For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Monday, June 10, 2019	USDL-19-0945

Technical information:  (202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – APRIL 2019

The number of job openings was little changed at 7.4 million on the last business day of April, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, hires edged up to 5.9 million, and separations 
were little changed at 5.6 million. Within separations, the quits rate was unchanged at 2.3 percent and 
the layoffs and discharges rate was little changed at 1.2 percent. This release includes estimates of the 
number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the nonfarm sector by industry and by four 
geographic regions.

Job Openings

On the last business day of April, the job openings level was little changed at 7.4 million. The job 
openings rate was 4.7 percent. The number of job openings was little changed for total private and for 
government. The job openings level increased in federal government (+22,000) and educational services 
(+20,000). Job openings decreased in professional and business services (-172,000). The number of job 
openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.)

Hires

The number of hires edged up to a series high of 5.9 million (+240,000) in April. The hires rate was 3.9 
percent. The hires level edged up for total private (+217,000) and was little changed for government. 
Hires increased in real estate and rental and leasing (+34,000). The number of hires was little changed in 
all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations was little changed at 5.6 million in April. The total separations rate 
was 3.7 percent. The number of total separations was little changed for total private and for government. 
The total separations level increased in real estate and rental and leasing (+43,000) but decreased in 
federal government (-10,000). The number of total separations was little changed in all four regions. 
(See table 3.)

The number of quits was little changed in April at 3.5 million. The quits rate was 2.3 percent. The quits 
level was little changed for total private and for government. Quits increased in real estate and rental and 
leasing (+28,000) and in state and local government, excluding education (+13,000), but decreased in 
federal government (-8,000). The number of quits decreased in the Northeast region. (See table 4.)

The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in April at 1.8 million. The layoffs and 
discharges rate was 1.2 percent. The layoffs and discharges level was little changed for total private and 
for government. The number of layoffs and discharges increased in real estate and rental and leasing 
(+15,000). The layoffs and discharges level was little changed in all four regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in April. The other separations level was little 
changed for total private and for government. Other separations increased in accommodation and food 
services (+14,000). The number of other separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising. Over the 12 months ending in April, hires totaled 69.6 million and 
separations totaled 66.8 million, yielding a net employment gain of 2.8 million. These totals include 
workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for May 2019 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, July 9, 2019 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	7,106	7,474	7,449	5,694	5,697	5,937	5,467	5,508	5,578
Total private	6,497	6,772	6,726	5,334	5,345	5,562	5,128	5,171	5,234
Mining and logging(1)	37	28	33	43	39	29	36	38	35
Construction(1)	258	364	404	367	364	406	330	350	375
Manufacturing	451	461	501	367	357	360	346	364	352
Durable goods(1)	288	304	322	217	190	204	195	204	199
Nondurable goods(1)	163	158	180	149	167	156	151	161	153
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,571	1,385	1,469	1,136	1,094	1,144	1,121	1,115	1,120
Wholesale trade	192	220	259	131	134	155	136	138	137
Retail trade	1,032	825	837	772	725	750	767	738	764
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	348	340	373	233	235	240	218	239	219
Information(1)	198	137	131	92	95	86	94	91	97
Financial activities	328	356	365	199	191	234	200	172	225
Finance and insurance	227	234	232	131	131	141	125	120	132
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	102	122	132	68	60	94	75	51	94
Professional and business services	1,232	1,413	1,241	1,157	1,173	1,233	1,102	1,150	1,139
Education and health services	1,249	1,355	1,375	680	720	728	643	683	651
Educational services(1)	110	111	131	102	93	102	93	91	90
Health care and social assistance	1,139	1,244	1,244	578	627	626	550	592	561
Leisure and hospitality	974	1,035	1,004	1,070	1,106	1,124	1,037	1,014	1,053
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	106	106	105	190	171	163	184	132	145
Accommodation and food services	868	929	899	880	935	961	854	882	908
Other services	199	238	203	224	205	218	220	193	186
Government	609	702	723	359	352	375	339	337	344
Federal(1)	83	117	139	39	39	41	35	41	31
State and local	526	585	584	320	313	334	304	297	313
State and local education	187	228	225	158	170	169	160	156	160
State and local, excluding education(1)	339	357	359	162	144	165	144	140	153
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	4.6	4.7	4.7	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.7
Total private	4.9	5.0	5.0	4.2	4.2	4.3	4.1	4.0	4.1
Mining and logging(1)	4.9	3.5	4.1	6.0	5.2	3.8	5.0	5.1	4.7
Construction(1)	3.4	4.7	5.1	5.1	4.9	5.4	4.6	4.7	5.0
Manufacturing	3.4	3.5	3.8	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.8	2.7
Durable goods(1)	3.5	3.6	3.8	2.7	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
Nondurable goods(1)	3.3	3.2	3.6	3.2	3.5	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5.4	4.7	5.0	4.1	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.0	4.0
Wholesale trade	3.2	3.6	4.2	2.3	2.3	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.3
Retail trade	6.1	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.6	4.7	4.8	4.7	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	5.5	5.3	5.8	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.7	3.9	3.6
Information(1)	6.5	4.6	4.4	3.2	3.4	3.0	3.3	3.2	3.4
Financial activities	3.7	4.0	4.0	2.3	2.2	2.7	2.3	2.0	2.6
Finance and insurance	3.5	3.6	3.5	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.0	1.9	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	4.3	5.0	5.4	3.0	2.6	4.0	3.3	2.2	4.0
Professional and business services	5.6	6.2	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.8	5.3	5.4	5.3
Education and health services	5.0	5.3	5.4	2.9	3.0	3.0	2.7	2.8	2.7
Educational services(1)	2.9	2.9	3.4	2.8	2.5	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.4
Health care and social assistance	5.4	5.8	5.8	2.9	3.1	3.1	2.8	2.9	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	5.6	5.8	5.7	6.6	6.6	6.7	6.4	6.1	6.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	4.3	4.1	4.0	8.0	6.9	6.5	7.7	5.3	5.8
Accommodation and food services	5.9	6.1	5.9	6.3	6.6	6.8	6.1	6.2	6.4
Other services	3.3	3.9	3.3	3.8	3.5	3.7	3.8	3.3	3.1
Government	2.6	3.0	3.1	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.5
Federal(1)	2.9	4.0	4.7	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.3	1.5	1.1
State and local	2.6	2.9	2.9	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.6
State and local education	1.8	2.1	2.1	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.5
State and local, excluding education(1)	3.6	3.7	3.7	1.8	1.6	1.8	1.6	1.5	1.7
Footnotes (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical. (p) Preliminary

