For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, August 11, 2010 USDL-10-1103
Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
Job Openings and Labor Turnover – June 2010
There were 2.9 million job openings on the last business day of June
2010, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The job
openings rate was unchanged over the month at 2.2 percent. The hires
rate (3.3 percent) and the separations rate (3.3 percent) were little
changed. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job
openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector by
industry and geographic region.
Job Openings
The number of job openings in June was 2.9 million, which was little
changed from May. Although the month-to-month change is small, the
number of job openings has risen by 599,000 (26 percent) since the
most recent series trough of 2.3 million in July 2009. Even with the
gains since July 2009, the number of job openings remained well below
the 4.4 million open jobs when the recession began in December 2007
(as designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research). (See
table 1.)
The number of job openings in June (not seasonally adjusted) increased
from 12 months earlier for total nonfarm, total private, and
government. The job openings level increased in many industries and in
2 of the 4 regions—Midwest and South. The level was little changed
over the year in the Northeast and West. (See table 5.)
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Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally
adjusted
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Job openings | Hires | Total separations
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Industry | June | May | June | June | May | June | June | May | June
| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p
-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total..............|2,519 |2,939 |2,937 |3,856 |4,581 |4,254 |4,310 |4,146 |4,351
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..|2,197 |2,597 |2,544 |3,580 |3,846 |3,931 |3,968 |3,816 |3,811
Construction.....| 59 | 79 | 55 | 268 | 321 | 290 | 352 | 340 | 313
Manufacturing....| 110 | 205 | 227 | 217 | 266 | 262 | 351 | 238 | 258
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 472 | 452 | 441 | 758 | 819 | 876 | 823 | 800 | 862
Retail trade....| 322 | 274 | 267 | 519 | 567 | 593 | 547 | 574 | 593
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 396 | 601 | 521 | 640 | 805 | 833 | 722 | 806 | 750
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 517 | 512 | 510 | 528 | 479 | 510 | 496 | 446 | 482
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 276 | 288 | 317 | 689 | 678 | 695 | 706 | 707 | 664
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 19 | 41 | 50 | 103 | 105 | 117 | 112 | 122 | 91
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 258 | 247 | 267 | 586 | 573 | 578 | 594 | 585 | 572
Government(3).....| 322 | 342 | 393 | 276 | 735 | 323 | 343 | 331 | 540
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 271 | 237 | 246 | 251 | 246 | 252 | 264 | 263 | 269
|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total..............| 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..| 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5
Construction.....| 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 5.6
Manufacturing....| 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.2
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.5
Retail trade....| 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.1
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 2.4 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.5
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.5
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.1
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 4.7
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.1
Government(3).....| 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.4
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and
other services, not shown separately.
2 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not
shown separately.
3 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
Hires
In June, the hires rate was essentially unchanged for total nonfarm at
3.3 percent. There were 4.3 million hires in June for total nonfarm,
398,000 (10 percent) higher than its most recent trough in June 2009.
Hires remain below the 5.0 million hires in December 2007 when the
recession began. The hires rate did not increase in June for any
industry or region; the rate fell in government and in the South
region. (See table 2.)
Over the 12 months ending in June, the hires rate (not seasonally
adjusted) rose for total nonfarm, total private, and government. The
hires rate increased over the past 12 months in many industries and in
the Midwest region. The rate fell over the year in other services.
(See table 6.)
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Separations
Total separations includes quits (voluntary separations), layoffs and
discharges (involuntary separations), and other separations (including
retirements). The total separations, or turnover, rate in June was
essentially unchanged for total nonfarm and total private but rose for
government. The total separations rate (not seasonally adjusted) was
little changed over the 12 months ending in June for total nonfarm and
total private but rose for government. (See tables 3 and 7.)
The quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or
ability to change jobs. In June, the quits rate was unchanged at 1.5
percent for total nonfarm and was little changed in every industry
except government, where it rose. The quits rate fell in June in the
Midwest region. (See table 4.) The number of quits for total nonfarm
fell by 1.4 million between the November 2006 peak and the September
2009 trough. Since September 2009, the number of quits has risen by
245,000.
