For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Friday, October 9, 2009 USDL-09-1209
Technical information: (202)691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact: (202)691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
Job Openings and Labor Turnover – August 2009
On the last business day of August, the number of job openings in the
U.S. was little changed at a series low level of 2.4 million, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The hires rate was little
changed and remained low at 3.1 percent in August. The total
separations rate was little changed and remained low at 3.3 percent.
This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job
openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector by
industry and geographic region.
Job Openings
The job openings rate was unchanged in August at a rate of 1.8
percent. The number of job openings has fallen by 2.4 million, or 50
percent, since the most recent peak in June 2007. The job openings
rate was little changed in August in all industries and regions. (See
table 1.)
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Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally
adjusted
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Job openings | Hires | Total separations
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Industry | Aug. | July | Aug. | Aug. | July | Aug. | Aug. | July | Aug.
| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p
-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total(1)...........|3,722 |2,408 |2,387 |4,654 |4,228 |4,029 |4,888 |4,430 |4,265
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..|3,314 |2,090 |2,077 |4,378 |3,930 |3,762 |4,587 |4,147 |3,960
Construction.....| 84 | 47 | 62 | 424 | 355 | 306 | 436 | 444 | 353
Manufacturing....| 300 | 110 | 125 | 285 | 272 | 249 | 348 | 329 | 318
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 638 | 393 | 439 | 973 | 819 | 802 |1,031 | 874 | 826
Retail trade....| 393 | 260 | 281 | 662 | 547 | 540 | 699 | 578 | 549
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 692 | 431 | 401 | 810 | 686 | 708 | 871 | 738 | 721
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 707 | 553 | 514 | 554 | 522 | 541 | 505 | 500 | 506
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 438 | 256 | 247 | 838 | 716 | 700 | 857 | 713 | 718
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 56 | 17 | 20 | 161 | 138 | 104 | 152 | 121 | 117
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 378 | 237 | 228 | 692 | 582 | 599 | 708 | 594 | 601
Government(3).....| 421 | 314 | 307 | 305 | 282 | 264 | 290 | 298 | 291
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 357 | 266 | 271 | 279 | 253 | 239 | 268 | 274 | 270
|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total(1)...........| 2.6 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.3
| | | | | | | | |
Total private(1)..| 2.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.6
Construction.....| 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 7.2 | 5.8
Manufacturing....| 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.7
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities(2)....| 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.3
Retail trade....| 2.5 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.7
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 3.8 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 4.3
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 3.6 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality.....| 3.2 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 5.5
Arts, enter- | | | | | | | | |
tainment and | | | | | | | | |
recreation.....| 2.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 5.5 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 6.2
Accommodation | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 3.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 5.3
Government(3).....| 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and
other services, not shown separately.
2 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not
shown separately.
3 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
Over the 12 months ending in August, the job openings rate (not
seasonally adjusted) decreased for total nonfarm, total private,
government, the majority of industries, and all four regions. The rate
was little changed in construction; wholesale trade; real estate and
rental and leasing; educational services; and other services. (See
table 5.)
Hires
The hires level was little changed at 4.0 million in August but has
declined by 1.6 million, or 28 percent, since the most recent peak in
July 2006. The hires rate was low in August at 3.1 percent and little
changed from July. The hires rate was little changed in August in all
industries. The hires rate decreased over the month in the West and
was little changed in the remaining regions. (See table 2.)
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Over the 12 months ending in August, the hires rate (not seasonally
adjusted) declined for total nonfarm, total private, and government.
The hires rate decreased for mining and logging; construction; retail
trade; finance and insurance; educational services; and state and
local government. The hires rate fell over the past 12 months in the
West and was little changed in the remaining regions. (See table 6.)
Separations
The total separations, or turnover, rate was little changed in August
and remained low at 3.3 percent. The total separations rate (not
seasonally adjusted) decreased over the 12 months ending in August for
total nonfarm and total private. Total separations includes quits
(voluntary separations), layoffs and discharges (involuntary
separations), and other separations (including retirements). (See
tables 3 and 7.)
The quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or
ability to change jobs. The rate was little changed in August at 1.3
percent. The quits level was 1.7 million in August, which is 45
percent lower than the most recent peak in December 2006. (See table
4.)
