For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Tuesday, November 6, 2018	USDL-18-1785

Technical information:  (202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                         JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – SEPTEMBER 2018

The number of job openings decreased to 7.0 million on the last business day of September, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, hires and separations were both little 
changed at 5.7 million. Within separations, the quits rate was unchanged at 2.4 percent and the layoffs 
and discharges rate was little changed at 1.1 percent. This release includes estimates of the number and 
rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the nonfarm sector by industry and by four geographic 
regions.

Job Openings

On the last business day of September, the job openings level fell to 7.0 million (-284,000), after 
reaching a revised series high of 7.3 million in August. The job openings rate was 4.5 percent in 
September. The number of job openings edged down for total private (-188,000) and fell in government 
(-96,000). Job openings increased in health care and social assistance (+71,000). The number of job 
openings decreased in many industries, with the largest decreases in professional and business services
(-118,000), finance and insurance (-82,000), and state and local government, excluding education
(-67,000). Job openings decreased in the South region. (See table 1.)

Hires

The number of hires in September was little changed at 5.7 million, after reaching a revised series high 
of 5.9 million in August. The hires rate was 3.8 percent in September. The number of hires was little 
changed for total private and for government. Hires were little changed in all industries. Hires decreased 
in the West region. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations was little changed at 5.7 million in September. The total separations 
rate was 3.8 percent. The number of total separations was little changed for total private and edged down 
for government (-28,000). Total separations decreased in state and local government education
(-21,000). The number of total separations decreased in the West region. (See table 3.)

The number of quits was little changed in September at 3.6 million. The quits rate was 2.4 percent. The 
number of quits was little changed for total private and for government. Quits increased in educational 
services (+15,000), but decreased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-20,000) and state and 
local government education (-10,000). The number of quits decreased in the West region. (See table 4.)

The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in September at 1.7 million. The layoffs and 
discharges rate was 1.1 percent. The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed for total 
private and edged down for government (-19,000). The number of layoffs and discharges was little 
changed in all industries and regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in September at 365,000. The other separations 
level was little changed for total private and for government. Other separations increased in professional 
and business services (+22,000), but decreased in state and local government education (-7,000). The 
number of other separations increased in the Midwest region. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising. Over the 12 months ending in September, hires totaled 67.5 million 
and separations totaled 65.1 million, yielding a net employment gain of 2.5 million. These totals 
include workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.

____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for October 2018 are scheduled to be 
released on Monday, December 10, 2018 at 10:00 a.m. (EST).

