For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, March 16, 2017	USDL-17-0320

Technical information:  (202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                         JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2017

The number of job openings was little changed at 5.6 million on the last business day of January, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, hires and separations were also little 
changed at 5.4 million and 5.3 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was little changed 
at 2.2 percent and the layoffs and discharges rate was unchanged at 1.1 percent. This release includes 
estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the nonfarm sector by 
industry and by four geographic regions. The release also includes 2016 annual estimates for hires and 
separations. The annual number of hires at 62.7 million in 2016 was essentially the same as in 2015. The 
annual number of quits at 36.1 million increased in 2016 while the annual number of layoffs and 
discharges at 19.9 million declined.

Job Openings

On the last business day of January, there were 5.6 million job openings, little changed from December. 
The job openings rate was 3.7 percent in January. The number of job openings was little changed for 
total private and for government. Job openings increased in professional and business services 
(+136,000) and real estate and rental and leasing (+67,000) but decreased in federal government 
(-37,000). The number of job openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.)

Hires

The number of hires was essentially unchanged at 5.4 million in January. The hires rate was 3.7 percent. 
The number of hires was little changed for total private and for government. Hires increased in other 
services (+54,000) and finance and insurance (+41,000). The number of hires was little changed in all 
four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

There were 5.3 million total separations in January, little changed from December. The total 
separations rate in January was 3.6 percent. The number of total separations was little changed for total 
private and for government. Total separations increased in finance and insurance (+39,000). The number 
of total separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 3.)

The number of quits edged up to 3.2 million in January. The quits rate was 2.2 percent. Over the month, 
the number of quits edged up for total private (+129,000) and was little changed for government. Quits 
increased in other services (+33,000), finance and insurance (+31,000), and real estate and rental and 
leasing (+24,000). The number of quits increased in the Midwest (+92,000) and West (+92,000) regions. 
(See table 4.)

There were 1.6 million layoffs and discharges in January, unchanged from December. The layoffs and 
discharges rate was 1.1 percent in January. The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed for 
total private and for government. The layoffs and discharges level increased in accommodation and food 
services (+69,000), transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+27,000), and mining and logging 
(+7,000). Layoffs and discharges were little changed in all four regions. (See table 5.)

In January, the number of other separations was little changed for total nonfarm, total private, and 
government. Other separations increased in health care and social assistance (+29,000) and nondurable 
goods manufacturing (+5,000) but decreased in federal government (-3,000). Other separations 
increased in the South region (+37,000) and was little changed in the other regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising. Over the 12 months ending in January, hires totaled 63.1 million and 
separations totaled 60.7 million, yielding a net employment gain of 2.4 million. These totals include 
workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.

Annual Levels and Rates

This release contains the 2016 annual levels and rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations. Note that annual figures for job openings are not calculated because 
job openings are measured on a stock, or point-in-time, basis rather than on a flow basis over a specified 
time period. The annual figures and additional tables are published with the release of January data each 
year. (See the Technical Note for additional information on these measures.)

Calculating annual levels and rates allows additional comparisons across years. In 2016, the annual level 
of hires was 62.7 million (43.5 percent of employment), essentially the same as in 2015. Quits rose for 
the seventh consecutive year reaching 36.1 million in 2016 (25.0 percent of employment). The layoffs 
and discharges annual level declined in 2016 to 19.9 million (13.8 percent of employment) after edging 
up the past 2 years. The annual level for other separations declined in 2016 to 4.4 million (3.1 percent of 
employment); the decline is the first since 2009. The annual level for total separations (the sum of quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations) rose in 2016 for the sixth consecutive year, reaching 60.4 
million (41.9 percent of employment). (See tables 13 through 22.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for February 2017 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, April 11, 2017 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).


Table A.  Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                 |    Job openings    |       Hires        | Total separations
                                 |--------------------------------------------------------------
           Category              | Jan. | Dec. | Jan. | Jan. | Dec. | Jan. | Jan. | Dec. | Jan.
                                 | 2016 | 2016 | 2017p| 2016 | 2016 | 2017p| 2016 | 2016 | 2017p
---------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------
                                 |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
      LEVELS BY INDUSTRY         |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
        (in thousands)           |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
                                 |--------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................|5,713 |5,539 |5,626 |5,117 |5,303 |5,440 |5,033 |5,084 |5,258
 Total private...................|5,214 |5,065 |5,173 |4,760 |4,984 |5,104 |4,693 |4,754 |4,924
  Mining and logging(1)..........|   13 |   17 |   16 |   24 |   22 |   28 |   47 |   22 |   28
  Construction(1)................|  158 |  140 |  147 |  292 |  400 |  378 |  274 |  369 |  358
  Manufacturing..................|  348 |  342 |  364 |  279 |  293 |  294 |  261 |  287 |  301
   Durable goods(1)..............|  190 |  194 |  207 |  168 |  171 |  168 |  154 |  163 |  168
   Nondurable goods(1)...........|  159 |  148 |  157 |  111 |  122 |  126 |  107 |  124 |  132
  Trade, transportation,         |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
   and utilities.................|1,015 |1,014 |  967 |1,050 |1,009 |1,023 |1,055 |  958 |1,004
   Wholesale trade(1)............|  198 |  182 |  173 |  134 |  130 |  135 |  139 |  142 |  141
   Retail trade..................|  633 |  650 |  612 |  747 |  672 |  683 |  723 |  631 |  670
   Transportation, warehousing,  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    and utilities(1).............|  183 |  182 |  182 |  169 |  208 |  205 |  193 |  185 |  194
  Information(1).................|   97 |   81 |   86 |   82 |   79 |   82 |   83 |   82 |   83
  Financial activities...........|  340 |  357 |  393 |  213 |  190 |  236 |  196 |  162 |  211
   Finance and insurance.........|  275 |  272 |  242 |  147 |  126 |  167 |  132 |  107 |  146
   Real estate and               |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    rental and leasing(1)........|   65 |   85 |  152 |   66 |   64 |   70 |   64 |   55 |   65
  Professional and business      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
   services......................|1,136 |  989 |1,125 |1,123 |1,140 |1,144 |1,111 |1,132 |1,091
  Education and health           |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
   services......................|1,169 |1,158 |1,135 |  590 |  642 |  653 |  584 |  596 |  639
   Educational services(1).......|  106 |   93 |   84 |   82 |   78 |   76 |   99 |   73 |   84
   Health care and social        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    assistance...................|1,063 |1,065 |1,052 |  507 |  564 |  577 |  485 |  522 |  555
  Leisure and hospitality........|  734 |  730 |  708 |  934 |1,031 |1,035 |  905 |  974 |  995
   Arts, entertainment, and      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    recreation...................|   73 |   89 |   83 |  151 |  162 |  151 |  148 |  156 |  137
   Accommodation and food        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    services.....................|  661 |  640 |  625 |  783 |  869 |  883 |  757 |  817 |  858
  Other services(1)..............|  203 |  236 |  232 |  175 |  178 |  232 |  176 |  172 |  215
 Government......................|  499 |  474 |  452 |  358 |  319 |  336 |  340 |  330 |  334
  Federal(1).....................|   86 |  110 |   73 |   40 |   45 |   45 |   40 |   41 |   37
  State and local................|  413 |  364 |  380 |  318 |  275 |  291 |  300 |  289 |  297
   State and local education.....|  155 |  143 |  149 |  172 |  137 |  144 |  161 |  133 |  149
   State and local, excluding    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    education(1).................|  258 |  220 |  231 |  145 |  137 |  147 |  139 |  156 |  148
                                 |--------------------------------------------------------------
                                 |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
     RATES BY INDUSTRY           |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
         (percent)               |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
                                 |--------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................|  3.8 |  3.7 |  3.7 |  3.6 |  3.6 |  3.7 |  3.5 |  3.5 |  3.6
                                 |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
 Total private...................|  4.1 |  4.0 |  4.0 |  3.9 |  4.1 |  4.1 |  3.9 |  3.9 |  4.0
  Mining and logging(1)..........|  1.8 |  2.5 |  2.3 |  3.3 |  3.2 |  4.1 |  6.5 |  3.3 |  4.2
  Construction(1)................|  2.3 |  2.0 |  2.1 |  4.4 |  5.9 |  5.6 |  4.1 |  5.4 |  5.3
  Manufacturing..................|  2.7 |  2.7 |  2.9 |  2.3 |  2.4 |  2.4 |  2.1 |  2.3 |  2.4
   Durable goods(1)..............|  2.4 |  2.5 |  2.6 |  2.2 |  2.2 |  2.2 |  2.0 |  2.1 |  2.2
   Nondurable goods(1)...........|  3.3 |  3.1 |  3.3 |  2.4 |  2.6 |  2.7 |  2.3 |  2.7 |  2.9
  Trade, transportation,         |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
   and utilities.................|  3.6 |  3.6 |  3.4 |  3.9 |  3.7 |  3.7 |  3.9 |  3.5 |  3.7
   Wholesale trade(1)............|  3.3 |  3.0 |  2.8 |  2.3 |  2.2 |  2.3 |  2.4 |  2.4 |  2.4
   Retail trade..................|  3.9 |  3.9 |  3.7 |  4.8 |  4.2 |  4.3 |  4.6 |  4.0 |  4.2
   Transportation, warehousing,  |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    and utilities(1).............|  3.2 |  3.1 |  3.1 |  3.1 |  3.7 |  3.7 |  3.5 |  3.3 |  3.5
  Information(1).................|  3.4 |  2.8 |  3.0 |  3.0 |  2.8 |  3.0 |  3.0 |  3.0 |  3.0
  Financial activities...........|  4.0 |  4.1 |  4.5 |  2.6 |  2.3 |  2.8 |  2.4 |  1.9 |  2.5
   Finance and insurance.........|  4.3 |  4.2 |  3.7 |  2.4 |  2.0 |  2.7 |  2.2 |  1.7 |  2.3
   Real estate and rental        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    and leasing(1)...............|  3.0 |  3.8 |  6.5 |  3.1 |  3.0 |  3.2 |  3.0 |  2.5 |  3.0
  Professional and business      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
   services......................|  5.4 |  4.6 |  5.2 |  5.6 |  5.6 |  5.6 |  5.6 |  5.5 |  5.3
  Education and health           |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
   services......................|  5.0 |  4.8 |  4.7 |  2.6 |  2.8 |  2.9 |  2.6 |  2.6 |  2.8
   Educational services(1).......|  2.9 |  2.5 |  2.3 |  2.4 |  2.2 |  2.1 |  2.8 |  2.0 |  2.3
   Health care and social        |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    assistance...................|  5.3 |  5.2 |  5.2 |  2.7 |  2.9 |  3.0 |  2.6 |  2.7 |  2.9
   Leisure and hospitality.......|  4.5 |  4.4 |  4.3 |  6.0 |  6.5 |  6.6 |  5.9 |  6.2 |  6.3
    Arts, entertainment, and     |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
     recreation..................|  3.2 |  3.8 |  3.5 |  6.9 |  7.2 |  6.7 |  6.7 |  7.0 |  6.1
    Accommodation and food       |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
     services....................|  4.8 |  4.5 |  4.4 |  5.9 |  6.4 |  6.5 |  5.7 |  6.1 |  6.3
   Other services(1).............|  3.5 |  4.0 |  3.9 |  3.1 |  3.1 |  4.0 |  3.1 |  3.0 |  3.8
 Government......................|  2.2 |  2.1 |  2.0 |  1.6 |  1.4 |  1.5 |  1.5 |  1.5 |  1.5
  Federal(1).....................|  3.0 |  3.8 |  2.5 |  1.4 |  1.6 |  1.6 |  1.4 |  1.4 |  1.3
  State and local................|  2.1 |  1.8 |  1.9 |  1.6 |  1.4 |  1.5 |  1.5 |  1.5 |  1.5
   State and local education.....|  1.5 |  1.4 |  1.4 |  1.7 |  1.3 |  1.4 |  1.6 |  1.3 |  1.4
   State and local, excluding    |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |      |
    education(1).................|  2.8 |  2.4 |  2.5 |  1.6 |  1.5 |  1.6 |  1.5 |  1.7 |  1.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore,
the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical.
  (p) Preliminary
  NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current 
Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.