Over the 12 months ending in August, the quits rate (not seasonally
adjusted) was lower for total nonfarm, total private, government, the
majority of industries, and all four regions. The industries for which
the quits rate was little changed over the year include
transportation, warehousing, and utilities; information; finance and
insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; arts, entertainment and
recreation; and federal government. (See table 8.)
The layoffs and discharges component of total separations is
seasonally adjusted at the total nonfarm, total private, and
government levels. The layoffs and discharges level for total nonfarm,
total private, and government was little changed in August at 2.3
million, 2.2 million, and 135,000 respectively. The corresponding
layoffs and discharges rates were 1.8 percent, 2.0 percent, and 0.6
percent. The number of layoffs and discharges in August was 46 percent
higher than the recent low point in January 2006. (See table B below.)
The layoffs and discharges rate (not seasonally adjusted) was little
changed over the 12 months ending in August for total nonfarm and
total private and increased for government. The layoffs and discharges
rate rose in mining and logging; construction; nondurable goods
manufacturing; and state and local government. The layoffs and
discharges rate increased in the Midwest and was little changed in the
remaining regions. (See table 9.)
Table B. Layoffs and discharges by industry, seasonally adjusted
--------------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands) | Rates
|------------------------------------------------
Industry | Aug. | July | Aug. | Aug. | July | Aug.
| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p| 2008 | 2009 | 2009p
-------------------|------------------------------------------------
Total..............| 2,169 | 2,431 | 2,323 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.8
Total private.....| 2,078 | 2,348 | 2,179 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.0
Government....... | 99 | 120 | 135 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------
p = preliminary.
The other separations series is not seasonally adjusted. In August,
there were 321,000 other separations for total nonfarm, 263,000 for
total private, and 58,000 for government. Compared to August 2008, the
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number of other separations was little changed for total nonfarm,
total private, and government. (See table 10.)
The total separations level is influenced by the relative contribution
of its three components—quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations. The percentage of total separations at the total nonfarm
level attributable to the individual components has varied over time.
The proportion of separations due to quits declined from 61 percent in
January 2007 to a series low of 38 percent in April 2009. It then rose
slightly and stood at 41 percent in August 2009. The proportion of
layoffs and discharges reached a series high of 55 percent in July
2009 then dropped slightly to 54 percent in August 2009. (See tables 3
and 4, and table B above.)
Net Change in Employment
Over the 12 months ending in August, hires totaled 50.9 million and
separations totaled 56.1 million, yielding a net employment loss of
5.2 million.
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for September 2009
are scheduled to be released on Tuesday, November 10, 2009 at 10:00
a.m. (EST).
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Technical Note
The data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)
are collected and compiled monthly from a sample of business
establishments by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Collection
In a monthly survey of business establishments, data are
collected for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs
and discharges, and other separations. Data collection methods
include computer-assisted telephone interviewing, touchtone data
entry, fax, e-mail, and mail.
Coverage
The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments such
as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and
local government entities in the 50 states and the District of
Columbia.
Concepts
Industry classification. The industry classifications in this
release are in accordance with the 2007 version of the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS). In order to
ensure the highest possible quality of data, State Workforce
Agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the
industry code, location, and ownership classification of all
establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment
characteristics resulting from the verification process are always
introduced into the JOLTS sampling frame with the data reported for
the first month of the year.
Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who
worked or received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th
day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-
term, seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay
period, are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and
consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by the
establishment where they are working.
Job openings. Establishments submit job openings information for
the last business day of the reference month. A job opening
requires that: 1) a specific position exists and there is work
available for that position, 2) work could start within 30 days
regardless of whether a suitable candidate is found, and 3) the
employer is actively recruiting from outside the establishment to
fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent,
short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that
the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by advertising
in newspapers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs,
accepting applications, or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions,
demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are
jobs with start dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for
which employees have been hired but have not yet reported for work,
and jobs to be filled by employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants.
The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job
openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying
that quotient by 100.
