For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, July 9, 2013	USDL-13-1311

Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:   	(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov


                    JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – MAY 2013

There were 3.8 million job openings on the last business day of May, little changed from April, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The hires rate (3.3 percent) and separations rate (3.2 percent) 
also were little changed in May. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, 
hires, and separations for the nonfarm sector by industry and by geographic region.
  
Job Openings

The number of job openings in May was 3.8 million, little changed from April. (See table 1.) The number 
of job openings was little changed over the month in most industries but rose in retail trade and fell in 
professional and business services. The number of job openings rose in the Midwest but was essentially 
unchanged in the other three regions.

The number of job openings in May (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed over the year for total 
nonfarm, total private, and government. Several industries experienced an increase in job openings over 
the year, including retail trade; transportation, warehousing, and utilities; and finance and insurance. 
Industries experiencing a decrease in openings over the year were durable goods manufacturing and 
professional and business services. In the Midwest region, the number of job openings rose over the year. 
(See table 7.)

Hires

In May, there were 4.4 million hires; the hires rate was 3.3 percent. The hires rate was little changed in all 
industries and regions over the month. (See table 2.)

Over the 12 months ending in May, the number of hires (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed for 
total nonfarm, total private, government, and in all four regions. The number of hires was little changed 
over the year for most industries. The number of hires fell in mining and logging but rose in 
accommodation and food services. (See table 8.)

Separations

There were 4.3 million total separations in the month of May; essentially the same number as in April. 
The separations rate was 3.2 percent.

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations also is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations include separations 
due to retirement, death, and disability, as well as transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In May, the quits rate remained at 1.6 percent for total nonfarm and at 1.8 percent for total private. The 
rate for government was little changed at 0.6 percent. The quits rate also was little changed over the 
month for all industries and regions. (See table 4.)

The number of quits (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed over the 12 months ending in May for 
total nonfarm, total private, government, and in all four regions. Quits increased over the year for the 
educational services industry. (See table 10.)

The layoffs and discharges component of total separations is seasonally adjusted at the total nonfarm, 
total private, and government levels, and by region. The layoffs and discharges rate was unchanged in 
May at 1.3 percent. The rate also was unchanged for total private (1.4 percent) and government (0.4 
percent). The rate was little changed over the month in all four regions. (See table 5.)

The layoffs and discharges level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed over the 12 months ending 
in May for total nonfarm and total private but fell for government. Over the year, the number of layoffs 
and discharges fell in professional and business services, educational services, and state and local 
government. In the South region, the number of layoffs and discharges decreased. (See table 11.)

In May, there were 382,000 other separations for total nonfarm, essentially unchanged from the previous 
month. The number of other separations also was essentially unchanged over the month for total private 
and government. (See table 6.) Over the 12 months ending in May, the number of other separations also 
was little changed for total nonfarm, total private, and government. (See table 12.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising. Over the 12 months ending in May 2013, hires totaled 51.9 million 
and separations totaled 50.1 million, yielding a net employment gain of 1.8 million. These figures include 
workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.

____________	
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for June 2013 are scheduled to be released 
on Tuesday, August 6, 2013 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	3,774	3,800	3,828	4,526	4,395	4,441	4,447	4,287	4,323
Total private(1)	3,361	3,400	3,424	4,231	4,100	4,155	4,123	3,987	4,036
Construction	70	99	103	321	283	307	349	300	299
Manufacturing	302	243	236	261	222	236	248	224	247
Trade, transportation, and utilities(2)	608	715	806	882	868	893	849	857	886
Retail trade	364	455	537	589	598	625	594	604	619
Professional and business services	746	731	628	968	912	870	964	858	834
Education and health services(3)	701	662	645	541	544	527	480	518	517
Health care and social assistance	640	600	581	463	465	449	410	445	448
Leisure and hospitality	441	468	448	748	809	807	749	779	754
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	52	57	57	128	123	115	131	120	105
Accommodation and food services	389	410	391	621	686	692	618	659	649
Government(4)	414	401	405	296	295	287	324	300	287
State and local	346	330	341	265	262	258	292	256	250
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	2.7	2.7	2.7	3.4	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.2
Total private(1)	2.9	2.9	2.9	3.8	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.5	3.5
Construction	1.2	1.7	1.7	5.7	4.9	5.3	6.2	5.2	5.1
Manufacturing	2.5	2.0	1.9	2.2	1.9	2.0	2.1	1.9	2.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities(2)	2.3	2.7	3.0	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.4
Retail trade	2.4	2.9	3.4	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.1
Professional and business services	4.0	3.8	3.3	5.4	5.0	4.7	5.4	4.7	4.5
Education and health services(3)	3.3	3.1	3.0	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.5
Health care and social assistance	3.6	3.4	3.3	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.4	2.6	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	3.1	3.2	3.1	5.5	5.8	5.7	5.5	5.5	5.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2.6	2.8	2.7	6.5	6.1	5.7	6.7	6.0	5.2
Accommodation and food services	3.2	3.3	3.1	5.3	5.7	5.7	5.3	5.5	5.4
Government(4)	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.5	1.4	1.3
State and local	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.3	1.3
Footnotes (1) Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. (2) Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. (3) Includes educational services, not shown separately. (4) Includes federal government, not shown separately. (p) Preliminary