                         Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data

In accordance with annual practice, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) data have 
been revised to reflect annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES), or establishment 
survey, employment estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio adjusted to the 
CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The result is 
the revision of 21 months of not seasonally adjusted data. Additionally, new seasonal factors have been 
developed based on the full revised JOLTS series and have been applied to the data from January 2012 
forward.

Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2016. The 
December 2016 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 
final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2012 through 
December 2015 will be available later today on the JOLTS website. The website also contains all 
revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision tables and data can be 
accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/.


Table B. Revisions in job openings data January 2016 - December 2016,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2016   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    5,604   |  5,713  |    109     |     3.8    |  3.8    |    0.0
February..|    5,608   |  5,566  |    -42     |     3.8    |  3.7    |    -.1
March.....|    5,670   |  5,852  |    182     |     3.8    |  3.9    |     .1
April.....|    5,845   |  5,643  |   -202     |     3.9    |  3.8    |    -.1
May.......|    5,514   |  5,582  |     68     |     3.7    |  3.7    |     .0
June......|    5,643   |  5,535  |   -108     |     3.8    |  3.7    |    -.1
July......|    5,831   |  5,973  |    142     |     3.9    |  4.0    |     .1
August....|    5,453   |  5,491  |     38     |     3.6    |  3.7    |     .1
September.|    5,631   |  5,666  |     35     |     3.7    |  3.8    |     .1
October...|    5,451   |  5,587  |    136     |     3.6    |  3.7    |     .1
November..|    5,505   |  5,631  |    126     |     3.7    |  3.7    |     .0
December..|    5,501   |  5,539  |     38     |     3.6    |  3.7    |     .1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table C. Revisions in hires data January 2016 - December 2016,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2016   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    5,125   |  5,117  |     -8     |     3.6    |  3.6    |    0.0
February..|    5,510   |  5,447  |    -63     |     3.8    |  3.8    |     .0
March.....|    5,290   |  5,297  |      7     |     3.7    |  3.7    |     .0
April.....|    5,085   |  5,038  |    -47     |     3.5    |  3.5    |     .0
May.......|    5,047   |  5,153  |    106     |     3.5    |  3.6    |     .1
June......|    5,172   |  5,176  |      4     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
July......|    5,258   |  5,328  |     70     |     3.6    |  3.7    |     .1
August....|    5,268   |  5,288  |     20     |     3.6    |  3.7    |     .1
September.|    5,121   |  5,179  |     58     |     3.5    |  3.6    |     .1
October...|    5,160   |  5,200  |     40     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
November..|    5,212   |  5,263  |     51     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
December..|    5,252   |  5,303  |     51     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table D. Revisions in total separations data January 2016 - December 2016,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2016   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    4,977   |  5,033  |     56     |     3.5    |  3.5    |    0.0
February..|    5,159   |  5,183  |     24     |     3.6    |  3.6    |     .0
March.....|    5,096   |  5,040  |    -56     |     3.5    |  3.5    |     .0
April.....|    5,015   |  4,962  |    -53     |     3.5    |  3.4    |    -.1
May.......|    4,978   |  5,101  |    123     |     3.5    |  3.5    |     .0
June......|    4,964   |  4,940  |    -24     |     3.4    |  3.4    |     .0
July......|    4,991   |  5,001  |     10     |     3.5    |  3.5    |     .0
August....|    5,052   |  5,059  |      7     |     3.5    |  3.5    |     .0
September.|    4,936   |  4,942  |      6     |     3.4    |  3.4    |     .0
October...|    4,966   |  5,041  |     75     |     3.4    |  3.5    |     .1
November..|    5,018   |  5,075  |     57     |     3.5    |  3.5    |     .0
December..|    4,968   |  5,084  |    116     |     3.4    |  3.5    |     .1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table E. Revisions in quits data January 2016 - December 2016,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2016   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    2,851   |  2,894  |     43     |     2.0    |  2.0    |    0.0
February..|    2,955   |  2,984  |     29     |     2.1    |  2.1    |     .0
March.....|    2,948   |  2,932  |    -16     |     2.1    |  2.0    |    -.1
April.....|    2,909   |  2,902  |     -7     |     2.0    |  2.0    |     .0
May.......|    2,942   |  3,005  |     63     |     2.0    |  2.1    |     .1
June......|    2,979   |  2,980  |      1     |     2.1    |  2.1    |     .0
July......|    2,977   |  3,031  |     54     |     2.1    |  2.1    |     .0
August....|    3,009   |  3,048  |     39     |     2.1    |  2.1    |     .0
September.|    3,052   |  3,076  |     24     |     2.1    |  2.1    |     .0
October...|    3,023   |  3,078  |     55     |     2.1    |  2.1    |     .0
November..|    3,077   |  3,080  |      3     |     2.1    |  2.1    |     .0
December..|    2,979   |  3,085  |    106     |     2.0    |  2.1    |     .1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data January 2016 - December 2016,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2016   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|    1,704   |  1,724  |     20     |     1.2    |  1.2    |    0.0
February..|    1,808   |  1,834  |     26     |     1.3    |  1.3    |     .0
March.....|    1,768   |  1,726  |    -42     |     1.2    |  1.2    |     .0
April.....|    1,708   |  1,669  |    -39     |     1.2    |  1.2    |     .0
May.......|    1,701   |  1,741  |     40     |     1.2    |  1.2    |     .0
June......|    1,622   |  1,609  |    -13     |     1.1    |  1.1    |     .0
July......|    1,639   |  1,609  |    -30     |     1.1    |  1.1    |     .0
August....|    1,692   |  1,660  |    -32     |     1.2    |  1.1    |    -.1
September.|    1,513   |  1,516  |      3     |     1.0    |  1.0    |     .0
October...|    1,569   |  1,593  |     24     |     1.1    |  1.1    |     .0
November..|    1,619   |  1,660  |     41     |     1.1    |  1.1    |     .0
December..|    1,635   |  1,624  |    -11     |     1.1    |  1.1    |     .0
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Table G. Revisions in other separations data January 2016 - December 2016,
seasonally adjusted
_________________________________________________________________________________
          |                                   |
          |          Levels (in thousands)    |           Rates (percent)
   Year   |---------------------------------- |----------------------------------
   and    |     As     |    As   |            |     As     |    As   |
   month  | previously | revised | Difference | previously | revised | Difference
          | published  |         |            | published  |         |
_________________________________________________________________________________
   2016   |            |         |            |            |         |
January...|      422   |    415  |     -7     |     0.3    |  0.3    |    0.0
February..|      397   |    365  |    -32     |      .3    |   .3    |     .0
March.....|      380   |    382  |      2     |      .3    |   .3    |     .0
April.....|      398   |    390  |     -8     |      .3    |   .3    |     .0
May.......|      334   |    355  |     21     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
June......|      363   |    351  |    -12     |      .3    |   .2    |    -.1
July......|      375   |    362  |    -13     |      .3    |   .3    |     .0
August....|      351   |    350  |     -1     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
September.|      370   |    351  |    -19     |      .3    |   .2    |    -.1
October...|      373   |    370  |     -3     |      .3    |   .3    |     .0
November..|      322   |    334  |     12     |      .2    |   .2    |     .0
December..|      355   |    375  |     20     |      .2    |   .3    |     .1
__________|____________|_________|____________|____________|_________|___________

