Technical information: (202) 691-5870 USDL 09-0507
http://www.bls.gov/jlt/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Tuesday, May 12, 2009
JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER: MARCH 2009
On the last business day of March, job openings in the U.S.
numbered 2.7 million, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.
Department of Labor reported today. The job openings level and rate
(2.0 percent) were at their lowest points since the series began over
8 years ago. The hires rate (3.1 percent) was little changed in March
and remained low. The total separations rate (3.6 percent) was
unchanged in March. This release includes estimates of the number and
rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm
sector by industry and geographic region.
Job Openings
The job openings rate fell in March to a series low of 2.0
percent. The number of job openings has trended downward since mid-
2007, and, at 2.7 million in March, monthly openings were down 2.1
million, or 44 percent, since the most recent high point in June 2007.
The decline in the job openings rate at the total nonfarm and total
private levels was due to small, nonsignificant declines in nearly
every industry and a significant decline in retail trade. (See table
1.)
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Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally
adjusted
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Job openings | Hires | Total separations
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Industry | Mar. | Feb. | Mar. | Mar. | Feb. | Mar. | Mar. | Feb. | Mar.
| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p
-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total(1)...........|4,073 |2,973 |2,717 |4,870 |4,339 |4,172 |5,020 |4,833 |4,737
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..|3,644 |2,606 |2,361 |4,540 |4,042 |3,877 |4,717 |4,555 |4,465
Construction.....| 90 | 58 | 48 | 397 | 370 | 376 | 443 | 463 | 488
Manufacturing....| 233 | 141 | 123 | 316 | 257 | 245 | 363 | 424 | 401
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 659 | 488 | 414 |1,013 | 814 | 882 |1,035 | 920 | 984
Retail trade....| 391 | 334 | 267 | 686 | 563 | 592 | 722 | 590 | 633
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 763 | 482 | 431 | 886 | 730 | 688 | 936 | 951 | 776
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 760 | 589 | 558 | 558 | 527 | 489 | 529 | 498 | 479
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 551 | 332 | 296 | 860 | 704 | 703 | 878 | 731 | 758
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 64 | 30 | 26 | 130 | 89 | 83 | 132 | 88 | 90
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 488 | 302 | 268 | 731 | 614 | 618 | 747 | 635 | 658
Government(3).....| 431 | 367 | 352 | 321 | 275 | 269 | 294 | 271 | 262
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 376 | 317 | 300 | 289 | 252 | 242 | 268 | 251 | 245
|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total(1)...........| 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..| 3.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0
Construction.....| 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.5
Manufacturing....| 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 3.3
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 2.4 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.9
Retail trade....| 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 4.3
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 4.1 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 4.6
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 3.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 3.9 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 6.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 5.7
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 3.1 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 6.5 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 6.6 | 4.5 | 4.6
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 4.1 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 5.6 | 5.8
Government(3).....| 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and
other services, not shown separately.
2 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not
shown separately.
3 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
Over the 12 months ending in March, the job openings rate (not
seasonally adjusted) fell significantly in nearly every industry and
in three of the four regions. The rate did not change significantly
in the Northeast region and in construction; information; other
services; and federal government. (See table 5.)
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Hires
Hires, at 4.2 million in March, were essentially unchanged from
February. However, monthly hires were down 1.5 million, or 26
percent, since the most recent high point in July 2006. The hires
rate was 3.1 percent in March. No industry experienced a significant
change in the hires rate over the month. Regionally, the rate changed
significantly only in the Northeast, where it fell. (See table 2.)
Over the 12 months ending in March, the hires rate (not
seasonally adjusted) did not increase significantly in any industry.
The rate decreased significantly over the year for total nonfarm,
total private, and many industries, including mining and logging;
finance and insurance; professional and business services; health care
and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation;
accommodation and food services; and state and local government.
Regionally, the hires rate dropped significantly over the past 12
months in the South and West. The rate did not change significantly
in the Midwest and Northeast. (See table 6.)