Technical Note


This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects
and compiles JOLTS data monthly from a sample of nonfarm
establishments. A more detailed discussion of JOLTS concepts and
methodology is available online at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch18.pdf.

Coverage and collection

The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. Data are collected for total employment, job
openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and
total separations.

Concepts

Industry classification.  The industry classifications in this release
are in accordance with the 2012 version of the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or
received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the
reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term,
seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period,
are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are
counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where
they are working.

Job openings.  Job openings information is collected for the last
business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that: 1) a
specific position exists and there is work available for that
position, 2) work could start within 30 days whether or not the
employer found a suitable candidate, and 3) the employer is actively
recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position.
Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal
openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking
steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the
Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using
other similar methods.

Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions,
or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start
dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have
been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled
by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed
by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires.  The hires level is the total number of additions to the
payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including
both new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent
employees who returned to work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include
transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning
from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing
companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is
computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying
that quotient by 100.

Separations.  The separations level is the total number of employment
terminations occurring at any time during the reference month, and is
reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations. (Some respondents are only able to report total
separations.) The quits count includes voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). The layoffs and discharges count is comprised of
involuntary separations initiated by the employer and includes layoffs
with no intent to rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last
more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of
permanent or short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal
employees. The other separations count includes retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. The
separations count does not include transfers within the same location
or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing
the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient
by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates
are computed similarly.

Annual estimates.  Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing
the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual
average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This
figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates.
Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published only for
not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news
release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job
openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time,
measurement for the last business day of each month.

Sample and estimation methodology

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 16,400
nonfarm business and government establishments. The sample is
stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment
size class. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.1
million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state
unemployment insurance laws and federal agencies subject to the
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted,
monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates of the CES survey.
A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for
all other JOLTS data elements.

JOLTS business birth/death model

As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as current as
its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an establishment
until its appearance on the sampling frame is approximately one year.
In addition, many of these new units may fail within the first year.
Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the sampling frame
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and
separations from these units during their early existence. To
compensate for the inability to capture data from these
establishments, BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses birth
and death activity from previous years. The estimates of job openings,
hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to
the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.

Seasonal adjustment

BLS uses X-12 ARIMA to seasonally adjust several JOLTS series
utilizing moving averages as seasonal filters. A concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment
factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and
including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both
additive and multiplicative models and REGARIMA (regression with auto-
correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors
at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for
outliers in the series.

Alignment procedure

The JOLTS measures for hires minus separations can be used to derive a
measure of net employment change. This change should be comparable to
the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. However,
definitional differences as well as sampling and nonsampling errors
between the two surveys historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES
over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the
JOLTS hires and separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly
Alignment Method.

