Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, May 2, 2023        USDL-23-0868
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – MARCH 2023

The number of job openings decreased to 9.6 million on the last business day of March, the U.S. Bureau 
of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations were little 
changed at 6.1 million and 5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.9 million) changed 
little, while layoffs and discharges (1.8 million) increased. This release includes estimates of the number 
and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class.
   
Job Openings

On the last business day of March, the number of job openings decreased to 9.6 million 
(-384,000) and was 1.6 million lower than in December. The job openings rate was 5.8 percent in March 
and was down by 1.0 percentage point since December. In March, job openings decreased in 
transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-144,000) but increased in educational services (+28,000). 
(See table 1.)

Hires

In March, the number of hires was little changed at 6.1 million, and the rate held at 4.0 percent. Hires 
decreased in real estate and rental and leasing (-29,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations changed little at 5.9 million in March, and the rate was 3.8 percent for 
the fourth month in a row. Over the month, the number of total separations decreased in accommodation 
and food services (-107,000) but increased in construction (+104,000). (See table 3.)

In March, the number and rate of quits changed little at 3.9 million and 2.5 percent, respectively. The 
number of quits decreased in accommodation and food services (-178,000). (See table 4.)

In March, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges increased to 1.8 million (+248,000) and 1.2 
percent, respectively. Layoffs and discharges increased in construction (+112,000), accommodation and 
food services (+63,000), and health care and social assistance (+42,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in March at 276,000. Other separations decreased 
in finance and insurance (-31,000) and in real estate and rental and leasing (-7,000). (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In March, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw a decrease in their job openings rate and an 
increase in their layoffs and discharges rate. Establishments with more than 5,000 employees saw little 
change in their job openings, hires, and total separations rates. (See table 7.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for April 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, May 31, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	12,027	9,974	9,590	6,577	6,150	6,149	6,194	5,841	5,932
Total private	11,009	8,959	8,541	6,191	5,754	5,752	5,797	5,506	5,591
Mining and logging	40	39	33	24	26	24	19	26	25
Construction	413	404	341	408	367	400	396	352	456
Manufacturing	905	707	693	512	416	393	462	409	415
Durable goods	555	459	414	282	217	217	239	209	222
Nondurable goods	350	248	279	230	199	177	223	199	192
Trade, transportation, and utilities	2,156	1,671	1,442	1,302	1,263	1,198	1,262	1,267	1,224
Wholesale trade	334	291	291	187	194	155	157	184	155
Retail trade	1,336	801	717	813	728	694	807	745	728
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	486	579	435	302	341	349	297	339	341
Information	254	169	184	111	95	105	75	100	87
Financial activities	523	461	486	232	211	188	227	193	184
Finance and insurance	386	331	345	158	118	124	161	117	115
Real estate and rental and leasing	137	130	141	74	93	64	66	76	69
Professional and business services	2,349	1,852	1,717	1,365	1,114	1,204	1,256	1,062	1,141
Education and health services	2,276	1,874	1,830	811	863	878	780	794	833
Educational services	186	184	212	104	104	100	102	96	96
Health care and social assistance	2,090	1,690	1,619	707	759	777	678	699	738
Leisure and hospitality	1,678	1,428	1,507	1,198	1,182	1,118	1,117	1,112	1,008
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	218	218	221	175	193	170	142	154	157
Accommodation and food services	1,460	1,210	1,285	1,023	988	948	975	958	851
Other services	413	353	308	228	218	244	203	190	219
Government	1,019	1,015	1,049	386	396	397	397	335	341
Federal	125	140	126	40	48	47	41	39	37
State and local	894	876	922	346	348	350	356	295	304
State and local education	309	331	327	176	174	171	192	145	152
State and local, excluding education	585	545	595	170	173	179	164	151	152
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	7.4	6.0	5.8	4.3	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.8	3.8
Total private	7.8	6.3	6.0	4.8	4.3	4.3	4.5	4.1	4.2
Mining and logging	6.4	5.8	4.9	4.0	4.1	3.7	3.1	4.1	3.9
Construction	5.1	4.9	4.1	5.3	4.7	5.1	5.2	4.5	5.8
Manufacturing	6.6	5.2	5.1	4.0	3.2	3.0	3.6	3.1	3.2
Durable goods	6.6	5.4	4.9	3.6	2.7	2.7	3.0	2.6	2.7
