	|158	|159	|131	|162
   Retail trade.................|571	|519	|662	|566	|608	|634	|589	|595	|591
   Transportation, warehousing, |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    and utilities...............|338	|380	|340	|267	|322	|291	|287	|321	|319
  Information...................|152	|106	|128	|72	|78	|76	|78	|67	|80
  Financial activities..........|475	|406	|528	|199	|217	|201	|207	|195	|193
   Finance and insurance........|335	|282	|359	|127	|143	|134	|131	|130	|130
   Real estate and              |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    rental and leasing..........|140	|124	|170	|73	|73	|66	|76	|66	|62
  Professional and business     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
   services.....................|1,443	|1,364	|1,242	|1,037	|935	|971	|1,060	|919	|1,025
  Private education and health	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
   services.....................|2,045	|1,585	|1,626	|858	|858	|837	|726	|761	|742
   Private educational services.|155	|164	|147	|101	|99	|83	|77	|89	|81
   Health care and social       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    assistance..................|1,890	|1,421	|1,479	|757	|759	|754	|649	|671	|661
  Leisure and hospitality.......|1,085	|1,147	|1,101	|1,034	|959	|909	|1,022	|903	|888
   Arts, entertainment, and     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    recreation..................|167	|184	|160	|174	|144	|162	|154	|144	|148
   Accommodation and food       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    services....................|917	|963	|941	|860	|815	|748	|868	|759	|741
  Other services................|301	|290	|292	|223	|237	|240	|234	|232	|243
 Government.....................|891	|874	|880	|391	|375	|377	|334	|351	|329
  Federal.......................|140	|138	|135	|42	|31	|34	|34	|28	|28
  State and local...............|751	|736	|745	|349	|344	|343	|300	|324	|301
   State and local education....|254	|270	|268	|164	|181	|175	|148	|176	|152
   State and local, excluding   |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    education...................|497	|466	|478	|185	|164	|168	|152	|148	|150
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
     RATES BY INDUSTRY          |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
         (percent)              |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	
                                |-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...........................|5.1	|4.5	|4.6	|3.5	|3.4	|3.4	|3.5	|3.2	|3.3
                                |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
 Total private..................|5.4	|4.7	|4.8	|3.9	|3.7	|3.7	|3.8	|3.5	|3.6
  Mining and logging............|4.0	|3.1	|2.6	|3.2	|3.4	|2.4	|3.5	|3.7	|3.5
  Construction..................|4.8	|2.4	|2.8	|4.6	|4.0	|4.3	|4.1	|3.2	|4.0
  Manufacturing.................|4.1	|3.3	|3.5	|3.0	|2.4	|2.6	|2.9	|2.5	|2.5
   Durable goods................|3.9	|3.5	|3.9	|2.6	|2.0	|2.5	|2.6	|2.2	|2.5
   Nondurable goods.............|4.5	|2.8	|2.9	|3.6	|3.0	|2.8	|3.3	|2.9	|2.7
  Trade, transportation,        |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
   and utilities................|3.6	|3.6	|4.1	|3.4	|3.7	|3.7	|3.6	|3.6	|3.7
   Wholesale trade..............|2.8	|2.8	|3.5	|2.4	|2.2	|2.6	|2.6	|2.1	|2.6
   Retail trade.................|3.5	|3.2	|4.1	|3.6	|3.9	|4.1	|3.8	|3.8	|3.8
   Transportation, warehousing, |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    and utilities...............|4.5	|5.0	|4.5	|3.7	|4.4	|4.0	|4.0	|4.4	|4.4
  Information...................|4.9	|3.5	|4.2	|2.4	|2.6	|2.6	|2.6	|2.3	|2.7
  Financial activities..........|4.9	|4.2	|5.4	|2.2	|2.4	|2.2	|2.3	|2.1	|2.1
   Finance and insurance........|4.8	|4.0	|5.1	|1.9	|2.1	|2.0	|2.0	|1.9	|1.9
   Real estate and rental       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    and leasing.................|5.4	|4.8	|6.4	|2.9	|3.0	|2.7	|3.1	|2.6	|2.5
  Professional and business     |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
   services.....................|6.0	|5.7	|5.2	|4.6	|4.1	|4.3	|4.7	|4.1	|4.5
  Private education and health  |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
   services.....................|7.3	|5.6	|5.7	|3.3	|3.2	|3.1	|2.8	|2.8	|2.7
   Private educational services.|3.8	|4.0	|3.6	|2.6	|2.5	|2.1	|2.0	|2.2	|2.0
   Health care and social       |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    assistance..................|7.9	|5.8	|6.0	|3.4	|3.3	|3.3	|2.9	|2.9	|2.9
   Leisure and hospitality......|6.1	|6.3	|6.1	|6.2	|5.6	|5.4	|6.1	|5.3	|5.2
    Arts, entertainment, and    |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
     recreation.................|6.1	|6.5	|5.6	|6.7	|5.4	|6.0	|6.0	|5.4	|5.5
    Accommodation and food      |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
     services...................|6.1	|6.3	|6.2	|6.1	|5.7	|5.2	|6.1	|5.3	|5.2
   Other services...............|4.8	|4.6	|4.6	|3.8	|3.9	|4.0	|4.0	|3.9	|4.0
 Government.....................|3.7	|3.6	|3.6	|1.7	|1.6	|1.6	|1.4	|1.5	|1.4
  Federal.......................|4.5	|4.4	|4.3	|1.4	|1.0	|1.1	|1.1	|0.9	|0.9
  State and local...............|3.6	|3.5	|3.5	|1.7	|1.7	|1.7	|1.5	|1.6	|1.5
   State and local education....|2.3	|2.4	|2.4	|1.5	|1.7	|1.6	|1.4	|1.6	|1.4
   State and local, excluding   |	|	|	|	|	|	|	|	|
    education...................|5.0	|4.6	|4.7	|2.0	|1.7	|1.7	|1.6	|1.5	|1.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  (p) Preliminary
 NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current 
 Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table B. Revisions in job openings data January 2024 - December 2024,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |    As    |    As     |            |    As    |    As     |
   month  |  revised | previously| Difference | revised  | previously| Difference
          |          | published |            |          | published |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2024   |          |           |            |          |           |
January...|   8,468  |   8,748   |   -280     |    5.1   |    5.3    |   -0.2
February..|   8,445  |   8,813   |   -368     |    5.1   |    5.3    |    -.2
March.....|   8,093  |   8,355   |   -262     |    4.9   |    5.0    |    -.1
April.....|   7,619  |   7,919   |   -300     |    4.6   |    4.8    |    -.2
May.......|   7,901  |   8,230   |   -329     |    4.8   |    4.9    |    -.1
June......|   7,412  |   7,910   |   -498     |    4.5   |    4.8    |    -.3
July......|   7,504  |   7,711   |   -207     |    4.6   |    4.5    |    -.1
August....|   7,649  |   7,861   |   -212     |    4.6   |    4.7    |    -.1
September.|   7,103  |   7,372   |   -269     |    4.3   |    4.4    |    -.1
October...|   7,615  |   7,839   |   -224     |    4.6   |    4.7    |    -.1
November..|   8,031  |   8,156   |   -125     |    4.8   |    4.9    |    -.1
December..|   7,508  |   7,600   |    -92     |    4.5   |    4.5    |     .0
__________|__________|___________|____________|__________|___________|___________

Table C. Revisions in hires data January 2024 - December 2024,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |    As    |    As     |            |    As    |    As     |
   month  |  revised | previously| Difference | revised  | previously| Difference
          |          | published |            |          | published |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2024   |          |           |            |          |           |
January...|   5,572  |   5,698   |   -126     |    3.5   |    3.6    |   -0.1
February..|   5,664  |   5,781   |   -117     |    3.6   |    3.7    |    -.1
March.....|   5,472  |   5,617   |   -145     |    3.5   |    3.6    |    -.1
April.....|   5,584  |   5,615   |    -31     |    3.5   |    3.5    |     .0
May.......|   5,573  |   5,655   |    -82     |    3.5   |    3.6    |    -.1
June......|   5,088  |   5,248   |   -160     |    3.2   |    3.3    |    -.1
July......|   5,451  |   5,416   |     35     |    3.4   |    3.4    |     .0
August....|   5,230  |   5,435   |   -205     |    3.3   |    3.4    |    -.1
September.|   5,519  |   5,582   |    -63     |    3.5   |    3.5    |     .0
October...|   5,350  |   5,394   |    -44     |    3.4   |    3.4    |     .0
November..|   5,307  |   5,373   |    -66     |    3.3   |    3.4    |    -.1
December..|   5,374  |   5,462   |    -88     |    3.4   |    3.4    |     .0
