For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, June 8, 2010 USDL-10-0773
Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
Job Openings and Labor Turnover – April 2010
There were 3.1 million job openings on the last business day of April
2010, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The job
openings rate increased over the month to 2.3 percent. The hires rate
(3.3 percent) and the separations rate (3.1 percent) were unchanged.
This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job
openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector by
industry and geographic region.
Job Openings
The number of job openings increased in April to 3.1 million. Since
the most recent trough of 2.3 million in July 2009, the number of job
openings has risen by 740,000. The job openings level increased in
April for total nonfarm and total private. The level decreased for
government. The number of job openings was little changed in most
industries and in 2 of the 4 regions. The level increased in the
Northeast and the West. (See table 1.)
The number of job openings in April (not seasonally adjusted)
increased from 12 months earlier for total nonfarm and total private.
The job openings level increased in many industries and the number of
job openings increased in 3 of the 4 regions. (See table 5.)
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Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally
adjusted
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Job openings | Hires | Total separations
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Industry | Apr. | Mar. | Apr. | Apr. | Mar. | Apr. | Apr. | Mar. | Apr.
| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p
-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total..............|2,475 |2,785 |3,078 |4,182 |4,331 |4,304 |4,651 |4,048 |4,000
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..|2,108 |2,363 |2,693 |3,795 |3,970 |3,946 |4,396 |3,743 |3,706
Construction.....| 27 | 83 | 102 | 339 | 400 | 355 | 449 | 365 | 347
Manufacturing....| 108 | 180 | 189 | 248 | 279 | 300 | 378 | 245 | 245
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 345 | 470 | 470 | 891 | 897 | 867 | 986 | 866 | 818
Retail trade....| 211 | 305 | 301 | 646 | 646 | 602 | 674 | 620 | 558
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 433 | 423 | 523 | 720 | 744 | 757 | 862 | 699 | 697
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 506 | 536 | 573 | 470 | 503 | 508 | 474 | 455 | 478
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 337 | 257 | 300 | 691 | 712 | 720 | 723 | 677 | 687
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 24 | 24 | 34 | 93 | 114 | 126 | 112 | 119 | 114
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 313 | 232 | 265 | 598 | 598 | 594 | 611 | 558 | 572
Government(3).....| 367 | 421 | 385 | 387 | 360 | 358 | 256 | 305 | 294
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 311 | 262 | 256 | 244 | 268 | 251 | 235 | 268 | 253
|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total..............| 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.1
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..| 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.4
Construction.....| 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 6.3 | 7.3 | 6.5 | 6.2
Manufacturing....| 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 2.1
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.3
Retail trade....| 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 3.9
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 4.2
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.5
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 2.5 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.2
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 6.0
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 2.7 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 5.1
Government(3).....| 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.3
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and
other services, not shown separately.
2 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not
shown separately.
3 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
Hires
In April, the hires rate was unchanged for total nonfarm at 3.3
percent. The hires rate has remained between 3.0 percent and 3.3
percent since September 2008. The hires rate was little changed in
April for all industries and regions. (See table 2.)
Over the 12 months ending in April, the hires rate (not seasonally
adjusted) increased for total private and was little changed for total
nonfarm, government, and most industries. The hires rate increased in
the Midwest and was little changed in the remaining regions over the
year. (See table 6.)
Separations
Total separations includes quits (voluntary separations), layoffs and
discharges (involuntary separations), and other separations (including
retirements). The total separations, or turnover, rate
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remained unchanged in April for total nonfarm at 3.1 percent. The rate
was also little changed over the month for total private and government.
The total separations rate (not seasonally adjusted) decreased over the 12
months ending in April for total nonfarm and total private and was
little changed for government. (See tables 3 and 7.)
The quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or
ability to change jobs. In April, the quits rate was unchanged for
total nonfarm (1.5 percent) and total private (1.7 percent), and the
rate for government was little changed (0.4 percent). The rate was
little changed over the month for all industries and regions. (See
table 4.)