Nondurable goods	6.8	4.8	5.4	4.8	4.1	3.6	4.6	4.1	3.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	7.0	5.5	4.8	4.6	4.4	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.2
Wholesale trade	5.3	4.6	4.6	3.2	3.2	2.6	2.7	3.0	2.6
Retail trade	7.9	4.9	4.4	5.2	4.7	4.5	5.2	4.8	4.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	6.4	7.4	5.6	4.2	4.7	4.8	4.2	4.7	4.7
Information	7.8	5.2	5.6	3.7	3.1	3.4	2.5	3.2	2.8
Financial activities	5.5	4.8	5.1	2.6	2.3	2.1	2.5	2.1	2.0
Finance and insurance	5.5	4.7	4.9	2.4	1.8	1.9	2.4	1.7	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	5.5	5.1	5.5	3.1	3.8	2.6	2.8	3.2	2.9
Professional and business services	9.5	7.5	7.0	6.1	4.9	5.2	5.6	4.6	5.0
Education and health services	8.6	7.0	6.8	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.2	3.2	3.3
Educational services	4.7	4.5	5.1	2.8	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.4	2.4
Health care and social assistance	9.3	7.4	7.1	3.5	3.6	3.7	3.3	3.3	3.5
Leisure and hospitality	9.7	8.0	8.3	7.7	7.2	6.7	7.2	6.7	6.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	8.8	8.2	8.3	7.7	8.0	6.9	6.3	6.3	6.4
Accommodation and food services	9.9	7.9	8.3	7.7	7.0	6.7	7.3	6.8	6.0
Other services	6.8	5.7	5.0	4.0	3.7	4.2	3.6	3.3	3.7
Government	4.4	4.3	4.4	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.5	1.5
Federal	4.2	4.6	4.2	1.4	1.7	1.6	1.4	1.3	1.3
State and local	4.4	4.3	4.5	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.5	1.5
State and local education	2.9	3.1	3.0	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.9	1.4	1.5
State and local, excluding education	6.1	5.6	6.1	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.6	1.7
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)
Total	12,027	11,234	10,563	9,974	9,590	-384	7.4	6.8	6.4	6.0	5.8	-0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	11,009	10,126	9,536	8,959	8,541	-418	7.8	7.1	6.7	6.3	6.0	-0.3
Mining and logging	40	39	36	39	33	-6	6.4	5.8	5.3	5.8	4.9	-0.9
Construction	413	488	283	404	341	-63	5.1	5.8	3.5	4.9	4.1	-0.8
Manufacturing	905	797	732	707	693	-14	6.6	5.8	5.3	5.2	5.1	-0.1
Durable goods	555	519	462	459	414	-45	6.6	6.0	5.4	5.4	4.9	-0.5
Nondurable goods	350	278	270	248	279	31	6.8	5.4	5.2	4.8	5.4	0.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	2,156	1,763	1,837	1,671	1,442	-229	7.0	5.8	6.0	5.5	4.8	-0.7
Wholesale trade	334	265	304	291	291	0	5.3	4.2	4.8	4.6	4.6	0.0
Retail trade	1,336	964	901	801	717	-84	7.9	5.9	5.5	4.9	4.4	-0.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	486	534	633	579	435	-144	6.4	6.8	8.0	7.4	5.6	-1.8
Information	254	106	138	169	184	15	7.8	3.3	4.3	5.2	5.6	0.4
Financial activities	523	610	451	461	486	25	5.5	6.3	4.7	4.8	5.1	0.3
Finance and insurance	386	445	337	331	345	14	5.5	6.2	4.8	4.7	4.9	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	137	165	114	130	141	11	5.5	6.4	4.5	5.1	5.5	0.4
Professional and business services	2,349	2,087	2,101	1,852	1,717	-135	9.5	8.4	8.4	7.5	7.0	-0.5
Education and health services	2,276	2,080	2,012	1,874	1,830	-44	8.6	7.7	7.5	7.0	6.8	-0.2
Educational services	186	181	178	184	212	28	4.7	4.5	4.4	4.5	5.1	0.6
Health care and social assistance	2,090	1,899	1,834	1,690	1,619	-71	9.3	8.3	8.0	7.4	7.1	-0.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,678	1,859	1,588	1,428	1,507	79	9.7	10.2	8.8	8.0	8.3	0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	218	180	188	218	221	3	8.8	7.0	7.2	8.2	8.3	0.1
Accommodation and food services	1,460	1,679	1,400	1,210	1,285	75	9.9	10.8	9.1	7.9	8.3	0.4
Other services	413	297	359	353	308	-45	6.8	4.9	5.8	5.7	5.0	-0.7
Government	1,019	1,109	1,027	1,015	1,049	34	4.4	4.7	4.4	4.3	4.4	0.1
Federal	125	156	169	140	126	-14	4.2	5.1	5.5	4.6	4.2	-0.4
State and local	894	953	858	876	922	46	4.4	4.7	4.2	4.3	4.5	0.2
State and local education	309	325	323	331	327	-4	2.9	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.0	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	585	628	535	545	595	50	6.1	6.4	5.5	5.6	6.1	0.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	2,024	1,746	1,679	1,617	1,596	-21	7.0	6.0	5.7	5.5	5.4	-0.1
South	4,838	4,415	4,312	4,141	4,076	-65	7.9	7.1	7.0	6.7	6.6	-0.1
Midwest	2,488	2,536	2,311	2,031	1,898	-133	7.1	7.1	6.5	5.8	5.4	-0.4
West	2,677	2,537	2,261	2,185	2,019	-166	7.0	6.5	5.8	5.6	5.2	-0.4
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)
Total	6,577	6,251	6,327	6,150	6,149	-1	4.3	4.0	4.1	4.0	4.0	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,191	5,809	5,917	5,754	5,752	-2	4.8	4.4	4.5	4.3	4.3	0.0
Mining and logging	24	22	26	26	24	-2	4.0	3.5	4.1	4.1	3.7	-0.4
Construction	408	380	387	367	400	33	5.3	4.8	4.9	4.7	5.1	0.4
Manufacturing	512	405	420	416	393	-23	4.0	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.0	-0.2
Durable goods	282	234	219	217	217	0	3.6	2.9	2.7	2.7	2.7	0.0
Nondurable goods	230	171	201	199	177	-22	4.8	3.5	4.1	4.1	3.6	-0.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,302	1,289	1,335	1,263	1,198	-65	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.4	4.2	-0.2
Wholesale trade	187	175	179	194	155	-39	3.2	2.9	3.0	3.2	2.6	-0.6