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	6,229	7,293	7,009	5,375	5,906	5,744	5,346	5,779	5,667
Total private	5,726	6,595	6,407	5,033	5,551	5,393	5,002	5,422	5,338
Mining and logging(1)	25	36	32	27	43	45	22	35	32
Construction(1)	179	317	278	387	366	374	375	334	351
Manufacturing	445	508	484	330	368	326	317	343	314
Durable goods(1)	271	304	302	190	205	187	181	188	176
Nondurable goods(1)	174	204	182	140	163	139	136	154	138
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,158	1,267	1,294	1,040	1,218	1,159	991	1,206	1,160
Wholesale trade(1)	202	221	237	134	164	142	119	151	137
Retail trade	688	760	756	691	818	795	682	837	825
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	267	287	300	214	236	222	190	218	198
Information(1)	115	149	117	82	77	81	99	83	82
Financial activities	387	450	356	191	221	219	185	231	205
Finance and insurance	318	354	272	123	141	140	118	143	138
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	69	96	84	68	80	79	67	88	67
Professional and business services	1,222	1,374	1,256	1,161	1,253	1,195	1,154	1,194	1,171
Education and health services	1,124	1,275	1,300	635	715	726	607	665	691
Educational services(1)	87	123	76	90	92	96	78	88	94
Health care and social assistance	1,037	1,152	1,223	544	623	631	528	577	598
Leisure and hospitality	786	996	1,048	993	1,059	1,073	1,039	1,072	1,102
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	90	94	87	154	173	163	169	177	164
Accommodation and food services	695	901	961	839	886	910	870	895	938
Other services(1)	286	223	243	188	231	196	212	260	229
Government	503	698	602	341	355	351	344	357	329
Federal(1)	68	108	79	30	32	34	41	33	32
State and local	435	591	523	312	322	316	304	324	297
State and local education	163	206	205	145	173	174	134	172	151
State and local, excluding education(1)	273	384	317	167	149	142	170	152	146
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	4.1	4.7	4.5	3.7	4.0	3.8	3.6	3.9	3.8
Total private	4.4	4.9	4.8	4.0	4.4	4.2	4.0	4.3	4.2
Mining and logging(1)	3.5	4.6	4.0	3.9	5.7	5.9	3.2	4.6	4.3
Construction(1)	2.5	4.2	3.7	5.6	5.0	5.1	5.4	4.6	4.8
Manufacturing	3.4	3.8	3.7	2.6	2.9	2.6	2.5	2.7	2.5
Durable goods(1)	3.4	3.7	3.7	2.5	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.2
Nondurable goods(1)	3.6	4.1	3.7	3.0	3.4	2.9	2.9	3.2	2.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.0	4.4	4.4	3.8	4.4	4.2	3.6	4.3	4.2
Wholesale trade(1)	3.3	3.5	3.8	2.3	2.7	2.4	2.0	2.5	2.3
Retail trade	4.2	4.6	4.5	4.4	5.1	5.0	4.3	5.3	5.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	4.4	4.6	4.8	3.7	4.0	3.8	3.3	3.7	3.3
Information(1)	4.0	5.1	4.1	3.0	2.8	2.9	3.6	3.0	3.0
Financial activities	4.4	5.0	4.0	2.3	2.6	2.5	2.2	2.7	2.4
Finance and insurance	4.8	5.3	4.1	2.0	2.2	2.2	1.9	2.3	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	3.0	4.1	3.6	3.1	3.5	3.5	3.0	3.9	3.0
Professional and business services	5.6	6.1	5.6	5.6	5.9	5.7	5.6	5.7	5.5
Education and health services	4.6	5.1	5.2	2.7	3.0	3.1	2.6	2.8	2.9
Educational services(1)	2.3	3.2	2.0	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.1	2.3	2.5
Health care and social assistance	5.0	5.5	5.8	2.8	3.1	3.2	2.7	2.9	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	4.7	5.7	6.0	6.2	6.5	6.6	6.5	6.6	6.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3.7	3.9	3.6	6.6	7.4	6.9	7.3	7.5	7.0
Accommodation and food services	4.8	6.0	6.4	6.1	6.3	6.5	6.3	6.4	6.7
Other services(1)	4.7	3.7	4.0	3.3	3.9	3.3	3.7	4.4	3.9
Government	2.2	3.0	2.6	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.5
Federal(1)	2.4	3.7	2.8	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.5	1.2	1.2
State and local	2.2	2.9	2.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.5
State and local education	1.5	1.9	1.9	1.4	1.7	1.7	1.3	1.6	1.4
State and local, excluding education(1)	2.9	4.0	3.4	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.9	1.7	1.6
Footnotes (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, and federal government data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Technical Note


This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects
and compiles JOLTS data monthly from a sample of nonfarm
establishments. A more detailed discussion of JOLTS concepts and
methodology is available online at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch18.pdf.

Coverage and collection

The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well
as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. Data are collected for total employment, job
openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and
total separations.

Concepts

Industry classification.  The industry classifications in this release
are in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or
received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the
reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term,
seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are
employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or
partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or
persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period,
are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies,
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are
counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where
they are working.

Job openings.  Job openings information is collected for the last
business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that: 1) a
specific position exists and there is work available for that
position, 2) work could start within 30 days whether or not the
employer found a suitable candidate, and 3) the employer is actively
recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position.
Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal
openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking
steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the
Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using
other similar methods.

Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions,
or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start
dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have
been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled
by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies,
outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed
by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and
job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires.  The hires level is the total number of additions to the
payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including
both new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent,
short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent
employees who returned to work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include
transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning
from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing
companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is
computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying
that quotient by 100.

Separations.  The separations level is the total number of employment
terminations occurring at any time during the reference month, and is
reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations. (Some respondents are only able to report total
separations.) The quits count includes voluntary separations by
employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other
separations). The layoffs and discharges count is comprised of
involuntary separations initiated by the employer and includes layoffs
with no intent to rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last
more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of
permanent or short-term employees; and terminations of seasonal
employees. The other separations count includes retirements, transfers
to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. The
separations count does not include transfers within the same location
or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing
the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient
by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates
are computed similarly.

Annual estimates.  Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and
discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of
the 12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing
the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual
average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This
figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates.
Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published only for
not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news
release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job
openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time,
measurement for the last business day of each month.

Sample and estimation methodology

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 16,000
nonfarm business and government establishments. The sample is
stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment
size class. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.1
million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state
unemployment insurance laws and federal agencies subject to the
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted,
monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates of the CES survey.
A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for
all other JOLTS data elements.

JOLTS business birth/death model

As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only be as current as
its sampling frame. The time lag from the birth of an establishment
until its appearance on the sampling frame is approximately one year.
In addition, many of these new units may fail within the first year.
Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the sampling frame
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and
separations from these units during their early existence. To
compensate for the inability to capture data from these
establishments, BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses birth
and death activity from previous years. The estimates of job openings,
hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to
the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the
estimates for openings, hires, and separations.