__________|__________|___________|____________|__________|___________|___________

Table D. Revisions in total separations data January 2024 - December 2024,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |    As    |    As     |            |    As    |    As     |
   month  |  revised | previously| Difference | revised  | previously| Difference
          |          | published |            |          | published |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2024   |          |           |            |          |           |
January...|   5,429  |   5,449   |    -20     |    3.5   |    3.5    |    0.0
February..|   5,476  |   5,539   |    -63     |    3.5   |    3.5    |     .0
March.....|   5,268  |   5,330   |    -62     |    3.3   |    3.4    |    -.1
April.....|   5,388  |   5,337   |     51     |    3.4   |    3.4    |     .0
May.......|   5,314  |   5,397   |    -83     |    3.4   |    3.4    |     .0
June......|   5,064  |   5,084   |    -20     |    3.2   |    3.2    |     .0
July......|   5,434  |   5,314   |    120     |    3.4   |    3.4    |     .0
August....|   5,170  |   5,168   |      2     |    3.3   |    3.3    |     .0
September.|   5,197  |   5,196   |      1     |    3.3   |    3.3    |     .0
October...|   5,285  |   5,306   |    -21     |    3.3   |    3.3    |     .0
November..|   5,087  |   5,231   |   -144     |    3.2   |    3.3    |    -.1
December..|   5,082  |   5,269   |   -187     |    3.2   |    3.3    |    -.1
__________|__________|___________|____________|__________|___________|___________

Table E. Revisions in quits data January 2024 - December 2024,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |    As    |    As     |            |    As    |    As     |
   month  |  revised | previously| Difference | revised  | previously| Difference
          |          | published |            |          | published |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2024   |          |           |            |          |           |
January...|   3,353  |   3,446   |    -93     |    2.1   |    2.2    |   -0.1
February..|   3,468  |   3,527   |    -59     |    2.2   |    2.2    |     .0
March.....|   3,329  |   3,409   |    -80     |    2.1   |    2.2    |    -.1
April.....|   3,414  |   3,452   |    -38     |    2.2   |    2.2    |     .0
May.......|   3,355  |   3,403   |    -48     |    2.1   |    2.1    |     .0
June......|   3,284  |   3,214   |     70     |    2.1   |    2.0    |     .1
July......|   3,390  |   3,243   |    147     |    2.0   |    2.1    |     .1
August....|   3,177  |   3,178   |     -1     |    2.0   |    2.0    |     .0
September.|   3,085  |   3,098   |    -13     |    1.9   |    1.9    |     .0
October...|   3,217  |   3,283   |    -66     |    2.0   |    2.1    |    -.1
November..|   3,032  |   3,130   |    -98     |    1.9   |    2.0    |    -.1
December..|   3,095  |   3,197   |   -102     |    1.9   |    2.0    |    -.1
__________|__________|___________|____________|__________|___________|___________

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data January 2024 - December 2024,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |    As    |    As     |            |    As    |    As     |
   month  |  revised | previously| Difference | revised  | previously| Difference
          |          | published |            |          | published |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2024   |          |           |            |          |           |
January...|   1,692  |   1,596   |     96     |    1.1   |    1.0    |    0.1
February..|   1,681  |   1,681   |      0     |    1.1   |    1.1    |     .0
March.....|   1,614  |   1,601   |     13     |    1.0   |    1.0    |     .0
April.....|   1,587  |   1,542   |     45     |    1.0   |    1.0    |     .0
May.......|   1,665  |   1,678   |    -13     |    1.1   |    1.1    |     .0
June......|   1,467  |   1,560   |    -93     |     .9   |    1.0    |    -.1
July......|   1,745  |   1,713   |     32     |    1.1   |    1.1    |     .0
August....|   1,697  |   1,668   |     29     |    1.1   |    1.0    |     .1
September.|   1,844  |   1,802   |     42     |    1.2   |    1.1    |     .1
October...|   1,788  |   1,748   |     40     |    1.1   |    1.1    |     .0
November..|   1,739  |   1,800   |    -61     |    1.1   |    1.1    |     .0
December..|   1,669  |   1,771   |   -102     |    1.1   |    1.1    |     .0
__________|__________|___________|____________|__________|___________|___________

Table G. Revisions in other separations data January 2024 - December 2024,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |    As    |    As     |            |    As    |    As     |
   month  |  revised | previously| Difference | revised  | previously| Difference
          |          | published |            |          | published |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2024   |          |           |            |          |           |
January...|     384  |     407   |    -23     |    0.2   |    0.3    |   -0.1
February..|     327  |     332   |     -5     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
March.....|     325  |     320   |      5     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
April.....|     386  |     343   |     43     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
May.......|     294  |     316   |    -22     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
June......|     312  |     310   |      2     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
July......|     300  |     359   |    -59     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
August....|     295  |     322   |    -27     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
September.|     268  |     296   |    -28     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
October...|     280  |     275   |      5     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
November..|     316  |     301   |     15     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
December..|     318  |     302   |     16     |     .2   |     .2    |     .0
__________|__________|___________|____________|__________|___________|___________

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)
Total	8,468	7,615	8,031	7,508	7,740	232	5.1	4.6	4.8	4.5	4.6	0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	7,577	6,715	7,162	6,634	6,860	226	5.4	4.7	5.0	4.7	4.8	0.1
Mining and logging	26	23	21	20	16	-4	4.0	3.6	3.2	3.1	2.6	-0.5
Construction	407	249	277	205	236	31	4.8	2.9	3.2	2.4	2.8	0.4
Manufacturing	556	455	443	431	462	31	4.1	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.5	0.2
Durable goods	326	311	286	291	317	26	3.9	3.8	3.5	3.5	3.9	0.4
Nondurable goods	230	144	157	140	144	4	4.5	2.9	3.1	2.8	2.9	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,088	927	1,007	1,079	1,228	149	3.6	3.1	3.4	3.6	4.1	0.5
Wholesale trade	179	151	157	180	226	46	2.8	2.4	2.5	2.8	3.5	0.7
Retail trade	571	467	549	519	662	143	3.5	2.9	3.4	3.2	4.1	0.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	338	308	300	380	340	-40	4.5	4.1	4.0	5.0	4.5	-0.5
Information	152	188	122	106	128	22	4.9	6.0	4.0	3.5	4.2	0.7
Financial activities	475	460	550	406	528	122	4.9	4.8	5.6	4.2	5.4	1.2
Finance and insurance	335	286	398	282	359	77	4.8	4.1	5.6	4.0	5.1	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	140	174	152	124	170	46	5.4	6.6	5.8	4.8	6.4	1.6
Professional and business services	1,443	1,358	1,733	1,364	1,242	-122	6.0	5.7	7.1	5.7	5.2	-0.5
Private education and health services	2,045	1,606	1,690	1,585	1,626	41	7.3	5.7	5.9	5.6	5.7	0.1
Private educational services	155	147	170	164	147	-17	3.8	3.6	4.1	4.0	3.6	-0.4
Health care and social assistance	1,890	1,459	1,520	1,421	1,479	58	7.9	6.0	6.2	5.8	6.0	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	1,085	1,166	1,021	1,147	1,101	-46	6.1	6.5	5.7	6.3	6.1	-0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	167	98	126	184	160	-24	6.1	3.6	4.5	6.5	5.6	-0.9
Accommodation and food services	917	1,068	896	963	941	-22	6.1	7.0	5.9	6.3	6.2	-0.1
Other services	301	283	297	290	292	2	4.8	4.5	4.7	4.6	4.6	0.0
Government	891	900	869	874	880	6	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.6	0.0
Federal	140	142	121	138	135	-3	4.5	4.5	3.9	4.4	4.3	-0.1
State and local	751	758	749	736	745	9	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.5	0.0
State and local education	254	256	251	270	268	-2	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.4	0.0
State and local, excluding education	497	502	498	466	478	12	5.0	4.9	4.9	4.6	4.7	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,468	1,191	1,297	1,318	1,400	82	5.0	4.1	4.4	4.5	4.7	0.2
South	3,338	3,111	3,338	2,968	2,998	30	5.3	5.0	5.3	4.7	4.8	0.1