Over the 12 months ending in June, the quits rate (not seasonally
adjusted) was little changed for total nonfarm, total private, and
government. The quits rate increased over the 12 months ending in June
in finance and insurance, real estate and rental and leasing,
professional and business services, and federal government due to
quits of some temporary Census 2010 workers. (See table 8.)
The layoffs and discharges component of total separations is
seasonally adjusted at the total nonfarm, total private, and
government levels. The layoffs and discharges rate was essentially
unchanged in June for total nonfarm and total private but increased
for government. The number of layoffs and discharges for total nonfarm
peaked at 2.6 million in January 2009, falling to 2.0 million in June
2010. The number of layoffs and discharges for total private in June
(1,693,000) was below the level when the recession began (1,718,000).
In government, the number of layoffs and discharges in June (341,000)
was higher than when the recession began (117,000) due to the release
of temporary Census 2010 workers in May and June. (See table B below.)
The layoffs and discharges rate (not seasonally adjusted) was little
changed over the 12 months ending in June for total nonfarm and total
private but rose for government. The layoffs and discharges rate fell
over the year in a few industries but rose sharply in federal
government, reflecting the layoffs of temporary Census 2010 workers.
The layoffs and discharges rate declined over the year in the
Northeast region. (See table 9.)
Table B. Layoffs and discharges by industry, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands) | Rates
|------------------------------------------------
Industry | June | May | June | June | May | June
| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p| 2009 | 2010 | 2010p
-------------------|------------------------------------------------
Total..............| 2,224 | 1,904 | 2,034 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.6
Total private.....| 2,039 | 1,736 | 1,693 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.6
Government........| 185 | 169 | 341 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------
p = preliminary.
The other separations series is not seasonally adjusted. In June,
there were 387,000 other separations for total nonfarm, 258,000 for
total private, and 129,000 for government. Compared to June 2009, the
number of other separations was little changed for total nonfarm and
total private but increased for
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government. The rise in government other separations is due to state
and local government where other separations rose from 82,000 in June
2009 to 123,000 in June 2010. (See table 10.)
The total separations level is influenced by the relative contribution
of its three components—quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations. The percentage of total separations at the total nonfarm
level attributable to the individual components has varied over time,
but for the majority of the series, the proportion of quits has
exceeded the proportion of layoffs and discharges.
In June 2010, the proportion of quits was 45 percent and the
proportion of layoffs and discharges was 47 percent for total nonfarm.
For total private, the proportions were relatively steady in June at
48 percent quits and 44 percent layoffs and discharges. In contrast,
the proportion of quits in government declined from 31 percent in May
to 23 percent in June, and the proportion of layoffs increased from 51
percent in May to 63 percent in June as temporary Census 2010 workers
completed their work. (Computed using values from tables 3 and 4, and
table B above.)
Net Change in Employment
Over the 12 months ending in June, hires totaled 49.8 million and
separations totaled 50.0 million, yielding a net employment loss of
0.2 million.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for July 2010 are
scheduled to be released on Wednesday, September 8, 2010 at 10:00 a.m.
(EDT).
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Technical Note
The data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)
are collected and compiled monthly from a sample of business
establishments by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Collection
In a monthly survey of business establishments, data are
collected for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs
and discharges, and other separations. Data collection methods
include computer-assisted telephone interviewing, touchtone data
entry, web, fax, e-mail, and mail.
Coverage
The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments such
as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and
local government entities in the 50 states and the District of
Columbia.
Concepts
Industry classification. The industry classifications in this
release are in accordance with the 2007 version of the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS). In order to
ensure the highest possible quality of data, State Workforce
Agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the
industry code, location, and ownership classification of all
establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment
characteristics resulting from the verification process are always
introduced into the JOLTS sampling frame with the data reported for
the first month of the year.
Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who
worked or received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th
day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-
term, seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay
period, are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and
consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by the
establishment where they are working.
Job openings. Establishments submit job openings information for
the last business day of the reference month. A job opening
requires that: 1) a specific position exists and there is work
available for that position, 2) work could start within 30 days
regardless of whether a suitable candidate is found, and 3) the
employer is actively recruiting from outside the establishment to
fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent,
short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that
the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by advertising
in newspapers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs,
accepting applications, or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions,
demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are
jobs with start dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for
which employees have been hired but have not yet reported for work,
and jobs to be filled by employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants.