This method applies the CES employment trends to the seasonally
adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus separations)
forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the
seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two series are seasonally
adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS implied employment
change and the CES net employment change is calculated. Next, the
JOLTS implied employment change is adjusted to equal the CES net
employment change through a proportional adjustment. This procedure
adjusts the two components (hires, separations) proportionally to
their contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the Monthly Alignment Method has been used to adjust
the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the adjusted
levels.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling
error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS
analysis is generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling
error. Estimates of sampling errors are available upon request.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to
include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from
all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents
to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors
from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)(2)						Rates(3)
	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	3,774	3,611	3,899	3,875	3,800	3,828	2.7	2.6	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.7
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)	3,361	3,194	3,478	3,473	3,400	3,424	2.9	2.7	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.9
Construction	70	104	116	108	99	103	1.2	1.8	2.0	1.8	1.7	1.7
Manufacturing	302	253	274	271	243	236	2.5	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.0	1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5)	608	645	644	669	715	806	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.7	3.0
Retail trade	364	390	396	424	455	537	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.9	3.4
Professional and business services	746	690	709	692	731	628	4.0	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.8	3.3
Education and health services(6)	701	579	672	687	662	645	3.3	2.7	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.0
Health care and social assistance	640	524	612	621	600	581	3.6	3.0	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.3
Leisure and hospitality	441	453	488	500	468	448	3.1	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.2	3.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	52	52	52	64	57	57	2.6	2.6	2.5	3.1	2.8	2.7
Accommodation and food services	389	401	437	436	410	391	3.2	3.2	3.5	3.5	3.3	3.1
Government(7)	414	417	421	402	401	405	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.8
State and local	346	340	357	344	330	341	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.8
REGION(8)
Northeast	710	668	700	699	638	655	2.7	2.5	2.7	2.6	2.4	2.5
South	1,493	1,441	1,547	1,501	1,525	1,498	3.0	2.9	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.0
Midwest	788	723	831	825	805	886	2.5	2.3	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.8
West	783	778	821	850	831	789	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.6
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown. (3) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (4) Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. (5) Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. (6) Includes educational services, not shown separately. (7) Includes federal government, not shown separately. (8) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)(2)						Rates(3)
	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	4,526	4,298	4,451	4,227	4,395	4,441	3.4	3.2	3.3	3.1	3.2	3.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)	4,231	4,015	4,138	3,931	4,100	4,155	3.8	3.6	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.7
Construction	321	326	353	320	283	307	5.7	5.7	6.1	5.5	4.9	5.3
Manufacturing	261	219	231	201	222	236	2.2	1.8	1.9	1.7	1.9	2.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5)	882	868	936	821	868	893	3.5	3.4	3.6	3.2	3.4	3.5
Retail trade	589	586	651	562	598	625	4.0	3.9	4.3	3.7	4.0	4.1
Professional and business services	968	878	845	831	912	870	5.4	4.8	4.6	4.5	5.0	4.7
Education and health services(6)	541	507	499	520	544	527	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.6
Health care and social assistance	463	443	437	443	465	449	2.7	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	748	747	762	776	809	807	5.5	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.8	5.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	128	104	116	123	123	115	6.5	5.2	5.8	6.1	6.1	5.7
Accommodation and food services	621	643	646	653	686	692	5.3	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.7	5.7
Government(7)	296	283	313	295	295	287	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.3
State and local	265	249	266	264	262	258	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
REGION(8)
Northeast	708	675	716	722	742	720	2.8	2.6	2.8	2.8	2.9	2.8
South	1,855	1,787	1,843	1,640	1,720	1,750	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.3	3.5	3.5
Midwest	979	906	848	907	952	1,027	3.2	3.0	2.8	2.9	3.1	3.3
West	984	930	1,044	959	981	945	3.4	3.1	3.5	3.2	3.3	3.2
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown. (3) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (4) Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. (5) Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. (6) Includes educational services, not shown separately. (7) Includes federal government, not shown separately. (8) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)(2)						Rates(3)