Midwest	1,878	1,664	1,664	1,636	1,666	30	5.3	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.7	0.1
West	1,784	1,649	1,732	1,586	1,676	90	4.6	4.3	4.5	4.1	4.3	0.2
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)
Total	5,572	5,350	5,307	5,374	5,393	19	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.4	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,181	4,987	4,961	4,998	5,016	18	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	0.0
Mining and logging	20	19	21	21	15	-6	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.4	2.4	-1.0
Construction	372	323	337	327	353	26	4.6	3.9	4.1	4.0	4.3	0.3
Manufacturing	384	320	302	300	332	32	3.0	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.6	0.2
Durable goods	208	161	155	155	195	40	2.6	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.5	0.5
Nondurable goods	176	158	147	145	137	-8	3.6	3.3	3.0	3.0	2.8	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	981	1,065	1,071	1,066	1,082	16	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	0.0
Wholesale trade	147	144	143	136	158	22	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.6	0.4
Retail trade	566	624	595	608	634	26	3.6	4.0	3.8	3.9	4.1	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	267	298	334	322	291	-31	3.7	4.1	4.6	4.4	4.0	-0.4
Information	72	69	77	78	76	-2	2.4	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.6	0.0
Financial activities	199	185	181	217	201	-16	2.2	2.0	2.0	2.4	2.2	-0.2
Finance and insurance	127	114	113	143	134	-9	1.9	1.7	1.7	2.1	2.0	-0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	73	71	68	73	66	-7	2.9	2.9	2.8	3.0	2.7	-0.3
Professional and business services	1,037	968	962	935	971	36	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.1	4.3	0.2
Private education and health services	858	857	830	858	837	-21	3.3	3.2	3.1	3.2	3.1	-0.1
Private educational services	101	82	92	99	83	-16	2.6	2.1	2.3	2.5	2.1	-0.4
Health care and social assistance	757	774	737	759	754	-5	3.4	3.4	3.2	3.3	3.3	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,034	935	953	959	909	-50	6.2	5.5	5.6	5.6	5.4	-0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	174	170	173	144	162	18	6.7	6.5	6.5	5.4	6.0	0.6
Accommodation and food services	860	765	780	815	748	-67	6.1	5.4	5.5	5.7	5.2	-0.5
Other services	223	246	227	237	240	3	3.8	4.1	3.8	3.9	4.0	0.1
Government	391	362	346	375	377	2	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.6	0.0
Federal	42	31	28	31	34	3	1.4	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.1	0.1
State and local	349	332	318	344	343	-1	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.7	0.0
State and local education	164	168	163	181	175	-6	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.6	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	185	164	155	164	168	4	2.0	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.7	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	879	838	851	800	834	34	3.2	3.0	3.0	2.8	3.0	0.2
South	2,297	2,241	2,071	2,099	2,243	144	3.9	3.8	3.5	3.5	3.7	0.2
Midwest	1,169	1,146	1,170	1,154	1,138	-16	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.4	0.0
West	1,227	1,124	1,215	1,321	1,179	-142	3.3	3.0	3.3	3.5	3.2	-0.3
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)
Total	5,429	5,285	5,087	5,082	5,252	170	3.5	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.3	0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,095	4,975	4,757	4,731	4,923	192	3.8	3.7	3.5	3.5	3.6	0.1
Mining and logging	22	21	20	23	21	-2	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.7	3.5	-0.2
Construction	336	310	312	268	335	67	4.1	3.7	3.8	3.2	4.0	0.8
Manufacturing	374	332	315	315	324	9	2.9	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.5	0.0
Durable goods	212	171	165	175	194	19	2.6	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.5	0.3
Nondurable goods	162	161	150	141	130	-11	3.3	3.3	3.1	2.9	2.7	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,036	1,058	1,032	1,047	1,072	25	3.6	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.7	0.1
Wholesale trade	159	138	137	131	162	31	2.6	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.6	0.5
Retail trade	589	619	581	595	591	-4	3.8	4.0	3.7	3.8	3.8	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	287	301	314	321	319	-2	4.0	4.1	4.3	4.4	4.4	0.0
Information	78	75	75	67	80	13	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.3	2.7	0.4
Financial activities	207	192	175	195	193	-2	2.3	2.1	1.9	2.1	2.1	0.0
Finance and insurance	131	121	109	130	130	0	2.0	1.8	1.6	1.9	1.9	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	76	71	67	66	62	-4	3.1	2.9	2.7	2.6	2.5	-0.1
Professional and business services	1,060	1,043	963	919	1,025	106	4.7	4.6	4.3	4.1	4.5	0.4
Private education and health services	726	780	731	761	742	-19	2.8	2.9	2.7	2.8	2.7	-0.1
Private educational services	77	84	91	89	81	-8	2.0	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.0	-0.2
Health care and social assistance	649	695	639	671	661	-10	2.9	3.1	2.8	2.9	2.9	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,022	928	920	903	888	-15	6.1	5.5	5.4	5.3	5.2	-0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	154	169	140	144	148	4	6.0	6.4	5.3	5.4	5.5	0.1
Accommodation and food services	868	759	780	759	741	-18	6.1	5.3	5.5	5.3	5.2	-0.1
Other services	234	236	214	232	243	11	4.0	3.9	3.6	3.9	4.0	0.1
Government	334	310	330	351	329	-22	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.4	-0.1
Federal	34	29	30	28	28	0	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.0
State and local	300	281	301	324	301	-23	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.5	-0.1
State and local education	148	154	156	176	152	-24	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.6	1.4	-0.2
State and local, excluding education	152	127	145	148	150	2	1.6	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.5	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	846	713	759	756	793	37	3.0	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.8	0.1
South	2,259	2,213	1,999	2,117	2,047	-70	3.8	3.7	3.3	3.5	3.4	-0.1
Midwest	1,122	1,107	1,090	1,080	1,168	88	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.5	0.3
West	1,202	1,251	1,239	1,130	1,244	114	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.0	3.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)
Total	3,353	3,217	3,032	3,095	3,266	171	2.1	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.1	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,154	3,045	2,850	2,899	3,069	170	2.4	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.3	0.2
Mining and logging	14	10	11	9	15	6	2.3	1.7	1.8	1.5	2.4	0.9
Construction	137	135	143	113	166	53	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.4	2.0	0.6
Manufacturing	229	197	174	182	187	5	1.8	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.5	0.1
Durable goods	135	108	92	105	109	4	1.7	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.4	0.1
Nondurable goods	94	89	82	77	78	1	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.6	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	664	650	659	617	670	53	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.3	0.2
Wholesale trade	91	81	85	83	104	21	1.5	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.7	0.4
Retail trade	399	399	387	380	394	14	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.5	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	174	169	187	153	171	18	2.4	2.3	2.6	2.1	2.3	0.2
Information	55	36	32	35	44	9	1.8	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.5	0.3
Financial activities	112	104	111	115	128	13	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	0.1
Finance and insurance	77	65	75	76	77	1	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	35	39	37	39	51	12	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.6	2.0	0.4
Professional and business services	476	558	481	535	565	30	2.1	2.5	2.1	2.4	2.5	0.1
Private education and health services	525	539	493	512	518	6	2.0	2.0	1.8	1.9	1.9	0.0
Private educational services	51	50	61	55	54	-1	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.4	1.4	0.0
Health care and social assistance	474	489	432	457	464	7	2.1	2.1	1.9	2.0	2.0	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	771	643	593	603	610	7	4.6	3.8	3.5	3.6	3.6	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	67	79	64	60	71	11	2.6	3.0	2.4	2.3	2.6	0.3
Accommodation and food services	705	565	528	543	540	-3	5.0	4.0	3.7	3.8	3.8	0.0
Other services	171	173	153	176	168	-8	2.9	2.9	2.5	2.9	2.8	-0.1
Government	199	173	182	197	197	0	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.0
Federal	17	14	14	12	12	0	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.0
State and local	182	158	168	185	184	-1	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.0