Retail trade	813	753	798	728	694	-34	5.2	4.9	5.1	4.7	4.5	-0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	302	361	358	341	349	8	4.2	5.0	4.9	4.7	4.8	0.1
Information	111	97	85	95	105	10	3.7	3.1	2.7	3.1	3.4	0.3
Financial activities	232	213	214	211	188	-23	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.1	-0.2
Finance and insurance	158	132	124	118	124	6	2.4	2.0	1.9	1.8	1.9	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	74	82	90	93	64	-29	3.1	3.4	3.7	3.8	2.6	-1.2
Professional and business services	1,365	1,155	1,158	1,114	1,204	90	6.1	5.1	5.1	4.9	5.2	0.3
Education and health services	811	904	902	863	878	15	3.4	3.6	3.6	3.4	3.5	0.1
Educational services	104	98	99	104	100	-4	2.8	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.6	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	707	806	803	759	777	18	3.5	3.8	3.8	3.6	3.7	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,198	1,107	1,182	1,182	1,118	-64	7.7	6.8	7.2	7.2	6.7	-0.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	175	161	161	193	170	-23	7.7	6.7	6.7	8.0	6.9	-1.1
Accommodation and food services	1,023	947	1,021	988	948	-40	7.7	6.8	7.3	7.0	6.7	-0.3
Other services	228	237	210	218	244	26	4.0	4.1	3.6	3.7	4.2	0.5
Government	386	442	410	396	397	1	1.7	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.8	0.0
Federal	40	45	40	48	47	-1	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.7	1.6	-0.1
State and local	346	397	370	348	350	2	1.8	2.0	1.9	1.8	1.8	0.0
State and local education	176	175	198	174	171	-3	1.7	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.6	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	170	222	172	173	179	6	1.9	2.4	1.9	1.9	1.9	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	978	923	927	915	1,020	105	3.6	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.7	0.4
South	2,764	2,628	2,576	2,577	2,515	-62	4.9	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.3	-0.2
Midwest	1,342	1,361	1,319	1,292	1,248	-44	4.1	4.1	4.0	3.9	3.8	-0.1
West	1,493	1,338	1,505	1,366	1,367	1	4.2	3.7	4.1	3.7	3.7	0.0
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)
Total	6,194	5,906	5,900	5,841	5,932	91	4.1	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,797	5,502	5,557	5,506	5,591	85	4.5	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.2	0.1
Mining and logging	19	20	22	26	25	-1	3.1	3.2	3.5	4.1	3.9	-0.2
Construction	396	335	356	352	456	104	5.2	4.3	4.5	4.5	5.8	1.3
Manufacturing	462	384	406	409	415	6	3.6	3.0	3.1	3.1	3.2	0.1
Durable goods	239	206	217	209	222	13	3.0	2.5	2.7	2.6	2.7	0.1
Nondurable goods	223	178	189	199	192	-7	4.6	3.6	3.9	4.1	3.9	-0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,262	1,277	1,300	1,267	1,224	-43	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.4	4.2	-0.2
Wholesale trade	157	165	167	184	155	-29	2.7	2.7	2.8	3.0	2.6	-0.4
Retail trade	807	765	768	745	728	-17	5.2	4.9	4.9	4.8	4.7	-0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	297	347	365	339	341	2	4.2	4.8	5.0	4.7	4.7	0.0
Information	75	99	104	100	87	-13	2.5	3.2	3.4	3.2	2.8	-0.4
Financial activities	227	198	208	193	184	-9	2.5	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.0	-0.1
Finance and insurance	161	129	124	117	115	-2	2.4	1.9	1.9	1.7	1.7	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	66	69	84	76	69	-7	2.8	2.9	3.5	3.2	2.9	-0.3
Professional and business services	1,256	1,125	1,129	1,062	1,141	79	5.6	4.9	4.9	4.6	5.0	0.4
Education and health services	780	825	768	794	833	39	3.2	3.3	3.1	3.2	3.3	0.1
Educational services	102	89	75	96	96	0	2.7	2.3	1.9	2.4	2.4	0.0
Health care and social assistance	678	736	693	699	738	39	3.3	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.5	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	1,117	1,010	1,061	1,112	1,008	-104	7.2	6.2	6.5	6.7	6.1	-0.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	142	130	141	154	157	3	6.3	5.4	5.9	6.3	6.4	0.1
Accommodation and food services	975	880	920	958	851	-107	7.3	6.3	6.6	6.8	6.0	-0.8
Other services	203	228	202	190	219	29	3.6	3.9	3.5	3.3	3.7	0.4
Government	397	404	343	335	341	6	1.8	1.8	1.5	1.5	1.5	0.0
Federal	41	45	35	39	37	-2	1.4	1.6	1.2	1.3	1.3	0.0
State and local	356	359	309	295	304	9	1.9	1.8	1.6	1.5	1.5	0.0
State and local education	192	166	158	145	152	7	1.9	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.5	0.1
State and local, excluding education	164	193	151	151	152	1	1.8	2.1	1.6	1.6	1.7	0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	880	880	889	799	870	71	3.3	3.2	3.2	2.9	3.1	0.2
South	2,690	2,400	2,507	2,548	2,473	-75	4.8	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.3	-0.1
Midwest	1,162	1,247	1,187	1,157	1,199	42	3.6	3.8	3.6	3.5	3.6	0.1
West	1,461	1,379	1,318	1,336	1,390	54	4.1	3.8	3.6	3.6	3.8	0.2
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)
Total	4,452	4,091	3,878	3,980	3,851	-129	2.9	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.5	-0.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,201	3,858	3,681	3,785	3,639	-146	3.2	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7	-0.1