Technical Note


This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects
and compiles JOLTS data monthly from a sample of nonfarm
establishments. A more detailed discussion of JOLTS concepts and
methodology is available online at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch18.pdf.

Coverage and collection

The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. Data are collected for total employment, job
openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and
total separations.

Concepts

Industry classification.  The industry classifications in this release
are in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or
received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the
reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term,
seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period,
are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are
counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where
they are working.

Job openings.  Job openings information is collected for the last
business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that: 1) a
specific position exists and there is work available for that
position, 2) work could start within 30 days whether or not the
employer found a suitable candidate, and 3) the employer is actively
recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position.
Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal
openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking
steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the
Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using
other similar methods.

Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions,
or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start
dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have
been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled
by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed
by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires.  The hires level is the total number of additions to the
payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including
both new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent
employees who returned to work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include
transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning
from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing
companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is
computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying
that quotient by 100.

Separations.  The separations level is the total number of employment
terminations occurring at any time during the reference month, and is
reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations. (Some respondents are only able to report total
separations.) The quits count includes voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). The layoffs and discharges count is comprised of
involuntary separations initiated by the employer and includes layoffs
with no intent to rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last
more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of
permanent or short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal
employees. The other separations count includes retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. The
separations count does not include transfers within the same location
or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing
the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient
by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates
are computed similarly.

Annual estimates.  Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing
the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual
average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This
figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates.
Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published only for
not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news
release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job
openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time,
measurement for the last business day of each month.

Sample and estimation methodology

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 16,000
nonfarm business and government establishments. The sample is
stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment
size class. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.1
million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state
unemployment insurance laws and federal agencies subject to the
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted,
monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates of the CES survey.
A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for
all other JOLTS data elements.

JOLTS business birth/death model

As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as current as
its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an establishment
until its appearance on the sampling frame is approximately one year.
In addition, many of these new units may fail within the first year.
Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the sampling frame
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and
separations from these units during their early existence. To
compensate for the inability to capture data from these
establishments, BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses birth
and death activity from previous years. The estimates of job openings,
hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to
the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.