Seasonal adjustment

BLS uses X-13 ARIMA to seasonally adjust several JOLTS series
utilizing moving averages as seasonal filters. A concurrent seasonal
adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment
factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and
including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both
additive and multiplicative models and REGARIMA (regression with auto-
correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors
at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for
outliers in the series.

Alignment procedure

The JOLTS measures for hires minus separations can be used to derive a
measure of net employment change. This change should be comparable to
the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. However,
definitional differences as well as sampling and nonsampling errors
between the two surveys historically caused JOLTS to diverge from CES
over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the
JOLTS hires and separations series, BLS implemented the Monthly
Alignment Method.

This method applies the CES employment trends to the seasonally
adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend (hires minus separations)
forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the
seasonality of the JOLTS data. First, the two series are seasonally
adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS implied employment
change and the CES net employment change is calculated. Next, the
JOLTS implied employment change is adjusted to equal the CES net
employment change through a proportional adjustment. This procedure
adjusts the two components (hires, separations) proportionally to
their contribution to the total churn (hires plus separations). The
adjusted hires and separations are converted back to not seasonally
adjusted data by reversing the application of the original seasonal
factors. After the Monthly Alignment Method has been used to adjust
the level estimates, rate estimates are computed from the adjusted
levels.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling
error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS
analysis is generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling
error. Sampling error estimates are available at 
www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to
include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from
all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents
to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents,
errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors
from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	6,229	6,659	6,822	7,077	7,293	7,009	4.1	4.3	4.4	4.5	4.7	4.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,726	6,052	6,183	6,384	6,595	6,407	4.4	4.6	4.7	4.8	4.9	4.8
Mining and logging(3)	25	34	27	33	36	32	3.5	4.5	3.5	4.3	4.6	4.0
Construction(3)	179	253	267	275	317	278	2.5	3.4	3.6	3.7	4.2	3.7
Manufacturing	445	474	475	496	508	484	3.4	3.6	3.6	3.8	3.8	3.7
Durable goods(3)	271	296	293	289	304	302	3.4	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.7	3.7
Nondurable goods(3)	174	178	182	207	204	182	3.6	3.6	3.7	4.2	4.1	3.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,158	1,308	1,348	1,333	1,267	1,294	4.0	4.5	4.6	4.6	4.4	4.4
Wholesale trade(3)	202	183	222	261	221	237	3.3	3.0	3.6	4.2	3.5	3.8
Retail trade	688	793	842	773	760	756	4.2	4.7	5.0	4.6	4.6	4.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	267	332	285	300	287	300	4.4	5.4	4.6	4.9	4.6	4.8
Information(3)	115	132	136	146	149	117	4.0	4.5	4.7	5.0	5.1	4.1
Financial activities	387	350	352	396	450	356	4.4	3.9	3.9	4.4	5.0	4.0
Finance and insurance	318	262	244	309	354	272	4.8	4.0	3.7	4.6	5.3	4.1
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	69	88	108	88	96	84	3.0	3.8	4.6	3.8	4.1	3.6
Professional and business services	1,222	1,159	1,155	1,244	1,374	1,256	5.6	5.3	5.2	5.6	6.1	5.6
Education and health services	1,124	1,248	1,295	1,247	1,275	1,300	4.6	5.0	5.2	5.0	5.1	5.2
Educational services(3)	87	112	147	120	123	76	2.3	2.9	3.8	3.1	3.2	2.0
Health care and social assistance	1,037	1,136	1,148	1,127	1,152	1,223	5.0	5.4	5.5	5.4	5.5	5.8
Leisure and hospitality	786	877	931	993	996	1,048	4.7	5.1	5.4	5.7	5.7	6.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	90	88	86	93	94	87	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.8	3.9	3.6
Accommodation and food services	695	789	845	900	901	961	4.8	5.4	5.7	6.0	6.0	6.4
Other services(3)	286	218	198	220	223	243	4.7	3.6	3.3	3.6	3.7	4.0
Government	503	607	639	693	698	602	2.2	2.6	2.8	3.0	3.0	2.6
Federal(3)	68	97	115	96	108	79	2.4	3.4	3.9	3.3	3.7	2.8
State and local	435	510	524	597	591	523	2.2	2.5	2.6	3.0	2.9	2.6
State and local education	163	173	194	213	206	205	1.5	1.6	1.8	2.0	1.9	1.9
State and local, excluding education(3)	273	337	330	383	384	317	2.9	3.6	3.5	4.0	4.0	3.4
REGION(4)
Northeast	1,058	1,104	1,174	1,201	1,177	1,228	3.8	3.9	4.1	4.2	4.1	4.3
South	2,193	2,414	2,429	2,565	2,765	2,516	3.9	4.3	4.3	4.5	4.8	4.4
Midwest	1,600	1,667	1,672	1,707	1,707	1,639	4.7	4.8	4.8	4.9	4.9	4.7
West	1,378	1,474	1,547	1,604	1,644	1,625	3.9	4.1	4.3	4.5	4.6	4.5
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	5,375	5,747	5,677	5,713	5,906	5,744	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.8	4.0	3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,033	5,404	5,328	5,366	5,551	5,393	4.0	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.4	4.2
Mining and logging	27	42	41	38	43	45	3.9	5.7	5.5	5.2	5.7	5.9
Construction	387	386	360	373	366	374	5.6	5.3	5.0	5.1	5.0	5.1
Manufacturing	330	356	360	392	368	326	2.6	2.8	2.8	3.1	2.9	2.6