Mining and logging	13	14	15	18	15	-3	2.2	2.2	2.4	2.9	2.3	-0.6
Construction	260	153	179	153	152	-1	3.4	2.0	2.3	1.9	1.9	0.0
Manufacturing	339	263	267	277	274	-3	2.7	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	0.0
Durable goods	175	137	144	142	142	0	2.2	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.8	0.0
Nondurable goods	164	125	123	134	132	-2	3.4	2.6	2.5	2.8	2.7	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	951	916	921	885	878	-7	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.0	-0.1
Wholesale trade	106	96	101	114	100	-14	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.9	1.6	-0.3
Retail trade	641	598	592	561	560	-1	4.1	3.9	3.8	3.6	3.6	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	204	222	228	210	218	8	2.9	3.1	3.1	2.9	3.0	0.1
Information	50	46	41	43	45	2	1.6	1.5	1.3	1.4	1.5	0.1
Financial activities	163	134	143	107	124	17	1.8	1.5	1.6	1.2	1.4	0.2
Finance and insurance	117	88	97	57	75	18	1.8	1.3	1.4	0.8	1.1	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	46	46	46	51	49	-2	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.1	2.0	-0.1
Professional and business services	797	719	546	649	666	17	3.6	3.1	2.4	2.8	2.9	0.1
Education and health services	594	629	607	614	615	1	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.4	-0.1
Educational services	66	55	40	58	61	3	1.8	1.4	1.0	1.5	1.6	0.1
Health care and social assistance	527	574	567	556	554	-2	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	895	806	825	915	730	-185	5.7	4.9	5.0	5.5	4.4	-1.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	77	77	79	76	69	-7	3.4	3.2	3.3	3.1	2.8	-0.3
Accommodation and food services	818	729	746	839	661	-178	6.1	5.2	5.3	6.0	4.7	-1.3
Other services	140	177	136	124	140	16	2.5	3.1	2.3	2.1	2.4	0.3
Government	251	233	198	195	212	17	1.1	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.0
Federal	22	21	17	20	17	-3	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.6	-0.1
State and local	228	213	180	175	195	20	1.2	1.1	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.1
State and local education	128	103	95	88	97	9	1.3	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.1
State and local, excluding education	100	110	85	87	98	11	1.1	1.2	0.9	0.9	1.1	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	579	539	501	503	525	22	2.1	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.9	0.1
South	1,928	1,748	1,680	1,857	1,712	-145	3.4	3.0	2.9	3.2	3.0	-0.2
Midwest	831	835	779	747	785	38	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.4	0.1
West	1,113	969	919	873	829	-44	3.1	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.3	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)
Total	1,395	1,475	1,719	1,557	1,805	248	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,313	1,378	1,630	1,475	1,732	257	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.3	0.2
Mining and logging	4	5	5	7	9	2	0.6	0.7	0.8	1.1	1.4	0.3
Construction	122	166	161	182	294	112	1.6	2.1	2.0	2.3	3.7	1.4
Manufacturing	100	99	114	113	121	8	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.0
Durable goods	50	54	57	53	65	12	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.2
Nondurable goods	51	44	57	61	56	-5	1.1	0.9	1.2	1.2	1.1	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	252	304	323	326	287	-39	0.9	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	-0.1
Wholesale trade	35	59	61	54	47	-7	0.6	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.8	-0.1
Retail trade	145	138	142	156	135	-21	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.9	-0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	72	107	120	116	105	-11	1.0	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.4	-0.2
Information	19	46	48	49	38	-11	0.6	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.2	-0.4
Financial activities	41	38	54	38	50	12	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.6	0.2
Finance and insurance	22	19	22	20	31	11	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	19	18	32	18	19	1	0.8	0.8	1.3	0.7	0.8	0.1
Professional and business services	389	338	529	382	431	49	1.7	1.5	2.3	1.7	1.9	0.2
Education and health services	137	149	132	144	182	38	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.1
Educational services	22	29	28	32	28	-4	0.6	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.7	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	115	120	104	112	154	42	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	196	193	215	182	256	74	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.5	0.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	63	52	58	72	83	11	2.8	2.2	2.4	3.0	3.4	0.4
Accommodation and food services	133	141	157	110	173	63	1.0	1.0	1.1	0.8	1.2	0.4
Other services	54	41	49	52	64	12	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.1	0.2
Government	82	97	88	82	73	-9	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	-0.1