Separations
Total separations includes quits (voluntary separations), layoffs
and discharges (involuntary separations), and other separations
(including retirements). The total separations, or turnover, rate
(seasonally adjusted) was 3.6 percent in March, unchanged from
February. The total separations rate (not seasonally adjusted) was
also essentially unchanged over the 12 months ending in March, as
quits fell while layoffs and discharges rose. (See tables 3, 7, 8 and
9.)
The quits rate can serve as a barometer of workers’ willingness
or ability to change jobs. The rate remained at 1.4 percent in
March—the lowest point in the 8-year series. Quits have been trending
downward since December 2006, declining by 1.3 million, or 42 percent.
Comparing March 2009 to March 2008, the quits rate was significantly
lower for total nonfarm, total private, government, and many
industries, including durable goods manufacturing; nondurable goods
manufacturing; retail trade; finance and insurance; professional and
business services; health care and social assistance; and
accommodation and food services. The rate did not rise significantly
in the past 12 months in any industry. Regionally, the quits rate
fell significantly over the past 12 months in all four regions. (See
tables 4 and 8.)
The layoffs and discharges component of total separations is
seasonally adjusted at the total nonfarm, total private, and
government levels. Layoffs and discharges in March were 2.6 million
for total nonfarm, 2.4 million for total private, and 113,000 for
government, corresponding to layoffs and discharges rates of 1.9
percent, 2.2 percent, and 0.5 percent, respectively. Over the 12
months ending in March, the layoffs and discharges rate (not
seasonally adjusted) rose significantly for total nonfarm, total
private, and many industries, including mining and logging;
construction; durable goods manufacturing; nondurable goods
manufacturing; transportation, warehousing, and utilities; finance and
insurance; and real estate and rental and leasing. In the remaining
industries, the rate was essentially unchanged. Regionally, the
layoffs and discharges rate rose in the Midwest, Northeast, and South
and was little changed in the West. (See table 9 for not seasonally
adjusted layoffs and discharges. Seasonally adjusted layoffs and
discharges are not presented in a table but are available through the
JOLTS web site.)
The other separations series is not seasonally adjusted. In
March, there were 290,000 other separations for total nonfarm, 259,000
for total private, and 31,000 for government. Compared to March 2008,
the number of other separations was little changed for total nonfarm
and total private, but declined for government. (See table 10.)
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The total separations rate is driven by the relative contribution
of its three components—quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations. The percentage of total separations attributable to the
individual components has varied over time. The proportion of quits
has been trending downward from the recent high of 59 percent in
January 2008 to a series low of 39 percent in March 2009. The
proportion of layoffs and discharges has increased, climbing from the
most recent low of 33 percent in August 2006 to a series high of 54
percent in March 2009. (See tables 3 and 4.)
Net Change in Employment
In the 12 months ending in March, hires totaled 54.6 million and
separations totaled 58.9 million, yielding a net employment loss over
the year of 4.3 million. The loss resulted from total separations
remaining relatively level over the year, while hires trended
downward.
For More Information
For additional information, please read the Technical Note
attached to this release, visit the JOLTS Web site at
www.bls.gov/jlt/, send e-mail to Joltsinfo@bls.gov, or call (202) 691-
5870.
____________________________________________________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover release for April 2009 is
scheduled to be issued on Tuesday, June 9.
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Technical Note
The data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)
are collected and compiled monthly from a sample of business
establishments by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Collection
In a monthly survey of business establishments, data are
collected for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs
and discharges, and other separations. Data collection methods
include computer-assisted telephone interviewing, touchtone data
entry, fax, e-mail, and mail.
Coverage
The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments such
as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and
local government entities in the 50 states and the District of
Columbia.
Concepts
Industry classification. The industry classifications in this
release are in accordance with the 2007 version of the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS). In order to
ensure the highest possible quality of data, State Workforce
Agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the
industry code, location, and ownership classification of all
establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment
characteristics resulting from the verification process are always
introduced into the JOLTS sampling frame with the data reported for
the first month of the year.
Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who
worked or received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th
day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-
term, seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay
period, are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and
consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by the
establishment where they are working.