Hires. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll
occurring at any time during the reference month, including both
new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the
location after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or
intermittent employees who returned to work after having been
formally separated, and transfers from other locations. The hires
count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting
site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help
agencies or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or
consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of
hires by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
Separations. Separations are the total number of terminations of
employment occurring at any time during the reference month, and
are reported by type of separation--quits, layoffs and discharges,
and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations
initiated by the employer and include layoffs with no intent to
rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last more than 7
days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or closings;
firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or
short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal employees.
Other separations include retirements, transfers to other
locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. Separations
do not include transfers within the same location or employees on
strike.
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of
separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are
computed similarly, dividing the number by employment and
multiplying by 100.
Annual estimates. Annual estimates of rates and levels
- 6 -
of hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total
separations are released with the January news release each year.
The JOLTS annual level estimates for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. The annual rate estimates are
computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying
that quotient by 100. This figure will be approximately equal to
the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Note that both the JOLTS and CES
annual levels are rounded to the nearest thousand before the annual
estimates are calculated. Consistent with BLS practices, annual
estimates are published only for not seasonally adjusted data.
Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings because job
openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last
business day of each month. Only jobs still open on the last day
of the month are counted. For the same reason job openings cannot
be cumulated throughout each month, annual figures for job openings
cannot be created by summing the monthly estimates. Hires and
separations are flow measures and are cumulated over the month with
a total reported for the month. Therefore, the annual figures can
be created by summing the monthly estimates.
Special Collection Procedures
An implied measure of employment change can be derived from the
JOLTS data by subtracting separations from hires for a given
month. Aggregating these monthly changes historically produced
employment levels that overstated employment change as measured by
CES at the total nonfarm level. Research into this problem showed
that a significant amount of the divergence between the CES
employment levels and the derived JOLTS employment levels was
traceable to the Employment Services industry and to the State
Government Education industry. In the former industry, businesses
have a difficult time reporting hires and separations of temporary
help workers. In the latter industry, employers have difficulty
reporting hires and separations of student workers. BLS now
devotes additional resources to the collection, editing, and review
of data for these industries. BLS analysts more closely examine
reported data that do not provide a consistent picture over time,
and re-contact the respondents as necessary. Analysts work with
the respondents to adjust their reporting practices as possible.
Units that cannot be reconciled but are clearly incorrect on a
consistent basis are not used, they are replaced by imputed values
using standard techniques.
Sample and estimation methodology
The JOLTS survey design is a random sample of 16,000 nonfarm
business establishments, including factories, offices, and stores,
as well as federal, state, and local governments in the 50 states
and the District of Columbia. The establishments are drawn from a
universe of over 9.1 million establishments compiled as part of the
operations of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW)
program. This program includes all employers subject to state
Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws and federal agencies subject to
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry
sector, and size class. The JOLTS sample is constructed from
individual panels of sample units drawn on an annual basis. The
full annual sample consists of one certainty panel composed of only
large units selected with virtual certainty based on their size and
24 non-certainty panels. Each month a new non-certainty panel is
rolled into collection, and the oldest non-certainty panel is
rolled out. This means that at any given time the JOLTS sample is
constructed from panels from three different annual sampling
frames. The entire sample of old plus new panels is post-
stratified and re-weighted annually to represent the most recent
sampling frame. Additionally, the out-of-business establishments
are removed from the old panels. The annual sample is supplemented
with a quarterly sample of birth establishments (i.e., new
establishments) to better reflect the impact of younger
establishments in the JOLTS sample.
JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked monthly to the
employment estimates of the Current Employment Statistics (CES)
survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.
JOLTS Business Birth/Death Model
As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as
current as its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an
establishment until its appearance on the sampling frame is
approximately one year. In addition, many of these new units may
fail within the first year. Since these universe units cannot be
reflected on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS sample
cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these
units during their early existence. BLS has developed a model to
estimate birth/death activity for current months by examining the
birth/death activity from previous years on the QCEW and projecting
forward to the present using an econometric technique known as X-12
ARIMA modeling. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS
data to estimate the amount of “churn” (hires and separations) that
exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines
the estimated churn with the projected employment change to
estimate the number of hires and separations taking place in these
units that cannot be measured through sampling.
