For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, November 10, 2020	USDL-20-2088
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – SEPTEMBER 2020

The number of job openings was little changed at 6.4 million on the last business day of September, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires and total separations were little changed at 5.9 
million and 4.7 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was little changed at 2.1 percent 
while the layoffs and discharges rate decreased to a series low of 0.9 percent. This release includes 
estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by 
industry, and by four geographic regions.
   
Job Openings

On the last business day of September, the number of job openings was little changed at 6.4 million. 
The job openings rate was unchanged at 4.3 percent. Job openings decreased in federal government  
(-20,000). The number of job openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.)
The number of job openings in September (not seasonally adjusted) decreased over the year to 6.6 
million (-566,000) reflecting the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market. Job 
openings decreased in a number of industries with the largest in accommodation and food services, retail 
trade, and construction. The number of job openings decreased in the Midwest and West regions. (See 
table 7.)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|                  Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on September 2020 JOLTS Data                    |
|													  |
|Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus 	  |
|(COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and at 		  |
|www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-september-2020.htm.			  |
|_________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Hires

In September, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.9 million and 4.1 percent, 
respectively. Hires decreased in federal government (-256,000), largely due to a drop in demand for 
temporary 2020 Census workers. Hires also decreased in retail trade (-105,000) and educational services 
(-23,000). The number of hires increased in accommodation and food services (+137,000), wholesale 
trade (+73,000), and transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+46,000). The number of hires was little 
changed in all four regions. (See table 2.)

The number of hires in September (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed over the year. Hires 
increased in a number of industries over the year, with the largest increases in other services and in 
transportation, warehousing, and utilities. Hires decreased in state and local government education and 
in arts, entertainment, and recreation. The number of hires decreased in the South region. (See table 8.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 
referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 
the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 
discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 
due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In September, the number of total separations was little changed at 4.7 million. The total separations 
rate was unchanged at 3.3 percent. The total separations level increased in other services (+77,000). 
Total separations also increased in federal government (+31,000), largely the result of temporary 2020 
Census workers. Total separations were little changed in all four regions. (See table 3.)

Over the year, the number of total separations (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 5.0 million  
(-1.1 million). Total separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in 
accommodation and food services and in professional and business services. Total separations increased 
in federal government. The number of total separations decreased in all four regions. (See table 9.)

In September, the number of quits increased to 3.0 million (+179,000) and the quits rate was little 
changed at 2.1 percent. Quits increased in other services (+65,000), construction (+39,000), and arts, 
entertainment, and recreation (+17,000). The number of quits was little changed in all four regions. 
(See table 4.)  

Over the year, the number of quits (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 3.3 million 
(-356,000). Quits declined in several industries, with the largest decreases in accommodation and food 
services and in arts, entertainment, and recreation. The quits level increased in nondurable goods 
manufacturing. Over the year, the number of quits decreased in the Midwest and West regions. (See 
table 10.)

The number and rate of layoffs and discharges decreased to 1.3 million (-200,000) and 0.9 percent, 
respectively in September. The layoffs and discharges level decreased in construction (-102,000) and 
wholesale trade (-40,000). The number of layoffs and discharges increased in federal government 
(+37,000), largely due to the release of temporary 2020 Census workers. Layoffs and discharges were 
little changed in all four regions. (See table 5.)

Over the year, the layoffs and discharges level (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 1.4 million  
(-720,000). Layoffs and discharges decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in 
accommodation and food services and in professional and business services. The number of layoffs and 
discharges increased in federal government. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased over the 
year in the Northeast, South, and West regions. (See table 11.)

The number of other separations was little changed in September at 314,000. Other separations 
decreased in federal government (-5,000) and arts, entertainment, and recreation (-3,000). Other 
separations were little changed in all four regions. (See table 6.)