The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job
openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying
that quotient by 100.
Hires. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll
occurring at any time during the reference month, including both
new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the
location after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or
intermittent employees who returned to work after having been
formally separated, and transfers from other locations. The hires
count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting
site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help
agencies or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or
consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of
hires by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
Separations. Separations are the total number of terminations of
employment occurring at any time during the reference month, and
are reported by type of separation--quits, layoffs and discharges,
and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations
initiated by the employer and include layoffs with no intent to
rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last more than 7
days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or closings;
firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or
short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal employees.
Other separations include retirements, transfers to other
locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. Separations
do not include transfers within the same location or employees on
strike.
- 6 -
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of
separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are
computed similarly, dividing the number by employment and
multiplying by 100.
Annual estimates. Annual estimates of rates and levels of hires,
quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total
separations are released with the January news release each year.
The JOLTS annual level estimates for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. The annual rate estimates are
computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying
that quotient by 100. This figure will be approximately equal to
the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Note that both the JOLTS and CES
annual levels are rounded to the nearest thousand before the annual
estimates are calculated. Consistent with BLS practices, annual
estimates are published only for not seasonally adjusted data.
Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings because job
openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last
business day of each month. Only jobs still open on the last day
of the month are counted. For the same reason job openings cannot
be cumulated throughout each month, annual figures for job openings
cannot be created by summing the monthly estimates. Hires and
separations are flow measures and are cumulated over the month with
a total reported for the month. Therefore, the annual figures can
be created by summing the monthly estimates.
Special collection procedures
An implied measure of employment change can be derived from the
JOLTS data by subtracting separations from hires for a given
month. Aggregating these monthly changes historically produced
employment levels that overstated employment change as measured by
CES at the total nonfarm level. Research into this problem showed
that a significant amount of the divergence between the CES
employment levels and the derived JOLTS employment levels was
traceable to the Employment Services industry and to the State
Government Education industry. In the former industry, businesses
have a difficult time reporting hires and separations of temporary
help workers. In the latter industry, employers have difficulty
reporting hires and separations of student workers. BLS now
devotes additional resources to the collection, editing, and review
of data for these industries. BLS analysts more closely examine
reported data that do not provide a consistent picture over time,
and re-contact the respondents as necessary. Analysts work with
the respondents to adjust their reporting practices as possible.
Units that cannot be reconciled but are clearly incorrect on a
consistent basis are not used, they are replaced by imputed values
using standard techniques.
Sample and estimation methodology
The JOLTS survey design is a random sample of 16,000 nonfarm
business establishments, including factories, offices, and stores,
as well as federal, state, and local governments in the 50 states
and the District of Columbia. The establishments are drawn from a
universe of over 9.1 million establishments compiled as part of the
operations of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW),
program. This program includes all employers subject to state
Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws and federal agencies subject to
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry
sector, and size class. The JOLTS sample is constructed from
individual panels of sample units drawn on an annual basis. The
full annual sample consists of one certainty panel composed of only
large units selected with virtual certainty based on their size and
24 non-certainty panels. Each month a new non-certainty panel is
rolled into collection, and the oldest non-certainty panel is
rolled out. This means that at any given time the JOLTS sample is
constructed from panels from three different annual sampling
frames. The entire sample of old plus new panels is post-
stratified and re-weighted annually to represent the most recent
sampling frame. Additionally, the out-of-business establishments
are removed from the old panels. The annual sample is supplemented
with a quarterly sample of birth establishments (i.e., new
establishments) to better reflect the impact of younger
establishments in the JOLTS sample.
JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked monthly to the
employment estimates of the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.
JOLTS business birth/death model
As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as
current as its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an
establishment until its appearance on the sampling frame is
approximately one year. In addition, many of these new units may
fail within the
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first year. Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the
sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings,
hires, and separations from these units during their early existence.