- 7 -
The model-based estimate of total separations is distributed to
the three components – quits; layoffs and discharges; and other
separations - in proportion to their contribution to the sample-
based estimate of total separations. Additionally, job openings
for the modeled units are estimated by computing the ratio of
openings to hires in the collected data and applying that ratio to
the modeled hires. The estimates of job openings, hires, and
separations produced by the birth/death model are then added to the
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.
Seasonal adjustment
BLS seasonally adjusts several JOLTS series using the X-12-ARIMA
seasonal adjustment program. Seasonal adjustment is the process of
estimating and removing periodic fluctuations caused by events such
as weather, holidays, and the beginning and ending of the school
year. Seasonal adjustment makes it easier to observe fundamental
changes in the level of the series, particularly those associated
with general economic expansions and contractions. A concurrent
seasonal adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal
adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant
data, up to and including the data for the current month.
Alignment procedure
JOLTS hires minus separations should be comparable to the CES net
employment change. However, definitional differences as well as
sampling and non-sampling errors between the two surveys
historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit
the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires and
separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly Alignment Method.
The Monthly Alignment Method applies the CES employment trends to
the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while
preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two
series are seasonally adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS
implied employment trend and the CES net employment change is
calculated. Next, the JOLTS implied employment trend is adjusted to
equal the CES net employment change through a proportional
adjustment. This proportional adjustment procedure adjusts the two
components (hires, separations) proportionally to their
contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). For
example, if hires are 40 percent of the churn for a given month,
they will receive 40 percent of the needed adjustment and
separations will receive 60 percent of the needed adjustment. The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the monthly alignment method has been used to
adjust the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the
adjusted levels. The Monthly Alignment procedure assures a close
match of the JOLTS implied employment trend with the CES trend. The
CES series is considered a highly accurate measure of net
employment change owing to its very large sample size and annual
benchmarking to universe counts of employment from the QCEW
program.
Using JOLTS data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are
relatively new. The full sample is divided into panels, with one
panel enrolled each month. A full complement of panels for the
original data series based on the 1987 Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system was not completely enrolled in the
survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of
establishments needed to create NAICS estimates were not completely
enrolled until May 2003. The data collected up until those points
are from less than a full sample. Therefore, estimates from
earlier months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units
were reporting data at that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and
separations data were revised to address possible underreporting.
As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior
to March 2002 may not be comparable to estimates for March 2002 and
later.
The federal government reorganization that involved transferring
approximately 180,000 employees to the new Department of Homeland
Security is not reflected in the JOLTS hires and separations
estimates for the federal government. The Office of Personnel
Management's record shows these transfers were completed in March
2003. The inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions of hires
and separations is intended to cover ongoing movements of workers
between establishments. The Department of Homeland Security
reorganization was a massive one-time event, and the inclusion of
these intergovernmental transfers would distort the federal
government time series.
JOLTS uses moving averages as seasonal filters in seasonal
adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and
multiplicative seasonal adjustment models and REGARIMA (regression
with autocorrelated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to
detect and adjust for outliers in the series.
Reliability of the estimates
JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample rather than the entire population is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ
from the "true" population values they represent. The exact
difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular
sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard
error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at the
90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a
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90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a
sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the
"true" population value because of sampling error. Estimates of
sampling errors are available upon request.
The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure
to include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain
data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by
respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the
data, and errors from the employment benchmark data used in
estimation.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD
message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.
2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p
Total(4)................................. 3,722 2,633 2,513 2,523 2,513 2,408 2,387 2.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 3,314 2,269 2,042 2,191 2,163 2,090 2,077 2.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9
Construction........................... 84 51 29 39 56 47 62 1.2 .8 .5 .6 .9 .8 1.0
Manufacturing.......................... 300 115 95 105 113 110 125 2.2 .9 .8 .9 .9 .9 1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 638 414 332 466 469 393 439 2.4 1.6 1.3 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.7
Retail trade.......................... 393 265 205 319 308 260 281 2.5 1.8 1.4 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.9
Professional and business services..... 692 428 461 451 445 431 401 3.8 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4
Education and health services.......... 707 537 515 530 531 553 514 3.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.6
Leisure and hospitality................ 438 289 322 265 276 256 247 3.2 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 56 25 22 20 19 17 20 2.8 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0
Accommodation and food services....... 378 263 312 239 254 237 228 3.2 2.3 2.7 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0
Government(6)........................... 421 353 461 310 322 314 307 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3
State and local government............. 357 291 307 267 273 266 271 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 707 583 520 554 609 508 507 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.0
South.................................. 1,409 1,000 942 888 882 870 871 2.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
Midwest................................ 794 499 512 512 496 509 507 2.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7
West................................... 864 556 570 544 561 517 541 2.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus
job openings.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,
South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming.
p = preliminary.