Over the 12 months ending in April, the quits rate (not seasonally
adjusted) was little changed for total nonfarm and government but
increased for total private. The quits rate was little changed in most
industries and 3 of the 4 regions over the year. The rate increased in
the Northeast. (See table 8.)
The layoffs and discharges component of total separations is
seasonally adjusted at the total nonfarm, total private, and
government levels. The layoffs and discharges rate was little changed
in April for total nonfarm, total private, and government. (See table
B below.)
The layoffs and discharges rate (not seasonally adjusted) fell over
the 12 months ending in April for total nonfarm and total private and
was little changed for government. The layoffs and discharges rate
fell over the year in many industries and all four regions. (See table
9.)
Table B. Layoffs and discharges by industry, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands) | Rates
|------------------------------------------------
Industry | Apr. | Mar. | Apr. | Apr. | Mar. | Apr.
| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p
-------------------|------------------------------------------------
Total..............| 2,617 | 1,821 | 1,747 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.3
Total private.....| 2,504 | 1,697 | 1,614 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.5
Government........| 114 | 124 | 132 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------
p = preliminary.
The other separations series is not seasonally adjusted. In April,
there were 349,000 other separations for total nonfarm, 300,000 for
total private, and 49,000 for government. Compared to April 2009, the
number of other separations was little changed for total nonfarm,
total private, and government. (See table 10.)
The total separations level is influenced by the relative contribution
of its three components—quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations. The percentage of total separations at the total nonfarm
level attributable to the individual components has varied over time.
The proportion of quits had exceeded the proportion of layoffs and
discharges every month from the beginning of the series in December
2000 until November 2008 when layoffs and discharges became the larger
contributor to total separations. In April 2009, the proportion of
quits was 39 percent and began to rise, while the proportion of
layoffs and discharges reached a high of 56 percent and began to fall.
In February 2010, the relative contribution reversed again with the
proportion of quits (47 percent) slightly exceeding the proportion of
layoffs and discharges (46 percent). The difference between the
proportions for quits (50 percent) and layoffs and discharges (44
percent) increased in April 2010. (Computed using values from tables 3
and 4, and table B above.)
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Net Change in Employment
Over the 12 months ending in April, hires totaled 48.8 million and
separations totaled 50.2 million, yielding a net employment loss of
1.4 million.
____________________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for May 2010 are
scheduled to be released on Tuesday, July 13, 2010 at 10:00 a.m.
(EDT).
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Technical Note
The data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)
are collected and compiled monthly from a sample of business
establishments by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Collection
In a monthly survey of business establishments, data are
collected for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs
and discharges, and other separations. Data collection methods
include computer-assisted telephone interviewing, touchtone data
entry, fax, e-mail, and mail.
Coverage
The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments such
as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and
local government entities in the 50 states and the District of
Columbia.
Concepts
Industry classification. The industry classifications in this
release are in accordance with the 2007 version of the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS). In order to
ensure the highest possible quality of data, State Workforce
Agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the
industry code, location, and ownership classification of all
establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment
characteristics resulting from the verification process are always
introduced into the JOLTS sampling frame with the data reported for
the first month of the year.
Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who
worked or received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th
day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-
term, seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay
period, are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and
consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by the
establishment where they are working.
Job openings. Establishments submit job openings information for
the last business day of the reference month. A job opening
requires that: 1) a specific position exists and there is work
available for that position, 2) work could start within 30 days
regardless of whether a suitable candidate is found, and 3) the
employer is actively recruiting from outside the establishment to
fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent,
short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that
the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by advertising
in newspapers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs,
accepting applications, or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions,
demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are
jobs with start dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for
which employees have been hired but have not yet reported for work,
and jobs to be filled by employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants.
The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job
openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying
that quotient by 100.
Hires. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll
occurring at any time during the reference month, including both
new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the
location after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or
intermittent employees who returned to work after having been
formally separated, and transfers from other locations. The hires
count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting
site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help
agencies or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or
consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of
hires by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
Separations. Separations are the total number of terminations of
employment occurring at any time during the reference month, and
are reported by type of separation--quits, layoffs and discharges,
and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations
initiated by the employer and include layoffs with no intent to
rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last more than 7
days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or closings;
firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or
short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal employees.