BLS has developed a model to estimate birth/death activity for current
months by examining the birth/death activity from previous years on the
QCEW and projecting forward to the present using an econometric technique
known as X-12 ARIMA modeling. The birth/death model also uses historical
JOLTS data to estimate the amount of “churn” (hires and separations) that
exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines
the estimated churn with the projected employment change to
estimate the number of hires and separations taking place in these
units that cannot be measured through sampling.
The model-based estimate of total separations is distributed to
the three components – quits; layoffs and discharges; and other
separations - in proportion to their contribution to the sample-
based estimate of total separations. Additionally, job openings
for the modeled units are estimated by computing the ratio of
openings to hires in the collected data and applying that ratio to
the modeled hires. The estimates of job openings, hires, and
separations produced by the birth/death model are then added to the
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.
Seasonal adjustment
BLS seasonally adjusts several JOLTS series using the X-12-ARIMA
seasonal adjustment program. Seasonal adjustment is the process of
estimating and removing periodic fluctuations caused by events such
as weather, holidays, and the beginning and ending of the school
year. Seasonal adjustment makes it easier to observe fundamental
changes in the level of the series, particularly those associated
with general economic expansions and contractions. A concurrent
seasonal adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal
adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant
data, up to and including the data for the current month.
JOLTS uses moving averages as seasonal filters in seasonal
adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and
multiplicative seasonal adjustment models and REGARIMA (regression
with autocorrelated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to
detect and adjust for outliers in the series.
Alignment procedure
JOLTS hires minus separations should be comparable to the CES net
employment change. However, definitional differences as well as
sampling and non-sampling errors between the two surveys
historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit
the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires and
separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly Alignment Method.
The Monthly Alignment Method applies the CES employment trends to
the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while
preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two
series are seasonally adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS
implied employment trend and the CES net employment change is
calculated. Next, the JOLTS implied employment trend is adjusted to
equal the CES net employment change through a proportional
adjustment. This proportional adjustment procedure adjusts the two
components (hires, separations) proportionally to their
contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). For
example, if hires are 40 percent of the churn for a given month,
they will receive 40 percent of the needed adjustment and
separations will receive 60 percent of the needed adjustment. The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the monthly alignment method has been used to
adjust the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the
adjusted levels. The Monthly Alignment procedure assures a close
match of the JOLTS implied employment trend with the CES trend. The
CES series is considered a highly accurate measure of net
employment change owing to its very large sample size and annual
benchmarking to universe counts of employment from the QCEW
program.
Using JOLTS data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are
relatively new. The full sample is divided into panels, with one
panel enrolled each month. A full complement of panels for the
original data series based on the 1987 Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system was not completely enrolled in the
survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of
establishments needed to create NAICS estimates were not completely
enrolled until May 2003. The data collected up until those points
are from less than a full sample. Therefore, estimates from
earlier months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units
were reporting data at that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and
separations data were revised to address possible underreporting.
As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior
to March 2002 may not be comparable to estimates for March 2002 and
later.
- 8 -
The federal government reorganization that involved transferring
approximately 180,000 employees to the new Department of Homeland
Security is not reflected in the JOLTS hires and separations
estimates for the federal government. The Office of Personnel
Management's record shows these transfers were completed in March
2003. The inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions of hires
and separations is intended to cover ongoing movements of workers
between establishments. The Department of Homeland Security
reorganization was a massive one-time event, and the inclusion of
these intergovernmental transfers would distort the federal
government time series.
Reliability of the estimates
JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample rather than the entire population is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ
from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular
sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard
error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at the
90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-
percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a
sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the
"true" population value because of sampling error. Estimates of
sampling errors are available upon request.