State and local education	95	91	93	99	88	-11	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	87	67	74	86	97	11	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.0	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	474	434	382	424	479	55	1.7	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.7	0.2
South	1,452	1,291	1,281	1,339	1,348	9	2.5	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.2	0.0
Midwest	676	722	641	623	714	91	2.0	2.2	1.9	1.9	2.1	0.2
West	750	770	728	709	726	17	2.0	2.1	2.0	1.9	1.9	0.0
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)
Total	1,692	1,788	1,739	1,669	1,635	-34	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	-0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,620	1,706	1,657	1,573	1,560	-13	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
Mining and logging	7	9	7	12	4	-8	1.1	1.5	1.2	1.9	0.6	-1.3
Construction	184	153	137	138	150	12	2.3	1.9	1.7	1.7	1.8	0.1
Manufacturing	128	113	126	112	118	6	1.0	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.0
Durable goods	65	51	65	58	70	12	0.8	0.6	0.8	0.7	0.9	0.2
Nondurable goods	63	62	61	55	48	-7	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.0	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	284	367	337	387	346	-41	1.0	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.2	-0.1
Wholesale trade	47	45	47	37	46	9	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.1
Retail trade	142	198	178	192	163	-29	0.9	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.0	-0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	94	123	112	157	136	-21	1.3	1.7	1.5	2.2	1.9	-0.3
Information	20	34	38	26	28	2	0.7	1.2	1.3	0.9	1.0	0.1
Financial activities	75	64	46	57	42	-15	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.5	-0.1
Finance and insurance	36	40	17	34	32	-2	0.5	0.6	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	38	25	29	24	10	-14	1.6	1.0	1.2	1.0	0.4	-0.6
Professional and business services	515	438	419	331	393	62	2.3	1.9	1.9	1.5	1.7	0.2
Private education and health services	147	192	188	193	173	-20	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	-0.1
Private educational services	23	29	28	27	22	-5	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.5	-0.2
Health care and social assistance	124	164	161	165	151	-14	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	221	276	302	265	232	-33	1.3	1.6	1.8	1.6	1.4	-0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	84	85	73	79	72	-7	3.3	3.2	2.7	3.0	2.7	-0.3
Accommodation and food services	137	191	229	187	160	-27	1.0	1.3	1.6	1.3	1.1	-0.2
Other services	40	59	56	51	74	23	0.7	1.0	0.9	0.9	1.2	0.3
Government	72	82	82	96	75	-21	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	-0.1
Federal	6	6	5	5	4	-1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
State and local	66	76	76	90	71	-19	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	-0.1
State and local education	31	44	43	57	44	-13	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	35	32	34	34	27	-7	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	309	222	315	275	262	-13	1.1	0.8	1.1	1.0	0.9	-0.1
South	675	815	590	659	581	-78	1.1	1.4	1.0	1.1	1.0	-0.1
Midwest	322	332	387	391	392	1	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
West	385	418	447	343	401	58	1.0	1.1	1.2	0.9	1.1	0.2
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)
Total	384	280	316	318	350	32	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	321	224	249	260	293	33	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	1	2	2	2	3	1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.2
Construction	15	21	33	17	19	2	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.0
Manufacturing	17	23	15	21	19	-2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Durable goods	12	12	9	12	15	3	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nondurable goods	5	10	7	9	5	-4	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	88	42	36	43	57	14	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wholesale trade	21	11	4	10	12	2	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Retail trade	49	22	17	23	33	10	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	19	9	15	11	11	0	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Information	3	6	4	6	8	2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Financial activities	21	24	18	23	23	0	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Finance and insurance	18	17	17	20	21	1	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	3	7	1	3	1	-2	0.1	0.3	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Professional and business services	69	47	62	53	68	15	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1
Private education and health services	54	48	49	56	50	-6	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Private educational services	3	5	3	6	5	-1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	51	43	46	49	45	-4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	30	8	25	34	46	12	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	5	3	5	5	0	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
Accommodation and food services	27	3	22	30	41	11	0.2	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other services	23	4	5	4	1	-3	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	-0.1
Government	63	56	67	58	57	-1	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Federal	11	9	10	10	11	1	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.1
State and local	51	47	57	48	46	-2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local education	22	19	20	20	19	-1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local, excluding education	30	27	37	28	26	-2	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	62	57	62	56	53	-3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
South	131	106	127	119	117	-2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Midwest	123	52	63	66	63	-3	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
West	67	64	64	77	118	41	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Oct. 2024	Nov. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Change from: Dec. 2024 - Jan. 2025(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	7,577	6,715	7,162	6,634	6,860	226	5.4	4.7	5.0	4.7	4.8	0.1
1 to 9 employees	1,649	1,389	1,526	1,407	1,216	-191	7.1	5.9	6.5	6.0	5.2	-0.8
10 to 49 employees	2,094	2,078	2,155	2,002	2,183	181	5.0	4.7	4.9	4.5	5.0	0.5
50 to 249 employees	2,019	1,862	1,959	1,825	2,008	183	4.8	4.5	4.8	4.6	4.9	0.3
250 to 999 employees	994	733	821	807	813	6	4.9	3.9	4.1	4.0	4.1	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	566	447	478	387	429	42	6.1	4.8	5.1	4.3	4.8	0.5
5,000 or more employees	255	207	222	206	211	5	5.1	4.4	4.5	4.1	4.1	0.0
HIRES
Total private	5,181	4,987	4,961	4,998	5,016	18	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	0.0
1 to 9 employees	785	757	706	695	839	144	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.8	0.7
10 to 49 employees	1,630	1,635	1,674	1,787	1,585	-202	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.2	3.8	-0.4
50 to 249 employees	1,651	1,600	1,547	1,525	1,612	87	4.1	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.1	0.1
250 to 999 employees	705	638	676	647	647	0	3.6	3.5	3.6	3.3	3.4	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	327	280	283	265	255	-10	3.8	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.0	-0.1
5,000 or more employees	84	76	75	79	76	-3	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6	0.0
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,095	4,975	4,757	4,731	4,923	192	3.8	3.7	3.5	3.5	3.6	0.1
1 to 9 employees	781	795	749	569	729	160	3.6	3.6	3.4	2.6	3.3	0.7
10 to 49 employees	1,619	1,654	1,535	1,603	1,618	15	4.1	3.9	3.7	3.8	3.9	0.1
50 to 249 employees	1,600	1,545	1,536	1,567	1,567	0	4.0	4.0	3.9	4.1	4.0	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	757	625	592	638	659	21	3.9	3.4	3.1	3.3	3.4	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	272	288	280	278	271	-7	3.1	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.2	0.0
5,000 or more employees	66	69	65	76	78	2	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.6	0.0
QUITS
Total private	3,154	3,045	2,850	2,899	3,069	170	2.4	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.3	0.2
1 to 9 employees	441	381	423	304	519	215	2.0	1.7	1.9	1.4	2.4	1.0
10 to 49 employees	1,081	1,073	922	1,021	973	-48	2.7	2.5	2.2	2.4	2.3	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	1,014	1,021	950	1,013	1,002	-11	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.7	2.5	-0.2