Seasonal adjustment

BLS uses X-13 ARIMA to seasonally adjust several JOLTS series
utilizing moving averages as seasonal filters. A concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment
factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and
including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both
additive and multiplicative models and REGARIMA (regression with auto-
correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors
at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for
outliers in the series.

Alignment procedure

The JOLTS measures for hires minus separations can be used to derive a
measure of net employment change. This change should be comparable to
the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. However,
definitional differences as well as sampling and nonsampling errors
between the two surveys historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES
over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the
JOLTS hires and separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly
Alignment Method.

This method applies the CES employment trends to the seasonally
adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus separations)
forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the
seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two series are seasonally
adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS implied employment
change and the CES net employment change is calculated. Next, the
JOLTS implied employment change is adjusted to equal the CES net
employment change through a proportional adjustment. This procedure
adjusts the two components (hires, separations) proportionally to
their contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the Monthly Alignment Method has been used to adjust
the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the adjusted
levels.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling
error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS
analysis is generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling
error. Sampling error estimates are available at 
www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to
include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from
all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents
to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors
from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	7,106	7,479	7,625	7,142	7,474	7,449	4.6	4.7	4.8	4.5	4.7	4.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,497	6,860	6,929	6,437	6,772	6,726	4.9	5.1	5.1	4.8	5.0	5.0
Mining and logging(3)	37	29	38	27	28	33	4.9	3.8	4.8	3.5	3.5	4.1
Construction(3)	258	299	313	287	364	404	3.4	3.9	4.0	3.7	4.7	5.1
Manufacturing	451	435	458	480	461	501	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.5	3.8
Durable goods(3)	288	298	295	305	304	322	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.8
Nondurable goods(3)	163	137	163	175	158	180	3.3	2.8	3.3	3.5	3.2	3.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,571	1,482	1,454	1,340	1,385	1,469	5.4	5.1	5.0	4.6	4.7	5.0
Wholesale trade	192	178	264	220	220	259	3.2	2.9	4.3	3.6	3.6	4.2
Retail trade	1,032	986	881	861	825	837	6.1	5.9	5.3	5.2	5.0	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	348	318	309	258	340	373	5.5	5.0	4.8	4.1	5.3	5.8
Information(3)	198	123	136	133	137	131	6.5	4.2	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.4
Financial activities	328	380	433	334	356	365	3.7	4.2	4.8	3.7	4.0	4.0
Finance and insurance	227	317	291	268	234	232	3.5	4.8	4.4	4.1	3.6	3.5
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	102	63	142	65	122	132	4.3	2.7	5.8	2.8	5.0	5.4
Professional and business services	1,232	1,391	1,472	1,424	1,413	1,241	5.6	6.1	6.5	6.3	6.2	5.5
Education and health services	1,249	1,348	1,372	1,212	1,355	1,375	5.0	5.3	5.4	4.8	5.3	5.4
Educational services(3)	110	91	117	100	111	131	2.9	2.4	3.0	2.6	2.9	3.4
Health care and social assistance	1,139	1,258	1,254	1,112	1,244	1,244	5.4	5.9	5.8	5.2	5.8	5.8
Leisure and hospitality	974	1,102	1,077	988	1,035	1,004	5.6	6.2	6.1	5.6	5.8	5.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	106	154	109	106	106	105	4.3	5.9	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.0
Accommodation and food services	868	948	969	882	929	899	5.9	6.3	6.4	5.9	6.1	5.9
Other services	199	271	175	214	238	203	3.3	4.4	2.9	3.5	3.9	3.3
Government	609	619	696	705	702	723	2.6	2.7	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.1
Federal(3)	83	87	121	130	117	139	2.9	3.0	4.1	4.5	4.0	4.7
State and local	526	532	576	575	585	584	2.6	2.6	2.8	2.8	2.9	2.9
State and local education	187	229	226	224	228	225	1.8	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1
State and local, excluding education(3)	339	304	350	350	357	359	3.6	3.2	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7
REGION(4)
Northeast	1,210	1,230	1,281	1,201	1,224	1,194	4.2	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.2	4.1