Table 2. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.
2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p
Total(4)................................. 4,654 4,099 4,117 3,942 3,919 4,228 4,029 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.1
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 4,378 3,799 3,822 3,739 3,654 3,930 3,762 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.5
Construction........................... 424 343 341 365 277 355 306 5.9 5.3 5.4 5.8 4.5 5.8 5.0
Manufacturing.......................... 285 244 236 206 225 272 249 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 973 883 888 842 744 819 802 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.3 3.2
Retail trade.......................... 662 595 655 575 519 547 540 4.3 4.0 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.7
Professional and business services..... 810 668 733 721 644 686 708 4.6 4.0 4.4 4.3 3.9 4.1 4.3
Education and health services.......... 554 483 475 473 530 522 541 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.8
Leisure and hospitality................ 838 693 691 695 695 716 700 6.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 161 85 86 83 107 138 104 8.2 4.4 4.5 4.4 5.7 7.3 5.5
Accommodation and food services....... 692 607 603 606 590 582 599 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.3
Government(6)........................... 305 271 340 273 262 282 264 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2
State and local government............. 279 247 246 257 237 253 239 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 800 696 729 712 735 714 710 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9
South.................................. 1,714 1,458 1,619 1,423 1,428 1,544 1,517 3.5 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.2
Midwest................................ 1,034 943 901 867 839 885 930 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.1
West................................... 1,124 931 949 995 917 1,042 867 3.7 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.5 2.9
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 3. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.
2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p
Total(4)................................. 4,888 4,712 4,641 4,356 4,306 4,430 4,265 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 4,587 4,434 4,362 4,066 3,939 4,147 3,960 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.6
Construction........................... 436 463 437 411 355 444 353 6.1 7.2 6.9 6.5 5.7 7.2 5.8
Manufacturing.......................... 348 401 390 367 352 329 318 2.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 1,031 1,001 982 951 816 874 826 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.3
Retail trade.......................... 699 646 678 601 549 578 549 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.7
Professional and business services..... 871 778 839 771 698 738 721 4.9 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.3
Education and health services.......... 505 466 462 419 489 500 506 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.6
Leisure and hospitality................ 857 751 716 684 696 713 718 6.4 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 152 95 102 88 115 121 117 7.7 4.9 5.4 4.6 6.1 6.4 6.2
Accommodation and food services....... 708 649 612 596 594 594 601 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3
Government(6)........................... 290 265 255 288 340 298 291 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3
State and local government............. 268 251 243 250 272 274 270 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 824 878 700 774 799 716 743 3.2 3.5 2.8 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.0
South.................................. 1,799 1,741 1,682 1,565 1,535 1,602 1,509 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.2
Midwest................................ 1,026 1,085 1,065 1,016 958 958 967 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2
West................................... 1,258 978 1,188 980 1,053 1,181 1,066 4.1 3.3 4.0 3.3 3.6 4.0 3.6
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 4. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels(3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.