250 to 999 employees	419	369	355	377	390	13	2.2	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.0	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	159	157	162	145	143	-2	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	0.0
5,000 or more employees	40	44	38	39	42	3	0.9	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.1
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,620	1,706	1,657	1,573	1,560	-13	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	302	386	251	245	148	-97	1.4	1.8	1.2	1.1	0.7	-0.4
10 to 49 employees	398	514	557	483	554	71	1.0	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.3	0.2
50 to 249 employees	524	455	517	484	493	9	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	0.0
250 to 999 employees	288	221	207	228	238	10	1.5	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.2	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	92	113	106	107	101	-6	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.2	-0.1
5,000 or more employees	16	18	18	26	26	0	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.0
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	321	224	249	260	293	33	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	38	28	74	20	62	42	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.2
10 to 49 employees	140	66	56	99	91	-8	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
50 to 249 employees	63	69	68	70	72	2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
250 to 999 employees	50	35	30	34	31	-3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	21	19	12	26	27	1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.0
5,000 or more employees	10	8	8	11	10	-1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)
Total	8,564	6,970	7,821	5.2	4.2	4.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	7,704	6,099	6,975	5.5	4.3	5.0
Mining and logging	26	21	16	4.0	3.2	2.5
Construction	414	159	243	5.1	1.9	3.0
Manufacturing	550	398	457	4.1	3.0	3.5
Durable goods	329	274	321	4.0	3.3	3.9
Nondurable goods	220	124	135	4.4	2.5	2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	967	988	1,114	3.3	3.2	3.7
Wholesale trade	181	164	227	2.9	2.6	3.6
Retail trade	440	444	539	2.8	2.7	3.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	347	380	348	4.6	4.7	4.5
Information	168	105	145	5.4	3.4	4.7
Financial activities	528	390	589	5.5	4.0	6.0
Finance and insurance	364	266	387	5.2	3.8	5.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	164	124	202	6.3	4.7	7.6
Professional and business services	1,549	1,276	1,334	6.5	5.3	5.7
Private education and health services	2,185	1,518	1,750	7.8	5.3	6.1
Private educational services	152	135	142	3.8	3.2	3.5
Health care and social assistance	2,033	1,383	1,608	8.4	5.7	6.5
Leisure and hospitality	1,000	998	1,025	5.9	5.6	5.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	161	136	155	6.4	5.1	6.0
Accommodation and food services	839	862	870	5.8	5.7	5.9
Other services	318	248	303	5.2	4.0	4.8
Government	860	871	847	3.6	3.5	3.5
Federal	138	134	130	4.4	4.2	4.2
State and local	722	737	716	3.5	3.4	3.4
State and local education	235	260	247	2.1	2.3	2.2
State and local, excluding education	487	477	469	5.0	4.7	4.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,494	1,246	1,420	5.2	4.2	4.8
South	3,314	2,770	2,964	5.4	4.4	4.8
Midwest	1,865	1,493	1,651	5.4	4.2	4.7
West	1,891	1,460	1,787	5.0	3.8	4.6
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)
Total	5,452	3,947	5,264	3.5	2.5	3.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,081	3,710	4,899	3.9	2.7	3.7
Mining and logging	23	15	16	3.6	2.3	2.7
Construction	380	166	364	4.9	2.0	4.6
Manufacturing	393	204	344	3.1	1.6	2.7
Durable goods	224	101	212	2.8	1.3	2.7
Nondurable goods	170	102	132	3.5	2.1	2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	854	913	940	3.0	3.1	3.2
Wholesale trade	159	98	171	2.6	1.6	2.8
Retail trade	475	479	533	3.1	3.0	3.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	220	336	236	3.1	4.4	3.2
Information	79	50	83	2.7	1.7	2.9
Financial activities	217	164	220	2.4	1.8	2.4
Finance and insurance	146	104	156	2.2	1.5	2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	70	60	64	2.9	2.4	2.6
Professional and business services	1,076	712	1,009	4.8	3.1	4.5
Private education and health services	925	625	900	3.6	2.3	3.4
Private educational services	110	46	91	2.9	1.1	2.3
Health care and social assistance	814	578	809	3.7	2.5	3.5
Leisure and hospitality	913	675	786	5.7	4.1	4.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	125	93	117	5.4	3.7	4.8
Accommodation and food services	787	582	669	5.8	4.1	4.8
Other services	220	188	237	3.8	3.1	4.0
Government	371	236	365	1.6	1.0	1.6
Federal	38	29	31	1.3	1.0	1.0
State and local	334	207	334	1.7	1.0	1.6
State and local education	169	93	183	1.6	0.8	1.7
State and local, excluding education	165	114	152	1.8	1.2	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	802	556	758	2.9	2.0	2.7
South	2,316	1,573	2,252	4.0	2.6	3.8
Midwest	1,093	868	1,061	3.3	2.6	3.2
West	1,241	950	1,194	3.4	2.5	3.2
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)
Total	5,795	4,850	5,603	3.7	3.0	3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,502	4,534	5,313	4.2	3.3	4.0
Mining and logging	29	23	26	4.6	3.7	4.3
Construction	373	298	374	4.8	3.6	4.7
Manufacturing	368	249	322	2.9	1.9	2.5
Durable goods	215	129	200	2.7	1.6	2.5
Nondurable goods	154	120	123	3.2	2.5	2.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,300	1,117	1,347	4.5	3.7	4.6
Wholesale trade	165	109	165	2.7	1.8	2.7
Retail trade	695	612	708	4.5	3.8	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	440	396	474	6.1	5.2	6.5
Information	86	62	91	2.9	2.1	3.1
Financial activities	244	168	225	2.7	1.8	2.4
Finance and insurance	157	114	153	2.3	1.7	2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	87	55	72	3.6	2.2	2.9
Professional and business services	1,122	937	1,070	5.0	4.1	4.8
Private education and health services	781	677	789	3.0	2.5	2.9
Private educational services	67	76	69	1.7	1.9	1.8
Health care and social assistance	715	601	720	3.2	2.6	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	962	804	824	6.0	4.8	5.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	143	141	134	6.1	5.6	5.5
Accommodation and food services	819	663	690	6.0	4.7	5.0
Other services	236	198	245	4.0	3.3	4.1
Government	293	317	290	1.3	1.3	1.2
Federal	35	31	29	1.2	1.0	1.0
State and local	258	285	261	1.3	1.4	1.3
State and local education	117	143	120	1.1	1.3	1.1
State and local, excluding education	141	142	141	1.5	1.5	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	908	767	860	3.3	2.7	3.1
South	2,411	1,941	2,181	4.1	3.2	3.7
Midwest	1,198	1,068	1,238	3.7	3.2	3.7
West	1,279	1,074	1,324	3.5	2.9	3.6
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)
Total	3,256	2,608	3,170	2.1	1.6	2.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,085	2,452	2,999	2.3	1.8	2.2
Mining and logging	15	7	16	2.4	1.1	2.5
Construction	130	88	159	1.7	1.1	2.0
Manufacturing	217	127	177	1.7	1.0	1.4
Durable goods	130	70	106	1.6	0.9	1.3
Nondurable goods	87	56	71	1.8	1.2	1.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	637	578	646	2.2	1.9	2.2
Wholesale trade	82	63	97	1.3	1.0	1.6
Retail trade	391	344	386	2.5	2.2	2.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	165	170	164	2.3	2.2	2.2
Information	59	27	49	2.0	0.9	1.7
Financial activities	133	91	146	1.5	1.0	1.6
Finance and insurance	94	63	92	1.4	0.9	1.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	39	28	55	1.6	1.1	2.2
Professional and business services	464	459	547	2.1	2.0	2.5
Private education and health services	538	444	527	2.1	1.6	2.0
Private educational services	47	49	49	1.2	1.2	1.2
Health care and social assistance	491	395	479	2.2	1.7	2.1
Leisure and hospitality	726	483	566	4.5	2.9	3.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	54	40	56	2.3	1.6	2.3
Accommodation and food services	673	442	510	4.9	3.1	3.7
Other services	166	149	164	2.8	2.5	2.8
Government	171	156	171	0.7	0.7	0.7
Federal	16	12	11	0.5	0.4	0.4
State and local	155	144	160	0.8	0.7	0.8
State and local education	75	68	70	0.7	0.6	0.6
State and local, excluding education	80	76	90	0.9	0.8	0.9
REGION(3)
Northeast	456	336	463	1.7	1.2	1.7
South	1,423	1,123	1,320	2.4	1.9	2.2
Midwest	631	527	666	1.9	1.6	2.0
West	746	622	721	2.1	1.7	2.0
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)
Total	2,100	1,910	2,029	1.4	1.2	1.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,040	1,814	1,968	1.5	1.3	1.5
Mining and logging	12	15	7	2.0	2.4	1.1
Construction	229	189	196	2.9	2.3	2.5
Manufacturing	129	100	120	1.0	0.8	0.9
Durable goods	67	45	73	0.8	0.6	0.9
Nondurable goods	63	55	47	1.3	1.1	1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	560	498	636	1.9	1.7	2.2
Wholesale trade	60	34	55	1.0	0.5	0.9
Retail trade	244	248	283	1.6	1.6	1.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	255	216	298	3.6	2.8	4.1