Federal	6	10	5	6	6	0	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local	76	87	84	76	67	-9	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	-0.1
State and local education	39	37	42	36	33	-3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0
State and local, excluding education	37	50	42	40	34	-6	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	235	279	334	258	311	53	0.9	1.0	1.2	0.9	1.1	0.2
South	621	521	710	561	640	79	1.1	0.9	1.2	1.0	1.1	0.1
Midwest	266	356	350	347	380	33	0.8	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.1	0.1
West	274	319	324	391	474	83	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.1	1.3	0.2
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)
Total	347	340	303	304	276	-28	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	283	266	246	246	220	-26	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	2	2	2	1	1	0	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Construction	15	16	15	18	9	-9	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Manufacturing	23	23	25	19	20	1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Durable goods	14	15	16	14	16	2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Nondurable goods	9	8	9	4	4	0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	59	57	56	57	59	2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Wholesale trade	17	10	5	16	8	-8	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.1	-0.2
Retail trade	21	29	34	29	33	4	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	21	18	17	13	17	4	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Information	6	7	15	8	4	-4	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.1	-0.2
Financial activities	23	26	11	48	10	-38	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.5	0.1	-0.4
Finance and insurance	22	21	5	40	9	-31	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.6	0.1	-0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	1	5	5	8	1	-7	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.0	-0.3
Professional and business services	70	68	54	31	44	13	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Education and health services	49	47	29	36	37	1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Educational services	14	5	6	5	7	2	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health care and social assistance	36	42	23	31	30	-1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	26	11	21	15	21	6	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	1	4	6	5	-1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Accommodation and food services	24	9	17	9	16	7	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other services	10	10	17	14	14	0	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.0
Government	64	73	57	57	56	-1	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Federal	12	14	12	14	14	0	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.0
State and local	52	59	45	44	42	-2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local education	25	26	20	21	22	1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local, excluding education	26	33	25	23	21	-2	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	66	62	53	37	34	-3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
South	141	131	117	130	121	-9	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Midwest	66	55	58	63	34	-29	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
West	74	91	75	73	87	14	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Dec. 2022	Jan. 2023	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Change from: Feb. 2023 - Mar. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	11,009	10,126	9,536	8,959	8,541	-418	7.8	7.1	6.7	6.3	6.0	-0.3
1 to 9 employees	1,751	1,818	1,906	1,654	1,421	-233	7.8	7.8	7.9	7.2	5.7	-1.5
10 to 49 employees	3,093	3,188	2,934	2,918	2,744	-174	7.7	7.0	6.4	6.1	6.0	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	3,363	2,953	2,653	2,436	2,422	-14	7.8	7.4	6.6	6.2	6.2	0.0
250 to 999 employees	1,769	1,235	1,102	1,038	1,037	-1	8.5	6.4	6.0	5.8	5.6	-0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	733	634	647	625	611	-14	7.9	6.6	7.0	7.0	7.2	0.2
5,000 or more employees	299	298	294	289	305	16	6.8	6.8	7.0	6.5	6.2	-0.3
HIRES
Total private	6,191	5,809	5,917	5,754	5,752	-2	4.8	4.4	4.5	4.3	4.3	0.0
1 to 9 employees	794	800	885	874	1,094	220	3.8	3.7	4.0	4.1	4.6	0.5
10 to 49 employees	1,834	1,912	1,923	1,978	1,901	-77	5.0	4.5	4.5	4.4	4.4	0.0
50 to 249 employees	2,157	1,858	1,880	1,743	1,638	-105	5.4	5.0	5.0	4.7	4.4	-0.3
250 to 999 employees	949	804	831	766	743	-23	5.0	4.5	4.8	4.5	4.3	-0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	376	362	327	321	305	-16	4.4	4.0	3.8	3.9	3.9	0.0
5,000 or more employees	80	73	72	72	72	0	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.6	-0.1
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,797	5,502	5,557	5,506	5,591	85	4.5	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.2	0.1