	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	4,447	4,173	4,180	4,123	4,287	4,323	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.2	3.2
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)	4,123	3,872	3,884	3,819	3,987	4,036	3.7	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.5
Construction	349	315	322	316	300	299	6.2	5.5	5.6	5.4	5.2	5.1
Manufacturing	248	215	225	203	224	247	2.1	1.8	1.9	1.7	1.9	2.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5)	849	854	863	820	857	886	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.4
Retail trade	594	580	583	557	604	619	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.7	4.0	4.1
Professional and business services	964	845	770	780	858	834	5.4	4.7	4.2	4.2	4.7	4.5
Education and health services(6)	480	486	482	482	518	517	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.5
Health care and social assistance	410	417	413	416	445	448	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.6	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	749	715	730	738	779	754	5.5	5.1	5.2	5.3	5.5	5.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	131	101	103	108	120	105	6.7	5.1	5.2	5.4	6.0	5.2
Accommodation and food services	618	614	627	631	659	649	5.3	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.5	5.4
Government(7)	324	302	296	304	300	287	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.3
State and local	292	259	251	260	256	250	1.5	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.3
REGION(8)
Northeast	734	724	682	711	697	704	2.9	2.8	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.7
South	1,758	1,587	1,712	1,599	1,645	1,698	3.6	3.2	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.4
Midwest	1,012	849	874	880	924	987	3.3	2.8	2.8	2.9	3.0	3.2
West	943	1,013	911	933	1,021	934	3.2	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.4	3.1
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown. (3) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (4) Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. (5) Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. (6) Includes educational services, not shown separately. (7) Includes federal government, not shown separately. (8) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)(2)						Rates(3)
	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	2,151	2,260	2,286	2,099	2,185	2,203	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)	2,019	2,128	2,159	1,967	2,040	2,069	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.7	1.8	1.8
Construction	79	134	106	91	98	94	1.4	2.3	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.6
Manufacturing	113	98	102	94	109	105	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5)	446	491	501	446	470	450	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.7	1.8	1.7
Retail trade	324	362	354	318	340	325	2.2	2.4	2.4	2.1	2.3	2.2
Professional and business services	427	375	385	372	410	403	2.4	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.2	2.2
Education and health services(6)	263	299	289	281	283	292	1.3	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
Health care and social assistance	234	264	255	255	251	254	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
Leisure and hospitality	457	472	491	445	454	467	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.2	3.2	3.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	52	47	54	47	42	39	2.7	2.4	2.7	2.3	2.1	1.9
Accommodation and food services	404	426	437	397	412	428	3.4	3.6	3.7	3.3	3.4	3.5
Government(7)	132	132	127	131	146	134	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6
State and local	120	121	116	120	134	124	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6
REGION(8)
Northeast	305	352	311	288	308	324	1.2	1.4	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.3
South	889	908	1,034	894	918	945	1.8	1.9	2.1	1.8	1.9	1.9
Midwest	503	479	469	473	516	498	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.6
West	453	522	472	444	444	436	1.5	1.8	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.5
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown. (3) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (4) Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. (5) Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. (6) Includes educational services, not shown separately. (7) Includes federal government, not shown separately. (8) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)(2)						Rates(3)
	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	1,955	1,520	1,572	1,686	1,741	1,739	1.5	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)	1,820	1,430	1,467	1,572	1,645	1,647	1.6	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.4
Construction	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Manufacturing	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Retail trade	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Professional and business services	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Education and health services(6)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Health care and social assistance	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Leisure and hospitality	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Accommodation and food services	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Government(7)	135	90	104	114	96	91	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4
State and local	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
REGION(8)
Northeast	377	284	300	358	324	306	1.5	1.1	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.2
South	748	532	561	584	601	609	1.5	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2