Durable goods	190	208	207	231	205	187	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.9	2.6	2.3
Nondurable goods	140	149	153	161	163	139	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.4	3.4	2.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,040	1,099	1,120	1,142	1,218	1,159	3.8	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.4	4.2
Wholesale trade	134	130	135	134	164	142	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.7	2.4
Retail trade	691	738	755	790	818	795	4.4	4.6	4.7	5.0	5.1	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	214	231	230	218	236	222	3.7	3.9	3.9	3.7	4.0	3.8
Information	82	89	78	76	77	81	3.0	3.2	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.9
Financial activities	191	202	247	215	221	219	2.3	2.4	2.9	2.5	2.6	2.5
Finance and insurance	123	129	169	136	141	140	2.0	2.0	2.7	2.2	2.2	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	68	73	79	79	80	79	3.1	3.2	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5
Professional and business services	1,161	1,190	1,160	1,180	1,253	1,195	5.6	5.7	5.5	5.6	5.9	5.7
Education and health services	635	723	712	701	715	726	2.7	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.1
Educational services	90	102	91	104	92	96	2.4	2.7	2.4	2.8	2.4	2.5
Health care and social assistance	544	621	620	598	623	631	2.8	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.2
Leisure and hospitality	993	1,081	1,047	1,065	1,059	1,073	6.2	6.6	6.4	6.5	6.5	6.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	154	181	166	146	173	163	6.6	7.7	7.1	6.2	7.4	6.9
Accommodation and food services	839	900	881	918	886	910	6.1	6.5	6.3	6.6	6.3	6.5
Other services	188	236	202	184	231	196	3.3	4.0	3.4	3.1	3.9	3.3
Government	341	343	349	347	355	351	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6
Federal	30	29	30	33	32	34	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2
State and local	312	314	320	314	322	316	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6
State and local education	145	147	165	157	173	174	1.4	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.7
State and local, excluding education	167	167	155	157	149	142	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	819	854	898	936	880	801	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.4	3.2	2.9
South	2,153	2,304	2,286	2,305	2,400	2,407	4.0	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.4	4.4
Midwest	1,186	1,336	1,245	1,271	1,296	1,343	3.6	4.1	3.8	3.9	3.9	4.1
West	1,216	1,252	1,249	1,201	1,330	1,193	3.6	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.9	3.5
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	5,346	5,419	5,514	5,596	5,779	5,667	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.8	3.9	3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,002	5,093	5,172	5,242	5,422	5,338	4.0	4.0	4.1	4.1	4.3	4.2
Mining and logging	22	35	34	33	35	32	3.2	4.8	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.3
Construction	375	340	350	337	334	351	5.4	4.7	4.8	4.7	4.6	4.8
Manufacturing	317	342	337	358	343	314	2.5	2.7	2.6	2.8	2.7	2.5
Durable goods	181	193	180	195	188	176	2.3	2.4	2.3	2.5	2.4	2.2
Nondurable goods	136	149	156	162	154	138	2.9	3.1	3.3	3.4	3.2	2.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	991	1,073	1,116	1,130	1,206	1,160	3.6	3.9	4.0	4.1	4.3	4.2
Wholesale trade	119	119	131	125	151	137	2.0	2.0	2.2	2.1	2.5	2.3
Retail trade	682	726	778	806	837	825	4.3	4.6	4.9	5.1	5.3	5.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	190	228	207	200	218	198	3.3	3.9	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.3
Information	99	92	81	79	83	82	3.6	3.3	2.9	2.8	3.0	3.0
Financial activities	185	191	234	225	231	205	2.2	2.2	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.4
Finance and insurance	118	120	154	145	143	138	1.9	1.9	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	67	71	79	80	88	67	3.0	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.9	3.0
Professional and business services	1,154	1,143	1,132	1,118	1,194	1,171	5.6	5.5	5.4	5.3	5.7	5.5
Education and health services	607	652	665	664	665	691	2.6	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.9
Educational services	78	95	71	97	88	94	2.1	2.6	1.9	2.6	2.3	2.5
Health care and social assistance	528	557	594	566	577	598	2.7	2.8	3.0	2.8	2.9	3.0
Leisure and hospitality	1,039	1,038	1,018	1,058	1,072	1,102	6.5	6.4	6.2	6.5	6.6	6.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	169	166	173	138	177	164	7.3	7.1	7.4	5.9	7.5	7.0
Accommodation and food services	870	872	845	920	895	938	6.3	6.3	6.0	6.6	6.4	6.7
Other services	212	188	207	240	260	229	3.7	3.2	3.5	4.1	4.4	3.9
Government	344	326	341	354	357	329	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.5
Federal	41	31	32	34	33	32	1.5	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2
State and local	304	295	309	320	324	297	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.5
State and local education	134	144	153	160	172	151	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.4
State and local, excluding education	170	150	156	160	152	146	1.9	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	869	795	857	773	856	812	3.2	2.9	3.1	2.8	3.1	2.9
South	2,078	2,173	2,189	2,311	2,356	2,430	3.9	4.0	4.0	4.2	4.3	4.5
Midwest	1,174	1,237	1,236	1,257	1,257	1,272	3.6	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.8
West	1,224	1,214	1,232	1,256	1,310	1,153	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.7	3.8	3.4
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	3,256	3,480	3,477	3,608	3,648	3,601	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.4