2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009p
Total(4)................................. 2,453 1,856 1,777 1,788 1,787 1,778 1,739 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3
INDUSTRY
Total private(4)........................ 2,322 1,749 1,678 1,682 1,680 1,673 1,639 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Construction........................... 151 102 74 84 70 68 63 2.1 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0
Manufacturing.......................... 146 81 80 86 93 82 81 1.1 .7 .7 .7 .8 .7 .7
Trade, transportation, and utilities(5) 541 444 385 398 391 415 384 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5
Retail trade.......................... 397 344 271 296 299 295 290 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Professional and business services..... 361 278 272 281 257 265 255 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.5
Education and health services.......... 285 249 228 249 264 235 245 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3
Leisure and hospitality................ 529 433 430 396 429 411 429 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation... 45 35 41 45 46 38 43 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.3
Accommodation and food services....... 487 402 392 351 378 372 382 4.2 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.4
Government(6)........................... 139 107 99 107 111 107 104 .6 .5 .4 .5 .5 .5 .5
State and local government............. 131 106 96 97 99 101 96 .7 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5
REGION(7)
Northeast.............................. 337 273 263 303 279 234 265 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1
South.................................. 978 751 691 718 693 724 677 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4
Midwest................................ 567 431 410 397 403 435 372 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.2
West................................... 566 408 453 398 434 404 435 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes mining and logging, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
7 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 5. Job openings levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. July Aug. Aug. July Aug.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 3,906 2,575 2,544 2.8 1.9 1.9
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 3,457 2,232 2,221 2.9 2.0 2.0
Mining and Logging............................ 26 5 5 3.1 .7 .8
Construction.................................. 91 61 72 1.2 .9 1.1
Manufacturing................................. 295 117 144 2.1 1.0 1.2
Durable goods................................ 170 64 68 2.0 .9 .9
Nondurable goods............................. 125 53 76 2.4 1.1 1.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 714 407 515 2.6 1.6 2.0
Wholesale trade.............................. 133 86 102 2.2 1.5 1.8
Retail trade................................. 451 270 319 2.9 1.8 2.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 131 52 93 2.5 1.1 1.9
Information................................... 90 59 46 2.9 2.0 1.6
Financial activities.......................... 204 148 131 2.4 1.9 1.7
Finance and insurance........................ 165 106 96 2.7 1.8 1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 38 42 35 1.7 2.0 1.7
Professional and business services............ 683 459 393 3.7 2.7 2.3
Education and health services................. 721 593 523 3.7 3.0 2.7
Educational services......................... 76 54 72 2.7 1.9 2.5
Health care and social assistance............ 645 539 450 3.9 3.2 2.7
Leisure and hospitality....................... 438 269 250 3.0 1.9 1.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 60 16 21 2.6 .7 1.0
Accommodation and food services............. 378 253 229 3.1 2.1 1.9
Other services................................ 194 113 142 3.4 2.0 2.5
Government..................................... 449 343 324 2.1 1.6 1.5
Federal....................................... 70 60 30 2.4 2.1 1.1
State and local............................... 379 282 293 2.0 1.5 1.6
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 744 523 538 2.8 2.1 2.1
South......................................... 1,439 944 907 2.8 2.0 1.9
Midwest....................................... 832 570 533 2.6 1.9 1.8
West.......................................... 891 537 567 2.8 1.8 1.9
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a
percent of total employment plus job openings.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 6. Hires levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. July Aug. Aug. July Aug.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 5,159 4,694 4,425 3.8 3.6 3.4
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 4,651 4,377 3,987 4.0 4.0 3.6
Mining and Logging............................ 37 26 19 4.6 3.6 2.6
Construction.................................. 429 408 304 5.7 6.3 4.8
Manufacturing................................. 311 306 271 2.3 2.6 2.3
Durable goods................................ 181 150 134 2.1 2.1 1.9
Nondurable goods............................. 130 156 137 2.6 3.4 3.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 1,031 860 843 3.9 3.4 3.4
Wholesale trade.............................. 145 143 113 2.4 2.5 2.0