Midwest	433	298	334	329	325	416	1.4	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.3
West	398	406	376	415	491	407	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.7	1.4
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown. (3) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (4) Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. (5) Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. (6) Includes educational services, not shown separately. (7) Includes federal government, not shown separately. (8) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
- Data not available.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)(2)						Rates(3)
	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Jan. 2013	Feb. 2013	Mar. 2013	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	341	393	323	338	360	382	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)	285	314	258	280	302	320	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Construction	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Manufacturing	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Retail trade	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Professional and business services	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Education and health services(6)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Health care and social assistance	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Leisure and hospitality	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Accommodation and food services	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Government(7)	56	79	66	58	58	62	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
State and local	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
REGION(8)
Northeast	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
South	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Midwest	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
West	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown. (3) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (4) Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. (5) Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. (6) Includes educational services, not shown separately. (7) Includes federal government, not shown separately. (8) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
- Data not available.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	3,771	4,130	3,830	2.7	3.0	2.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,355	3,719	3,421	2.9	3.2	2.9
Mining and logging	21	22	22	2.4	2.5	2.5
Construction	80	124	118	1.4	2.2	2.0
Manufacturing	315	255	241	2.6	2.1	2.0
Durable goods	215	164	156	2.8	2.1	2.0
Nondurable goods	100	91	86	2.2	2.0	1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	590	740	797	2.3	2.8	3.0
Wholesale trade	124	134	114	2.1	2.3	1.9
Retail trade	351	467	529	2.3	3.0	3.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	115	139	154	2.3	2.7	3.0
Information	76	80	94	2.8	2.9	3.3
Financial activities	228	286	292	2.8	3.5	3.6
Finance and insurance	171	228	215	2.9	3.7	3.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	57	58	77	2.8	2.9	3.7
Professional and business services	731	780	610	3.9	4.1	3.2
Education and health services	696	707	639	3.3	3.3	3.0
Educational services	61	69	64	1.8	1.9	1.8
Health care and social assistance	635	638	575	3.6	3.6	3.2
Leisure and hospitality	469	575	471	3.3	3.9	3.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	68	73	73	3.2	3.6	3.4
Accommodation and food services	401	502	399	3.3	4.0	3.1
Other services	148	151	135	2.7	2.7	2.4
Government	415	411	410	1.8	1.8	1.8
Federal	67	77	63	2.3	2.7	2.2
State and local	348	334	347	1.8	1.7	1.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	715	690	660	2.7	2.6	2.5
South	1,490	1,652	1,497	3.0	3.2	2.9
Midwest	780	889	885	2.5	2.8	2.8
West	786	899	788	2.6	2.9	2.6
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	5,011	4,732	4,964	3.7	3.5	3.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,691	4,512	4,658	4.2	4.0	4.1
Mining and logging	40	32	30	4.7	3.7	3.4
Construction	397	365	380	7.0	6.4	6.5
Manufacturing	298	234	275	2.5	2.0	2.3
Durable goods	172	153	167	2.3	2.0	2.2
Nondurable goods	125	82	107	2.8	1.8	2.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	929	907	945	3.7	3.5	3.7
Wholesale trade	127	134	115	2.2	2.3	2.0
Retail trade	632	623	679	4.3	4.2	4.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	169	151	150	3.4	3.0	3.0
Information	65	65	68	2.4	2.4	2.5
Financial activities	204	195	233	2.6	2.5	3.0
Finance and insurance	136	133	156	2.3	2.3	2.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	67	62	77	3.4	3.1	3.9
Professional and business services	1,068	1,030	962	6.0	5.6	5.2
Education and health services	513	526	505	2.5	2.5	2.4
Educational services	53	52	55	1.6	1.5	1.6
Health care and social assistance	460	473	450	2.7	2.7	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	942	961	1,021	6.8	6.9	7.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	201	166	180	9.9	8.5	8.6
Accommodation and food services	741	795	841	6.2	6.6	6.9
Other services	237	196	240	4.3	3.6	4.4
Government	320	221	306	1.4	1.0	1.4
Federal	40	29	35	1.4	1.1	1.3
State and local	279	192	271	1.4	1.0	1.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	801	801	823	3.1	3.1	3.2
South	1,951	1,848	1,862	4.0	3.8	3.8
Midwest	1,166	1,060	1,240	3.8	3.4	4.0
West	1,092	1,024	1,038	3.7	3.4	3.5
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	4,270	4,173	4,185	3.2	3.1	3.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,901	3,958	3,869	3.5	3.5	3.4
Mining and logging	29	30	23	3.4	3.5	2.6
Construction	305	287	265	5.4	5.1	4.5
Manufacturing	246	229	247	2.1	1.9	2.1