Other separations include retirements, transfers to other
locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. Separations
do not include transfers within the same location or employees on
strike.
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of
separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are
computed similarly, dividing the number by employment and
multiplying by 100.
Annual estimates. Annual estimates of rates and levels
- 6 -
of hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total
separations are released with the January news release each year.
The JOLTS annual level estimates for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. The annual rate estimates are
computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying
that quotient by 100. This figure will be approximately equal to
the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Note that both the JOLTS and CES
annual levels are rounded to the nearest thousand before the annual
estimates are calculated. Consistent with BLS practices, annual
estimates are published only for not seasonally adjusted data.
Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings because job
openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last
business day of each month. Only jobs still open on the last day
of the month are counted. For the same reason job openings cannot
be cumulated throughout each month, annual figures for job openings
cannot be created by summing the monthly estimates. Hires and
separations are flow measures and are cumulated over the month with
a total reported for the month. Therefore, the annual figures can
be created by summing the monthly estimates.
Special Collection Procedures
An implied measure of employment change can be derived from the
JOLTS data by subtracting separations from hires for a given
month. Aggregating these monthly changes historically produced
employment levels that overstated employment change as measured by
CES at the total nonfarm level. Research into this problem showed
that a significant amount of the divergence between the CES
employment levels and the derived JOLTS employment levels was
traceable to the Employment Services industry and to the State
Government Education industry. In the former industry, businesses
have a difficult time reporting hires and separations of temporary
help workers. In the latter industry, employers have difficulty
reporting hires and separations of student workers. BLS now
devotes additional resources to the collection, editing, and review
of data for these industries. BLS analysts more closely examine
reported data that do not provide a consistent picture over time,
and re-contact the respondents as necessary. Analysts work with
the respondents to adjust their reporting practices as possible.
Units that cannot be reconciled but are clearly incorrect on a
consistent basis are not used, they are replaced by imputed values
using standard techniques.
Sample and estimation methodology
The JOLTS survey design is a random sample of 16,000 nonfarm
business establishments, including factories, offices, and stores,
as well as federal, state, and local governments in the 50 states
and the District of Columbia. The establishments are drawn from a
universe of over 9.1 million establishments compiled as part of the
operations of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW)
program. This program includes all employers subject to state
Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws and federal agencies subject to
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry
sector, and size class. The JOLTS sample is constructed from
individual panels of sample units drawn on an annual basis. The
full annual sample consists of one certainty panel composed of only
large units selected with virtual certainty based on their size and
24 non-certainty panels. Each month a new non-certainty panel is
rolled into collection, and the oldest non-certainty panel is
rolled out. This means that at any given time the JOLTS sample is
constructed from panels from three different annual sampling
frames. The entire sample of old plus new panels is post-
stratified and re-weighted annually to represent the most recent
sampling frame. Additionally, the out-of-business establishments
are removed from the old panels. The annual sample is supplemented
with a quarterly sample of birth establishments (i.e., new
establishments) to better reflect the impact of younger
establishments in the JOLTS sample.
JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked monthly to the
employment estimates of the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.
JOLTS Business Birth/Death Model
As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as
current as its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an
establishment until its appearance on the sampling frame is
approximately one year. In addition, many of these new units may
fail within the first year. Since these universe units cannot be
reflected on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS sample
cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these
units during their early existence. BLS has developed a model to
estimate birth/death activity for current months by examining the
birth/death activity from previous years on the QCEW and projecting
forward to the present using an econometric technique known as X-12
ARIMA modeling. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS
data to estimate the amount of “churn” (hires and separations) that
exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines
the estimated churn with the projected employment change to
estimate the number of hires and separations taking place in these
units that cannot be measured through sampling.