The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure
to include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain
data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by
respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the
data, and errors from the employment benchmark data used in
estimation.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD
message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010p
Total.................................... 2,519 2,854 2,647 2,785 3,302 2,939 2,937 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.2
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 2,197 2,471 2,266 2,363 2,675 2,597 2,544 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.3
Construction........................... 59 62 65 83 88 79 55 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.0
Manufacturing.......................... 110 154 167 180 195 205 227 .9 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 472 395 453 470 456 452 441 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8
Retail trade.......................... 322 255 297 305 292 274 267 2.2 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8
Professional and business services..... 396 424 409 423 550 601 521 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.5 3.2 3.5 3.0
Education and health services.......... 517 624 502 536 561 512 510 2.6 3.1 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.5
Leisure and hospitality................ 276 268 285 257 274 288 317 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 19 19 19 24 24 41 50 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 2.1 2.5
Accommodation and food services....... 258 250 266 232 250 247 267 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.3
Government(6)........................... 322 383 381 421 627 342 393 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.7 1.5 1.7
State and local government............. 271 256 246 262 260 237 246 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 584 585 542 599 678 657 627 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.5
South.................................. 874 986 916 945 1,080 1,078 1,030 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.1
Midwest................................ 500 613 566 573 664 568 608 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.2 1.9 2.0
West................................... 568 648 682 707 821 689 624 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.1
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus
job openings.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,
South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming.
p = preliminary.
Table 2. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010p
Total.................................... 3,856 4,087 4,011 4,331 4,292 4,581 4,254 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 3,580 3,790 3,710 3,970 3,935 3,846 3,931 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6
Construction........................... 268 312 306 400 349 321 290 4.4 5.6 5.5 7.1 6.2 5.7 5.2
Manufacturing.......................... 217 289 267 279 305 266 262 1.8 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 758 822 821 897 856 819 876 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.5
Retail trade.......................... 519 584 572 646 593 567 593 3.6 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.1
Professional and business services..... 640 729 767 744 780 805 833 3.9 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0
Education and health services.......... 528 487 470 503 496 479 510 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6
Leisure and hospitality................ 689 715 652 712 711 678 695 5.3 5.5 5.0 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 103 102 88 114 127 105 117 5.4 5.4 4.6 6.0 6.7 5.5 6.1
Accommodation and food services....... 586 613 564 598 584 573 578 5.2 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.2
Government(6)........................... 276 297 301 360 357 735 323 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 3.2 1.4
State and local government............. 251 254 258 268 248 246 252 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 739 836 733 837 695 844 731 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.4 2.8 3.4 3.0
South.................................. 1,399 1,449 1,381 1,618 1,585 1,681 1,522 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.2
Midwest................................ 854 936 965 1,073 1,012 1,090 1,045 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.5
West................................... 865 922 861 1,025 870 1,014 942 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.3
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 3. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010p
Total.................................... 4,310 4,155 3,969 4,048 4,013 4,146 4,351 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 3,968 3,858 3,663 3,743 3,726 3,816 3,811 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
Construction........................... 352 405 362 365 345 340 313 5.8 7.2 6.5 6.5 6.1 6.1 5.6
Manufacturing.......................... 351 276 260 245 249 238 258 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 823 856 806 866 803 800 862 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.5
Retail trade.......................... 547 577 551 620 551 574 593 3.8 4.0 3.8 4.3 3.8 4.0 4.1
Professional and business services..... 722 698 716 699 733 806 750 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.8 4.5