Technical Note


This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects
and compiles JOLTS data monthly from a sample of nonfarm
establishments. A more detailed discussion of JOLTS concepts and
methodology is available online at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch18.pdf.

Coverage and collection

The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. Data are collected for total employment, job
openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and
total separations.

Concepts

Industry classification.  The industry classifications in this release
are in accordance with the 2012 version of the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or
received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the
reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term,
seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period,
are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are
counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where
they are working.

Job openings.  Job openings information is collected for the last
business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that: 1) a
specific position exists and there is work available for that
position, 2) work could start within 30 days whether or not the
employer found a suitable candidate, and 3) the employer is actively
recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position.
Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal
openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking
steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the
Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using
other similar methods.

Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions,
or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start
dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have
been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled
by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed
by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires.  The hires level is the total number of additions to the
payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including
both new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent
employees who returned to work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include
transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning
from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing
companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is
computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying
that quotient by 100.

Separations.  The separations level is the total number of employment
terminations occurring at any time during the reference month, and is
reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations. (Some respondents are only able to report total
separations.) The quits count includes voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). The layoffs and discharges count is comprised of
involuntary separations initiated by the employer and includes layoffs
with no intent to rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last
more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of
permanent or short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal
employees. The other separations count includes retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. The
separations count does not include transfers within the same location
or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing
the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient
by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates
are computed similarly.

Annual estimates.  Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing
the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual
average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This
figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates.
Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published only for
not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news
release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job
openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time,
measurement for the last business day of each month.

Sample and estimation methodology

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 16,000
nonfarm business and government establishments. The sample is
stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment
size class. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.1
million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state
unemployment insurance laws and federal agencies subject to the
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted,
monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates of the CES survey.
A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for
all other JOLTS data elements.

JOLTS business birth/death model

As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as current as
its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an establishment
until its appearance on the sampling frame is approximately one year.
In addition, many of these new units may fail within the first year.
Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the sampling frame
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and
separations from these units during their early existence. To
compensate for the inability to capture data from these
establishments, BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses birth
and death activity from previous years. The estimates of job openings,
hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to
the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.

Seasonal adjustment

BLS uses X-13 ARIMA to seasonally adjust several JOLTS series
utilizing moving averages as seasonal filters. A concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment
factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and
including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both
additive and multiplicative models and REGARIMA (regression with auto-
correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors
at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for
outliers in the series.

Alignment procedure

The JOLTS measures for hires minus separations can be used to derive a
measure of net employment change. This change should be comparable to
the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. However,
definitional differences as well as sampling and nonsampling errors
between the two surveys historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES
over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the
JOLTS hires and separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly
Alignment Method.