Information	22	29	31	0.8	1.0	1.1
Financial activities	81	53	46	0.9	0.6	0.5
Finance and insurance	37	30	32	0.6	0.4	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	44	23	14	1.8	0.9	0.6
Professional and business services	588	422	453	2.6	1.9	2.0
Private education and health services	168	178	190	0.6	0.7	0.7
Private educational services	17	23	15	0.4	0.6	0.4
Health care and social assistance	151	155	175	0.7	0.7	0.8
Leisure and hospitality	203	282	209	1.3	1.7	1.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	86	96	73	3.7	3.8	3.0
Accommodation and food services	118	185	135	0.9	1.3	1.0
Other services	48	49	80	0.8	0.8	1.4
Government	60	96	61	0.3	0.4	0.3
Federal	6	7	4	0.2	0.2	0.1
State and local	54	89	58	0.3	0.4	0.3
State and local education	25	58	35	0.2	0.5	0.3
State and local, excluding education	29	31	22	0.3	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	377	361	332	1.4	1.3	1.2
South	826	707	718	1.4	1.2	1.2
Midwest	437	468	504	1.3	1.4	1.5
West	460	374	475	1.3	1.0	1.3
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)
Total	439	332	404	0.3	0.2	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	377	267	346	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mining and logging	1	2	4	0.2	0.3	0.6
Construction	15	21	19	0.2	0.3	0.2
Manufacturing	22	22	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	17	13	21	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nondurable goods	5	8	4	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	102	42	65	0.4	0.1	0.2
Wholesale trade	23	11	13	0.4	0.2	0.2
Retail trade	60	20	40	0.4	0.1	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	19	10	12	0.3	0.1	0.2
Information	5	6	11	0.2	0.2	0.4
Financial activities	30	24	32	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	25	21	30	0.4	0.3	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	4	4	2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Professional and business services	71	56	71	0.3	0.2	0.3
Private education and health services	76	55	71	0.3	0.2	0.3
Private educational services	3	5	6	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	72	50	65	0.3	0.2	0.3
Leisure and hospitality	32	40	49	0.2	0.2	0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	5	5	0.1	0.2	0.2
Accommodation and food services	29	35	44	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other services	23	1	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Government	63	65	57	0.3	0.3	0.2
Federal	14	13	14	0.5	0.4	0.5
State and local	49	52	44	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	17	17	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
State and local, excluding education	33	35	29	0.3	0.4	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	73	71	65	0.3	0.2	0.2
South	162	111	144	0.3	0.2	0.2
Midwest	131	73	67	0.4	0.2	0.2
West	73	78	127	0.2	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)	Jan. 2024	Dec. 2024	Jan. 2025(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	7,704	6,099	6,975	5.5	4.3	5.0
1 to 9 employees	1,989	1,287	1,476	8.5	5.5	6.4
10 to 49 employees	2,034	1,747	2,158	5.0	3.9	5.0
50 to 249 employees	1,922	1,672	1,925	4.7	4.2	4.7
250 to 999 employees	935	784	769	4.7	3.9	3.9
1,000 to 4,999 employees	575	401	440	6.3	4.4	5.0
5,000 or more employees	249	207	207	5.1	4.1	4.1
HIRES
Total private	5,081	3,710	4,899	3.9	2.7	3.7
1 to 9 employees	965	517	1,032	4.5	2.3	4.7
10 to 49 employees	1,532	1,242	1,470	3.9	2.9	3.6
50 to 249 employees	1,518	1,154	1,479	3.9	3.0	3.8
250 to 999 employees	660	509	598	3.5	2.6	3.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	318	226	242	3.7	2.6	2.9
5,000 or more employees	88	62	79	1.9	1.3	1.6
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,502	4,534	5,313	4.2	3.3	4.0
1 to 9 employees	995	525	886	4.7	2.4	4.1
10 to 49 employees	1,650	1,531	1,675	4.2	3.6	4.1
50 to 249 employees	1,683	1,444	1,655	4.3	3.8	4.3
250 to 999 employees	785	636	689	4.1	3.3	3.6
1,000 to 4,999 employees	315	321	319	3.7	3.7	3.8
5,000 or more employees	73	76	89	1.6	1.6	1.9
QUITS
Total private	3,085	2,452	2,999	2.3	1.8	2.2
1 to 9 employees	505	235	583	2.4	1.1	2.7
10 to 49 employees	996	828	884	2.6	1.9	2.2
50 to 249 employees	1,002	862	989	2.5	2.2	2.6
250 to 999 employees	397	343	372	2.1	1.8	2.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	145	151	129	1.7	1.7	1.5
5,000 or more employees	40	35	42	0.9	0.7	0.9
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	2,040	1,814	1,968	1.5	1.3	1.5
1 to 9 employees	444	276	228	2.1	1.2	1.0
10 to 49 employees	470	601	666	1.2	1.4	1.6
50 to 249 employees	616	508	589	1.6	1.3	1.5
250 to 999 employees	340	259	286	1.8	1.3	1.5
1,000 to 4,999 employees	150	141	164	1.7	1.6	2.0
5,000 or more employees	21	29	35	0.5	0.6	0.7
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	377	267	346	0.3	0.2	0.3
1 to 9 employees	46	14	76	0.2	0.1	0.3
10 to 49 employees	184	102	124	0.5	0.2	0.3
50 to 249 employees	65	75	77	0.2	0.2	0.2
250 to 999 employees	49	35	31	0.3	0.2	0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	21	29	26	0.2	0.3	0.3
5,000 or more employees	12	12	12	0.3	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 15. Annual average job openings levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	6,358	9,979	11,180	9,270	7,780
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,644	9,066	10,135	8,235	6,854
Mining and logging	14	27	37	30	24
Construction	257	345	399	387	307
Manufacturing	410	821	845	603	493
Durable goods	227	466	526	380	323
Nondurable goods	183	354	319	223	169
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,160	1,797	1,793	1,447	1,013
Wholesale trade	172	284	308	264	169
Retail trade	682	990	965	708	519
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	307	523	519	475	325
Information	111	177	224	137	129
Financial activities	324	432	558	468	458
Finance and insurance	246	313	394	337	327
Real estate and rental and leasing	79	119	165	131	131
Professional and business services	1,178	1,863	2,147	1,603	1,360
Private education and health services	1,198	1,789	2,172	1,930	1,745
Private educational services	104	168	167	176	171
Health care and social assistance	1,094	1,621	2,004	1,753	1,574
Leisure and hospitality	776	1,424	1,593	1,277	1,031
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	104	172	183	184	143
Accommodation and food services	672	1,253	1,410	1,094	889
Other services	216	393	367	352	296
Government	714	913	1,046	1,035	925
Federal	125	131	137	163	142
State and local	589	781	909	872	784
State and local education	211	305	333	306	264
State and local, excluding education	377	476	576	566	520
REGION(2)
Northeast	1,066	1,725	1,835	1,519	1,363
South	2,466	3,877	4,372	3,761	3,100
Midwest	1,378	2,138	2,388	1,986	1,690
West	1,448	2,239	2,586	2,003	1,627
Footnotes (1) The annual average job openings level is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels divided by 12. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 16. Annual average job openings rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	4.3	6.4	6.8	5.6	4.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	4.5	6.8	7.2	5.8	4.8
Mining and logging	2.2	4.5	5.7	4.5	3.7
Construction	3.4	4.4	4.9	4.6	3.6
Manufacturing	3.3	6.2	6.2	4.5	3.7
Durable goods	2.9	5.7	6.2	4.5	3.9
Nondurable goods	3.8	7.0	6.2	4.4	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.2	6.1	5.9	4.8	3.4
Wholesale trade	3.0	4.7	4.9	4.1	2.7
Retail trade	4.4	6.1	5.9	4.4	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	4.7	7.3	6.8	6.2	4.3
Information	3.9	5.8	6.8	4.3	4.2
Financial activities	3.6	4.7	5.8	4.9	4.8
Finance and insurance	3.6	4.6	5.6	4.8	4.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	3.4	5.0	6.5	5.1	5.0
Professional and business services	5.5	8.0	8.7	6.6	5.7
Private education and health services	4.9	7.0	8.2	7.1	6.2
Private educational services	2.9	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.1
Health care and social assistance	5.2	7.5	8.9	7.5	6.5
Leisure and hospitality	5.6	9.1	9.1	7.2	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5.5	8.0	7.3	6.8	5.2
Accommodation and food services	5.6	9.3	9.4	7.2	5.9
Other services	3.9	6.7	6.1	5.7	4.7
Government	3.1	4.0	4.5	4.3	3.8
Federal	4.1	4.4	4.6	5.3	4.5
State and local	3.0	3.9	4.5	4.2	3.7
State and local education	2.1	2.9	3.1	2.8	2.4
State and local, excluding education	4.0	5.0	6.0	5.7	5.1
REGION(2)
Northeast	4.0	6.2	6.3	5.2	4.6
South	4.5	6.7	7.1	6.0	4.9
Midwest	4.3	6.4	6.9	5.7	4.8
West	4.2	6.1	6.7	5.2	4.2
Footnotes (1) The annual average job openings rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels and the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 17. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	72,551	76,131	76,811	70,325	65,253