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,080	3,287	3,285	3,422	3,480	3,436	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.7
Mining and logging	15	23	21	21	21	20	2.2	3.1	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7
Construction	153	162	164	178	165	170	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.5	2.3	2.3
Manufacturing	191	197	206	217	212	198	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6
Durable goods	109	111	113	120	119	105	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.3
Nondurable goods	82	86	93	96	93	93	1.7	1.8	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	634	737	751	730	759	730	2.3	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.7	2.6
Wholesale trade	86	86	79	78	108	87	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.8	1.5
Retail trade	447	512	550	535	529	540	2.8	3.2	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	101	138	122	117	122	102	1.8	2.4	2.1	2.0	2.1	1.7
Information	51	56	51	49	49	44	1.8	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.6
Financial activities	114	110	129	141	155	125	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.8	1.4
Finance and insurance	80	66	78	77	89	74	1.3	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.2
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	34	44	52	64	66	51	1.5	2.0	2.3	2.8	2.9	2.2
Professional and business services	713	692	723	709	696	693	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.3
Education and health services	407	468	440	449	469	483	1.7	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.0	2.0
Educational services	45	50	34	45	35	50	1.2	1.4	0.9	1.2	0.9	1.3
Health care and social assistance	361	417	407	404	434	434	1.8	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.2	2.2
Leisure and hospitality	665	714	705	765	777	797	4.1	4.4	4.3	4.7	4.7	4.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	52	71	77	76	84	88	2.2	3.0	3.3	3.2	3.6	3.7
Accommodation and food services	613	643	629	689	693	709	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.9	4.9	5.1
Other services(3)	137	129	95	163	177	176	2.4	2.2	1.6	2.8	3.0	3.0
Government	176	193	192	187	168	165	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.7
Federal	16	15	14	14	13	14	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
State and local	160	178	178	172	155	151	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8
State and local education	73	93	92	91	85	75	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.7
State and local, excluding education	87	85	86	82	70	76	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8
REGION(4)
Northeast	437	471	460	442	448	455	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.7
South	1,307	1,457	1,432	1,504	1,500	1,562	2.4	2.7	2.6	2.8	2.8	2.9
Midwest	745	775	819	824	856	830	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.5
West	766	777	766	838	845	754	2.3	2.3	2.2	2.4	2.5	2.2
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	1,764	1,618	1,652	1,622	1,790	1,700	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,658	1,538	1,568	1,520	1,666	1,594	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3
Mining and logging(3)	5	10	11	11	13	10	0.8	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.4
Construction	209	159	176	151	159	171	3.0	2.2	2.4	2.1	2.2	2.3
Manufacturing	105	124	111	120	112	95	0.8	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.7
Durable goods	58	69	55	60	60	60	0.8	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nondurable goods	46	55	56	60	52	35	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.1	0.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	277	262	290	329	384	374	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.4	1.3
Wholesale trade(3)	30	21	37	34	38	40	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7
Retail trade	176	163	184	230	264	245	1.1	1.0	1.2	1.4	1.7	1.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	71	79	70	66	82	88	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.4	1.5
Information	37	25	22	24	27	33	1.3	0.9	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.2
Financial activities	45	72	68	57	55	56	0.5	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.6
Finance and insurance	19	46	44	43	40	41	0.3	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	26	26	23	15	15	15	1.2	1.2	1.0	0.7	0.7	0.6
Professional and business services	411	383	341	326	443	401	2.0	1.8	1.6	1.6	2.1	1.9
Education and health services	154	146	172	167	141	151	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6
Educational services	31	38	29	42	45	36	0.8	1.0	0.8	1.1	1.2	0.9
Health care and social assistance	123	108	143	125	96	116	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	347	304	283	263	265	263	2.2	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	112	91	94	60	87	68	4.8	3.9	4.0	2.6	3.7	2.9
Accommodation and food services	235	213	189	202	177	194	1.7	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4
Other services	70	51	94	72	67	41	1.2	0.9	1.6	1.2	1.1	0.7
Government	105	80	84	102	125	106	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.5
Federal	13	7	6	7	7	6	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
State and local	92	73	78	95	118	100	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.5
State and local education	35	33	34	44	60	57	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.5
State and local, excluding education	57	40	44	51	57	43	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5
REGION(4)
Northeast	379	267	316	277	322	287	1.4	1.0	1.2	1.0	1.2	1.0
South	657	610	632	685	731	736	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3