Over the year, the other separations level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed at 298,000. Other 
separations decreased in federal government. The number of other separations was little changed in all 
four regions. (See table 12.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 
employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 
hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 
if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in September, hires totaled 70.4 million and separations totaled 76.4 million, 
yielding a net employment loss of 6.0 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 
and separated more than once during the year.
____________	
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for October 2020 are scheduled to be 
released on Wednesday, December 9, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|                        Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on September 2020			 |
|                              Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data				 |
|													 |
|Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 42	 |
|percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone 	 |
|respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due to |
|the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate for 	 |
|September was 47 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent.		 |
|													 |
|BLS modified the JOLTS estimation methods in March through September to better reflect the impact of the| 
|coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The estimation process usually includes an alignment of monthly hires  |
|minus separations to the over-the-month change in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment 	 |
|estimates. For September estimates, as in earlier months, BLS suspended the alignment process. The 	 |
|differing reference periods for the CES employment estimates (pay period including the 12th of the 	 |
|month) and the JOLTS hires and separations estimates (the entire reference month) led to different 	 |
|measurement outcomes. More information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, 	 |
|including information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at 				 |
|www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-september-2020.htm.			 |
|________________________________________________________________________________________________________|

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	7,046	6,352	6,436	5,959	5,952	5,871	5,739	4,689	4,664
Total private	6,325	5,636	5,740	5,593	5,394	5,563	5,387	4,413	4,332
Mining and logging(1)	34	15	17	24	16	19	24	19	23
Construction(1)	333	275	229	452	396	383	431	324	260
Manufacturing	441	469	456	344	384	351	349	332	324
Durable goods(1)	269	249	255	198	207	184	205	190	180
Nondurable goods(1)	172	220	201	146	177	167	144	141	144
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,280	1,130	1,112	1,196	1,248	1,262	1,201	1,103	1,024
Wholesale trade	193	187	180	162	135	208	161	152	126
Retail trade	743	705	653	787	863	758	796	719	655
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	345	238	279	248	250	296	244	232	244
Information(1)	169	82	86	91	87	95	82	57	61
Financial activities	349	284	316	225	217	223	216	205	189
Finance and insurance	268	222	252	143	145	150	135	133	113
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	81	61	65	82	73	74	81	72	76
Professional and business services	1,260	1,195	1,276	1,178	1,170	1,151	1,141	960	953
Education and health services	1,216	1,182	1,220	740	719	736	661	606	611
Educational services(1)	129	108	108	99	93	70	86	59	63
Health care and social assistance	1,087	1,074	1,112	641	626	666	575	547	548
Leisure and hospitality	995	761	781	1,160	934	1,057	1,096	708	712
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	148	83	85	176	129	114	152	53	78
Accommodation and food services	847	678	696	985	806	943	944	655	634
Other services	248	242	246	182	222	286	186	98	175
Government	721	716	695	366	558	308	352	276	332
Federal(1)	112	123	103	42	315	59	41	57	88
State and local	608	594	593	325	243	249	311	219	244
State and local education	229	199	204	161	105	106	158	116	129
State and local, excluding education(1)	380	394	388	163	138	143	153	103	115
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	4.4	4.3	4.3	3.9	4.2	4.1	3.8	3.3	3.3
Total private	4.7	4.5	4.6	4.3	4.5	4.6	4.2	3.7	3.6
Mining and logging(1)	4.5	2.4	2.8	3.3	2.6	3.0	3.3	3.1	3.8
Construction(1)	4.2	3.7	3.1	6.0	5.5	5.3	5.7	4.5	3.6
Manufacturing	3.3	3.7	3.6	2.7	3.2	2.9	2.7	2.7	2.7
Durable goods(1)	3.2	3.2	3.2	2.5	2.7	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4
Nondurable goods(1)	3.5	4.6	4.2	3.1	3.9	3.6	3.0	3.1	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	4.4	4.1	4.0	4.3	4.7	4.7	4.3	4.2	3.8
Wholesale trade	3.2	3.2	3.1	2.7	2.4	3.7	2.7	2.7	2.2
Retail trade	4.5	4.5	4.1	5.0	5.7	5.0	5.1	4.8	4.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(1)	5.3	3.9	4.5	4.0	4.3	5.0	3.9	4.0	4.1
Information(1)	5.6	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.4	3.6	2.8	2.2	2.3
Financial activities	3.8	3.2	3.5	2.6	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.2
Finance and insurance	4.0	3.3	3.7	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.1	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing(1)	3.3	2.7	2.9	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.5	3.3	3.5
Professional and business services	5.6	5.6	6.0	5.5	5.8	5.7	5.3	4.8	4.7
Education and health services	4.8	4.9	5.0	3.0	3.1	3.2	2.7	2.6	2.6
Educational services(1)	3.3	3.0	3.0	2.6	2.6	2.0	2.3	1.7	1.8
Health care and social assistance	5.0	5.2	5.3	3.1	3.2	3.4	2.8	2.8	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	5.6	5.7	5.7	7.0	7.4	8.1	6.6	5.6	5.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5.7	4.9	4.8	7.2	8.0	6.8	6.2	3.3	4.6
Accommodation and food services	5.6	5.8	5.8	6.9	7.3	8.3	6.7	5.9	5.6
Other services	4.0	4.3	4.3	3.1	4.1	5.3	3.2	1.8	3.2
Government	3.1	3.2	3.1	1.6	2.5	1.4	1.6	1.3	1.5
Federal(1)	3.8	3.7	3.2	1.5	10.0	1.9	1.4	1.8	2.8
State and local	3.0	3.1	3.1	1.6	1.3	1.3	1.6	1.2	1.3
State and local education	2.1	2.0	2.1	1.5	1.1	1.1	1.5	1.2	1.3
State and local, excluding education(1)	3.9	4.2	4.1	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.2	1.3
Footnotes (1) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical. (p) Preliminary