Education and health services.......... 496 457 440 455 475 446 482 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.5
Leisure and hospitality................ 706 709 621 677 684 707 664 5.4 5.5 4.8 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 112 111 78 119 114 122 91 5.9 5.9 4.1 6.3 6.0 6.5 4.7
Accommodation and food services....... 594 598 543 558 570 585 572 5.3 5.4 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.1
Government(6)........................... 343 296 306 305 287 331 540 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 2.4
State and local government............. 264 269 273 268 248 263 269 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 778 789 730 821 690 734 694 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.8 3.0 2.8
South.................................. 1,500 1,561 1,459 1,423 1,427 1,521 1,602 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.4
Midwest................................ 881 988 858 895 948 988 912 3.0 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.1
West................................... 978 1,034 954 920 944 920 907 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 4. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010p
Total.................................... 1,830 1,772 1,851 1,918 1,972 1,929 1,961 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 1,727 1,661 1,719 1,802 1,871 1,828 1,836 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
Construction........................... 72 99 84 83 67 64 68 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.2
Manufacturing.......................... 98 85 97 89 99 96 105 .8 .7 .8 .8 .8 .8 .9
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 408 368 432 424 442 438 437 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8
Retail trade.......................... 308 266 333 316 330 338 329 2.1 1.8 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3
Professional and business services..... 268 259 300 315 323 330 331 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0
Education and health services.......... 266 248 237 253 299 254 270 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.4
Leisure and hospitality................ 419 401 393 406 419 428 391 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 42 48 35 36 40 39 33 2.2 2.5 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.7
Accommodation and food services....... 376 353 358 371 379 390 359 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.2
Government(6)........................... 103 112 132 117 101 101 125 .5 .5 .6 .5 .4 .4 .6
State and local government............. 99 106 121 105 93 88 101 .5 .5 .6 .5 .5 .4 .5
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 302 268 320 325 332 286 341 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4
South.................................. 708 736 755 750 744 736 791 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7
Midwest................................ 422 380 421 438 442 496 425 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.4
West................................... 461 362 434 406 429 433 438 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series and because not all series are shown.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 5. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 2,452 2,932 2,867 1.8 2.2 2.1
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,113 2,595 2,461 1.9 2.3 2.2
Mining and Logging............................ 5 19 16 .8 2.6 2.2
Construction.................................. 63 91 59 1.0 1.6 1.0
Manufacturing................................. 106 209 228 .9 1.8 1.9
Durable goods................................ 53 135 151 .7 1.9 2.1
Nondurable goods............................. 53 74 77 1.1 1.6 1.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 459 443 432 1.8 1.8 1.7
Wholesale trade.............................. 91 124 103 1.6 2.2 1.8
Retail trade................................. 303 257 245 2.0 1.8 1.7
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 65 62 85 1.3 1.3 1.7
Information................................... 45 87 66 1.6 3.1 2.4
Financial activities.......................... 149 222 236 1.9 2.8 3.0
Finance and insurance........................ 120 184 185 2.0 3.2 3.2
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 30 39 51 1.4 2.0 2.5
Professional and business services............ 370 602 492 2.2 3.5 2.8
Education and health services................. 499 483 478 2.6 2.4 2.4
Educational services......................... 67 68 50 2.2 2.1 1.7
Health care and social assistance............ 432 414 428 2.6 2.5 2.5
Leisure and hospitality....................... 265 318 315 1.9 2.3 2.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 18 51 49 .8 2.5 2.2
Accommodation and food services............. 247 267 265 2.1 2.3 2.2
Other services................................ 151 121 138 2.7 2.2 2.5
Government..................................... 339 338 406 1.5 1.4 1.8
Federal....................................... 40 99 135 1.4 2.8 4.0
State and local............................... 299 239 271 1.5 1.2 1.4
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 571 615 629 2.2 2.4 2.5
South......................................... 832 1,061 1,018 1.7 2.2 2.1
Midwest....................................... 463 552 590 1.5 1.8 1.9
West.......................................... 586 704 630 2.0 2.4 2.1
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a