- 7 -
The model-based estimate of total separations is distributed to
the three components – quits; layoffs and discharges; and other
separations - in proportion to their contribution to the sample-
based estimate of total separations. Additionally, job openings
for the modeled units are estimated by computing the ratio of
openings to hires in the collected data and applying that ratio to
the modeled hires. The estimates of job openings, hires, and
separations produced by the birth/death model are then added to the
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.
Seasonal adjustment
BLS seasonally adjusts several JOLTS series using the X-12-ARIMA
seasonal adjustment program. Seasonal adjustment is the process of
estimating and removing periodic fluctuations caused by events such
as weather, holidays, and the beginning and ending of the school
year. Seasonal adjustment makes it easier to observe fundamental
changes in the level of the series, particularly those associated
with general economic expansions and contractions. A concurrent
seasonal adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal
adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant
data, up to and including the data for the current month.
Alignment procedure
JOLTS hires minus separations should be comparable to the CES net
employment change. However, definitional differences as well as
sampling and non-sampling errors between the two surveys
historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit
the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires and
separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly Alignment Method.
The Monthly Alignment Method applies the CES employment trends to
the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while
preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two
series are seasonally adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS
implied employment trend and the CES net employment change is
calculated. Next, the JOLTS implied employment trend is adjusted to
equal the CES net employment change through a proportional
adjustment. This proportional adjustment procedure adjusts the two
components (hires, separations) proportionally to their
contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). For
example, if hires are 40 percent of the churn for a given month,
they will receive 40 percent of the needed adjustment and
separations will receive 60 percent of the needed adjustment. The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the monthly alignment method has been used to
adjust the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the
adjusted levels. The Monthly Alignment procedure assures a close
match of the JOLTS implied employment trend with the CES trend. The
CES series is considered a highly accurate measure of net
employment change owing to its very large sample size and annual
benchmarking to universe counts of employment from the QCEW
program.
Using JOLTS data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are
relatively new. The full sample is divided into panels, with one
panel enrolled each month. A full complement of panels for the
original data series based on the 1987 Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system was not completely enrolled in the
survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of
establishments needed to create NAICS estimates were not completely
enrolled until May 2003. The data collected up until those points
are from less than a full sample. Therefore, estimates from
earlier months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units
were reporting data at that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and
separations data were revised to address possible underreporting.
As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior
to March 2002 may not be comparable to estimates for March 2002 and
later.
The federal government reorganization that involved transferring
approximately 180,000 employees to the new Department of Homeland
Security is not reflected in the JOLTS hires and separations
estimates for the federal government. The Office of Personnel
Management's record shows these transfers were completed in March
2003. The inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions of hires
and separations is intended to cover ongoing movements of workers
between establishments. The Department of Homeland Security
reorganization was a massive one-time event, and the inclusion of
these intergovernmental transfers would distort the federal
government time series.
JOLTS uses moving averages as seasonal filters in seasonal
adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and
multiplicative seasonal adjustment models and REGARIMA (regression
with autocorrelated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to
detect and adjust for outliers in the series.
Reliability of the estimates
JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample rather than the entire population is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ
from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular
sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard
error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at the
90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a
- 8 -
90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a
sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the
"true" population value because of sampling error. Estimates of
sampling errors are available upon request.
The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure
to include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain
data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by
respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the
data, and errors from the employment benchmark data used in
estimation.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD
message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010p 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010p
Total.................................... 2,475 2,456 2,531 2,854 2,647 2,785 3,078 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 2,108 2,113 2,130 2,471 2,266 2,363 2,693 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.4
Construction........................... 27 71 67 62 65 83 102 .4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.8
Manufacturing.......................... 108 155 171 154 167 180 189 .9 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 345 334 378 395 453 470 470 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9
Retail trade.......................... 211 207 237 255 297 305 301 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.0
Professional and business services..... 433 425 404 424 409 423 523 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.5 3.0
Education and health services.......... 506 537 545 624 502 536 573 2.6 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.5 2.7 2.9
Leisure and hospitality................ 337 236 227 268 285 257 300 2.5 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 24 23 20 19 19 24 34 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.8
Accommodation and food services....... 313 214 207 250 266 232 265 2.7 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.3
Government(6)........................... 367 343 401 383 381 421 385 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7
State and local government............. 311 249 294 256 246 262 256 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 495 482 547 585 542 599 696 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.7
South.................................. 897 859 943 986 916 945 1,005 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.1
Midwest................................ 504 553 495 613 566 573 642 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.1
West................................... 560 586 603 648 682 707 820 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.8
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus
job openings.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,
South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming.
p = preliminary.