Job openings. Establishments submit job openings information for
the last business day of the reference month. A job opening
requires that: 1) a specific position exists and there is work
available for that position, 2) work could start within 30 days
regardless of whether a suitable candidate is found, and 3) the
employer is actively recruiting from outside the establishment to
fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent,
short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that
the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by advertising
in newspapers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs,
accepting applications, or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions,
demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are
jobs with start dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for
which employees have been hired but have not yet reported for work,
and jobs to be filled by employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants.
The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job
openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying
that quotient by 100.
Hires. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll
occurring at any time during the reference month, including both
new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the
location after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or
intermittent employees who returned to work after having been
formally separated, and transfers from other locations. The hires
count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting
site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help
agencies or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or
consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of
hires by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
Separations. Separations are the total number of terminations of
employment occurring at any time during the reference month, and
are reported by type of separation--quits, layoffs and discharges,
and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations
initiated by the employer and include layoffs with no intent to
rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last more than 7
days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or closings;
firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or
short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal employees.
Other separations include retirements, transfers to other
locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. Separations
do not include transfers within the same location or employees on
strike.
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of
separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are
computed similarly, dividing the number by employment and
multiplying by 100.
Annual estimates. Annual estimates of rates and levels
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of hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total
separations are released with the January news release each year.
The JOLTS annual level estimates for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. The annual rate estimates are
computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying
that quotient by 100. This figure will be approximately equal to
the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Note that both the JOLTS and CES
annual levels are rounded to the nearest thousand before the annual
estimates are calculated. Consistent with BLS practices, annual
estimates are published only for not seasonally adjusted data.
Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings because job
openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last
business day of each month. Only jobs still open on the last day
of the month are counted. For the same reason job openings cannot
be cumulated throughout each month, annual figures for job openings
cannot be created by summing the monthly estimates. Hires and
separations are flow measures and are cumulated over the month with
a total reported for the month. Therefore, the annual figures can
be created by summing the monthly estimates.
Special Collection Procedures
An implied measure of employment change can be derived from the
JOLTS data by subtracting separations from hires for a given
month. Aggregating these monthly changes historically produced
employment levels that overstated employment change as measured by
CES at the total nonfarm level. Research into this problem showed
that a significant amount of the divergence between the CES
employment levels and the derived JOLTS employment levels was
traceable to the Employment Services industry and to the State
Government Education industry. In the former industry, businesses
have a difficult time reporting hires and separations of temporary
help workers. In the latter industry, employers have difficulty
reporting hires and separations of student workers. BLS now
devotes additional resources to the collection, editing, and review
of data for these industries. BLS analysts more closely examine
reported data that do not provide a consistent picture over time,
and re-contact the respondents as necessary. Analysts work with
the respondents to adjust their reporting practices as possible.
Units that cannot be reconciled but are clearly incorrect on a
consistent basis are not used, they are replaced by imputed values
using standard techniques.
Sample and estimation methodology
The JOLTS survey design is a random sample of 16,000 nonfarm
business establishments, including factories, offices, and stores,
as well as federal, state, and local governments in the 50 states
and the District of Columbia. The establishments are drawn from a
universe of over 9.1 million establishments compiled as part of the
operations of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW),
program. This program includes all employers subject to state
Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws and federal agencies subject to
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry
sector, and size class. The JOLTS sample is constructed from
individual panels of sample units drawn on an annual basis. The
full annual sample consists of one certainty panel composed of only
large units selected with virtual certainty based on their size and
24 non-certainty panels. Each month a new non-certainty panel is
rolled into collection, and the oldest non-certainty panel is
rolled out. This means that at any given time the JOLTS sample is
constructed from panels from three different annual sampling
frames. The entire sample of old plus new panels is post-
stratified and re-weighted annually to represent the most recent
sampling frame. Additionally, the out-of-business establishments
are removed from the old panels. The annual sample is supplemented
with a quarterly sample of birth establishments (i.e., new
establishments) to better reflect the impact of younger
establishments in the JOLTS sample.
JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked monthly to the
employment estimates of the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.