INDUSTRY
Total private	68,390	71,736	71,999	65,633	60,859
Mining and logging	198	229	276	292	230
Construction	4,983	4,359	4,418	4,417	4,100
Manufacturing	4,813	5,352	5,503	4,723	4,031
Durable goods	2,746	2,962	3,020	2,497	2,237
Nondurable goods	2,066	2,392	2,483	2,226	1,793
Trade, transportation, and utilities	15,465	16,171	15,582	14,135	12,747
Wholesale trade	1,816	2,128	2,199	1,947	1,747
Retail trade	9,840	10,210	9,309	8,447	7,424
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	3,809	3,835	4,075	3,741	3,576
Information	987	1,336	1,270	874	938
Financial activities	2,654	2,741	2,904	2,401	2,448
Finance and insurance	1,667	1,822	1,906	1,490	1,586
Real estate and rental and leasing	989	920	994	913	863
Professional and business services	13,418	15,083	14,954	12,539	12,011
Private education and health services	9,349	9,353	10,276	10,714	10,232
Private educational services	1,135	1,249	1,179	1,202	1,140
Health care and social assistance	8,215	8,102	9,095	9,511	9,091
Leisure and hospitality	13,481	14,344	14,120	12,977	11,444
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,645	1,969	2,006	2,012	1,961
Accommodation and food services	11,837	12,376	12,115	10,964	9,481
Other services	3,042	2,765	2,693	2,565	2,678
Government	4,163	4,394	4,812	4,691	4,392
Federal	888	520	501	542	428
State and local	3,275	3,873	4,311	4,150	3,963
State and local education	1,636	2,078	2,118	2,124	1,982
State and local, excluding education	1,638	1,794	2,193	2,025	1,985
REGION(2)
Northeast	11,640	11,525	11,330	10,714	10,169
South	27,969	30,732	32,190	29,972	26,681
Midwest	15,795	16,363	15,814	14,537	13,905
West	17,147	17,513	17,477	15,103	14,498
Footnotes (1) The annual hires level is the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 18. Annual average hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	4.3	4.3	4.2	3.8	3.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	4.7	4.8	4.6	4.1	3.8
Mining and logging	2.8	3.4	3.8	3.8	3.1
Construction	5.7	4.9	4.7	4.6	4.2
Manufacturing	3.3	3.6	3.6	3.1	2.6
Durable goods	3.0	3.2	3.2	2.6	2.3
Nondurable goods	3.7	4.3	4.3	3.8	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.8	4.9	4.5	4.1	3.7
Wholesale trade	2.7	3.1	3.1	2.7	2.4
Retail trade	5.5	5.6	5.0	4.5	4.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	5.1	4.8	4.7	4.4	4.1
Information	3.0	3.9	3.5	2.4	2.7
Financial activities	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.2	2.2
Finance and insurance	2.1	2.3	2.4	1.8	2.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	3.7	3.4	3.5	3.1	2.9
Professional and business services	5.5	5.9	5.5	4.6	4.4
Private education and health services	3.3	3.3	3.5	3.5	3.2
Private educational services	2.7	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.4
Health care and social assistance	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	8.5	8.4	7.4	6.5	5.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	7.7	8.3	7.2	6.7	6.2
Accommodation and food services	8.7	8.5	7.5	6.5	5.6
Other services	4.8	4.2	3.9	3.7	3.7
Government	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.6
Federal	2.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.2
State and local	1.4	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.6
State and local education	1.4	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.5
State and local, excluding education	1.5	1.7	2.0	1.8	1.7
REGION(2)
Northeast	3.8	3.7	3.5	3.2	3.0
South	4.4	4.7	4.7	4.3	3.7
Midwest	4.3	4.3	4.1	3.7	3.5
West	4.3	4.2	4.1	3.4	3.3
Footnotes (1) The annual average hires rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 19. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	80,882	68,896	72,236	67,807	63,232
INDUSTRY
Total private	75,725	64,921	67,747	63,813	59,284
Mining and logging	333	210	227	276	248
Construction	4,973	4,158	4,131	4,190	3,876
Manufacturing	5,377	4,980	5,147	4,740	4,139
Durable goods	3,161	2,724	2,769	2,497	2,352
Nondurable goods	2,214	2,256	2,377	2,244	1,788
Trade, transportation, and utilities	16,099	15,054	15,100	14,120	12,518
Wholesale trade	2,105	1,901	1,962	1,879	1,708
Retail trade	10,339	9,918	9,248	8,440	7,412
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	3,654	3,237	3,891	3,801	3,398
Information	1,163	1,077	1,153	1,008	961
Financial activities	2,734	2,522	2,717	2,375	2,409
Finance and insurance	1,636	1,720	1,813	1,492	1,563
Real estate and rental and leasing	1,096	800	903	881	847
Professional and business services	13,939	13,765	14,273	12,678	12,065
Private education and health services	10,383	8,815	9,400	9,541	9,247
Private educational services	1,467	896	1,121	1,049	1,075
Health care and social assistance	8,914	7,918	8,280	8,490	8,169
Leisure and hospitality	17,145	11,916	13,069	12,471	11,232
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,245	1,554	1,755	1,843	1,897
Accommodation and food services	14,898	10,360	11,314	10,628	9,336
Other services	3,582	2,427	2,536	2,411	2,597
Government	5,157	3,975	4,487	3,994	3,952
Federal	824	545	512	447	380
State and local	4,332	3,433	3,978	3,547	3,572
State and local education	2,442	1,613	1,950	1,835	1,846
State and local, excluding education	1,892	1,819	2,028	1,713	1,723
REGION(2)
Northeast	13,511	10,093	10,442	10,071	9,838
South	30,239	28,257	30,251	28,643	25,353
Midwest	17,979	14,860	14,772	14,155	13,451
West	19,154	15,686	16,769	14,939	14,596
Footnotes (1) The annual total separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 20. Annual average total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	4.7	3.9	3.9	3.6	3.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	5.2	4.4	4.3	4.0	3.7
Mining and logging	4.6	3.1	3.1	3.6	3.3
Construction	5.7	4.7	4.4	4.4	3.9
Manufacturing	3.7	3.4	3.3	3.1	2.7
Durable goods	3.5	3.0	2.9	2.6	2.5
Nondurable goods	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.9	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5.0	4.5	4.4	4.1	3.6
Wholesale trade	3.1	2.8	2.7	2.6	2.3
Retail trade	5.8	5.4	5.0	4.5	4.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	4.9	4.0	4.5	4.4	3.9
Information	3.6	3.1	3.1	2.8	2.7
Financial activities	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.2	2.2
Finance and insurance	2.1	2.2	2.3	1.9	1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	4.1	2.9	3.2	3.0	2.9
Professional and business services	5.7	5.4	5.3	4.6	4.4
Private education and health services	3.7	3.1	3.2	3.1	2.9
Private educational services	3.5	2.1	2.5	2.3	2.3
Health care and social assistance	3.8	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	10.9	7.0	6.9	6.3	5.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	10.5	6.5	6.3	6.1	6.0
Accommodation and food services	10.9	7.1	7.0	6.3	5.5
Other services	5.6	3.7	3.7	3.4	3.6
Government	2.0	1.5	1.7	1.5	1.4
Federal	2.3	1.6	1.5	1.3	1.1
State and local	1.9	1.5	1.7	1.5	1.5
State and local education	2.0	1.3	1.6	1.4	1.4
State and local, excluding education	1.7	1.7	1.9	1.5	1.5
REGION(2)
Northeast	4.4	3.2	3.2	3.0	2.9
South	4.8	4.3	4.4	4.1	3.5
Midwest	4.9	3.9	3.8	3.6	3.4
West	4.8	3.8	3.9	3.4	3.3
Footnotes (1) The annual average total separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 21. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	35,942	47,577	50,509	44,166	39,198
INDUSTRY
Total private	33,594	45,218	47,790	41,812	36,954
Mining and logging	106	118	155	176	139
Construction	1,597	2,122	2,217	1,965	1,715
Manufacturing	2,347	3,492	3,560	3,020	2,448
Durable goods	1,275	1,896	1,897	1,569	1,407
Nondurable goods	1,068	1,593	1,663	1,451	1,038
Trade, transportation, and utilities	8,307	11,132	11,206	9,605	8,019
Wholesale trade	1,001	1,324	1,253	1,196	1,013
Retail trade	5,645	7,755	7,336	6,177	5,099
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	1,662	2,053	2,620	2,232	1,907
Information	440	615	611	490	498
Financial activities	1,317	1,583	1,816	1,546	1,394
Finance and insurance	904	1,048	1,185	998	945
Real estate and rental and leasing	413	536	628	550	449
Professional and business services	6,642	8,605	9,024	7,184	6,513
Private education and health services	5,381	6,712	7,146	6,897	6,517
Private educational services	486	598	732	658	631
Health care and social assistance	4,893	6,116	6,415	6,238	5,888
Leisure and hospitality	6,417	9,308	10,341	9,431	7,937
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	537	836	901	977	883
Accommodation and food services	5,882	8,471	9,441	8,453	7,054
Other services	1,044	1,529	1,714	1,495	1,776
Government	2,347	2,359	2,719	2,354	2,243
Federal	236	259	255	211	182
State and local	2,112	2,102	2,465	2,146	2,061
State and local education	1,196	1,001	1,239	1,142	1,095
State and local, excluding education	916	1,098	1,225	1,001	965
REGION(2)
Northeast	4,805	6,380	6,871	5,881	5,568
South	15,244	20,000	21,861	19,649	16,485