Table 2. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010p 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010p
Total.................................... 4,182 4,160 3,997 4,087 4,011 4,331 4,304 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 3,795 3,878 3,715 3,790 3,710 3,970 3,946 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.7
Construction........................... 339 329 335 312 306 400 355 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.5 7.1 6.3
Manufacturing.......................... 248 259 244 289 267 279 300 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 891 847 849 822 821 897 867 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.5
Retail trade.......................... 646 554 547 584 572 646 602 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.2
Professional and business services..... 720 808 652 729 767 744 757 4.3 4.9 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.5
Education and health services.......... 470 512 496 487 470 503 508 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.6
Leisure and hospitality................ 691 693 657 715 652 712 720 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.5 5.0 5.5 5.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 93 111 94 102 88 114 126 4.9 5.9 5.0 5.4 4.6 6.0 6.6
Accommodation and food services....... 598 582 562 613 564 598 594 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.3
Government(6)........................... 387 282 282 297 301 360 358 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6
State and local government............. 244 247 254 254 258 268 251 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 697 758 746 836 733 837 775 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.1
South.................................. 1,625 1,555 1,463 1,449 1,381 1,618 1,662 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.5
Midwest................................ 871 896 900 936 965 1,073 1,093 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.7
West................................... 892 970 879 922 861 1,025 958 3.1 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.6 3.3
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 3. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010p 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010p
Total.................................... 4,651 4,130 4,195 4,155 3,969 4,048 4,000 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 4,396 3,846 3,884 3,858 3,663 3,743 3,706 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.4
Construction........................... 449 347 382 405 362 365 347 7.3 6.1 6.7 7.2 6.5 6.5 6.2
Manufacturing.......................... 378 285 273 276 260 245 245 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 986 853 901 856 806 866 818 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.3
Retail trade.......................... 674 544 567 577 551 620 558 4.6 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.8 4.3 3.9
Professional and business services..... 862 706 649 698 716 699 697 5.2 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.2
Education and health services.......... 474 486 486 457 440 455 478 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.5
Leisure and hospitality................ 723 716 688 709 621 677 687 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.5 4.8 5.2 5.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 112 116 109 111 78 119 114 5.8 6.1 5.8 5.9 4.1 6.3 6.0
Accommodation and food services....... 611 600 578 598 543 558 572 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.4 4.9 5.0 5.1
Government(6)........................... 256 284 311 296 306 305 294 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3
State and local government............. 235 249 283 269 273 268 253 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 725 728 817 789 730 821 702 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.8
South.................................. 1,641 1,531 1,499 1,561 1,459 1,423 1,434 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0
Midwest................................ 1,007 752 1,016 988 858 895 911 3.4 2.6 3.5 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.1
West................................... 1,123 894 1,061 1,034 954 920 971 3.9 3.1 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.4
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 4. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010p 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010p
Total.................................... 1,821 1,837 1,753 1,772 1,851 1,918 1,984 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 1,723 1,731 1,639 1,661 1,719 1,802 1,882 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7
Construction........................... 64 92 76 99 84 83 69 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2
Manufacturing.......................... 85 75 75 85 97 89 94 .7 .6 .7 .7 .8 .8 .8
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 384 413 392 368 432 424 457 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.8
Retail trade.......................... 277 276 291 266 333 316 343 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 2.3 2.2 2.4
Professional and business services..... 285 264 248 259 300 315 330 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.0
Education and health services.......... 240 262 271 248 237 253 298 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5
Leisure and hospitality................ 432 397 375 401 393 406 417 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 37 42 32 48 35 36 41 1.9 2.2 1.7 2.5 1.9 1.9 2.2
Accommodation and food services....... 395 355 344 353 358 371 376 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4
Government(6)........................... 99 106 114 112 132 117 101 .4 .5 .5 .5 .6 .5 .4
State and local government............. 95 101 106 106 121 105 93 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6 .5 .5
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 247 276 280 268 320 325 333 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3
South.................................. 682 757 722 736 755 750 761 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
Midwest................................ 400 377 391 380 421 438 449 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5
West................................... 426 446 382 362 434 406 420 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 5. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr.