JOLTS Business Birth/Death Model
As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as
current as its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an
establishment until its appearance on the sampling frame is
approximately one year. In addition, many of these new units may
fail within the first year. Since these universe units cannot be
reflected on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS sample
cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these
units during their early existence. BLS has developed a model to
estimate birth/death activity for current months by examining the
birth/death activity from previous years on the QCEW and projecting
forward to the present using an econometric technique known as X-12
ARIMA modeling. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS
data to estimate the amount of “churn” (hires and separations) that
exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines
the estimated churn with the projected employment change to
estimate the number of hires and separations taking place in these
units that cannot be measured through sampling.
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The model-based estimate of total separations is distributed to
the three components – quits; layoffs and discharges; and other
separations - in proportion to their contribution to the sample-
based estimate of total separations. Additionally, job openings
for the modeled units are estimated by computing the ratio of
openings to hires in the collected data and applying that ratio to
the modeled hires. The estimates of job openings, hires, and
separations produced by the birth/death model are then added to the
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.
Seasonal adjustment
BLS seasonally adjusts several JOLTS series using the X-12-ARIMA
seasonal adjustment program. Seasonal adjustment is the process of
estimating and removing periodic fluctuations caused by events such
as weather, holidays, and the beginning and ending of the school
year. Seasonal adjustment makes it easier to observe fundamental
changes in the level of the series, particularly those associated
with general economic expansions and contractions. A concurrent
seasonal adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal
adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant
data, up to and including the data for the current month.
Alignment procedure
JOLTS hires minus separations should be comparable to the CES net
employment change. However, definitional differences as well as
sampling and non-sampling errors between the two surveys
historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit
the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires and
separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly Alignment Method.
The Monthly Alignment Method applies the CES employment trends to
the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while
preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two
series are seasonally adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS
implied employment trend and the CES net employment change is
calculated. Next, the JOLTS implied employment trend is adjusted to
equal the CES net employment change through a proportional
adjustment. This proportional adjustment procedure adjusts the two
components (hires, separations) proportionally to their
contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). For
example, if hires are 40 percent of the churn for a given month,
they will receive 40 percent of the needed adjustment and
separations will receive 60 percent of the needed adjustment. The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the monthly alignment method has been used to
adjust the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the
adjusted levels. The Monthly Alignment procedure assures a close
match of the JOLTS implied employment trend with the CES trend. The
CES series is considered a highly accurate measure of net
employment change owing to its very large sample size and annual
benchmarking to universe counts of employment from the QCEW
program.
Using JOLTS data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are
relatively new. The full sample is divided into panels, with one
panel enrolled each month. A full complement of panels for the
original data series based on the 1987 Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system was not completely enrolled in the
survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of
establishments needed to create NAICS estimates were not completely
enrolled until May 2003. The data collected up until those points
are from less than a full sample. Therefore, estimates from
earlier months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units
were reporting data at that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and
separations data were revised to address possible underreporting.
As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior
to March 2002 may not be comparable to estimates for March 2002 and
later.
The federal government reorganization that involved transferring
approximately 180,000 employees to the new Department of Homeland
Security is not reflected in the JOLTS hires and separations
estimates for the federal government. The Office of Personnel
Management's record shows these transfers were completed in March
2003. The inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions of hires
and separations is intended to cover ongoing movements of workers
between establishments. The Department of Homeland Security
reorganization was a massive one-time event, and the inclusion of
these intergovernmental transfers would distort the federal
government time series.
JOLTS uses moving averages as seasonal filters in seasonal
adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and
multiplicative seasonal adjustment models and REGARIMA (regression
with autocorrelated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to
detect and adjust for outliers in the series.
Reliability of the estimates
JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample rather than the entire population is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ
from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular
sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard
error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at the
90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a
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90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a
sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the
"true" population value because of sampling error. Estimates of
sampling errors are available upon request.