This method applies the CES employment trends to the seasonally
adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus separations)
forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the
seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two series are seasonally
adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS implied employment
change and the CES net employment change is calculated. Next, the
JOLTS implied employment change is adjusted to equal the CES net
employment change through a proportional adjustment. This procedure
adjusts the two components (hires, separations) proportionally to
their contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the Monthly Alignment Method has been used to adjust
the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the adjusted
levels.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling
error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS
analysis is generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling
error. Sampling error estimates are available at 
www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to
include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from
all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents
to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors
from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	5,713	5,666	5,587	5,631	5,539	5,626	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,214	5,133	5,103	5,056	5,065	5,173	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0
Mining and logging(3)	13	18	12	16	17	16	1.8	2.6	1.7	2.4	2.5	2.3
Construction(3)	158	237	196	178	140	147	2.3	3.4	2.8	2.6	2.0	2.1
Manufacturing	348	326	314	319	342	364	2.7	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.7	2.9
Durable goods(3)	190	197	199	186	194	207	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.6
Nondurable goods(3)	159	129	115	133	148	157	3.3	2.7	2.4	2.8	3.1	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,015	1,005	1,021	1,017	1,014	967	3.6	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.4
Wholesale trade(3)	198	169	185	203	182	173	3.3	2.8	3.0	3.3	3.0	2.8
Retail trade	633	633	650	636	650	612	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	183	202	186	178	182	182	3.2	3.5	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.1
Information(3)	97	87	74	73	81	86	3.4	3.0	2.6	2.6	2.8	3.0
Financial activities	340	339	317	324	357	393	4.0	3.9	3.7	3.7	4.1	4.5
Finance and insurance	275	260	242	263	272	242	4.3	4.1	3.8	4.1	4.2	3.7
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	65	79	75	61	85	152	3.0	3.5	3.4	2.7	3.8	6.5
Professional and business services	1,136	1,125	1,083	1,047	989	1,125	5.4	5.3	5.1	4.9	4.6	5.2
Education and health services	1,169	1,086	1,161	1,135	1,158	1,135	5.0	4.6	4.8	4.7	4.8	4.7
Educational services(3)	106	108	107	86	93	84	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.3	2.5	2.3
Health care and social assistance	1,063	978	1,054	1,048	1,065	1,052	5.3	4.9	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.2
Leisure and hospitality	734	724	731	756	730	708	4.5	4.4	4.5	4.6	4.4	4.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	73	75	96	96	89	83	3.2	3.2	4.1	4.1	3.8	3.5
Accommodation and food services	661	650	636	660	640	625	4.8	4.6	4.5	4.7	4.5	4.4
Other services(3)	203	185	194	192	236	232	3.5	3.1	3.3	3.2	4.0	3.9
Government	499	533	484	575	474	452	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.5	2.1	2.0
Federal(3)	86	102	74	82	110	73	3.0	3.5	2.6	2.8	3.8	2.5
State and local	413	432	410	494	364	380	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.5	1.8	1.9
State and local education	155	144	126	150	143	149	1.5	1.4	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.4
State and local, excluding education(3)	258	288	284	344	220	231	2.8	3.1	3.0	3.6	2.4	2.5
REGION(4)
Northeast	915	1,018	983	942	967	998	3.3	3.7	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.6
South	2,140	2,071	1,978	2,079	2,008	2,036	3.9	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.7	3.7
Midwest	1,286	1,248	1,278	1,263	1,253	1,321	3.9	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.9
West	1,372	1,330	1,349	1,347	1,312	1,271	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	5,117	5,179	5,200	5,263	5,303	5,440	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,760	4,811	4,870	4,912	4,984	5,104	3.9	3.9	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.1
Mining and logging	24	29	28	30	22	28	3.3	4.4	4.3	4.5	3.2	4.1
Construction	292	317	343	337	400	378	4.4	4.7	5.1	5.0	5.9	5.6
Manufacturing	279	277	279	284	293	294	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.4
Durable goods	168	162	161	169	171	168	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.2
Nondurable goods	111	114	118	115	122	126	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,050	1,099	1,083	1,016	1,009	1,023	3.9	4.0	4.0	3.7	3.7	3.7
Wholesale trade	134	139	128	135	130	135	2.3	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.3
Retail trade	747	758	740	666	672	683	4.8	4.8	4.7	4.2	4.2	4.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	169	202	214	215	208	205	3.1	3.6	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.7
Information	82	79	72	71	79	82	3.0	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.8	3.0
Financial activities	213	177	170	175	190	236	2.6	2.1	2.0	2.1	2.3	2.8
Finance and insurance	147	117	104	114	126	167	2.4	1.9	1.7	1.8	2.0	2.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	66	60	66	61	64	70	3.1	2.8	3.1	2.8	3.0	3.2
Professional and business services	1,123	1,112	1,092	1,082	1,140	1,144	5.6	5.5	5.4	5.3	5.6	5.6
Education and health services	590	616	638	652	642	653	2.6	2.7	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.9
Educational services	82	90	75	81	78	76	2.4	2.5	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.1
Health care and social assistance	507	526	563	571	564	577	2.7	2.7	2.9	3.0	2.9	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	934	921	986	1,056	1,031	1,035	6.0	5.9	6.3	6.7	6.5	6.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	151	118	159	151	162	151	6.9	5.3	7.1	6.7	7.2	6.7
Accommodation and food services	783	802	827	904	869	883	5.9	6.0	6.1	6.7	6.4	6.5
Other services	175	185	180	210	178	232	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.7	3.1	4.0
Government	358	368	330	351	319	336	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.4	1.5
Federal	40	41	41	40	45	45	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.6
State and local	318	327	289	311	275	291	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.6	1.4	1.5
State and local education	172	162	118	142	137	144	1.7	1.6	1.1	1.4	1.3	1.4
State and local, excluding education	145	165	171	169	137	147	1.6	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.5	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	800	841	876	835	849	898	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.2	3.3
South	1,833	2,021	2,066	2,021	2,074	2,073	3.5	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9
Midwest	1,224	1,145	1,140	1,192	1,176	1,169	3.8	3.6	3.5	3.7	3.6	3.6
West	1,261	1,171	1,118	1,214	1,205	1,300	3.9	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.6	3.9
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	5,033	4,942	5,041	5,075	5,084	5,258	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,693	4,599	4,699	4,720	4,754	4,924	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.9	4.0
Mining and logging	47	26	30	25	22	28	6.5	4.0	4.5	3.7	3.3	4.2
Construction	274	293	322	323	369	358	4.1	4.4	4.8	4.8	5.4	5.3
Manufacturing	261	278	282	286	287	301	2.1	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.4
Durable goods	154	165	159	165	163	168	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.2
Nondurable goods	107	113	123	121	124	132	2.3	2.4	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,055	1,038	1,049	1,018	958	1,004	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.5	3.7
Wholesale trade	139	113	122	129	142	141	2.4	1.9	2.1	2.2	2.4	2.4
Retail trade	723	722	732	698	631	670	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.4	4.0	4.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	193	203	196	191	185	194	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.5
Information	83	82	76	73	82	83	3.0	3.0	2.7	2.6	3.0	3.0
Financial activities	196	166	161	160	162	211	2.4	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.9	2.5
Finance and insurance	132	110	99	120	107	146	2.2	1.8	1.6	1.9	1.7	2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	64	55	62	40	55	65	3.0	2.6	2.9	1.9	2.5	3.0
Professional and business services	1,111	1,035	1,051	1,069	1,132	1,091	5.6	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.5	5.3
Education and health services	584	558	592	610	596	639	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.8
Educational services	99	65	73	72	73	84	2.8	1.8	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.3
Health care and social assistance	485	493	520	539	522	555	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	905	935	966	986	974	995	5.9	6.0	6.2	6.3	6.2	6.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	148	149	155	144	156	137	6.7	6.7	6.9	6.4	7.0	6.1
Accommodation and food services	757	786	811	842	817	858	5.7	5.8	6.0	6.2	6.1	6.3
Other services	176	187	170	170	172	215	3.1	3.3	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.8
Government	340	343	342	355	330	334	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.5
Federal	40	38	35	43	41	37	1.4	1.3	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.3
State and local	300	306	307	313	289	297	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.5
State and local education	161	142	136	155	133	149	1.6	1.4	1.3	1.5	1.3	1.4
State and local, excluding education	139	163	170	158	156	148	1.5	1.8	1.9	1.7	1.7	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	809	788	796	848	812	828	3.1	2.9	3.0	3.2	3.0	3.1
South	1,909	1,912	1,951	1,947	1,966	1,971	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7
Midwest	1,100	1,067	1,141	1,113	1,128	1,192	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.7
West	1,215	1,175	1,153	1,166	1,178	1,267	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.8
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	2,894	3,076	3,078	3,080	3,085	3,220	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,727	2,902	2,912	2,909	2,915	3,044	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.5
Mining and logging	21	14	12	13	12	12	2.9	2.1	1.9	2.0	1.9	1.8
Construction	80	122	127	150	134	159	1.2	1.8	1.9	2.2	2.0	2.3
Manufacturing	144	150	165	164	165	176	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.4
Durable goods	79	84	88	93	89	97	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.3
Nondurable goods	64	66	76	71	75	79	1.4	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	644	661	681	655	623	651	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.4
Wholesale trade	83	68	73	87	94	97	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.5	1.6	1.7
Retail trade	459	470	493	460	432	470	2.9	3.0	3.1	2.9	2.7	2.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	102	123	114	108	97	84	1.9	2.2	2.0	1.9	1.7	1.5