Midwest	349	392	334	347	348	366	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1
West	378	349	369	314	389	311	1.1	1.0	1.1	0.9	1.1	0.9
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	May 2018	June 2018	July 2018	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	327	321	384	365	341	365	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	264	268	319	300	277	307	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	2	2	2	1	1	1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2
Construction(3)	13	19	10	8	10	9	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manufacturing	22	21	20	22	19	21	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Durable goods	14	13	13	15	9	11	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Nondurable goods(3)	8	8	7	7	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	80	74	75	71	64	57	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	4	12	15	14	6	9	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2
Retail trade	59	51	44	41	44	40	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	18	11	15	17	14	8	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.1
Information(3)	12	10	8	5	7	6	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Financial activities	26	9	37	27	21	25	0.3	0.1	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3
Finance and insurance	20	8	33	25	14	23	0.3	0.1	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	6	1	4	1	7	2	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.1
Professional and business services	29	67	69	84	54	76	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4
Education and health services	46	39	52	48	54	57	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services(3)	2	6	8	10	8	8	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
Health care and social assistance(3)	44	32	44	38	47	48	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	28	19	29	30	31	43	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	5	4	3	1	5	8	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3
Accommodation and food services(3)	23	15	27	28	25	35	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services(3)	6	8	18	5	16	12	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.2
Government	63	52	65	65	64	58	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	12	8	12	13	13	12	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4
State and local	52	44	53	53	51	46	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
State and local education	26	19	27	25	26	19	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2
State and local, excluding education	26	25	26	27	25	27	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(4)
Northeast	53	57	80	54	86	70	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
South	114	106	124	122	125	132	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	79	70	83	86	53	76	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
West	80	88	97	103	77	87	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	6,263	7,412	7,070	4.1	4.7	4.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,760	6,689	6,466	4.4	5.0	4.8
Mining and logging	25	36	32	3.5	4.5	4.0
Construction	179	317	278	2.4	4.0	3.6
Manufacturing	445	508	484	3.4	3.8	3.6
Durable goods	271	304	302	3.4	3.7	3.7
Nondurable goods	174	204	182	3.5	4.1	3.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,272	1,309	1,401	4.4	4.5	4.8
Wholesale trade	202	221	237	3.3	3.5	3.8
Retail trade	803	802	863	4.9	4.8	5.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	267	287	300	4.4	4.7	4.8
Information	115	149	117	4.0	5.1	4.1
Financial activities	387	446	350	4.4	4.9	3.9
Finance and insurance	318	350	266	4.8	5.2	4.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	69	96	84	3.0	4.0	3.6
Professional and business services	1,235	1,401	1,276	5.7	6.2	5.7
Education and health services	1,092	1,258	1,273	4.5	5.1	5.1
Educational services	87	123	76	2.3	3.4	2.0
Health care and social assistance	1,006	1,135	1,196	4.9	5.4	5.7
Leisure and hospitality	723	1,043	1,013	4.3	5.8	5.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	73	102	72	3.0	3.7	2.9
Accommodation and food services	650	941	941	4.5	6.1	6.3
Other services	286	223	243	4.7	3.6	4.0
Government	503	723	604	2.2	3.3	2.6
Federal	68	108	79	2.4	3.7	2.8
State and local	435	615	525	2.2	3.2	2.6
State and local education	162	231	208	1.5	2.4	1.9
State and local, excluding education	273	384	317	2.9	3.9	3.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,083	1,224	1,278	3.8	4.3	4.4
South	2,171	2,751	2,484	3.9	4.8	4.3
Midwest	1,639	1,753	1,674	4.8	5.0	4.8
West	1,368	1,683	1,635	3.9	4.7	4.5
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	5,451	6,610	5,853	3.7	4.4	3.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,033	5,937	5,395	4.0	4.6	4.2
Mining and logging	25	47	42	3.6	6.2	5.5
Construction	361	370	355	5.0	4.9	4.7
Manufacturing	343	406	334	2.7	3.2	2.6
Durable goods	194	218	188	2.5	2.7	2.4
Nondurable goods	149	187	145	3.1	3.9	3.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,046	1,267	1,160	3.8	4.6	4.2
Wholesale trade	135	167	144	2.3	2.8	2.4
Retail trade	676	864	782	4.3	5.4	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	235	236	235	4.1	4.0	4.0
Information	79	77	78	2.9	2.7	2.8
Financial activities	177	226	202	2.1	2.6	2.3
Finance and insurance	115	145	129	1.8	2.3	2.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	61	82	73	2.8	3.5	3.2
Professional and business services	1,134	1,288	1,174	5.5	6.1	5.5
Education and health services	713	911	820	3.1	3.9	3.5
Educational services	153	180	160	4.2	5.2	4.3
Health care and social assistance	560	731	660	2.9	3.7	3.3