South	2,585	2,848	2,836	2,698	2,846	2,814	4.6	4.9	4.9	4.7	4.9	4.9
Midwest	1,711	1,767	1,827	1,641	1,729	1,787	5.0	5.1	5.2	4.7	5.0	5.1
West	1,600	1,634	1,681	1,602	1,675	1,653	4.5	4.5	4.6	4.4	4.6	4.5
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	5,694	5,717	5,829	5,695	5,697	5,937	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,334	5,353	5,434	5,333	5,345	5,562	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.3
Mining and logging	43	39	35	35	39	29	6.0	5.1	4.6	4.6	5.2	3.8
Construction	367	399	433	367	364	406	5.1	5.4	5.8	4.9	4.9	5.4
Manufacturing	367	351	377	351	357	360	2.9	2.7	2.9	2.7	2.8	2.8
Durable goods	217	186	190	192	190	204	2.7	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.5
Nondurable goods	149	165	187	159	167	156	3.2	3.5	3.9	3.3	3.5	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,136	1,176	1,127	1,143	1,094	1,144	4.1	4.2	4.0	4.1	3.9	4.1
Wholesale trade	131	151	138	147	134	155	2.3	2.6	2.3	2.5	2.3	2.6
Retail trade	772	802	748	744	725	750	4.9	5.1	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	233	224	241	252	235	240	3.9	3.7	4.0	4.1	3.9	3.9
Information	92	80	82	85	95	86	3.2	2.8	2.9	3.0	3.4	3.0
Financial activities	199	201	192	197	191	234	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.7
Finance and insurance	131	133	112	133	131	141	2.1	2.1	1.8	2.1	2.1	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	68	67	80	64	60	94	3.0	2.9	3.5	2.8	2.6	4.0
Professional and business services	1,157	1,144	1,120	1,175	1,173	1,233	5.5	5.4	5.3	5.5	5.5	5.8
Education and health services	680	717	724	715	720	728	2.9	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0
Educational services	102	124	113	99	93	102	2.8	3.3	3.0	2.6	2.5	2.7
Health care and social assistance	578	593	611	617	627	626	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.0	3.1	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,070	1,037	1,116	1,079	1,106	1,124	6.6	6.3	6.7	6.5	6.6	6.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	190	154	181	178	171	163	8.0	6.3	7.3	7.2	6.9	6.5
Accommodation and food services	880	883	935	901	935	961	6.3	6.3	6.6	6.4	6.6	6.8
Other services	224	209	228	186	205	218	3.8	3.6	3.9	3.2	3.5	3.7
Government	359	364	395	362	352	375	1.6	1.6	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.7
Federal	39	36	35	36	39	41	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.5
State and local	320	328	360	326	313	334	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.7
State and local education	158	176	184	169	170	169	1.5	1.7	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.6
State and local, excluding education	162	152	176	157	144	165	1.8	1.6	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	859	871	879	884	895	933	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.4
South	2,268	2,204	2,334	2,360	2,342	2,357	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.3	4.3	4.3
Midwest	1,266	1,324	1,300	1,258	1,195	1,306	3.9	4.0	3.9	3.8	3.6	3.9
West	1,301	1,318	1,316	1,193	1,265	1,341	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.4	3.6	3.8
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	5,467	5,469	5,532	5,576	5,508	5,578	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,128	5,122	5,146	5,206	5,171	5,234	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.0	4.1
Mining and logging	36	34	31	37	38	35	5.0	4.5	4.1	4.9	5.1	4.7
Construction	330	369	387	364	350	375	4.6	5.0	5.2	4.9	4.7	5.0
Manufacturing	346	342	355	347	364	352	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.8	2.7
Durable goods	195	175	174	192	204	199	2.5	2.2	2.2	2.4	2.5	2.5
Nondurable goods	151	167	180	154	161	153	3.2	3.5	3.8	3.2	3.4	3.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,121	1,134	1,098	1,114	1,115	1,120	4.1	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.0	4.0
Wholesale trade	136	143	141	141	138	137	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.3
Retail trade	767	765	735	720	738	764	4.8	4.8	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	218	226	222	253	239	219	3.7	3.7	3.6	4.2	3.9	3.6
Information	94	87	93	89	91	97	3.3	3.1	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.4
Financial activities	200	180	184	182	172	225	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.6
Finance and insurance	125	131	113	140	120	132	2.0	2.1	1.8	2.2	1.9	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	75	49	71	42	51	94	3.3	2.1	3.1	1.8	2.2	4.0
Professional and business services	1,102	1,116	1,085	1,122	1,150	1,139	5.3	5.3	5.1	5.3	5.4	5.3
Education and health services	643	652	662	710	683	651	2.7	2.7	2.8	3.0	2.8	2.7
Educational services	93	101	87	110	91	90	2.5	2.7	2.3	2.9	2.4	2.4
Health care and social assistance	550	551	575	600	592	561	2.8	2.7	2.8	3.0	2.9	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	1,037	1,007	1,043	1,044	1,014	1,053	6.4	6.1	6.3	6.3	6.1	6.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	184	153	151	166	132	145	7.7	6.3	6.1	6.7	5.3	5.8