Information	40	49	42	35	49	46	1.5	1.8	1.5	1.3	1.8	1.6
Financial activities	107	87	91	85	78	133	1.3	1.0	1.1	1.0	0.9	1.6
Finance and insurance	77	60	65	66	59	90	1.3	1.0	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.4
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	30	27	27	19	19	43	1.4	1.3	1.2	0.9	0.9	2.0
Professional and business services	590	631	617	635	672	657	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.2
Education and health services	350	402	396	395	409	434	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.9
Educational services	58	42	43	44	41	47	1.7	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.3
Health care and social assistance	292	360	353	351	367	387	1.5	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.9	2.0
Leisure and hospitality	635	680	668	693	688	659	4.1	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.4	4.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	59	75	69	77	73	67	2.7	3.4	3.1	3.4	3.2	3.0
Accommodation and food services	576	605	600	616	615	592	4.3	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.6	4.4
Other services(3)	116	106	112	83	86	119	2.1	1.9	2.0	1.5	1.5	2.1
Government	167	174	167	171	170	176	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8
Federal	13	14	12	17	15	14	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.5
State and local	154	160	155	154	155	162	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
State and local education	81	76	75	80	70	75	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7
State and local, excluding education	73	84	80	73	85	87	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.9	1.0
REGION(4)
Northeast	399	422	434	475	440	433	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.8	1.6	1.6
South	1,175	1,234	1,229	1,207	1,250	1,210	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.3
Midwest	630	675	692	695	664	756	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.3
West	690	746	723	703	730	822	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.5
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	1,724	1,516	1,593	1,660	1,624	1,625	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,608	1,407	1,482	1,539	1,525	1,526	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.2
Mining and logging(3)	23	8	11	8	6	13	3.1	1.2	1.7	1.2	0.9	1.9
Construction	184	153	180	153	214	172	2.8	2.3	2.7	2.3	3.2	2.5
Manufacturing	95	101	94	99	100	99	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
Durable goods	61	61	56	57	57	58	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
Nondurable goods	33	40	38	42	43	42	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	307	292	268	293	247	283	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.0
Wholesale trade(3)	47	32	35	32	36	36	0.8	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Retail trade	189	201	167	188	142	151	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.2	0.9	0.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	71	59	66	73	69	96	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.7
Information	27	22	20	27	23	22	1.0	0.8	0.7	1.0	0.8	0.8
Financial activities	55	54	54	53	61	51	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6
Finance and insurance	31	30	22	32	29	33	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	23	24	32	21	32	19	1.1	1.1	1.5	1.0	1.5	0.9
Professional and business services	463	353	377	384	401	367	2.3	1.7	1.9	1.9	2.0	1.8
Education and health services	171	118	162	183	142	128	0.8	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.6
Educational services	36	17	26	26	28	30	1.0	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8
Health care and social assistance	135	101	136	157	114	98	0.7	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	233	231	268	259	256	308	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.6	1.6	2.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	87	70	84	66	81	64	3.9	3.2	3.7	2.9	3.6	2.8
Accommodation and food services	146	160	184	194	175	244	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.8
Other services	52	75	47	79	75	82	0.9	1.3	0.8	1.4	1.3	1.4
Government	116	109	111	121	99	100	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4
Federal	15	12	11	13	13	14	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5
State and local	101	97	100	108	86	86	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.4
State and local education	56	44	39	50	40	49	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5
State and local, excluding education	44	53	61	57	46	37	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.4
REGION(4)
Northeast	335	299	299	307	310	328	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2
South	589	541	576	608	566	573	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1
Midwest	394	329	362	355	387	364	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.1
West	406	347	357	390	361	360	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Sept. 2016	Oct. 2016	Nov. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	415	351	370	334	375	413	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	358	291	305	272	314	354	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Mining and logging	3	5	6	4	4	3	0.4	0.7	1.0	0.6	0.6	0.5
Construction(3)	11	18	15	19	20	27	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.4
Manufacturing	23	27	23	23	23	25	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	14	20	15	16	17	14	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods(3)	9	7	8	8	6	11	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	104	85	100	69	88	71	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wholesale trade	9	13	13	9	13	8	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Retail trade	75	51	71	49	57	49	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	20	21	15	10	18	14	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2
Information(3)	16	11	14	11	10	15	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5
Financial activities	35	25	16	23	23	27	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	24	21	12	22	20	23	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.3	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	11	4	3	1	4	3	0.5	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.1
Professional and business services	58	50	56	50	59	67	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	63	38	34	32	45	77	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3
Educational services(3)	5	6	3	2	4	7	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.2
Health care and social assistance(3)	58	32	31	30	41	70	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.4
Leisure and hospitality	38	24	30	34	30	28	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	2	3	2	2	3	5	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2
Accommodation and food services(3)	35	21	28	33	27	22	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services(3)	7	6	11	7	12	15	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3
Government	57	60	64	63	62	59	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	12	12	13	12	13	10	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.3
State and local	45	48	52	51	49	50	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local education	23	22	23	24	23	25	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	21	26	29	27	26	25	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	75	68	63	66	62	67	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
South	145	138	147	132	150	187	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4
Midwest	77	63	87	63	77	73	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	118	82	73	73	86	85	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	5,679	5,116	5,582	3.9	3.4	3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,203	4,658	5,152	4.2	3.6	4.1
Mining and logging	13	17	16	1.8	2.5	2.3
Construction	158	140	147	2.5	2.1	2.2
Manufacturing	348	342	364	2.8	2.7	2.9
Durable goods	190	194	207	2.4	2.5	2.6
Nondurable goods	159	148	157	3.4	3.1	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	938	927	886	3.4	3.2	3.2
Wholesale trade	198	182	173	3.3	3.0	2.9
Retail trade	556	563	532	3.4	3.3	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	183	182	182	3.2	3.0	3.2
Information	97	81	86	3.4	2.8	3.0
Financial activities	366	349	416	4.3	4.0	4.7
Finance and insurance	301	264	264	4.7	4.1	4.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	65	85	152	3.0	3.8	6.6
Professional and business services	1,167	880	1,152	5.6	4.1	5.4
Education and health services	1,253	1,116	1,219	5.3	4.6	5.1
Educational services	106	93	84	3.0	2.5	2.4
Health care and social assistance	1,147	1,023	1,136	5.8	5.0	5.6
Leisure and hospitality	660	569	633	4.3	3.6	4.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	70	62	80	3.5	2.9	3.9
Accommodation and food services	590	507	553	4.4	3.7	4.1
Other services	203	236	232	3.5	4.0	3.9
Government	476	458	430	2.1	2.0	1.9
Federal	86	110	73	3.0	3.7	2.5
State and local	390	348	357	2.0	1.7	1.8
State and local education	132	127	127	1.3	1.2	1.2
State and local, excluding education	258	220	231	2.8	2.4	2.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	895	935	976	3.3	3.3	3.6
South	2,172	1,873	2,057	4.1	3.4	3.8
Midwest	1,232	1,150	1,270	3.8	3.4	3.8
West	1,381	1,158	1,279	4.1	3.4	3.8
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	4,922	3,905	5,236	3.5	2.7	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,603	3,711	4,942	3.9	3.0	4.1
Mining and logging	29	15	34	4.0	2.2	5.1
Construction	267	231	344	4.3	3.5	5.4
Manufacturing	295	196	310	2.4	1.6	2.5
Durable goods	183	116	183	2.4	1.5	2.4
Nondurable goods	112	80	127	2.5	1.7	2.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	886	816	869	3.3	2.9	3.2
Wholesale trade	148	95	148	2.5	1.6	2.5
Retail trade	579	506	527	3.7	3.1	3.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	159	215	193	2.9	3.7	3.5
Information	96	63	98	3.5	2.3	3.6
Financial activities	236	141	264	2.9	1.7	3.2
Finance and insurance	165	94	189	2.7	1.5	3.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	71	46	75	3.4	2.1	3.5
Professional and business services	1,229	929	1,255	6.3	4.5	6.3
Education and health services	617	465	682	2.8	2.0	3.0
Educational services	78	37	71	2.3	1.0	2.1
Health care and social assistance	539	428	611	2.9	2.2	3.2
Leisure and hospitality	778	741	860	5.3	4.8	5.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	114	112	114	5.8	5.4	5.7
Accommodation and food services	664	629	746	5.2	4.7	5.7
Other services	170	115	228	3.0	2.0	4.0
Government	319	194	294	1.4	0.9	1.3
Federal	37	37	41	1.3	1.3	1.5
State and local	282	157	253	1.5	0.8	1.3
State and local education	163	69	134	1.6	0.6	1.3
State and local, excluding education	119	88	119	1.3	1.0	1.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	727	658	825	2.8	2.4	3.1
South	1,889	1,508	2,117	3.7	2.8	4.1
Midwest	1,127	861	1,079	3.6	2.6	3.4
West	1,179	879	1,216	3.7	2.6	3.7
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	5,539	4,851	5,780	3.9	3.3	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,216	4,562	5,461	4.4	3.7	4.5