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 2,703 2,707 3,434 2.0 2.1 2.6
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,318 2,288 3,031 2.1 2.1 2.8
Mining and Logging............................ 10 13 24 1.4 1.8 3.4
Construction.................................. 31 80 126 .5 1.5 2.2
Manufacturing................................. 112 166 198 .9 1.4 1.7
Durable goods................................ 53 101 128 .7 1.4 1.8
Nondurable goods............................. 59 65 70 1.3 1.4 1.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 350 481 496 1.4 1.9 2.0
Wholesale trade.............................. 78 133 104 1.4 2.3 1.8
Retail trade................................. 210 293 316 1.4 2.0 2.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 62 55 77 1.3 1.2 1.6
Information................................... 44 67 90 1.5 2.4 3.2
Financial activities.......................... 195 172 267 2.4 2.2 3.4
Finance and insurance........................ 152 152 222 2.6 2.6 3.8
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 42 20 44 2.1 1.0 2.2
Professional and business services............ 461 391 562 2.7 2.3 3.3
Education and health services................. 548 513 625 2.8 2.6 3.1
Educational services......................... 52 66 76 1.6 2.0 2.2
Health care and social assistance............ 496 447 550 3.0 2.7 3.3
Leisure and hospitality....................... 420 261 391 3.1 2.0 2.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 33 26 48 1.7 1.5 2.5
Accommodation and food services............. 387 235 343 3.4 2.1 3.0
Other services................................ 147 144 252 2.7 2.7 4.5
Government..................................... 385 419 403 1.6 1.8 1.7
Federal....................................... 67 170 143 2.3 5.5 4.6
State and local............................... 318 249 260 1.6 1.2 1.3
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 539 555 753 2.1 2.2 3.0
South......................................... 989 919 1,098 2.0 1.9 2.3
Midwest....................................... 559 558 683 1.8 1.9 2.3
West.......................................... 616 675 900 2.1 2.3 3.0
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a
percent of total employment plus job openings.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 6. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr.
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 4,577 4,055 4,768 3.5 3.1 3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 4,255 3,783 4,480 3.9 3.6 4.2
Mining and Logging............................ 16 25 31 2.3 3.6 4.5
Construction.................................. 475 419 502 7.9 7.9 9.1
Manufacturing................................. 247 265 306 2.1 2.3 2.6
Durable goods................................ 147 148 182 2.0 2.1 2.6
Nondurable goods............................. 100 117 124 2.2 2.6 2.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 942 879 943 3.8 3.6 3.9
Wholesale trade.............................. 144 140 179 2.6 2.5 3.2
Retail trade................................. 678 634 641 4.7 4.5 4.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 120 106 123 2.5 2.3 2.6
Information................................... 69 53 56 2.4 2.0 2.1
Financial activities.......................... 191 139 229 2.5 1.8 3.0
Finance and insurance........................ 99 95 149 1.7 1.7 2.6
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 92 44 80 4.6 2.3 4.2
Professional and business services............ 807 701 865 4.9 4.3 5.2
Education and health services................. 461 432 497 2.4 2.2 2.5
Educational services......................... 42 50 50 1.3 1.5 1.5
Health care and social assistance............ 420 382 446 2.6 2.3 2.7
Leisure and hospitality....................... 818 708 871 6.3 5.6 6.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 114 105 160 6.1 6.0 8.5
Accommodation and food services............. 704 602 711 6.3 5.5 6.4
Other services................................ 228 162 180 4.3 3.1 3.4
Government..................................... 321 271 287 1.4 1.2 1.3
Federal....................................... 141 88 104 4.9 3.0 3.5
State and local............................... 180 183 184 .9 .9 .9
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 812 683 801 3.3 2.8 3.2
South......................................... 1,772 1,496 1,793 3.7 3.2 3.8
Midwest....................................... 988 979 1,178 3.3 3.3 4.0
West.......................................... 1,005 898 995 3.5 3.1 3.5
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 7. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr.