Technical Note

Special technical note:  This technical note describes the procedures regularly used on a monthly basis to develop 
estimates from JOLTS survey responses. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the procedures described in this technical 
note have been modified. The modifications are briefly described in the box note in the news release and are 
described in more detail at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm.

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, 
other separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Industries are classified in 
accordance with the North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment.  Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees 
on leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working.

Job Openings.  Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month. 

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions: 
* A specific position exists and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or part-
time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that time. 
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting Internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future, positions for which employees 
have been hired but the employees have not yet reported for work, and positions to be filled by employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 
computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that 
quotient by 100.

Hires.  Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations.  Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability; and deaths. 
Excluded from separations are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is computed by 
dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and 
discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 
establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size class. The 
establishments are drawn from a universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 
Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which includes all employers subject to state unemployment insurance 
laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment estimates 
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the 
levels for all other JOLTS data elements.

Birth/death model.  The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. Also within the first year, new businesses may go out of business, 
referred to as a death. Because not all births and deaths of establishments can be reflected on the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from them during their early 
existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity from previous 
years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations produced by the birth/death model are added to the 
sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment.  The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences as well as sampling and non- sampling errors between the two surveys historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and re-seasonally adjust.

Seasonal adjustment.  BLS uses X-13 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal adjustment 
methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up 
to and including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative models 
and REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 
beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally adjusted CES 
employment trends are applied to the seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trends (hires minus 
separations) forcing them to be approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates.  The JOLTS estimates are revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES employment 
estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-
adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The 
seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment 
factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS 
data series, for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be 
approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are 
published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with the January news release each year. Annual 
estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the 
last business day of each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs when a sample 
is surveyed rather than the entire population. There is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true 
population values they represent. The difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample 
selected. This variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 
the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an 
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 
sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons 
including: the failure to include a segment of the population; the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample; 
the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 
made in the collection or processing of the data; and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation.
Other information