Mining and logging	47	19	29	6.5	2.9	4.4
Construction	318	432	395	5.1	6.5	6.2
Manufacturing	261	248	301	2.1	2.0	2.5
Durable goods	161	137	176	2.1	1.8	2.3
Nondurable goods	100	111	125	2.2	2.4	2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,403	965	1,360	5.2	3.4	5.0
Wholesale trade	150	115	151	2.6	2.0	2.6
Retail trade	955	644	857	6.1	3.9	5.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	298	206	352	5.4	3.5	6.3
Information	105	74	103	3.9	2.7	3.8
Financial activities	234	153	248	2.9	1.8	3.0
Finance and insurance	157	102	173	2.6	1.6	2.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	77	51	75	3.7	2.3	3.5
Professional and business services	1,215	1,150	1,194	6.2	5.6	5.9
Education and health services	599	512	661	2.7	2.2	2.9
Educational services	88	54	76	2.6	1.5	2.2
Health care and social assistance	511	458	585	2.7	2.4	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	862	845	959	5.8	5.5	6.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	116	130	107	6.0	6.3	5.4
Accommodation and food services	746	715	851	5.8	5.4	6.5
Other services	172	163	211	3.1	2.9	3.7
Government	322	289	319	1.5	1.3	1.4
Federal	69	40	64	2.5	1.4	2.3
State and local	253	248	255	1.3	1.3	1.3
State and local education	126	103	118	1.2	1.0	1.1
State and local, excluding education	127	145	137	1.4	1.6	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	926	820	953	3.6	3.0	3.6
South	2,076	1,795	2,149	4.0	3.4	4.1
Midwest	1,229	1,125	1,320	3.9	3.5	4.1
West	1,308	1,111	1,358	4.1	3.3	4.2
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	2,890	2,614	3,220	2.0	1.8	2.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,747	2,483	3,068	2.3	2.0	2.5
Mining and logging	20	10	11	2.7	1.5	1.6
Construction	71	104	142	1.1	1.6	2.2
Manufacturing	133	121	166	1.1	1.0	1.4
Durable goods	77	64	95	1.0	0.8	1.2
Nondurable goods	57	57	71	1.2	1.2	1.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	686	560	695	2.5	2.0	2.6
Wholesale trade	90	67	106	1.5	1.1	1.8
Retail trade	498	393	509	3.2	2.4	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	98	99	80	1.8	1.7	1.4
Information	47	43	53	1.7	1.5	2.0
Financial activities	111	66	139	1.4	0.8	1.7
Finance and insurance	81	47	95	1.3	0.8	1.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	30	19	43	1.4	0.9	2.0
Professional and business services	600	594	672	3.1	2.9	3.4
Education and health services	365	336	456	1.6	1.5	2.0
Educational services	54	28	44	1.6	0.8	1.3
Health care and social assistance	311	308	412	1.7	1.6	2.1
Leisure and hospitality	598	565	615	4.1	3.7	4.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	46	52	51	2.3	2.5	2.6
Accommodation and food services	552	513	564	4.3	3.8	4.3
Other services	116	86	119	2.1	1.5	2.1
Government	143	131	152	0.7	0.6	0.7
Federal	13	13	14	0.5	0.5	0.5
State and local	130	118	137	0.7	0.6	0.7
State and local education	65	47	61	0.6	0.4	0.6
State and local, excluding education	65	70	76	0.7	0.8	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	418	381	451	1.6	1.4	1.7
South	1,182	1,040	1,217	2.3	2.0	2.3
Midwest	601	559	725	1.9	1.7	2.3
West	689	635	827	2.1	1.9	2.5
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	2,141	1,850	2,065	1.5	1.3	1.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,029	1,756	1,964	1.7	1.4	1.6
Mining and logging	23	6	13	3.2	0.9	1.9
Construction	236	308	226	3.8	4.6	3.5
Manufacturing	101	104	105	0.8	0.8	0.9
Durable goods	66	56	62	0.9	0.7	0.8
Nondurable goods	34	49	43	0.8	1.1	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	580	324	575	2.2	1.2	2.1
Wholesale trade	47	36	36	0.8	0.6	0.6
Retail trade	353	200	281	2.3	1.2	1.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	180	89	258	3.3	1.5	4.6
Information	42	21	35	1.5	0.8	1.3
Financial activities	78	61	73	1.0	0.7	0.9
Finance and insurance	42	33	44	0.7	0.5	0.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	36	28	29	1.7	1.3	1.4
Professional and business services	523	484	416	2.7	2.4	2.1
Education and health services	171	132	128	0.8	0.6	0.6
Educational services	29	22	25	0.9	0.6	0.7
Health care and social assistance	142	109	103	0.8	0.6	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	227	251	316	1.5	1.6	2.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	68	76	51	3.5	3.7	2.6
Accommodation and food services	158	175	265	1.2	1.3	2.0
Other services	49	65	77	0.9	1.2	1.4
Government	112	94	100	0.5	0.4	0.5
Federal	35	13	34	1.3	0.5	1.2
State and local	78	81	67	0.4	0.4	0.3
State and local education	42	40	37	0.4	0.4	0.4
State and local, excluding education	36	41	30	0.4	0.5	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	413	384	416	1.6	1.4	1.6
South	721	591	715	1.4	1.1	1.4
Midwest	519	491	495	1.7	1.5	1.6
West	489	385	439	1.5	1.2	1.3
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)	Jan. 2016	Dec. 2016	Jan. 2017(p)
Total	507	387	496	0.4	0.3	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	440	323	428	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mining and logging	4	4	5	0.6	0.5	0.8
Construction	11	20	27	0.2	0.3	0.4
Manufacturing	27	23	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	18	17	19	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	9	6	11	0.2	0.1	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	137	81	90	0.5	0.3	0.3
Wholesale trade	13	12	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Retail trade	104	51	67	0.7	0.3	0.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	20	18	14	0.4	0.3	0.2
Information	16	10	15	0.6	0.4	0.5
Financial activities	45	26	37	0.6	0.3	0.4
Finance and insurance	34	22	34	0.6	0.4	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	11	4	3	0.5	0.2	0.1
Professional and business services	92	72	105	0.5	0.3	0.5
Education and health services	63	45	77	0.3	0.2	0.3
Educational services	5	4	7	0.1	0.1	0.2
Health care and social assistance	58	41	70	0.3	0.2	0.4
Leisure and hospitality	38	30	28	0.3	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	3	5	0.1	0.1	0.3
Accommodation and food services	35	27	22	0.3	0.2	0.2
Other services	7	12	15	0.1	0.2	0.3
Government	67	64	67	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	21	14	16	0.8	0.5	0.6
State and local	46	50	51	0.2	0.3	0.3
State and local education	19	16	20	0.2	0.1	0.2
State and local, excluding education	27	34	31	0.3	0.4	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	95	56	85	0.4	0.2	0.3
South	173	164	218	0.3	0.3	0.4
Midwest	110	76	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
West	130	91	92	0.4	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	52,332	54,320	58,657	62,050	62,719
INDUSTRY
Total private	48,898	50,882	55,001	57,909	58,385
Mining and logging	376	355	398	299	299
Construction	3,996	3,867	3,755	3,931	3,953
Manufacturing	2,986	2,893	3,129	3,214	3,314
Durable goods	1,795	1,743	1,830	1,876	1,934
Nondurable goods	1,187	1,152	1,299	1,334	1,381
Trade, transportation, and utilities	10,478	11,151	12,811	13,012	12,667
Wholesale trade	1,575	1,427	1,744	1,662	1,686
Retail trade	6,996	7,802	8,853	9,026	8,660
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	1,910	1,919	2,211	2,328	2,320
Information	750	845	894	952	919
Financial activities	2,196	2,415	2,318	2,366	2,316
Finance and insurance	1,420	1,584	1,510	1,586	1,519
Real estate and rental and leasing	778	830	805	779	795
Professional and business services	10,610	11,047	12,058	12,590	13,209
Education and health services	6,188	6,429	6,876	7,434	7,599
Educational services	881	902	989	1,062	1,093
Health care and social assistance	5,306	5,525	5,885	6,373	6,505
Leisure and hospitality	9,101	9,632	10,530	11,624	11,912
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,549	1,569	1,769	1,811	1,833
Accommodation and food services	7,551	8,062	8,761	9,813	10,078
Other services	2,219	2,249	2,238	2,488	2,201
Government	3,435	3,439	3,658	4,139	4,335
Federal	372	370	389	487	496
State and local	3,061	3,067	3,267	3,650	3,840
State and local education	1,527	1,571	1,555	1,813	1,888
State and local, excluding education	1,536	1,498	1,711	1,838	1,951
REGION(2)
Northeast	8,402	8,511	8,874	9,752	10,034
South	20,649	21,603	23,233	24,334	24,127
Midwest	11,713	11,886	13,094	13,847	14,115
West	11,566	12,318	13,453	14,116	14,446
Footnotes (1) The annual hires level is the total number of hires during the entire year. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Annual hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	39.0	39.8	42.2	43.7	43.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	43.6	44.4	47.0	48.3	47.8
Mining and logging	44.3	41.1	44.7	36.8	44.2
Construction	70.8	66.0	61.0	60.8	58.9
Manufacturing	25.0	24.1	25.7	26.0	26.8
Durable goods	24.0	23.1	23.8	24.2	25.1
Nondurable goods	26.6	25.8	28.8	29.2	29.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	41.1	43.1	48.6	48.4	46.5
Wholesale trade	27.8	24.9	30.0	28.4	28.7
Retail trade	47.1	51.7	57.6	57.8	54.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	38.4	38.0	42.4	42.9	41.8
Information	28.0	31.2	32.8	34.6	33.1
Financial activities	28.2	30.6	29.1	29.1	28.0
Finance and insurance	24.4	26.9	25.5	26.3	24.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	39.8	41.5	39.3	37.3	37.1
Professional and business services	59.2	59.7	63.3	64.1	65.6
Education and health services	29.8	30.5	32.1	33.7	33.6
Educational services	26.4	26.9	28.9	30.6	30.7
Health care and social assistance	30.4	31.2	32.7	34.3	34.1
Leisure and hospitality	66.1	67.6	71.7	76.7	76.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	78.7	77.3	84.1	83.6	82.0
Accommodation and food services	64.0	66.0	69.6	75.5	75.3
Other services	40.9	41.0	40.2	44.3	38.7
Government	15.7	15.7	16.7	18.8	19.5
Federal	13.2	13.4	14.2	17.7	17.7
State and local	16.0	16.1	17.1	18.9	19.8
State and local education	15.0	15.4	15.2	17.6	18.3
State and local, excluding education	17.2	16.8	19.1	20.4	21.4
REGION(2)
Northeast	33.3	33.4	34.4	37.2	37.7
South	42.4	43.6	46.0	47.1	45.9
Midwest	38.6	38.7	42.1	43.8	44.0
West	38.7	40.1	42.6	43.6	43.8
Footnotes (1) The annual hires rate is the number of hires during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 15. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	50,131	51,932	55,587	59,275	60,419
INDUSTRY
Total private	46,624	48,421	52,056	55,331	56,305
Mining and logging	359	337	362	451	377
Construction	3,884	3,641	3,432	3,587	3,841
Manufacturing	2,805	2,774	2,921	3,147	3,341
Durable goods	1,653	1,650	1,669	1,879	1,975
Nondurable goods	1,155	1,122	1,253	1,271	1,366
Trade, transportation, and utilities	10,068	10,568	12,193	12,599	12,276
Wholesale trade	1,480	1,367	1,668	1,650	1,642
Retail trade	6,836	7,389	8,551	8,829	8,440
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	1,752	1,811	1,972	2,121	2,193
Information	759	801	882	928	919
Financial activities	2,103	2,332	2,202	2,218	2,130
Finance and insurance	1,360	1,546	1,458	1,479	1,398
Real estate and rental and leasing	742	788	745	740	730
Professional and business services	10,012	10,502	11,433	12,084	12,695
Education and health services	5,805	6,166	6,354	6,791	7,064
Educational services	867	862	892	983	1,033
Health care and social assistance	4,938	5,304	5,462	5,807	6,031
Leisure and hospitality	8,643	9,130	10,096	11,098	11,526