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 4,817 3,361 4,115 3.7 2.6 3.2
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 4,628 3,172 3,902 4.3 3.0 3.6
Mining and Logging............................ 31 16 22 4.4 2.3 3.1
Construction.................................. 433 294 333 7.2 5.6 6.1
Manufacturing................................. 423 221 271 3.5 1.9 2.3
Durable goods................................ 290 120 148 3.9 1.7 2.1
Nondurable goods............................. 134 101 123 2.9 2.3 2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 1,012 724 836 4.1 3.0 3.4
Wholesale trade.............................. 170 121 145 3.0 2.2 2.6
Retail trade................................. 680 512 561 4.7 3.6 3.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 161 91 129 3.4 1.9 2.8
Information................................... 91 62 57 3.2 2.3 2.1
Financial activities.......................... 227 158 232 2.9 2.1 3.1
Finance and insurance........................ 139 106 163 2.4 1.9 2.9
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 88 52 69 4.4 2.7 3.6
Professional and business services............ 945 689 771 5.7 4.2 4.6
Education and health services................. 484 376 487 2.5 1.9 2.5
Educational services......................... 56 42 53 1.7 1.3 1.6
Health care and social assistance............ 428 333 434 2.7 2.0 2.7
Leisure and hospitality....................... 742 510 716 5.7 4.0 5.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 101 74 106 5.4 4.3 5.7
Accommodation and food services............. 641 436 609 5.8 4.0 5.5
Other services................................ 240 122 178 4.5 2.3 3.3
Government..................................... 188 189 214 .8 .8 .9
Federal....................................... 18 30 37 .6 1.0 1.3
State and local............................... 170 159 176 .8 .8 .9
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 784 654 693 3.1 2.7 2.8
South......................................... 1,849 1,218 1,566 3.9 2.6 3.3
Midwest....................................... 1,014 729 881 3.4 2.5 3.0
West.......................................... 1,169 761 975 4.0 2.7 3.4
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 8. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr.
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 1,913 1,633 2,137 1.5 1.3 1.6
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 1,834 1,551 2,058 1.7 1.5 1.9
Mining and Logging............................ 8 7 10 1.1 1.0 1.4
Construction.................................. 67 72 65 1.1 1.4 1.2
Manufacturing................................. 91 77 105 .8 .7 .9
Durable goods................................ 50 37 53 .7 .5 .8
Nondurable goods............................. 42 40 52 .9 .9 1.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 407 367 494 1.6 1.5 2.0
Wholesale trade.............................. 47 57 68 .8 1.0 1.2
Retail trade................................. 285 265 362 2.0 1.9 2.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 75 45 65 1.6 1.0 1.4
Information................................... 39 36 33 1.4 1.3 1.2
Financial activities.......................... 85 84 119 1.1 1.1 1.6
Finance and insurance........................ 53 62 80 .9 1.1 1.4
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 32 22 39 1.6 1.2 2.0
Professional and business services............ 290 314 367 1.7 1.9 2.2
Education and health services................. 242 211 308 1.3 1.1 1.6
Educational services......................... 23 25 33 .7 .8 1.0
Health care and social assistance............ 219 186 275 1.4 1.1 1.7
Leisure and hospitality....................... 458 315 450 3.5 2.5 3.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 33 21 38 1.8 1.2 2.0
Accommodation and food services............. 425 294 412 3.8 2.7 3.7
Other services................................ 146 69 106 2.7 1.3 2.0
Government..................................... 80 82 79 .3 .4 .3
Federal....................................... 4 9 8 .1 .3 .3
State and local............................... 76 72 72 .4 .4 .4
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 270 277 355 1.1 1.1 1.4
South......................................... 776 650 858 1.6 1.4 1.8
Midwest....................................... 417 373 478 1.4 1.3 1.6
West.......................................... 450 333 447 1.5 1.2 1.5
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 9. Layoffs and discharges levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr.