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	7,046	5,371	6,001	6,697	6,352	6,436	4.4	3.9	4.2	4.6	4.3	4.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,325	4,736	5,347	5,879	5,636	5,740	4.7	4.1	4.4	4.7	4.5	4.6
Mining and logging(3)	34	10	16	16	15	17	4.5	1.5	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.8
Construction(3)	333	315	244	332	275	229	4.2	4.3	3.3	4.4	3.7	3.1
Manufacturing	441	306	346	430	469	456	3.3	2.5	2.8	3.4	3.7	3.6
Durable goods(3)	269	166	179	228	249	255	3.2	2.2	2.3	2.9	3.2	3.2
Nondurable goods(3)	172	141	167	202	220	201	3.5	3.1	3.6	4.3	4.6	4.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,280	997	1,075	1,181	1,130	1,112	4.4	3.9	4.0	4.3	4.1	4.0
Wholesale trade	193	153	163	179	187	180	3.2	2.7	2.8	3.1	3.2	3.1
Retail trade	743	670	669	773	705	653	4.5	4.7	4.4	5.0	4.5	4.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	345	174	243	228	238	279	5.3	3.0	4.1	3.8	3.9	4.5
Information(3)	169	78	97	106	82	86	5.6	2.9	3.6	3.9	3.1	3.2
Financial activities	349	264	298	291	284	316	3.8	3.0	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.5
Finance and insurance	268	215	232	219	222	252	4.0	3.2	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.7
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	81	49	65	72	61	65	3.3	2.2	2.9	3.2	2.7	2.9
Professional and business services	1,260	976	1,077	1,178	1,195	1,276	5.6	4.8	5.2	5.6	5.6	6.0
Education and health services	1,216	975	1,089	1,288	1,182	1,220	4.8	4.2	4.6	5.3	4.9	5.0
Educational services(3)	129	78	90	111	108	108	3.3	2.3	2.5	3.1	3.0	3.0
Health care and social assistance	1,087	896	999	1,177	1,074	1,112	5.0	4.5	4.9	5.7	5.2	5.3
Leisure and hospitality	995	622	838	770	761	781	5.6	5.9	6.6	5.8	5.7	5.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	148	101	113	94	83	85	5.7	7.8	7.1	5.6	4.9	4.8
Accommodation and food services	847	521	725	676	678	696	5.6	5.6	6.5	5.8	5.8	5.8
Other services	248	194	268	288	242	246	4.0	3.9	4.9	5.1	4.3	4.3
Government	721	635	654	818	716	695	3.1	2.9	3.0	3.7	3.2	3.1
Federal(3)	112	70	112	281	123	103	3.8	2.4	3.7	8.8	3.7	3.2
State and local	608	564	542	536	594	593	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.8	3.1	3.1
State and local education	229	209	186	176	199	204	2.1	2.1	1.9	1.8	2.0	2.1
State and local, excluding education(3)	380	355	356	360	394	388	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9	4.2	4.1
REGION(4)
Northeast	1,174	948	1,123	1,209	1,080	1,116	4.1	3.7	4.3	4.5	4.0	4.1
South	2,693	2,049	2,226	2,479	2,512	2,532	4.6	4.0	4.2	4.6	4.6	4.6
Midwest	1,548	1,123	1,329	1,561	1,366	1,378	4.5	3.7	4.2	4.9	4.3	4.3
West	1,630	1,251	1,323	1,448	1,394	1,410	4.4	3.9	4.0	4.3	4.1	4.1
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	5,959	7,199	6,970	5,903	5,952	5,871	3.9	5.4	5.1	4.2	4.2	4.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,593	6,952	6,688	5,569	5,394	5,563	4.3	6.2	5.7	4.7	4.5	4.6
Mining and logging	24	16	11	21	16	19	3.3	2.6	1.8	3.4	2.6	3.0
Construction	452	679	499	396	396	383	6.0	9.7	7.0	5.5	5.5	5.3
Manufacturing	344	523	432	341	384	351	2.7	4.5	3.6	2.8	3.2	2.9
Durable goods	198	286	254	175	207	184	2.5	3.9	3.4	2.3	2.7	2.4
Nondurable goods	146	236	178	165	177	167	3.1	5.3	3.9	3.6	3.9	3.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,196	1,341	1,362	1,227	1,248	1,262	4.3	5.4	5.3	4.7	4.7	4.7
Wholesale trade	162	187	165	123	135	208	2.7	3.4	2.9	2.2	2.4	3.7