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,466	1,493	1,708	1,717	1,767
Accommodation and food services	7,175	7,637	8,387	9,383	9,759
Other services	2,183	2,163	2,181	2,432	2,132
Government	3,508	3,512	3,531	3,943	4,114
Federal	397	439	381	452	455
State and local	3,111	3,070	3,148	3,489	3,656
State and local education	1,546	1,572	1,489	1,721	1,788
State and local, excluding education	1,566	1,500	1,662	1,768	1,869
REGION(2)
Northeast	8,289	8,471	8,733	9,317	9,621
South	19,727	20,347	21,931	23,409	23,335
Midwest	11,340	11,157	12,244	12,918	13,446
West	10,779	11,957	12,679	13,630	14,014
Footnotes (1) The annual total separations level is the total number of total separations during the entire year. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 16. Annual total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	37.4	38.1	40.0	41.8	41.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	41.5	42.3	44.5	46.2	46.1
Mining and logging	42.3	39.0	40.6	55.5	55.7
Construction	68.8	62.2	55.8	55.5	57.2
Manufacturing	23.5	23.1	24.0	25.5	27.1
Durable goods	22.1	21.9	21.7	24.2	25.6
Nondurable goods	25.9	25.1	27.8	27.8	29.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	39.5	40.9	46.2	46.9	45.1
Wholesale trade	26.1	23.8	28.7	28.2	28.0
Retail trade	46.1	49.0	55.7	56.6	53.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	35.3	35.9	37.8	39.1	39.5
Information	28.4	29.6	32.4	33.7	33.1
Financial activities	27.0	29.6	27.6	27.3	25.7
Finance and insurance	23.3	26.3	24.6	24.5	22.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	38.0	39.4	36.4	35.4	34.1
Professional and business services	55.8	56.7	60.0	61.5	63.0
Education and health services	28.0	29.2	29.6	30.8	31.2
Educational services	26.0	25.7	26.1	28.3	29.0
Health care and social assistance	28.3	29.9	30.3	31.3	31.6
Leisure and hospitality	62.8	64.1	68.7	73.2	73.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	74.5	73.5	81.2	79.3	79.1
Accommodation and food services	60.8	62.5	66.6	72.2	72.9
Other services	40.2	39.4	39.2	43.3	37.5
Government	16.0	16.1	16.1	17.9	18.5
Federal	14.1	15.9	13.9	16.4	16.3
State and local	16.3	16.1	16.4	18.1	18.8
State and local education	15.2	15.5	14.6	16.8	17.3
State and local, excluding education	17.5	16.8	18.6	19.6	20.5
REGION(2)
Northeast	32.8	33.3	33.9	35.6	36.1
South	40.5	41.1	43.4	45.3	44.4
Midwest	37.4	36.4	39.4	40.9	41.9
West	36.1	38.9	40.2	42.1	42.5
Footnotes (1) The annual total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 17. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	25,142	27,715	30,582	33,718	36,091
INDUSTRY
Total private	23,594	26,137	28,895	31,837	34,051
Mining and logging	195	171	183	177	160
Construction	984	1,190	1,310	1,365	1,469
Manufacturing	1,291	1,317	1,448	1,637	1,799
Durable goods	718	746	800	936	1,000
Nondurable goods	573	572	646	698	801
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5,614	6,044	7,018	7,533	7,758
Wholesale trade	691	713	906	933	1,012
Retail trade	4,051	4,456	5,148	5,481	5,568
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	874	876	963	1,119	1,181
Information	439	427	486	505	483
Financial activities	1,096	1,183	1,156	1,209	1,192
Finance and insurance	709	794	748	819	797
Real estate and rental and leasing	387	388	410	391	396
Professional and business services	4,393	5,277	5,618	6,283	7,234
Education and health services	3,310	3,656	3,852	4,507	4,680
Educational services	402	396	449	530	567
Health care and social assistance	2,907	3,261	3,403	3,976	4,113
Leisure and hospitality	5,190	5,706	6,553	7,276	7,993
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	517	575	624	657	826
Accommodation and food services	4,675	5,132	5,929	6,617	7,168
Other services	1,079	1,170	1,272	1,350	1,280
Government	1,548	1,576	1,687	1,882	2,038
Federal	131	134	122	150	161
State and local	1,417	1,439	1,563	1,729	1,877
State and local education	770	747	754	867	912
State and local, excluding education	647	695	812	863	965
REGION(2)
Northeast	3,675	3,867	4,165	4,749	5,011
South	10,596	11,530	12,755	13,988	14,501
Midwest	5,653	6,229	6,821	7,421	8,072
West	5,219	6,090	6,839	7,561	8,512
Footnotes (1) The annual quits level is the total number of quits during the entire year. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 18. Annual quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	18.7	20.3	22.0	23.8	25.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	21.0	22.8	24.7	26.6	27.9
Mining and logging	23.0	19.8	20.5	21.8	23.6
Construction	17.4	20.3	21.3	21.1	21.9
Manufacturing	10.8	11.0	11.9	13.3	14.6
Durable goods	9.6	9.9	10.4	12.1	13.0
Nondurable goods	12.9	12.8	14.3	15.3	17.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	22.0	23.4	26.6	28.0	28.5
Wholesale trade	12.2	12.4	15.6	15.9	17.2
Retail trade	27.3	29.6	33.5	35.1	35.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	17.6	17.3	18.5	20.6	21.3
Information	16.4	15.8	17.8	18.4	17.4
Financial activities	14.1	15.0	14.5	14.9	14.4
Finance and insurance	12.2	13.5	12.6	13.6	13.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	19.8	19.4	20.0	18.7	18.5
Professional and business services	24.5	28.5	29.5	32.0	35.9
Education and health services	15.9	17.3	18.0	20.5	20.7
Educational services	12.0	11.8	13.1	15.3	15.9
Health care and social assistance	16.7	18.4	18.9	21.4	21.6
Leisure and hospitality	37.7	40.0	44.6	48.0	51.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	26.3	28.3	29.7	30.3	37.0
Accommodation and food services	39.6	42.0	47.1	50.9	53.5
Other services	19.9	21.3	22.8	24.0	22.5
Government	7.1	7.2	7.7	8.5	9.2
Federal	4.6	4.8	4.5	5.4	5.8
State and local	7.4	7.5	8.2	9.0	9.7
State and local education	7.6	7.3	7.4	8.4	8.8
State and local, excluding education	7.2	7.8	9.1	9.6	10.6
REGION(2)
Northeast	14.6	15.2	16.2	18.1	18.8
South	21.7	23.3	25.2	27.1	27.6
Midwest	18.6	20.3	21.9	23.5	25.2
West	17.5	19.8	21.7	23.4	25.8
Footnotes (1) The annual quits rate is the number of quits during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 19. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	20,942	19,888	20,398	20,954	19,911
INDUSTRY
Total private	19,747	18,733	19,328	19,658	18,585
Mining and logging	138	139	140	242	170
Construction	2,791	2,324	1,979	2,073	2,188
Manufacturing	1,259	1,183	1,174	1,232	1,254
Durable goods	771	740	692	767	792
Nondurable goods	486	444	482	464	459
Trade, transportation, and utilities	3,543	3,550	3,900	3,836	3,418
Wholesale trade	658	525	621	585	487
Retail trade	2,208	2,312	2,468	2,437	2,105
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	674	713	810	815	824
Information	260	303	307	304	304
Financial activities	628	720	672	699	650
Finance and insurance	345	404	402	416	369
Real estate and rental and leasing	285	317	271	285	281
Professional and business services	5,030	4,675	5,177	5,073	4,780
Education and health services	1,992	1,940	2,003	1,734	1,915
Educational services	400	405	384	382	400
Health care and social assistance	1,592	1,533	1,621	1,352	1,514
Leisure and hospitality	3,111	3,032	3,202	3,506	3,142
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	929	879	1,051	1,015	909
Accommodation and food services	2,182	2,151	2,149	2,492	2,231
Other services	994	867	770	956	766
Government	1,196	1,154	1,069	1,297	1,326
Federal	139	149	129	163	153
State and local	1,056	1,007	941	1,134	1,173
State and local education	474	504	456	558	576
State and local, excluding education	582	503	485	578	597
REGION(2)
Northeast	3,798	3,769	3,723	3,659	3,851
South	7,687	7,224	7,364	7,618	7,086
Midwest	4,739	4,037	4,461	4,617	4,472
West	4,722	4,860	4,850	5,061	4,504
Footnotes (1) The annual layoffs and discharges level is the total number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 20. Annual layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	15.6	14.6	14.7	14.8	13.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	17.6	16.4	16.5	16.4	15.2
Mining and logging	16.3	16.1	15.7	29.8	25.1
Construction	49.4	39.7	32.2	32.1	32.6
Manufacturing	10.6	9.8	9.6	10.0	10.2
Durable goods	10.3	9.8	9.0	9.9	10.3
Nondurable goods	10.9	9.9	10.7	10.1	9.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	13.9	13.7	14.8	14.3	12.6
Wholesale trade	11.6	9.2	10.7	10.0	8.3
Retail trade	14.9	15.3	16.1	15.6	13.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	13.6	14.1	15.5	15.0	14.9
Information	9.7	11.2	11.3	11.1	11.0
Financial activities	8.1	9.1	8.4	8.6	7.8
Finance and insurance	5.9	6.9	6.8	6.9	6.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	14.6	15.9	13.2	13.6	13.1
Professional and business services	28.1	25.2	27.2	25.8	23.7
Education and health services	9.6	9.2	9.3	7.9	8.5
Educational services	12.0	12.1	11.2	11.0	11.2
Health care and social assistance	9.1	8.6	9.0	7.3	7.9
Leisure and hospitality	22.6	21.3	21.8	23.1	20.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	47.2	43.3	50.0	46.9	40.7
Accommodation and food services	18.5	17.6	17.1	19.2	16.7
Other services	18.3	15.8	13.8	17.0	13.5
Government	5.5	5.3	4.9	5.9	6.0
Federal	4.9	5.4	4.7	5.9	5.5
State and local	5.5	5.3	4.9	5.9	6.0
State and local education	4.7	5.0	4.5	5.4	5.6
State and local, excluding education	6.5	5.6	5.4	6.4	6.6
REGION(2)
Northeast	15.0	14.8	14.5	14.0	14.5
South	15.8	14.6	14.6	14.7	13.5
Midwest	15.6	13.2	14.3	14.6	13.9
West	15.8	15.8	15.4	15.6	13.7
Footnotes (1) The annual layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 21. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [in thousands]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	4,047	4,327	4,605	4,603	4,418
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,283	3,549	3,834	3,835	3,670
Mining and logging	20	27	37	35	48
Construction	111	128	143	151	184
Manufacturing	256	274	301	277	289
Durable goods	162	166	175	175	182
Nondurable goods	96	106	126	104	107
Trade, transportation, and utilities	913	975	1,275	1,228	1,099
Wholesale trade	130	131	138	128	144
Retail trade	575	621	936	908	768
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	207	223	199	189	186
Information	62	76	89	120	132
Financial activities	378	430	370	309	287
Finance and insurance	308	345	307	244	237
Real estate and rental and leasing	71	83	65	62	52
Professional and business services	593	548	638	730	681
Education and health services	502	571	499	548	468
Educational services	63	60	61	69	66
Health care and social assistance	439	509	439	477	401
Leisure and hospitality	343	394	347	319	393
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	27	37	36	44	35
Accommodation and food services	316	354	309	273	358
Other services	109	127	139	124	88
Government	762	780	771	766	748
Federal	127	155	129	143	140
State and local	636	624	643	625	607
State and local education	299	322	278	297	298
State and local, excluding education	337	303	363	333	311
REGION(2)
Northeast	817	832	839	910	762
South	1,445	1,597	1,813	1,805	1,752
Midwest	945	892	961	882	904
West	841	1,009	991	1,007	1,002
Footnotes (1) The annual other separations level is the total number of other separations during the entire year. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 22. Annual other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1) [percent]