Retail trade................................. 707 556 577 4.6 3.8 3.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 179 161 154 3.6 3.4 3.3
Information................................... 59 92 51 2.0 3.2 1.8
Financial activities.......................... 211 234 180 2.6 3.0 2.3
Finance and insurance........................ 138 135 97 2.3 2.3 1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 73 98 82 3.4 4.8 4.1
Professional and business services............ 797 756 713 4.5 4.5 4.3
Education and health services................. 681 597 685 3.7 3.2 3.6
Educational services......................... 146 107 122 5.3 3.8 4.4
Health care and social assistance............ 535 491 563 3.4 3.0 3.5
Leisure and hospitality....................... 885 805 747 6.3 5.8 5.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 140 165 94 6.3 7.5 4.4
Accommodation and food services............. 745 640 653 6.3 5.5 5.6
Other services................................ 209 291 175 3.7 5.3 3.2
Government..................................... 508 317 438 2.4 1.5 2.1
Federal....................................... 23 40 29 .8 1.4 1.0
State and local............................... 485 278 410 2.6 1.5 2.2
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 826 852 733 3.2 3.5 3.0
South......................................... 1,943 1,700 1,712 3.9 3.6 3.6
Midwest....................................... 1,107 946 1,006 3.6 3.2 3.4
West.......................................... 1,283 1,196 975 4.2 4.1 3.3
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 7. Total separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. July Aug. Aug. July Aug.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 5,638 4,970 4,829 4.1 3.8 3.7
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 5,211 4,561 4,397 4.5 4.1 4.0
Mining and Logging............................ 27 31 27 3.3 4.2 3.7
Construction.................................. 490 478 386 6.5 7.4 6.0
Manufacturing................................. 379 313 320 2.8 2.6 2.7
Durable goods................................ 251 159 175 3.0 2.2 2.4
Nondurable goods............................. 128 154 144 2.6 3.3 3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 1,113 914 862 4.2 3.6 3.4
Wholesale trade.............................. 166 152 132 2.8 2.7 2.3
Retail trade................................. 770 586 590 5.0 4.0 4.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 178 176 140 3.5 3.7 3.0
Information................................... 64 104 66 2.1 3.6 2.3
Financial activities.......................... 255 247 219 3.1 3.2 2.8
Finance and insurance........................ 178 151 131 3.0 2.6 2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 77 97 88 3.5 4.8 4.4
Professional and business services............ 913 781 741 5.1 4.7 4.4
Education and health services................. 611 615 618 3.3 3.2 3.3
Educational services......................... 117 124 115 4.2 4.5 4.2
Health care and social assistance............ 494 490 503 3.1 3.0 3.1
Leisure and hospitality....................... 1,058 797 902 7.5 5.8 6.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 217 115 178 9.8 5.2 8.3
Accommodation and food services............. 841 682 724 7.1 5.9 6.2
Other services................................ 301 281 256 5.4 5.1 4.7
Government..................................... 427 409 432 2.0 1.9 2.0
Federal....................................... 35 25 35 1.3 .9 1.2
State and local............................... 391 384 397 2.1 2.1 2.2
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 961 795 868 3.8 3.2 3.5
South......................................... 2,082 1,832 1,705 4.2 3.9 3.6
Midwest....................................... 1,168 1,011 1,094 3.8 3.4 3.7
West.......................................... 1,427 1,333 1,162 4.6 4.5 4.0
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 8. Quits levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. July Aug. Aug. July Aug.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 3,108 2,142 2,203 2.3 1.6 1.7
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,893 2,003 2,042 2.5 1.8 1.9
Mining and Logging............................ 19 4 12 2.4 .5 1.6
Construction.................................. 219 100 90 2.9 1.6 1.4
Manufacturing................................. 188 94 106 1.4 .8 .9
Durable goods................................ 113 40 56 1.3 .5 .8
Nondurable goods............................. 75 55 50 1.5 1.2 1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 659 457 465 2.5 1.8 1.8
Wholesale trade.............................. 89 61 42 1.5 1.1 .7
Retail trade................................. 488 318 353 3.2 2.2 2.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 83 78 70 1.6 1.6 1.5
Information................................... 47 45 36 1.6 1.6 1.3
Financial activities.......................... 130 94 98 1.6 1.2 1.3
Finance and insurance........................ 98 59 71 1.6 1.0 1.2
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 32 36 27 1.4 1.8 1.3
Professional and business services............ 448 321 306 2.5 1.9 1.8
Education and health services................. 349 285 300 1.9 1.5 1.6
Educational services......................... 52 29 36 1.9 1.0 1.3
Health care and social assistance............ 297 256 265 1.9 1.6 1.6
Leisure and hospitality....................... 667 503 545 4.7 3.6 4.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 73 53 75 3.3 2.4 3.5