Accommodation and food services	854	853	892	878	882	908	6.1	6.0	6.3	6.2	6.2	6.4
Other services	220	201	208	197	193	186	3.8	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.1
Government	339	347	386	370	337	344	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.5
Federal	35	44	32	36	41	31	1.3	1.6	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.1
State and local	304	304	353	335	297	313	1.5	1.5	1.8	1.7	1.5	1.6
State and local education	160	163	182	172	156	160	1.5	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.5
State and local, excluding education	144	141	172	162	140	153	1.6	1.5	1.9	1.8	1.5	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	855	820	770	779	856	804	3.1	3.0	2.8	2.8	3.1	2.9
South	2,170	2,197	2,280	2,378	2,315	2,315	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.2
Midwest	1,176	1,231	1,224	1,203	1,160	1,212	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.6
West	1,267	1,221	1,258	1,216	1,177	1,246	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.6
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	3,339	3,391	3,483	3,447	3,461	3,482	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,154	3,205	3,282	3,259	3,278	3,300	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.6
Mining and logging	21	22	19	21	23	19	2.9	2.9	2.5	2.7	3.0	2.5
Construction	164	185	185	184	149	156	2.3	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.0	2.1
Manufacturing	205	211	212	211	222	218	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7
Durable goods	113	111	110	118	118	125	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.6
Nondurable goods	92	100	101	93	104	93	1.9	2.1	2.1	1.9	2.2	1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	692	715	727	729	738	722	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.6
Wholesale trade	83	89	87	88	102	94	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.6
Retail trade	485	493	512	494	500	500	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.1	3.2	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	124	133	128	147	137	129	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.4	2.2	2.1
Information	47	43	51	48	52	57	1.7	1.5	1.8	1.7	1.8	2.0
Financial activities	100	106	102	97	104	145	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.7
Finance and insurance	47	76	64	75	67	79	0.7	1.2	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.3
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	53	31	38	22	37	65	2.4	1.3	1.7	0.9	1.6	2.8
Professional and business services	678	649	664	645	656	639	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.0
Education and health services	423	448	433	461	467	429	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.8
Educational services	52	52	39	58	47	48	1.4	1.4	1.0	1.6	1.3	1.3
Health care and social assistance	371	397	394	403	420	381	1.9	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.1	1.9
Leisure and hospitality	702	706	753	748	735	756	4.3	4.3	4.5	4.5	4.4	4.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	68	56	74	80	82	79	2.9	2.3	3.0	3.2	3.3	3.2
Accommodation and food services	634	650	679	668	653	677	4.6	4.6	4.8	4.7	4.6	4.8
Other services	122	120	137	114	132	159	2.1	2.0	2.3	1.9	2.2	2.7
Government	185	186	201	188	184	182	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8
Federal	16	20	14	17	22	14	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.5
State and local	169	166	187	171	162	168	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.9
State and local education	88	89	105	96	94	86	0.8	0.8	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.8
State and local, excluding education	80	77	82	75	68	81	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.9
REGION(4)
Northeast	469	464	441	425	513	451	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.8	1.6
South	1,351	1,423	1,448	1,489	1,425	1,481	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.7
Midwest	733	744	797	754	757	772	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.3
West	786	760	797	779	767	778	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.2
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	1,788	1,751	1,695	1,784	1,693	1,752	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,697	1,653	1,562	1,664	1,601	1,648	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.3
Mining and logging	14	10	11	14	15	16	1.9	1.3	1.4	1.8	1.9	2.1
Construction	155	164	181	169	181	197	2.1	2.2	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.6
Manufacturing	121	111	123	118	122	113	1.0	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.9
Durable goods	68	51	52	61	76	63	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.9	0.8
Nondurable goods	53	60	70	56	46	49	1.1	1.3	1.5	1.2	1.0	1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	357	360	305	324	326	358	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.3
Wholesale trade(3)	41	45	43	42	30	36	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.6