The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure
to include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain
data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by
respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the
data, and errors from the employment benchmark data used in
estimation.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD
message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009p
Total(4)................................. 4,073 3,390 3,311 3,224 2,920 2,973 2,717 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.0
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 3,644 2,964 2,928 2,861 2,461 2,606 2,361 3.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.1
Construction........................... 90 79 76 66 55 58 48 1.2 1.1 1.1 .9 .8 .9 .7
Manufacturing.......................... 233 230 203 188 115 141 123 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 .9 1.1 1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 659 564 624 495 488 488 414 2.4 2.1 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6
Retail trade.......................... 391 363 410 337 362 334 267 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.2 1.8
Professional and business services..... 763 603 505 562 501 482 431 4.1 3.3 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.5
Education and health services.......... 760 646 697 685 636 589 558 3.9 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.8
Leisure and hospitality................ 551 417 302 315 272 332 296 3.9 3.0 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.4 2.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 64 47 35 40 27 30 26 3.1 2.4 1.8 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.3
Accommodation and food services....... 488 370 284 274 242 302 268 4.1 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.6 2.3
Government(6)........................... 431 427 378 345 417 367 352 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5
State and local government............. 376 344 337 312 328 317 300 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 685 636 582 633 560 607 587 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.3
South.................................. 1,531 1,314 1,267 1,245 1,109 1,109 977 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.0
Midwest................................ 886 698 644 607 587 563 510 2.7 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7
West................................... 986 734 767 689 655 638 570 3.1 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus
job openings.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,
South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming.
p = preliminary.
Table 2. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009p
Total(4)................................. 4,870 4,486 4,226 4,508 4,460 4,339 4,172 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 4,540 4,160 3,928 4,214 4,141 4,042 3,877 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5
Construction........................... 397 380 340 366 381 370 376 5.4 5.4 4.9 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.8
Manufacturing.......................... 316 290 257 252 237 257 245 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 1,013 933 852 891 949 814 882 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.5
Retail trade.......................... 686 624 576 595 587 563 592 4.4 4.1 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.8 4.0
Professional and business services..... 886 788 783 786 762 730 688 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.1
Education and health services.......... 558 544 528 528 539 527 489 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6
Leisure and hospitality................ 860 769 706 711 743 704 703 6.4 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.3 5.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 130 119 92 111 105 89 83 6.5 6.1 4.7 5.7 5.4 4.6 4.3
Accommodation and food services....... 731 651 620 605 627 614 618 6.3 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.5
Government(6)........................... 321 318 281 271 306 275 269 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2
State and local government............. 289 275 251 253 261 252 242 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 787 759 661 726 753 837 719 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.3 2.9
South.................................. 1,822 1,652 1,572 1,659 1,663 1,566 1,502 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.1
Midwest................................ 1,055 1,051 934 1,009 1,003 904 946 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.1
West................................... 1,216 1,043 1,043 1,053 1,002 960 952 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.2
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 3. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009p
Total(4)................................. 5,020 4,910 4,863 4,958 4,949 4,833 4,737 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 4,717 4,607 4,571 4,673 4,686 4,555 4,465 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.0
Construction........................... 443 440 472 452 524 463 488 6.0 6.2 6.8 6.6 7.8 7.0 7.5
Manufacturing.......................... 363 404 384 419 476 424 401 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.8 3.4 3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 1,035 1,034 1,030 1,041 1,049 920 984 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.9