percent of total employment plus job openings.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 6. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 4,468 4,931 4,946 3.4 3.8 3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 4,112 4,181 4,517 3.8 3.9 4.2
Mining and Logging............................ 19 34 28 2.8 4.7 3.9
Construction.................................. 333 395 355 5.4 7.0 6.1
Manufacturing................................. 256 305 305 2.2 2.6 2.6
Durable goods................................ 120 180 183 1.7 2.5 2.5
Nondurable goods............................. 135 125 123 3.0 2.8 2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 776 850 908 3.1 3.4 3.7
Wholesale trade.............................. 121 132 133 2.2 2.4 2.4
Retail trade................................. 535 592 623 3.7 4.1 4.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 120 126 153 2.5 2.7 3.2
Information................................... 66 52 60 2.3 1.9 2.2
Financial activities.......................... 201 204 243 2.6 2.7 3.2
Finance and insurance........................ 115 126 162 2.0 2.2 2.9
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 85 78 81 4.2 4.0 4.1
Professional and business services............ 661 845 890 4.0 5.1 5.3
Education and health services................. 600 433 593 3.2 2.2 3.1
Educational services......................... 98 43 87 3.4 1.3 3.0
Health care and social assistance............ 501 390 505 3.1 2.4 3.1
Leisure and hospitality....................... 841 847 861 6.1 6.4 6.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 153 154 180 7.2 7.8 8.3
Accommodation and food services............. 688 693 680 6.0 6.1 5.9
Other services................................ 358 218 273 6.6 4.1 5.0
Government..................................... 356 749 429 1.6 3.2 1.9
Federal....................................... 29 490 89 1.0 14.4 2.8
State and local............................... 327 260 340 1.7 1.3 1.7
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 909 886 906 3.6 3.6 3.6
South......................................... 1,584 1,725 1,710 3.3 3.6 3.6
Midwest....................................... 983 1,229 1,236 3.3 4.1 4.1
West.......................................... 991 1,091 1,094 3.4 3.8 3.8
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 7. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 4,220 3,739 4,297 3.2 2.8 3.3
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 3,722 3,386 3,588 3.4 3.1 3.3
Mining and Logging............................ 20 16 16 2.9 2.2 2.3
Construction.................................. 311 282 265 5.0 5.0 4.6
Manufacturing................................. 314 207 233 2.7 1.8 2.0
Durable goods................................ 191 116 131 2.6 1.6 1.8
Nondurable goods............................. 123 91 102 2.7 2.0 2.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 745 738 789 3.0 3.0 3.2
Wholesale trade.............................. 119 104 111 2.1 1.9 2.0
Retail trade................................. 498 534 551 3.4 3.7 3.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 128 100 128 2.7 2.1 2.7
Information................................... 66 49 52 2.4 1.8 1.9
Financial activities.......................... 159 170 187 2.0 2.2 2.4
Finance and insurance........................ 103 104 131 1.8 1.8 2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 57 66 56 2.8 3.4 2.8
Professional and business services............ 662 691 690 4.0 4.2 4.1
Education and health services................. 547 431 539 2.9 2.2 2.8
Educational services......................... 109 69 109 3.8 2.2 3.7
Health care and social assistance............ 438 362 430 2.7 2.2 2.6
Leisure and hospitality....................... 679 642 640 5.0 4.8 4.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 84 94 64 3.9 4.8 2.9
Accommodation and food services............. 595 548 577 5.2 4.8 5.0
Other services................................ 217 159 176 4.0 3.0 3.3
Government..................................... 498 353 708 2.2 1.5 3.1
Federal....................................... 79 66 270 2.8 1.9 8.4
State and local............................... 419 287 438 2.1 1.4 2.2
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 831 599 771 3.3 2.4 3.1
South......................................... 1,509 1,445 1,654 3.2 3.0 3.5
Midwest....................................... 875 873 919 2.9 2.9 3.1
West.......................................... 1,005 821 952 3.4 2.8 3.3
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 8. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 1,859 1,892 2,026 1.4 1.4 1.5
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 1,722 1,780 1,863 1.6 1.7 1.7
Mining and Logging............................ 7 6 8 1.0 .9 1.1
Construction.................................. 77 60 72 1.2 1.1 1.2
Manufacturing................................. 94 90 105 .8 .8 .9
Durable goods................................ 43 39 56 .6 .6 .8
Nondurable goods............................. 50 51 49 1.1 1.1 1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 391 440 425 1.6 1.8 1.7
Wholesale trade.............................. 48 44 56 .8 .8 1.0
Retail trade................................. 296 351 318 2.0 2.4 2.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 48 45 51 1.0 1.0 1.1
Information................................... 29 21 24 1.0 .8 .9
Financial activities.......................... 60 84 109 .8 1.1 1.4
Finance and insurance........................ 45 54 72 .8 .9 1.3
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 15 30 37 .7 1.5 1.9