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 2,546 1,428 1,629 1.9 1.1 1.3
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,477 1,362 1,544 2.3 1.3 1.4
Mining and Logging............................ 20 7 10 2.9 1.1 1.4
Construction.................................. 343 204 241 5.7 3.9 4.4
Manufacturing................................. 308 123 138 2.6 1.1 1.2
Durable goods................................ 225 72 75 3.0 1.0 1.1
Nondurable goods............................. 83 51 63 1.8 1.1 1.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 493 305 276 2.0 1.2 1.1
Wholesale trade.............................. 112 54 71 2.0 1.0 1.3
Retail trade................................. 308 221 153 2.1 1.6 1.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 73 30 52 1.5 .6 1.1
Information................................... 45 19 21 1.6 .7 .8
Financial activities.......................... 116 57 73 1.5 .8 1.0
Finance and insurance........................ 75 32 49 1.3 .6 .9
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 40 25 24 2.0 1.3 1.2
Professional and business services............ 586 298 353 3.5 1.8 2.1
Education and health services................. 203 127 150 1.1 .6 .8
Educational services......................... 30 14 18 .9 .4 .6
Health care and social assistance............ 173 113 131 1.1 .7 .8
Leisure and hospitality....................... 270 171 228 2.1 1.4 1.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 67 52 67 3.6 3.0 3.6
Accommodation and food services............. 203 120 161 1.8 1.1 1.4
Other services................................ 93 51 55 1.7 1.0 1.0
Government..................................... 69 66 85 .3 .3 .4
Federal....................................... 6 12 19 .2 .4 .6
State and local............................... 63 54 66 .3 .3 .3
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 450 321 266 1.8 1.3 1.1
South......................................... 925 469 597 1.9 1.0 1.3
Midwest....................................... 524 308 323 1.8 1.1 1.1
West.......................................... 647 330 442 2.2 1.2 1.5
1 Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a
percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 10. Other separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr.
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 357 300 349 0.3 0.2 0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 318 259 300 .3 .2 .3
Mining and Logging............................ 3 2 2 .5 .3 .3
Construction.................................. 22 18 26 .4 .3 .5
Manufacturing................................. 24 21 28 .2 .2 .2
Durable goods................................ 15 10 20 .2 .1 .3
Nondurable goods............................. 9 11 8 .2 .2 .2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 112 52 66 .5 .2 .3
Wholesale trade.............................. 12 10 6 .2 .2 .1
Retail trade................................. 87 26 47 .6 .2 .3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 13 16 13 .3 .3 .3
Information................................... 7 7 4 .3 .3 .1
Financial activities.......................... 27 16 39 .3 .2 .5
Finance and insurance........................ 11 12 33 .2 .2 .6
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 16 4 6 .8 .2 .3
Professional and business services............ 69 77 51 .4 .5 .3
Education and health services................. 39 38 30 .2 .2 .2
Educational services......................... 3 3 2 .1 .1 .1
Health care and social assistance............ 36 35 27 .2 .2 .2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 14 24 38 .1 .2 .3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 1 2 1 .1 .1 .1
Accommodation and food services............. 13 23 36 .1 .2 .3
Other services................................ (4) 2 17 (4) (4) .3
Government..................................... 39 41 49 .2 .2 .2
Federal....................................... 8 9 11 .3 .3 .4
State and local............................... 31 33 38 .2 .2 .2
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 64 55 72 .3 .2 .3
South......................................... 148 100 111 .3 .2 .2
Midwest....................................... 73 47 80 .2 .2 .3
West.......................................... 72 98 86 .2 .3 .3
1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
4 Data round to zero.
p = preliminary.
United States Department of Labor