Retail trade.......................... 722 680 680 664 645 590 633 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 3.9 4.3
Professional and business services..... 936 906 909 898 866 951 776 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.6 4.6
Education and health services.......... 529 507 466 498 494 498 479 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5
Leisure and hospitality................ 878 794 773 755 763 731 758 6.5 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 132 124 98 106 117 88 90 6.6 6.4 5.0 5.4 6.0 4.5 4.6
Accommodation and food services....... 747 670 673 647 650 635 658 6.5 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.8
Government(6)........................... 294 294 282 278 277 271 262 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
State and local government............. 268 265 258 251 267 251 245 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 888 743 767 799 813 783 848 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.4
South.................................. 1,833 1,782 1,841 1,815 1,898 1,742 1,762 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.7
Midwest................................ 1,034 1,168 1,105 1,088 1,120 1,121 1,082 3.3 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.6
West................................... 1,266 1,209 1,205 1,227 1,180 1,188 1,065 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.6
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 4. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009p
Total(4)................................. 2,731 2,436 2,201 2,114 2,063 1,911 1,831 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 2,595 2,305 2,076 1,984 1,945 1,831 1,766 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6
Construction........................... 142 107 109 92 85 87 85 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
Manufacturing.......................... 190 143 122 87 105 105 78 1.4 1.1 .9 .7 .8 .8 .6
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 588 548 489 518 469 372 450 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.8
Retail trade.......................... 418 377 352 379 360 323 343 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.3
Professional and business services..... 456 477 349 297 326 310 274 2.5 2.7 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.6
Education and health services.......... 322 294 251 256 248 258 244 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
Leisure and hospitality................ 596 516 469 461 443 431 430 4.4 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 44 39 35 29 31 36 32 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.7
Accommodation and food services....... 552 476 437 435 412 399 401 4.8 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.6
Government(6)........................... 132 132 122 130 105 115 110 .6 .6 .5 .6 .5 .5 .5
State and local government............. 124 122 117 121 100 110 106 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .5
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 390 347 321 302 278 271 278 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1
South.................................. 1,133 949 879 847 790 759 765 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6
Midwest................................ 562 595 491 452 491 468 428 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4
West................................... 644 541 510 498 492 453 397 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 5. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 3,991 2,721 2,545 2.8 2.0 1.9
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 3,578 2,392 2,214 3.0 2.1 2.0
Mining and Logging............................ 17 11 11 2.3 1.5 1.5
Construction.................................. 97 59 50 1.4 .9 .8
Manufacturing................................. 238 137 123 1.7 1.1 1.0
Durable goods................................ 145 67 61 1.7 .9 .8
Nondurable goods............................. 93 70 62 1.8 1.5 1.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 644 435 398 2.4 1.7 1.6
Wholesale trade.............................. 151 122 102 2.5 2.1 1.8
Retail trade................................. 366 271 240 2.3 1.8 1.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 127 41 56 2.4 .8 1.1
Information................................... 87 74 67 2.8 2.5 2.3
Financial activities.......................... 284 199 154 3.4 2.5 1.9
Finance and insurance........................ 195 132 111 3.1 2.2 1.9
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 89 66 43 4.1 3.2 2.1
Professional and business services............ 721 472 400 3.9 2.7 2.3
Education and health services................. 755 561 543 3.9 2.8 2.7
Educational services......................... 58 52 34 1.8 1.6 1.1
Health care and social assistance............ 698 509 508 4.3 3.1 3.1
Leisure and hospitality....................... 587 300 317 4.3 2.3 2.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 67 30 28 3.5 1.7 1.5
Accommodation and food services............. 520 269 290 4.4 2.4 2.6
Other services................................ 148 146 153 2.6 2.6 2.8
Government..................................... 412 329 330 1.8 1.4 1.4
Federal....................................... 56 43 51 2.0 1.5 1.8
State and local............................... 356 286 280 1.7 1.4 1.4
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 625 552 536 2.4 2.2 2.1
South......................................... 1,517 1,067 963 3.0 2.2 2.0
Midwest....................................... 889 523 510 2.8 1.7 1.7