Accommodation and food services............. 594 450 470 5.0 3.9 4.0
Other services................................ 166 100 84 3.0 1.8 1.5
Government..................................... 215 139 161 1.0 .7 .8
Federal....................................... 17 4 17 .6 .1 .6
State and local............................... 198 136 144 1.1 .7 .8
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 432 291 339 1.7 1.2 1.4
South......................................... 1,224 876 836 2.5 1.8 1.8
Midwest....................................... 768 493 491 2.5 1.7 1.7
West.......................................... 683 483 537 2.2 1.6 1.8
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 9. Layoffs and discharges levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. July Aug. Aug. July Aug.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 2,227 2,476 2,305 1.6 1.9 1.8
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,071 2,297 2,091 1.8 2.1 1.9
Mining and Logging............................ 6 25 14 .7 3.5 1.9
Construction.................................. 255 366 291 3.4 5.7 4.5
Manufacturing................................. 168 197 190 1.2 1.7 1.6
Durable goods................................ 121 109 104 1.4 1.5 1.4
Nondurable goods............................. 46 87 86 .9 1.9 1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 369 384 332 1.4 1.5 1.3
Wholesale trade.............................. 66 81 84 1.1 1.4 1.5
Retail trade................................. 232 216 185 1.5 1.5 1.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 71 87 63 1.4 1.8 1.3
Information................................... 16 55 23 .5 1.9 .8
Financial activities.......................... 106 139 102 1.3 1.8 1.3
Finance and insurance........................ 66 85 45 1.1 1.5 .8
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 39 54 57 1.8 2.7 2.8
Professional and business services............ 427 404 384 2.4 2.4 2.3
Education and health services................. 220 294 277 1.2 1.5 1.5
Educational services......................... 58 88 75 2.1 3.2 2.7
Health care and social assistance............ 162 206 202 1.0 1.3 1.2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 373 269 330 2.6 1.9 2.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 141 57 98 6.3 2.6 4.5
Accommodation and food services............. 232 211 232 2.0 1.8 2.0
Other services................................ 133 164 149 2.4 3.0 2.7
Government..................................... 156 179 213 .7 .8 1.0
Federal....................................... 10 4 9 .3 .1 .3
State and local............................... 146 175 204 .8 .9 1.1
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 477 427 473 1.9 1.7 1.9
South......................................... 745 826 746 1.5 1.7 1.6
Midwest....................................... 326 441 531 1.0 1.5 1.8
West.......................................... 679 782 554 2.2 2.7 1.9
1 Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a
percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 10. Other separations levels(1) and rates(2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region Aug. July Aug. Aug. July Aug.
2008 2009 2009p 2008 2009 2009p
Total........................................... 303 351 321 0.2 0.3 0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 247 260 263 .2 .2 .2
Mining and Logging............................ 2 1 1 .2 .2 .2
Construction.................................. 16 12 6 .2 .2 .1
Manufacturing................................. 24 22 23 .2 .2 .2
Durable goods................................ 17 10 16 .2 .1 .2
Nondurable goods............................. 7 12 8 .1 .3 .2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 85 73 65 .3 .3 .3
Wholesale trade.............................. 12 10 6 .2 .2 .1
Retail trade................................. 50 51 52 .3 .3 .4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 24 12 8 .5 .2 .2
Information................................... 1 4 7 (4) .1 .3
Financial activities.......................... 20 14 20 .2 .2 .3
Finance and insurance........................ 14 7 15 .2 .1 .3
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 6 7 5 .3 .3 .2
Professional and business services............ 38 57 51 .2 .3 .3
Education and health services................. 42 36 41 .2 .2 .2
Educational services......................... 7 8 4 .2 .3 .1
Health care and social assistance............ 35 28 37 .2 .2 .2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 18 26 27 .1 .2 .2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 3 5 5 .2 .2 .3
Accommodation and food services............. 15 21 21 .1 .2 .2
Other services................................ 2 17 23 (4) .3 .4
Government..................................... 56 91 58 .3 .4 .3
Federal....................................... 9 18 9 .3 .6 .3
State and local............................... 47 73 49 .3 .4 .3
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 51 77 55 .2 .3 .2
South......................................... 113 130 123 .2 .3 .3
Midwest....................................... 75 77 72 .2 .3 .2
West.......................................... 63 67 72 .2 .2 .2
1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 7, table 1.
4 Data round to zero.
p = preliminary.
United States Department of Labor