Midwest	8,022	10,358	10,179	9,115	8,310
West	7,872	10,840	11,598	9,523	8,841
Footnotes (1) The annual quits level is the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 22. Annual average quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	2.1	2.7	2.8	2.4	2.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	2.3	3.0	3.1	2.6	2.3
Mining and logging	1.5	1.8	2.1	2.3	1.8
Construction	1.8	2.4	2.4	2.0	1.7
Manufacturing	1.6	2.4	2.3	2.0	1.6
Durable goods	1.4	2.1	2.0	1.6	1.5
Nondurable goods	1.9	2.8	2.9	2.5	1.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	2.6	3.4	3.3	2.8	2.3
Wholesale trade	1.5	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.4
Retail trade	3.2	4.2	3.9	3.3	2.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	2.2	2.6	3.0	2.6	2.2
Information	1.3	1.8	1.7	1.4	1.4
Financial activities	1.3	1.5	1.7	1.4	1.3
Finance and insurance	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.2	1.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	1.6	2.0	2.2	1.9	1.5
Professional and business services	2.7	3.4	3.3	2.6	2.4
Private education and health services	1.9	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.1
Private educational services	1.2	1.4	1.6	1.4	1.3
Health care and social assistance	2.1	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.2
Leisure and hospitality	4.1	5.5	5.4	4.7	3.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2.5	3.5	3.2	3.3	2.8
Accommodation and food services	4.3	5.8	5.8	5.0	4.1
Other services	1.6	2.3	2.5	2.1	2.5
Government	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.8
Federal	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.5
State and local	0.9	0.9	1.1	0.9	0.8
State and local education	1.0	0.8	1.0	0.9	0.8
State and local, excluding education	0.8	1.0	1.1	0.9	0.8
REGION(2)
Northeast	1.6	2.0	2.1	1.8	1.7
South	2.4	3.1	3.2	2.8	2.3
Midwest	2.2	2.8	2.6	2.3	2.1
West	2.0	2.6	2.7	2.2	2.0
Footnotes (1) The annual average quits rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 23. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	40,830	17,075	17,624	19,791	20,193
INDUSTRY
Total private	38,932	16,192	16,654	18,796	19,205
Mining and logging	207	74	59	81	87
Construction	3,223	1,865	1,735	2,067	1,954
Manufacturing	2,755	1,208	1,248	1,466	1,439
Durable goods	1,722	649	645	771	786
Nondurable goods	1,031	557	604	695	654
Trade, transportation, and utilities	7,157	3,255	3,236	3,824	3,856
Wholesale trade	1,030	475	572	582	568
Retail trade	4,366	1,785	1,616	1,880	1,952
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	1,761	992	1,046	1,362	1,333
Information	659	359	452	399	395
Financial activities	1,109	526	591	600	756
Finance and insurance	493	317	373	332	415
Real estate and rental and leasing	615	208	217	271	343
Professional and business services	6,472	4,258	4,383	4,734	4,855
Private education and health services	4,477	1,615	1,794	2,106	2,192
Private educational services	925	242	313	331	387
Health care and social assistance	3,552	1,373	1,481	1,776	1,803
Leisure and hospitality	10,431	2,266	2,456	2,766	2,994
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,680	680	830	822	964
Accommodation and food services	8,748	1,587	1,627	1,945	2,030
Other services	2,443	766	697	751	677
Government	1,898	885	973	995	987
Federal	436	122	92	86	70
State and local	1,461	763	879	909	920
State and local education	824	376	399	460	496
State and local, excluding education	636	387	482	447	424
REGION(2)
Northeast	8,049	3,009	2,915	3,443	3,577
South	13,479	6,588	6,775	7,524	7,453
Midwest	9,095	3,621	3,817	4,284	4,316
West	10,202	3,858	4,122	4,542	4,846
Footnotes (1) The annual layoffs and discharges level is the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 24. Annual average layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	2.4	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	2.7	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2
Mining and logging	2.9	1.1	0.8	1.1	1.2
Construction	3.7	2.1	1.9	2.2	2.0
Manufacturing	1.9	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9
Durable goods	1.9	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8
Nondurable goods	1.9	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	2.2	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.1
Wholesale trade	1.5	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8
Retail trade	2.4	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	2.4	1.2	1.2	1.6	1.5
Information	2.0	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.1
Financial activities	1.1	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.7
Finance and insurance	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	2.3	0.8	0.8	0.9	1.2
Professional and business services	2.7	1.7	1.6	1.7	1.8
Private education and health services	1.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7
Private educational services	2.2	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.8
Health care and social assistance	1.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	6.6	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	7.9	2.9	3.0	2.7	3.1
Accommodation and food services	6.4	1.1	1.0	1.2	1.2
Other services	3.8	1.2	1.0	1.1	0.9
Government	0.7	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4
Federal	1.2	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2
State and local	0.6	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4
State and local education	0.7	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4
State and local, excluding education	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
REGION(2)
Northeast	2.6	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.1
South	2.1	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.0
Midwest	2.5	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1
West	2.6	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.1
Footnotes (1) The annual average layoffs and discharges rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 25. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	4,111	4,245	4,102	3,848	3,843
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,200	3,516	3,305	3,204	3,123
Mining and logging	19	18	16	19	20
Construction	153	169	180	156	207
Manufacturing	279	284	340	251	251
Durable goods	166	177	227	155	154
Nondurable goods	113	105	113	97	95
Trade, transportation, and utilities	632	669	655	689	641
Wholesale trade	77	103	136	101	124
Retail trade	324	377	293	383	360
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	232	190	224	208	158
Information	64	104	88	123	70
Financial activities	309	413	309	228	257
Finance and insurance	241	356	248	165	202
Real estate and rental and leasing	68	57	57	61	57
Professional and business services	827	899	867	760	700
Private education and health services	524	487	460	535	539
Private educational services	55	57	75	58	58
Health care and social assistance	467	430	386	477	479
Leisure and hospitality	299	339	269	274	298
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	28	39	26	46	48
Accommodation and food services	267	300	245	231	251
Other services	97	135	125	166	143
Government	911	730	796	646	719
Federal	150	161	162	152	129
State and local	759	566	633	497	589
State and local education	421	235	314	231	255
State and local, excluding education	338	332	321	261	337
REGION(2)
Northeast	645	694	655	744	689
South	1,529	1,679	1,620	1,479	1,414
Midwest	862	883	781	754	829
West	1,075	985	1,046	870	911
Footnotes (1) The annual other separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 26. Annual average other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3
Construction	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Retail trade	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
Information	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2
Financial activities	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2
Finance and insurance	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3
Private education and health services	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Private educational services	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Accommodation and food services	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Other services	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Government	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
Federal	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4
State and local	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
State and local education	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
REGION(2)
Northeast	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) The annual average other separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.