West.......................................... 959 579 536 3.0 1.9 1.8
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a
percent of total employment plus job openings.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 6. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 4,545 3,389 3,777 3.3 2.6 2.9
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 4,321 3,204 3,593 3.8 2.9 3.3
Mining and Logging............................ 28 17 15 3.8 2.2 2.1
Construction.................................. 408 290 391 5.8 4.7 6.4
Manufacturing................................. 302 232 233 2.2 1.9 1.9
Durable goods................................ 179 132 140 2.1 1.7 1.8
Nondurable goods............................. 123 100 93 2.5 2.1 2.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 943 610 829 3.6 2.4 3.3
Wholesale trade.............................. 146 95 127 2.4 1.7 2.2
Retail trade................................. 645 406 560 4.2 2.8 3.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 153 109 143 3.0 2.2 3.0
Information................................... 66 56 59 2.2 1.9 2.0
Financial activities.......................... 198 148 155 2.4 1.9 2.0
Finance and insurance........................ 131 93 96 2.2 1.6 1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 67 55 59 3.2 2.7 3.0
Professional and business services............ 844 650 641 4.8 3.9 3.8
Education and health services................. 493 460 426 2.6 2.4 2.2
Educational services......................... 46 71 40 1.5 2.2 1.2
Health care and social assistance............ 447 389 386 2.9 2.4 2.4
Leisure and hospitality....................... 849 577 687 6.5 4.5 5.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 125 60 78 6.8 3.4 4.4
Accommodation and food services............. 723 517 610 6.4 4.7 5.5
Other services................................ 190 164 157 3.4 3.0 2.9
Government..................................... 225 185 184 1.0 .8 .8
Federal....................................... 27 15 24 1.0 .5 .8
State and local............................... 197 170 160 1.0 .8 .8
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 698 597 634 2.7 2.4 2.5
South......................................... 1,725 1,337 1,383 3.5 2.8 2.9
Midwest....................................... 993 692 880 3.2 2.3 2.9
West.......................................... 1,130 763 880 3.7 2.6 3.0
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 7. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 4,205 3,784 3,919 3.1 2.9 3.0
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 4,015 3,626 3,754 3.5 3.3 3.4
Mining and Logging............................ 20 24 32 2.7 3.2 4.4
Construction.................................. 356 389 395 5.0 6.3 6.5
Manufacturing................................. 332 371 359 2.4 3.0 2.9
Durable goods................................ 200 239 241 2.3 3.1 3.2
Nondurable goods............................. 132 132 118 2.7 2.8 2.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 857 754 806 3.3 3.0 3.2
Wholesale trade.............................. 136 128 141 2.3 2.2 2.5
Retail trade................................. 589 501 517 3.9 3.4 3.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 132 125 149 2.6 2.6 3.1
Information................................... 62 56 67 2.0 1.9 2.3
Financial activities.......................... 200 182 206 2.4 2.3 2.6
Finance and insurance........................ 128 109 123 2.1 1.9 2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 72 73 83 3.4 3.6 4.2
Professional and business services............ 910 776 738 5.1 4.6 4.4
Education and health services................. 454 383 407 2.4 2.0 2.1
Educational services......................... 46 42 43 1.5 1.3 1.3
Health care and social assistance............ 408 341 364 2.6 2.1 2.3
Leisure and hospitality....................... 669 530 583 5.1 4.2 4.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 83 53 58 4.5 3.1 3.3
Accommodation and food services............. 586 477 525 5.2 4.4 4.8
Other services................................ 156 161 161 2.8 3.0 3.0
Government..................................... 190 158 164 .8 .7 .7
Federal....................................... 24 14 15 .9 .5 .5
State and local............................... 167 145 150 .8 .7 .7
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 688 570 669 2.7 2.3 2.7
South......................................... 1,567 1,381 1,489 3.2 2.9 3.1
Midwest....................................... 847 881 871 2.7 2.9 2.9
West.......................................... 1,104 952 890 3.6 3.2 3.0
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 8. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 2,330 1,491 1,562 1.7 1.1 1.2
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,236 1,415 1,487 2.0 1.3 1.4
Mining and Logging............................ 11 8 7 1.5 1.0 1.0
Construction.................................. 105 65 69 1.5 1.0 1.1
Manufacturing................................. 174 86 71 1.3 .7 .6
Durable goods................................ 99 44 35 1.2 .6 .5
Nondurable goods............................. 75 42 36 1.5 .9 .8
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 505 298 381 1.9 1.2 1.5
Wholesale trade.............................. 73 36 50 1.2 .6 .9
Retail trade................................. 353 221 271 2.3 1.5 1.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 79 41 60 1.6 .9 1.3
Information................................... 30 20 24 1.0 .7 .8
Financial activities.......................... 118 62 60 1.4 .8 .8
Finance and insurance........................ 75 42 35 1.2 .7 .6