Retail trade	236	230	179	190	207	243	1.5	1.5	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	80	85	82	92	88	78	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.3
Information	42	38	32	30	24	26	1.5	1.3	1.1	1.1	0.8	0.9
Financial activities	73	58	57	48	32	54	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.6
Finance and insurance	53	44	33	31	22	29	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	20	14	24	17	10	25	0.9	0.6	1.0	0.7	0.4	1.1
Professional and business services	360	406	358	423	422	424	1.7	1.9	1.7	2.0	2.0	2.0
Education and health services	175	155	175	193	164	175	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7
Educational services	33	42	42	46	38	37	0.9	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.0
Health care and social assistance	143	112	133	147	126	138	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	317	279	263	274	262	267	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	113	96	74	84	48	64	4.7	3.9	3.0	3.4	1.9	2.6
Accommodation and food services	204	183	189	189	214	202	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.4
Other services	84	73	59	72	54	20	1.4	1.2	1.0	1.2	0.9	0.3
Government	91	98	132	120	92	104	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.5
Federal	7	9	10	6	7	7	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local	84	89	122	114	86	97	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.4	0.5
State and local education	48	51	53	53	38	50	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5
State and local, excluding education	36	38	70	61	48	47	0.4	0.4	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.5
REGION(4)
Northeast	311	303	280	282	291	304	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1
South	692	649	676	750	748	699	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.3
Midwest	385	407	365	385	331	376	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.1
West	399	392	374	368	322	373	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.9	1.1
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Dec. 2018	Jan. 2019	Feb. 2019	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	340	327	355	346	354	344	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	277	263	302	284	293	287	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	2	2	1	3	1	1	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1
Construction(3)	10	21	21	11	21	22	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
Manufacturing	21	19	21	18	21	22	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	14	13	12	13	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
Nondurable goods(3)	7	6	9	5	11	12	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	72	59	66	61	51	40	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wholesale trade	12	8	11	10	6	7	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	45	41	43	36	30	21	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	15	9	12	14	15	13	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Information(3)	5	6	11	11	15	14	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5
Financial activities	27	15	25	37	35	27	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.3
Finance and insurance	25	11	16	34	31	24	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	2	4	9	3	5	4	0.1	0.2	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	63	61	63	55	72	76	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4
Education and health services	44	49	54	55	52	47	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	8	7	6	6	5	5	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance(3)	36	42	48	49	46	42	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	19	22	28	22	18	30	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	3	1	3	1	3	2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.1
Accommodation and food services(3)	16	21	25	21	14	28	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other services(3)	14	9	13	10	7	7	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Government	64	64	53	62	61	58	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	13	15	8	13	12	10	0.4	0.5	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.3
State and local	51	49	44	49	49	48	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	24	23	24	23	25	23	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	27	25	20	26	24	25	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	75	53	49	72	53	49	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
South	127	125	157	139	142	135	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
Midwest	58	80	62	64	72	64	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	81	70	87	70	87	96	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	7,611	7,383	7,858	4.9	4.7	4.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	7,011	6,698	7,150	5.3	5.0	5.3
Mining and logging	37	28	33	4.9	3.6	4.2
Construction	258	364	404	3.5	4.8	5.2
Manufacturing	451	461	501	3.5	3.5	3.8