1 to 9 employees	711	826	705	714	854	140	3.4	3.8	3.2	3.4	3.6	0.2
10 to 49 employees	1,726	1,923	1,966	2,008	1,903	-105	4.7	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.5	0.0
50 to 249 employees	2,045	1,594	1,753	1,654	1,760	106	5.1	4.3	4.7	4.5	4.8	0.3
250 to 999 employees	922	723	731	730	676	-54	4.8	4.0	4.2	4.3	3.9	-0.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	326	375	342	334	334	0	3.8	4.2	4.0	4.1	4.2	0.1
5,000 or more employees	67	61	59	66	65	-1	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.4	-0.2
QUITS
Total private	4,201	3,858	3,681	3,785	3,639	-146	3.2	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7	-0.1
1 to 9 employees	571	566	394	478	448	-30	2.7	2.6	1.8	2.2	1.9	-0.3
10 to 49 employees	1,316	1,403	1,395	1,412	1,273	-139	3.6	3.3	3.2	3.1	3.0	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	1,456	1,142	1,194	1,178	1,212	34	3.6	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.3	0.1
250 to 999 employees	604	458	452	468	455	-13	3.2	2.6	2.6	2.8	2.6	-0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	211	248	207	208	210	2	2.5	2.8	2.4	2.5	2.7	0.2
5,000 or more employees	44	41	39	41	41	0	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9	-0.1
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,313	1,378	1,630	1,475	1,732	257	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.3	0.2
1 to 9 employees	83	206	259	156	341	185	0.4	1.0	1.2	0.7	1.4	0.7
10 to 49 employees	329	440	507	525	565	40	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.3	0.1
50 to 249 employees	527	382	507	429	494	65	1.3	1.0	1.4	1.2	1.3	0.1
250 to 999 employees	264	235	229	246	209	-37	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.2	-0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	97	103	115	104	109	5	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.3	1.4	0.1
5,000 or more employees	14	12	12	16	16	0	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	-0.1
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	283	266	246	246	220	-26	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	57	54	52	81	66	-15	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.3	-0.1
10 to 49 employees	81	80	64	71	66	-5	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
50 to 249 employees	62	70	53	47	54	7	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
250 to 999 employees	54	30	50	17	12	-5	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	19	24	20	23	15	-8	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
5,000 or more employees	9	8	8	8	8	0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)
Total	11,979	9,617	9,356	7.4	5.9	5.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	10,944	8,641	8,294	7.9	6.2	5.9
Mining and logging	43	38	34	6.8	5.7	5.1
Construction	447	384	355	5.7	4.8	4.4
Manufacturing	914	657	695	6.7	4.8	5.1
Durable goods	579	422	422	6.8	5.0	5.0
Nondurable goods	336	235	273	6.6	4.6	5.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	2,085	1,616	1,329	6.9	5.3	4.4
Wholesale trade	328	291	289	5.3	4.6	4.6
Retail trade	1,264	746	604	7.6	4.6	3.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	493	579	436	6.5	7.4	5.7
Information	255	174	187	7.8	5.4	5.7
Financial activities	482	417	440	5.1	4.4	4.6
Finance and insurance	358	304	317	5.1	4.4	4.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	124	113	123	5.1	4.5	4.9
Professional and business services	2,373	1,791	1,666	9.7	7.3	6.8
Education and health services	2,238	1,815	1,766	8.5	6.7	6.5
Educational services	176	177	210	4.3	4.2	4.9
Health care and social assistance	2,062	1,639	1,557	9.2	7.2	6.9
Leisure and hospitality	1,704	1,398	1,532	10.1	8.1	8.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	241	254	266	10.4	10.4	10.6
Accommodation and food services	1,464	1,144	1,266	10.1	7.7	8.4
Other services	403	352	289	6.7	5.7	4.8
Government	1,035	975	1,062	4.4	4.1	4.4
Federal	143	134	142	4.8	4.4	4.7
State and local	892	842	920	4.4	4.1	4.4
State and local education	293	313	304	2.7	2.8	2.7
State and local, excluding education	599	529	616	6.3	5.5	6.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,988	1,609	1,498	6.9	5.5	5.1
South	4,803	3,950	4,004	7.9	6.5	6.5
Midwest	2,535	1,930	1,893	7.3	5.5	5.4
West	2,653	2,128	1,962	6.9	5.5	5.1
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)
Total	6,079	5,054	5,603	4.0	3.3	3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,797	4,763	5,315	4.5	3.6	4.0
Mining and logging	26	23	26	4.4	3.7	4.2
Construction	406	310	407	5.4	4.1	5.3
Manufacturing	487	373	375	3.8	2.9	2.9
Durable goods	277	194	212	3.5	2.4	2.6
Nondurable goods	210	178	163	4.4	3.7	3.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,173	972	1,038	4.1	3.4	3.6
Wholesale trade	183	165	149	3.1	2.8	2.5
Retail trade	773	589	639	5.0	3.8	4.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	217	218	250	3.1	3.0	3.5
Information	94	73	89	3.1	2.4	2.9
Financial activities	213	175	156	2.4	1.9	1.7