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 43 19 26 2.0 1.0 1.3
Professional and business services............ 456 257 269 2.6 1.5 1.6
Education and health services................. 274 197 204 1.5 1.0 1.1
Educational services......................... 26 23 20 .8 .7 .6
Health care and social assistance............ 248 175 185 1.6 1.1 1.2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 465 320 333 3.5 2.5 2.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 30 19 19 1.6 1.1 1.1
Accommodation and food services............. 435 302 314 3.8 2.8 2.8
Other services................................ 97 103 69 1.8 1.9 1.3
Government..................................... 94 76 75 .4 .3 .3
Federal....................................... 7 3 3 .3 .1 .1
State and local............................... 87 73 72 .4 .4 .4
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 327 188 231 1.3 .8 .9
South......................................... 974 593 656 2.0 1.2 1.4
Midwest....................................... 481 353 349 1.5 1.2 1.2
West.......................................... 548 357 326 1.8 1.2 1.1
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 9. Layoffs and discharges levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 1,543 2,021 2,067 1.1 1.5 1.6
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 1,489 1,969 2,009 1.3 1.8 1.8
Mining and Logging............................ 6 15 22 .8 2.0 3.1
Construction.................................. 229 314 308 3.3 5.1 5.0
Manufacturing................................. 122 267 267 .9 2.2 2.2
Durable goods................................ 77 183 193 .9 2.4 2.5
Nondurable goods............................. 45 85 74 .9 1.8 1.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 270 400 357 1.0 1.6 1.4
Wholesale trade.............................. 57 86 83 1.0 1.5 1.5
Retail trade................................. 169 242 196 1.1 1.7 1.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 44 73 78 .9 1.5 1.6
Information................................... 29 33 35 .9 1.1 1.2
Financial activities.......................... 67 109 127 .8 1.4 1.6
Finance and insurance........................ 47 58 76 .8 1.0 1.3
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 20 52 51 1.0 2.6 2.6
Professional and business services............ 381 454 415 2.1 2.7 2.5
Education and health services................. 145 138 155 .8 .7 .8
Educational services......................... 16 17 14 .5 .5 .4
Health care and social assistance............ 129 122 140 .8 .8 .9
Leisure and hospitality....................... 189 182 232 1.4 1.4 1.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 52 34 36 2.8 1.9 2.0
Accommodation and food services............. 137 148 196 1.2 1.4 1.8
Other services................................ 52 55 91 .9 1.0 1.7
Government..................................... 54 52 58 .2 .2 .3
Federal....................................... 6 5 6 .2 .2 .2
State and local............................... 48 47 53 .2 .2 .3
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 288 312 377 1.1 1.3 1.5
South......................................... 507 694 729 1.0 1.5 1.5
Midwest....................................... 289 466 454 .9 1.6 1.5
West.......................................... 459 549 508 1.5 1.9 1.7
1 Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a
percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 10. Other separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Mar. Feb. Mar. Mar. Feb. Mar.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 332 272 290 0.2 0.2 0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 290 242 259 .3 .2 .2
Mining and Logging............................ 3 1 3 .4 .1 .3
Construction.................................. 21 10 17 .3 .2 .3
Manufacturing................................. 36 18 21 .3 .1 .2
Durable goods................................ 24 13 13 .3 .2 .2
Nondurable goods............................. 11 5 8 .2 .1 .2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 82 55 69 .3 .2 .3
Wholesale trade.............................. 5 7 8 .1 .1 .1
Retail trade................................. 67 39 50 .4 .3 .3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 10 10 10 .2 .2 .2
Information................................... 3 4 8 .1 .1 .3
Financial activities.......................... 15 12 18 .2 .1 .2
Finance and insurance........................ 6 9 13 .1 .2 .2
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 8 2 6 .4 .1 .3
Professional and business services............ 74 65 55 .4 .4 .3
Education and health services................. 35 47 48 .2 .2 .2
Educational services......................... 4 2 9 .1 .1 .3
Health care and social assistance............ 31 45 39 .2 .3 .2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 15 27 18 .1 .2 .1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 1 1 3 (4) (4) .1
Accommodation and food services............. 14 27 15 .1 .2 .1
Other services................................ 7 3 2 .1 (4) (4)
Government..................................... 42 30 31 .2 .1 .1
Federal....................................... 11 5 6 .4 .2 .2
State and local............................... 32 25 25 .2 .1 .1
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 74 70 61 .3 .3 .2
South......................................... 85 95 106 .2 .2 .2
Midwest....................................... 76 63 67 .2 .2 .2
West.......................................... 97 44 55 .3 .2 .2
1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
4 Data round to zero.
p = preliminary.
United States Department of Labor