Durable goods	288	304	322	3.5	3.6	3.8
Nondurable goods	163	158	180	3.4	3.2	3.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,590	1,279	1,442	5.5	4.4	5.0
Wholesale trade	207	215	275	3.4	3.5	4.4
Retail trade	1,035	724	795	6.2	4.4	4.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	348	340	373	5.6	5.3	5.8
Information	198	137	131	6.5	4.6	4.4
Financial activities	367	338	399	4.1	3.8	4.4
Finance and insurance	266	216	267	4.1	3.3	4.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	102	122	132	4.4	5.1	5.4
Professional and business services	1,328	1,409	1,327	6.0	6.3	5.8
Education and health services	1,370	1,324	1,499	5.5	5.2	5.8
Educational services	110	111	131	2.7	2.8	3.2
Health care and social assistance	1,260	1,213	1,368	6.0	5.6	6.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,168	1,079	1,180	6.8	6.2	6.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	154	121	151	6.3	5.0	5.9
Accommodation and food services	1,013	958	1,029	6.8	6.4	6.8
Other services	245	278	235	4.0	4.5	3.8
Government	600	686	708	2.6	2.9	3.0
Federal	83	117	139	2.9	4.0	4.7
State and local	517	569	569	2.5	2.8	2.8
State and local education	178	212	210	1.6	1.9	1.9
State and local, excluding education	339	357	359	3.6	3.8	3.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,285	1,205	1,250	4.5	4.2	4.3
South	2,791	2,816	2,984	4.9	4.9	5.1
Midwest	1,802	1,722	1,865	5.2	5.0	5.3
West	1,733	1,640	1,759	4.8	4.5	4.8
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	6,090	5,330	6,369	4.1	3.6	4.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,808	5,077	6,074	4.6	4.0	4.7
Mining and logging	47	37	32	6.6	4.9	4.3
Construction	510	358	569	7.1	5.0	7.7
Manufacturing	374	338	368	3.0	2.6	2.9
Durable goods	220	181	211	2.8	2.3	2.6
Nondurable goods	154	157	158	3.3	3.3	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,123	1,021	1,134	4.1	3.7	4.1
Wholesale trade	136	137	164	2.3	2.3	2.8
Retail trade	780	698	762	5.0	4.5	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	207	187	208	3.5	3.1	3.5
Information	92	86	84	3.2	3.1	3.0
Financial activities	210	178	252	2.5	2.1	2.9
Finance and insurance	124	124	138	2.0	2.0	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	86	55	115	3.9	2.4	5.0
Professional and business services	1,276	1,110	1,369	6.1	5.3	6.4
Education and health services	661	671	711	2.8	2.8	2.9
Educational services	77	60	75	2.0	1.5	1.9
Health care and social assistance	583	611	635	2.9	3.0	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,267	1,099	1,313	7.9	6.8	7.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	282	166	234	12.2	7.2	9.6
Accommodation and food services	986	932	1,080	7.1	6.7	7.6
Other services	249	179	241	4.3	3.0	4.1
Government	282	253	295	1.2	1.1	1.3
Federal	36	36	39	1.3	1.3	1.4
State and local	247	217	256	1.2	1.1	1.3
State and local education	84	95	88	0.8	0.9	0.8
State and local, excluding education	163	122	169	1.8	1.3	1.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	949	819	1,034	3.5	3.0	3.7
South	2,372	2,212	2,466	4.4	4.0	4.5
Midwest	1,383	1,146	1,433	4.2	3.5	4.3
West	1,387	1,153	1,437	4.0	3.3	4.1
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	5,263	4,883	5,383	3.5	3.3	3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,017	4,653	5,139	4.0	3.7	4.0
Mining and logging	37	37	37	5.2	5.0	5.0
Construction	314	315	354	4.4	4.4	4.8
Manufacturing	348	346	355	2.8	2.7	2.8
Durable goods	198	194	206	2.5	2.4	2.6
Nondurable goods	150	152	149	3.2	3.2	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,066	992	1,065	3.9	3.6	3.9
Wholesale trade	146	138	146	2.5	2.3	2.5
Retail trade	727	653	730	4.6	4.2	4.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	194	201	190	3.3	3.3	3.1
Information	94	80	98	3.3	2.8	3.5
Financial activities	211	161	239	2.5	1.9	2.8
Finance and insurance	134	112	142	2.1	1.8	2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	77	49	97	3.5	2.1	4.2
Professional and business services	1,095	1,078	1,153	5.3	5.1	5.4
Education and health services	618	624	626	2.6	2.6	2.6
Educational services	70	54	63	1.8	1.4	1.6
Health care and social assistance	548	570	563	2.8	2.8	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	1,021	853	1,025	6.3	5.2	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	184	101	133	8.0	4.4	5.5
Accommodation and food services	837	752	892	6.1	5.4	6.3
Other services	213	168	187	3.7	2.9	3.2
Government	245	230	244	1.1	1.0	1.1
Federal	32	38	27	1.2	1.4	1.0
State and local	213	191	217	1.1	1.0	1.1
State and local education	93	84	91	0.9	0.8	0.8
State and local, excluding education	119	107	126	1.3	1.2	1.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	810	718	756	3.0	2.6	2.7
South	2,132	2,080	2,285	3.9	3.8	4.1
Midwest	1,067	1,015	1,109	3.3	3.1	3.3
West	1,254	1,070	1,233	3.7	3.1	3.5
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	3,311	3,165	3,460	2.2	2.1	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,166	3,025	3,317	2.5	2.4	2.6
Mining and logging	21	21	18	2.9	2.9	2.5
Construction	172	134	157	2.4	1.9	2.1