Leisure and hospitality	968	1,127	1,045	6.0	6.6	6.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	132	143	135	5.6	5.4	5.6
Accommodation and food services	835	984	910	6.0	6.8	6.4
Other services	186	219	184	3.2	3.7	3.1
Government	418	674	458	1.9	3.1	2.0
Federal	27	34	34	0.9	1.2	1.2
State and local	391	640	424	2.0	3.4	2.2
State and local education	241	492	300	2.3	5.3	2.9
State and local, excluding education	150	148	124	1.6	1.6	1.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	906	939	884	3.3	3.4	3.2
South	2,117	2,745	2,409	3.9	5.0	4.4
Midwest	1,169	1,466	1,349	3.6	4.4	4.1
West	1,259	1,461	1,211	3.7	4.2	3.5
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	5,767	6,870	6,023	3.9	4.6	4.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,359	6,334	5,648	4.3	4.9	4.4
Mining and logging	25	39	35	3.5	5.1	4.6
Construction	381	391	363	5.3	5.2	4.9
Manufacturing	345	436	332	2.8	3.4	2.6
Durable goods	194	242	185	2.5	3.0	2.3
Nondurable goods	151	194	148	3.2	4.0	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	965	1,340	1,126	3.5	4.8	4.1
Wholesale trade	120	177	138	2.0	2.9	2.3
Retail trade	671	927	808	4.3	5.8	5.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	174	236	180	3.0	4.0	3.0
Information	101	92	85	3.6	3.3	3.1
Financial activities	180	278	198	2.1	3.2	2.3
Finance and insurance	116	188	132	1.8	3.0	2.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	65	90	66	2.9	3.9	2.9
Professional and business services	1,162	1,312	1,193	5.6	6.2	5.6
Education and health services	626	797	718	2.7	3.4	3.0
Educational services	83	133	99	2.3	3.9	2.7
Health care and social assistance	542	664	619	2.8	3.3	3.1
Leisure and hospitality	1,341	1,353	1,359	8.3	7.9	8.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	327	277	279	13.8	10.5	11.7
Accommodation and food services	1,013	1,076	1,080	7.3	7.5	7.6
Other services	234	295	240	4.0	5.0	4.1
Government	408	536	374	1.8	2.5	1.7
Federal	42	38	35	1.5	1.4	1.3
State and local	366	498	339	1.9	2.7	1.7
State and local education	115	246	127	1.1	2.7	1.2
State and local, excluding education	251	252	212	2.8	2.7	2.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,060	1,064	955	3.9	3.9	3.5
South	2,148	2,744	2,507	4.0	5.0	4.6
Midwest	1,245	1,541	1,365	3.8	4.7	4.1
West	1,314	1,521	1,195	3.9	4.4	3.5
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	3,447	4,473	3,824	2.3	3.0	2.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,264	4,220	3,653	2.6	3.3	2.9
Mining and logging	18	25	23	2.5	3.3	3.0
Construction	159	221	179	2.2	2.9	2.4
Manufacturing	203	290	207	1.6	2.3	1.6
Durable goods	118	158	111	1.5	2.0	1.4
Nondurable goods	85	132	96	1.8	2.7	2.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	662	912	760	2.4	3.3	2.7
Wholesale trade	87	133	89	1.5	2.2	1.5
Retail trade	470	637	568	3.0	4.0	3.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	105	142	102	1.8	2.4	1.7
Information	55	60	46	2.0	2.2	1.7
Financial activities	114	184	125	1.3	2.1	1.4
Finance and insurance	80	118	74	1.3	1.9	1.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	34	66	51	1.5	2.9	2.2
Professional and business services	730	800	704	3.5	3.8	3.3
Education and health services	429	560	515	1.8	2.4	2.2
Educational services	55	57	61	1.5	1.6	1.7
Health care and social assistance	374	503	453	1.9	2.5	2.3
Leisure and hospitality	758	990	919	4.7	5.8	5.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	71	152	126	3.0	5.8	5.3
Accommodation and food services	686	838	793	5.0	5.8	5.6
Other services	137	177	176	2.4	3.0	3.0
Government	183	253	171	0.8	1.2	0.8
Federal	17	18	15	0.6	0.7	0.5
State and local	167	235	156	0.9	1.3	0.8
State and local education	68	135	66	0.7	1.5	0.6
State and local, excluding education	99	100	90	1.1	1.1	1.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	504	559	520	1.9	2.0	1.9
South	1,344	1,804	1,614	2.5	3.3	3.0
Midwest	797	1,102	911	2.5	3.3	2.8
West	802	1,009	778	2.4	2.9	2.3
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	2,003	2,041	1,843	1.4	1.4	1.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,839	1,826	1,696	1.5	1.4	1.3
Mining and logging	5	13	10	0.8	1.7	1.3
Construction	209	160	174	2.9	2.1	2.3
Manufacturing	122	128	106	1.0	1.0	0.8
Durable goods	63	75	65	0.8	0.9	0.8
Nondurable goods	59	53	42	1.2	1.1	0.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities	224	359	312	0.8	1.3	1.1
Wholesale trade	30	38	40	0.5	0.6	0.7
Retail trade	143	241	203	0.9	1.5	1.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	51	80	69	0.9	1.4	1.2
Information	34	25	33	1.2	0.9	1.2
Financial activities	41	69	50	0.5	0.8	0.6
Finance and insurance	17	52	37	0.3	0.8	0.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	24	17	13	1.1	0.7	0.6
Professional and business services	405	455	413	2.0	2.1	1.9
Education and health services	151	183	147	0.7	0.8	0.6
Educational services	26	69	29	0.7	2.0	0.8
Health care and social assistance	125	114	118	0.6	0.6	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	556	333	398	3.4	1.9	2.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	251	119	146	10.6	4.5	6.1
Accommodation and food services	305	213	252	2.2	1.5	1.8
Other services	91	102	52	1.6	1.7	0.9
Government	165	215	147	0.7	1.0	0.7
Federal	13	8	7	0.5	0.3	0.3
State and local	152	207	140	0.8	1.1	0.7
State and local education	26	82	46	0.3	0.9	0.4
State and local, excluding education	125	125	94	1.4	1.3	1.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	497	419	362	1.8	1.5	1.3
South	701	807	770	1.3	1.5	1.4
Midwest	373	379	378	1.1	1.1	1.1
West	432	436	332	1.3	1.3	1.0
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Total nonfarm, government, federal government, and regional data in this table have been corrected for the months January 2011 through March 2018.