Finance and insurance	149	105	105	2.2	1.6	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	64	70	51	2.8	3.0	2.2
Professional and business services	1,291	964	1,141	5.8	4.3	5.0
Education and health services	725	742	782	3.0	3.0	3.1
Educational services	72	84	67	1.9	2.1	1.6
Health care and social assistance	653	658	715	3.2	3.1	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,184	958	1,083	7.8	6.1	6.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	179	127	176	8.6	5.8	7.8
Accommodation and food services	1,005	831	907	7.7	6.1	6.6
Other services	199	173	219	3.5	3.0	3.8
Government	282	292	287	1.3	1.3	1.3
Federal	34	38	41	1.2	1.3	1.4
State and local	248	253	246	1.3	1.3	1.2
State and local education	105	128	99	1.0	1.2	0.9
State and local, excluding education	142	125	147	1.6	1.4	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	904	701	947	3.4	2.5	3.4
South	2,598	2,182	2,332	4.6	3.8	4.1
Midwest	1,252	1,044	1,144	3.9	3.2	3.5
West	1,323	1,128	1,179	3.7	3.1	3.2
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)
Total	5,532	4,766	5,230	3.7	3.1	3.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,242	4,546	4,980	4.1	3.5	3.8
Mining and logging	17	27	23	2.9	4.3	3.6
Construction	351	286	372	4.7	3.8	4.9
Manufacturing	473	366	428	3.7	2.8	3.3
Durable goods	248	189	232	3.1	2.3	2.9
Nondurable goods	225	178	196	4.7	3.7	4.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,107	1,025	1,034	3.9	3.6	3.6
Wholesale trade	154	167	147	2.6	2.8	2.4
Retail trade	679	597	579	4.4	3.9	3.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	274	261	308	3.9	3.6	4.3
Information	67	84	73	2.2	2.7	2.4
Financial activities	195	166	158	2.2	1.8	1.7
Finance and insurance	143	108	103	2.2	1.6	1.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	52	58	55	2.2	2.4	2.3
Professional and business services	1,182	949	1,081	5.3	4.2	4.8
Education and health services	682	651	724	2.8	2.6	2.9
Educational services	61	64	59	1.6	1.6	1.4
Health care and social assistance	621	588	666	3.1	2.8	3.2
Leisure and hospitality	974	847	874	6.4	5.4	5.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	84	80	90	4.0	3.6	4.0
Accommodation and food services	889	768	783	6.8	5.6	5.7
Other services	194	144	213	3.5	2.5	3.7
Government	290	220	250	1.3	1.0	1.1
Federal	34	32	29	1.2	1.1	1.0
State and local	255	188	222	1.3	0.9	1.1
State and local education	114	80	88	1.1	0.7	0.8
State and local, excluding education	141	108	133	1.6	1.2	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	697	600	703	2.6	2.2	2.5
South	2,539	2,151	2,317	4.5	3.8	4.0
Midwest	1,011	933	1,022	3.1	2.8	3.1
West	1,286	1,082	1,188	3.6	3.0	3.3
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)
Total	4,092	3,174	3,475	2.7	2.1	2.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,896	3,035	3,305	3.0	2.3	2.5
Mining and logging	12	17	14	2.1	2.7	2.2
Construction	244	119	137	3.3	1.6	1.8
Manufacturing	350	244	284	2.8	1.9	2.2
Durable goods	184	125	150	2.3	1.6	1.9
Nondurable goods	166	119	135	3.5	2.4	2.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	868	700	772	3.1	2.4	2.7
Wholesale trade	105	102	97	1.8	1.7	1.6
Retail trade	560	429	454	3.6	2.8	3.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	203	169	221	2.9	2.3	3.1
Information	44	36	39	1.5	1.2	1.3
Financial activities	142	89	107	1.6	1.0	1.2
Finance and insurance	104	46	66	1.6	0.7	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	38	42	41	1.6	1.8	1.7
Professional and business services	738	507	597	3.3	2.2	2.6
Education and health services	538	512	554	2.2	2.0	2.2
Educational services	43	39	41	1.1	1.0	1.0
Health care and social assistance	495	474	513	2.4	2.2	2.4
Leisure and hospitality	816	720	658	5.4	4.5	4.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	59	55	49	2.8	2.5	2.2
Accommodation and food services	757	664	609	5.8	4.9	4.4
Other services	144	92	144	2.6	1.6	2.5
Government	196	139	170	0.9	0.6	0.7
Federal	21	17	15	0.7	0.6	0.5
State and local	175	122	155	0.9	0.6	0.8
State and local education	82	54	61	0.8	0.5	0.6
State and local, excluding education	93	68	95	1.0	0.8	1.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	493	387	449	1.8	1.4	1.6
South	1,846	1,510	1,602	3.3	2.6	2.8
Midwest	748	595	697	2.3	1.8	2.1
West	1,004	682	728	2.8	1.9	2.0
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)
Total	1,116	1,317	1,500	0.7	0.9	1.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,070	1,275	1,460	0.8	1.0	1.1
Mining and logging	3	9	8	0.5	1.4	1.2
Construction	89	150	225	1.2	2.0	2.9
Manufacturing	101	107	126	0.8	0.8	1.0
Durable goods	51	52	68	0.6	0.6	0.8
Nondurable goods	50	55	58	1.1	1.1	1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	182	269	205	0.6	0.9	0.7
Wholesale trade	32	51	42	0.5	0.9	0.7
Retail trade	100	138	93	0.7	0.9	0.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	50	80	70	0.7	1.1	1.0
Information	17	38	32	0.6	1.2	1.0
Financial activities	33	33	44	0.4	0.4	0.5
Finance and insurance	20	20	31	0.3	0.3	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	13	13	13	0.6	0.5	0.6