Manufacturing	213	215	226	1.7	1.7	1.8
Durable goods	120	111	135	1.5	1.4	1.7
Nondurable goods	92	104	91	2.0	2.2	1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	694	695	724	2.5	2.5	2.6
Wholesale trade	91	102	102	1.6	1.7	1.7
Retail trade	477	463	492	3.0	3.0	3.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	126	130	131	2.2	2.2	2.2
Information	44	45	57	1.6	1.6	2.0
Financial activities	100	99	149	1.2	1.1	1.7
Finance and insurance	47	61	84	0.7	1.0	1.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	53	37	65	2.4	1.6	2.8
Professional and business services	674	617	636	3.2	2.9	3.0
Education and health services	424	438	429	1.8	1.8	1.8
Educational services	44	33	39	1.1	0.8	1.0
Health care and social assistance	380	405	389	1.9	2.0	1.9
Leisure and hospitality	701	640	759	4.3	3.9	4.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	55	66	64	2.4	2.9	2.6
Accommodation and food services	646	574	695	4.7	4.1	4.9
Other services	123	120	162	2.1	2.0	2.7
Government	145	140	143	0.6	0.6	0.6
Federal	16	21	14	0.6	0.8	0.5
State and local	129	119	129	0.6	0.6	0.6
State and local education	55	58	52	0.5	0.5	0.5
State and local, excluding education	74	61	77	0.8	0.7	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	466	454	450	1.7	1.6	1.6
South	1,364	1,315	1,501	2.5	2.4	2.7
Midwest	692	686	736	2.1	2.1	2.2
West	789	711	773	2.3	2.1	2.2
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	1,622	1,388	1,591	1.1	0.9	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,572	1,345	1,535	1.3	1.1	1.2
Mining and logging	15	14	18	2.0	1.9	2.5
Construction	132	160	175	1.8	2.2	2.4
Manufacturing	114	110	106	0.9	0.9	0.8
Durable goods	63	73	60	0.8	0.9	0.7
Nondurable goods	51	38	46	1.1	0.8	1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	297	253	301	1.1	0.9	1.1
Wholesale trade	41	30	36	0.7	0.5	0.6
Retail trade	204	166	218	1.3	1.1	1.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	52	56	46	0.9	0.9	0.8
Information	45	19	27	1.6	0.7	1.0
Financial activities	78	30	58	0.9	0.3	0.7
Finance and insurance	56	23	30	0.9	0.4	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	22	7	28	1.0	0.3	1.2
Professional and business services	362	385	443	1.7	1.8	2.1
Education and health services	152	137	152	0.6	0.6	0.6
Educational services	20	19	21	0.5	0.5	0.5
Health care and social assistance	132	118	132	0.7	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	301	196	236	1.9	1.2	1.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	125	32	67	5.4	1.4	2.8
Accommodation and food services	176	164	168	1.3	1.2	1.2
Other services	76	41	18	1.3	0.7	0.3
Government	50	43	56	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	4	6	4	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local	45	37	52	0.2	0.2	0.3
State and local education	24	14	25	0.2	0.1	0.2
State and local, excluding education	21	23	27	0.2	0.3	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	267	216	259	1.0	0.8	0.9
South	651	635	657	1.2	1.2	1.2
Midwest	321	266	315	1.0	0.8	1.0
West	383	271	360	1.1	0.8	1.0
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)	Apr. 2018	Mar. 2019	Apr. 2019(p)
Total	330	330	332	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	279	284	287	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	2	1	1	0.2	0.2	0.1
Construction	10	21	22	0.1	0.3	0.3
Manufacturing	22	21	23	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	15	10	11	0.2	0.1	0.1
Nondurable goods	7	11	12	0.1	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	75	45	40	0.3	0.2	0.1
Wholesale trade	14	6	7	0.2	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	46	24	20	0.3	0.2	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	15	15	13	0.3	0.2	0.2
Information	5	15	14	0.2	0.6	0.5
Financial activities	33	32	32	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finance and insurance	31	28	29	0.5	0.4	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	2	5	4	0.1	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	59	75	74	0.3	0.4	0.3
Education and health services	42	49	44	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	6	3	2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance	36	46	42	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	19	18	30	0.1	0.1	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	3	2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Accommodation and food services	16	14	28	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other services	14	7	7	0.2	0.1	0.1
Government	51	46	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Federal	12	11	9	0.4	0.4	0.3
State and local	38	35	36	0.2	0.2	0.2
State and local education	14	13	14	0.1	0.1	0.1
State and local, excluding education	24	23	22	0.3	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	77	49	47	0.3	0.2	0.2
South	118	129	127	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	54	64	58	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	81	88	100	0.2	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.