Professional and business services............ 268 329 347 1.6 2.0 2.1
Education and health services................. 274 243 282 1.4 1.2 1.5
Educational services......................... 43 29 37 1.5 .9 1.3
Health care and social assistance............ 232 214 244 1.4 1.3 1.5
Leisure and hospitality....................... 417 413 390 3.1 3.1 2.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 45 37 34 2.1 1.9 1.5
Accommodation and food services............. 372 376 357 3.2 3.3 3.1
Other services................................ 105 94 101 1.9 1.8 1.9
Government..................................... 137 113 164 .6 .5 .7
Federal....................................... 4 14 25 .1 .4 .8
State and local............................... 133 99 139 .7 .5 .7
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 290 261 350 1.2 1.0 1.4
South......................................... 695 729 799 1.5 1.5 1.7
Midwest....................................... 394 472 405 1.3 1.6 1.4
West.......................................... 481 431 473 1.6 1.5 1.6
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 9. Layoffs and discharges levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 2,025 1,543 1,883 1.5 1.2 1.4
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 1,756 1,373 1,468 1.6 1.3 1.4
Mining and Logging............................ 11 8 5 1.6 1.1 .7
Construction.................................. 226 212 185 3.6 3.8 3.2
Manufacturing................................. 187 98 109 1.6 .8 .9
Durable goods................................ 122 65 61 1.7 .9 .8
Nondurable goods............................. 65 33 48 1.4 .7 1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 310 229 300 1.2 .9 1.2
Wholesale trade.............................. 68 58 52 1.2 1.0 .9
Retail trade................................. 170 129 191 1.2 .9 1.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 72 42 57 1.5 .9 1.2
Information................................... 29 25 22 1.0 .9 .8
Financial activities.......................... 94 66 47 1.2 .9 .6
Finance and insurance........................ 53 39 30 .9 .7 .5
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 41 27 18 2.0 1.4 .9
Professional and business services............ 351 313 296 2.1 1.9 1.8
Education and health services................. 215 161 213 1.1 .8 1.1
Educational services......................... 59 37 65 2.0 1.2 2.2
Health care and social assistance............ 156 124 148 1.0 .8 .9
Leisure and hospitality....................... 232 203 229 1.7 1.5 1.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 37 54 27 1.7 2.7 1.2
Accommodation and food services............. 195 150 203 1.7 1.3 1.8
Other services................................ 99 57 61 1.8 1.1 1.1
Government..................................... 269 170 416 1.2 .7 1.8
Federal....................................... 66 42 238 2.3 1.2 7.4
State and local............................... 204 128 177 1.0 .6 .9
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 461 293 335 1.9 1.2 1.3
South......................................... 694 592 718 1.5 1.2 1.5
Midwest....................................... 418 333 426 1.4 1.1 1.4
West.......................................... 451 324 404 1.5 1.1 1.4
1 Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a
percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 10. Other separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2009 2010 2010p 2009 2010 2010p
Total........................................... 335 304 387 0.3 0.2 0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 244 233 258 .2 .2 .2
Mining and Logging............................ 2 2 3 .3 .2 .4
Construction.................................. 8 10 8 .1 .2 .1
Manufacturing................................. 34 19 19 .3 .2 .2
Durable goods................................ 26 12 14 .4 .2 .2
Nondurable goods............................. 8 7 5 .2 .2 .1
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 43 69 65 .2 .3 .3
Wholesale trade.............................. 4 2 3 .1 (4) .1
Retail trade................................. 31 54 42 .2 .4 .3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 9 13 21 .2 .3 .4
Information................................... 7 3 6 .3 .1 .2
Financial activities.......................... 5 20 31 .1 .3 .4
Finance and insurance........................ 4 11 29 .1 .2 .5
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 1 9 2 (4) .5 .1
Professional and business services............ 43 49 47 .3 .3 .3
Education and health services................. 58 27 44 .3 .1 .2
Educational services......................... 7 3 6 .3 .1 .2
Health care and social assistance............ 50 24 37 .3 .1 .2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 30 25 21 .2 .2 .1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 2 4 3 .1 .2 .2
Accommodation and food services............. 28 22 17 .2 .2 .1
Other services................................ 13 8 14 .2 .2 .3
Government..................................... 91 70 129 .4 .3 .6
Federal....................................... 9 11 6 .3 .3 .2
State and local............................... 82 60 123 .4 .3 .6
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 81 45 86 .3 .2 .3
South......................................... 119 125 137 .3 .3 .3
Midwest....................................... 63 68 89 .2 .2 .3
West.......................................... 72 66 75 .2 .2 .3
1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
4 Data round to zero.
p = preliminary.
United States Department of Labor