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)	Sept. 2017	Aug. 2018	Sept. 2018(p)
Total	317	356	356	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	257	288	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	2	1	1	0.2	0.1	0.2
Construction	13	10	9	0.2	0.1	0.1
Manufacturing	20	18	19	0.2	0.1	0.2
Durable goods	13	8	9	0.2	0.1	0.1
Nondurable goods	8	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	79	69	53	0.3	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	4	6	8	0.1	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	57	48	37	0.4	0.3	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	18	14	8	0.3	0.2	0.1
Information	12	7	6	0.4	0.2	0.2
Financial activities	25	24	23	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finance and insurance	18	18	21	0.3	0.3	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	6	7	2	0.3	0.3	0.1
Professional and business services	27	58	76	0.1	0.3	0.4
Education and health services	46	54	57	0.2	0.2	0.2
Educational services	2	8	8	0.1	0.2	0.2
Health care and social assistance	44	47	48	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	28	31	43	0.2	0.2	0.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5	5	8	0.2	0.2	0.3
Accommodation and food services	23	25	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services	6	16	12	0.1	0.3	0.2
Government	60	68	56	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	12	12	13	0.4	0.4	0.5
State and local	48	56	43	0.2	0.3	0.2
State and local education	21	30	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
State and local, excluding education	26	26	29	0.3	0.3	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	59	85	74	0.2	0.3	0.3
South	103	134	123	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	75	61	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	80	76	84	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.