Durable goods	136	142	146	1.8	1.9	1.9
Nondurable goods	110	87	101	2.5	2.0	2.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	793	797	831	3.1	3.1	3.2
Wholesale trade	111	98	102	2.0	1.7	1.8
Retail trade	566	564	593	3.8	3.8	3.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	115	134	136	2.3	2.7	2.7
Information	59	64	60	2.2	2.4	2.2
Financial activities	158	182	192	2.0	2.3	2.4
Finance and insurance	114	129	137	2.0	2.2	2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	44	53	56	2.2	2.7	2.8
Professional and business services	914	940	803	5.1	5.1	4.3
Education and health services	489	491	516	2.4	2.4	2.5
Educational services	83	58	77	2.4	1.6	2.3
Health care and social assistance	406	434	439	2.4	2.5	2.5
Leisure and hospitality	711	750	731	5.1	5.4	5.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	109	121	85	5.4	6.1	4.1
Accommodation and food services	602	630	645	5.0	5.2	5.3
Other services	198	187	200	3.6	3.4	3.6
Government	369	216	316	1.7	1.0	1.4
Federal	29	39	31	1.0	1.4	1.1
State and local	340	177	286	1.7	0.9	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	656	665	628	2.6	2.6	2.4
South	1,745	1,675	1,705	3.6	3.4	3.4
Midwest	952	841	949	3.1	2.7	3.1
West	918	992	903	3.1	3.3	3.0
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	2,207	2,217	2,267	1.6	1.6	1.7
INDUSTRY
Total private	2,046	2,102	2,109	1.8	1.9	1.8
Mining and logging	15	14	14	1.8	1.6	1.6
Construction	78	96	92	1.4	1.7	1.6
Manufacturing	121	118	113	1.0	1.0	0.9
Durable goods	61	72	66	0.8	1.0	0.9
Nondurable goods	60	46	48	1.3	1.0	1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	456	476	454	1.8	1.9	1.8
Wholesale trade	56	65	50	1.0	1.1	0.9
Retail trade	341	341	337	2.3	2.3	2.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	59	70	67	1.2	1.4	1.3
Information	34	37	31	1.3	1.4	1.2
Financial activities	84	100	110	1.1	1.3	1.4
Finance and insurance	61	75	78	1.1	1.3	1.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	23	25	32	1.2	1.3	1.6
Professional and business services	436	431	419	2.4	2.3	2.3
Education and health services	266	281	296	1.3	1.3	1.4
Educational services	29	28	39	0.8	0.8	1.1
Health care and social assistance	237	252	257	1.4	1.5	1.5
Leisure and hospitality	458	463	475	3.3	3.3	3.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	51	38	37	2.5	1.9	1.7
Accommodation and food services	408	425	438	3.4	3.5	3.6
Other services	97	87	106	1.8	1.6	1.9
Government	161	115	157	0.7	0.5	0.7
Federal	13	11	9	0.5	0.4	0.3
State and local	148	104	148	0.8	0.5	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	299	310	323	1.2	1.2	1.3
South	916	965	975	1.9	2.0	2.0
Midwest	503	499	507	1.7	1.6	1.6
West	488	443	461	1.7	1.5	1.5
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	1,736	1,614	1,549	1.3	1.2	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,591	1,556	1,456	1.4	1.4	1.3
Mining and logging	12	14	8	1.4	1.7	0.9
Construction	218	178	157	3.9	3.1	2.7
Manufacturing	100	89	108	0.8	0.7	0.9
Durable goods	57	58	69	0.8	0.8	0.9
Nondurable goods	43	30	40	1.0	0.7	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	257	251	304	1.0	1.0	1.2
Wholesale trade	47	29	47	0.8	0.5	0.8
Retail trade	170	175	205	1.1	1.2	1.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	40	47	53	0.8	0.9	1.0
Information	21	22	22	0.8	0.8	0.8
Financial activities	47	43	49	0.6	0.5	0.6
Finance and insurance	29	26	32	0.5	0.4	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	18	17	17	0.9	0.8	0.8
Professional and business services	439	476	355	2.5	2.6	1.9
Education and health services	188	142	145	0.9	0.7	0.7
Educational services	50	21	31	1.5	0.6	0.9
Health care and social assistance	138	122	115	0.8	0.7	0.7
Leisure and hospitality	221	250	217	1.6	1.8	1.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	55	80	47	2.7	4.1	2.2
Accommodation and food services	165	170	171	1.4	1.4	1.4
Other services	89	92	89	1.6	1.7	1.6
Government	145	59	93	0.7	0.3	0.4
Federal	6	18	9	0.2	0.6	0.3
State and local	139	41	84	0.7	0.2	0.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	313	296	238	1.2	1.1	0.9
South	708	589	586	1.4	1.2	1.2
Midwest	377	267	378	1.2	0.9	1.2
West	338	463	347	1.1	1.6	1.2
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)	May 2012	Apr. 2013	May 2013(p)
Total	327	341	370	0.2	0.3	0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	265	300	304	0.2	0.3	0.3
Mining and logging	2	2	1	0.3	0.3	0.2
Construction	9	13	17	0.2	0.2	0.3
Manufacturing	25	23	26	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	17	12	12	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods	8	10	13	0.2	0.2	0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	80	71	73	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wholesale trade	8	5	5	0.1	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	56	48	52	0.4	0.3	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	16	18	16	0.3	0.4	0.3
Information	4	5	7	0.1	0.2	0.3
Financial activities	27	39	34	0.3	0.5	0.4
Finance and insurance	24	28	27	0.4	0.5	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	3	11	7	0.2	0.6	0.4
Professional and business services	39	33	29	0.2	0.2	0.2
Education and health services	35	68	74	0.2	0.3	0.4
Educational services	4	8	7	0.1	0.2	0.2
Health care and social assistance	30	60	67	0.2	0.3	0.4
Leisure and hospitality	32	38	38	0.2	0.3	0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	3	2	0.1	0.1	0.1
Accommodation and food services	29	35	36	0.2	0.3	0.3
Other services	12	8	5	0.2	0.1	0.1
Government	62	42	66	0.3	0.2	0.3
Federal	10	10	12	0.3	0.3	0.4
State and local	53	32	54	0.3	0.2	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	44	59	66	0.2	0.2	0.3
South	121	121	144	0.2	0.2	0.3
Midwest	71	76	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	91	85	94	0.3	0.3	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.