Industry and region	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Total	3.0	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	2.9	3.1	3.3	3.2	3.0
Mining and logging	2.4	3.1	4.2	4.3	7.1
Construction	2.0	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.7
Manufacturing	2.1	2.3	2.5	2.2	2.3
Durable goods	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.4
Nondurable goods	2.2	2.4	2.8	2.3	2.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	3.6	3.8	4.8	4.6	4.0
Wholesale trade	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.2	2.5
Retail trade	3.9	4.1	6.1	5.8	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	4.2	4.4	3.8	3.5	3.4
Information	2.3	2.8	3.3	4.4	4.8
Financial activities	4.9	5.5	4.6	3.8	3.5
Finance and insurance	5.3	5.9	5.2	4.0	3.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	3.6	4.2	3.2	3.0	2.4
Professional and business services	3.3	3.0	3.3	3.7	3.4
Education and health services	2.4	2.7	2.3	2.5	2.1
Educational services	1.9	1.8	1.8	2.0	1.9
Health care and social assistance	2.5	2.9	2.4	2.6	2.1
Leisure and hospitality	2.5	2.8	2.4	2.1	2.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1.4	1.8	1.7	2.0	1.6
Accommodation and food services	2.7	2.9	2.5	2.1	2.7
Other services	2.0	2.3	2.5	2.2	1.5
Government	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.4
Federal	4.5	5.6	4.7	5.2	5.0
State and local	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.1
State and local education	2.9	3.2	2.7	2.9	2.9
State and local, excluding education	3.8	3.4	4.1	3.7	3.4
REGION(2)
Northeast	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.5	2.9
South	3.0	3.2	3.6	3.5	3.3
Midwest	3.1	2.9	3.1	2.8	2.8
West	2.8	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.0
Footnotes (1) The annual other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment. (2) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.