Professional and business services	368	414	441	1.7	1.8	1.9
Education and health services	103	107	138	0.4	0.4	0.5
Educational services	11	21	14	0.3	0.5	0.3
Health care and social assistance	92	86	124	0.5	0.4	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	134	107	190	0.9	0.7	1.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	24	20	37	1.2	0.9	1.6
Accommodation and food services	110	87	153	0.8	0.6	1.1
Other services	40	40	53	0.7	0.7	0.9
Government	46	42	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	5	5	4	0.2	0.2	0.1
State and local	41	38	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	19	18	16	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	22	20	19	0.2	0.2	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	141	182	225	0.5	0.7	0.8
South	567	506	612	1.0	0.9	1.1
Midwest	200	288	291	0.6	0.9	0.9
West	208	340	372	0.6	0.9	1.0
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)
Total	324	275	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	276	236	214	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	2	1	1	0.3	0.2	0.2
Construction	18	17	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Manufacturing	22	15	18	0.2	0.1	0.1
Durable goods	13	11	14	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nondurable goods	9	4	4	0.2	0.1	0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	58	56	57	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	17	14	8	0.3	0.2	0.1
Retail trade	19	30	32	0.1	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	22	12	18	0.3	0.2	0.2
Information	6	9	3	0.2	0.3	0.1
Financial activities	20	44	7	0.2	0.5	0.1
Finance and insurance	19	42	6	0.3	0.6	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	0	3	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Professional and business services	76	28	43	0.3	0.1	0.2
Education and health services	42	32	32	0.2	0.1	0.1
Educational services	7	4	4	0.2	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	35	28	28	0.2	0.1	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	23	21	26	0.2	0.1	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	4	4	0.1	0.2	0.2
Accommodation and food services	22	17	22	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other services	10	13	16	0.2	0.2	0.3
Government	48	39	41	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	9	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local	39	29	31	0.2	0.1	0.2
State and local education	14	9	11	0.1	0.1	0.1
State and local, excluding education	26	20	20	0.3	0.2	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	62	30	30	0.2	0.1	0.1
South	125	136	103	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	63	50	33	0.2	0.2	0.1
West	74	59	88	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)	Mar. 2022	Feb. 2023	Mar. 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	10,944	8,641	8,294	7.9	6.2	5.9
1 to 9 employees	1,696	1,565	1,362	7.6	6.9	5.5
10 to 49 employees	2,953	2,786	2,548	7.5	5.9	5.7
50 to 249 employees	3,399	2,278	2,383	7.9	5.9	6.1
250 to 999 employees	1,830	1,023	1,066	8.8	5.7	5.8
1,000 to 4,999 employees	758	685	618	8.2	7.8	7.4
5,000 or more employees	308	303	317	7.0	6.9	6.5
HIRES
Total private	5,797	4,763	5,315	4.5	3.6	4.0
1 to 9 employees	680	688	976	3.3	3.3	4.2
10 to 49 employees	1,691	1,587	1,728	4.6	3.6	4.1
50 to 249 employees	2,111	1,497	1,598	5.3	4.1	4.4
250 to 999 employees	897	655	690	4.8	3.9	4.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	339	273	254	4.0	3.3	3.3
5,000 or more employees	78	62	69	1.9	1.5	1.5
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,242	4,546	4,980	4.1	3.5	3.8
1 to 9 employees	639	564	737	3.1	2.7	3.2
10 to 49 employees	1,471	1,655	1,575	4.0	3.7	3.7
50 to 249 employees	1,859	1,377	1,641	4.7	3.8	4.5
250 to 999 employees	918	616	668	4.9	3.7	3.9
1,000 to 4,999 employees	294	282	298	3.5	3.5	3.8
5,000 or more employees	61	52	61	1.5	1.3	1.3
QUITS
Total private	3,896	3,035	3,305	3.0	2.3	2.5
1 to 9 employees	525	353	393	2.5	1.7	1.7
10 to 49 employees	1,162	1,129	1,087	3.2	2.5	2.6
50 to 249 employees	1,378	963	1,151	3.5	2.6	3.2
250 to 999 employees	590	387	444	3.1	2.3	2.6
1,000 to 4,999 employees	199	169	191	2.4	2.1	2.5
5,000 or more employees	41	34	40	1.0	0.8	0.9
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,070	1,275	1,460	0.8	1.0	1.1
1 to 9 employees	62	145	281	0.3	0.7	1.2
10 to 49 employees	228	448	420	0.6	1.0	1.0
50 to 249 employees	425	368	442	1.1	1.0	1.2
250 to 999 employees	265	213	211	1.4	1.3	1.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	79	88	94	0.9	1.1	1.2
5,000 or more employees	11	13	13	0.3	0.3	0.3
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	276	236	214	0.2	0.2	0.2
1 to 9 employees	52	67	63	0.3	0.3	0.3
10 to 49 employees	81	77	69	0.2	0.2	0.2
50 to 249 employees	56	46	48	0.1	0.1	0.1
250 to 999 employees	62	15	13	0.3	0.1	0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	16	25	13	0.2	0.3	0.2
5,000 or more employees	9	6	8	0.2	0.1	0.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.