Retail trade	787	886	911	811	863	758	5.0	6.5	6.3	5.5	5.7	5.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	248	268	286	294	250	296	4.0	4.8	5.0	5.1	4.3	5.0
Information	91	66	57	67	87	95	3.2	2.5	2.2	2.6	3.4	3.6
Financial activities	225	201	189	235	217	223	2.6	2.3	2.2	2.7	2.5	2.6
Finance and insurance	143	113	134	142	145	150	2.2	1.7	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	82	88	56	94	73	74	3.5	4.1	2.6	4.3	3.3	3.3
Professional and business services	1,178	938	1,175	1,152	1,170	1,151	5.5	4.8	6.0	5.8	5.8	5.7
Education and health services	740	1,093	899	788	719	736	3.0	4.9	3.9	3.4	3.1	3.2
Educational services	99	98	116	100	93	70	2.6	2.9	3.4	2.9	2.6	2.0
Health care and social assistance	641	995	783	688	626	666	3.1	5.3	4.1	3.5	3.2	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,160	1,513	1,759	1,168	934	1,057	7.0	15.2	14.7	9.3	7.4	8.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	176	145	162	167	129	114	7.2	12.1	10.9	10.6	8.0	6.8
Accommodation and food services	985	1,368	1,597	1,001	806	943	6.9	15.6	15.3	9.1	7.3	8.3
Other services	182	582	305	173	222	286	3.1	12.0	5.9	3.2	4.1	5.3
Government	366	247	281	334	558	308	1.6	1.2	1.3	1.5	2.5	1.4
Federal	42	50	40	72	315	59	1.5	1.7	1.4	2.5	10.0	1.9
State and local	325	197	241	262	243	249	1.6	1.1	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.3
State and local education	161	128	123	124	105	106	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.1
State and local, excluding education	163	69	118	138	138	143	1.8	0.8	1.3	1.6	1.6	1.6
REGION(3)
Northeast	904	1,103	1,214	1,052	1,017	977	3.3	4.5	4.8	4.1	3.9	3.8
South	2,429	2,409	2,417	2,173	2,278	2,256	4.4	4.9	4.8	4.2	4.4	4.3
Midwest	1,272	1,628	1,682	1,307	1,311	1,203	3.9	5.6	5.6	4.3	4.3	3.9
West	1,353	2,059	1,656	1,371	1,346	1,435	3.8	6.7	5.2	4.2	4.1	4.4
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	5,739	4,236	4,899	4,988	4,689	4,664	3.8	3.2	3.6	3.6	3.3	3.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,387	3,935	4,656	4,729	4,413	4,332	4.2	3.5	4.0	4.0	3.7	3.6
Mining and logging	24	31	28	26	19	23	3.3	4.9	4.4	4.2	3.1	3.8
Construction	431	292	343	347	324	260	5.7	4.2	4.8	4.8	4.5	3.6
Manufacturing	349	285	392	359	332	324	2.7	2.4	3.2	3.0	2.7	2.7
Durable goods	205	180	241	219	190	180	2.5	2.5	3.2	2.9	2.5	2.4
Nondurable goods	144	105	152	140	141	144	3.0	2.4	3.4	3.1	3.1	3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,201	936	1,077	1,123	1,103	1,024	4.3	3.8	4.2	4.3	4.2	3.8
Wholesale trade	161	166	166	143	152	126	2.7	3.0	2.9	2.6	2.7	2.2
Retail trade	796	530	640	717	719	655	5.1	3.9	4.4	4.9	4.8	4.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	244	240	271	263	232	244	3.9	4.3	4.8	4.6	4.0	4.1
Information	82	56	54	56	57	61	2.8	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.3
Financial activities	216	160	177	197	205	189	2.5	1.9	2.1	2.3	2.4	2.2
Finance and insurance	135	104	122	120	133	113	2.1	1.6	1.9	1.9	2.1	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	81	57	55	77	72	76	3.5	2.7	2.6	3.5	3.3	3.5
Professional and business services	1,141	875	926	986	960	953	5.3	4.5	4.7	5.0	4.8	4.7
Education and health services	661	538	603	632	606	611	2.7	2.4	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.6
Educational services	86	58	55	71	59	63	2.3	1.7	1.6	2.0	1.7	1.8
Health care and social assistance	575	480	548	561	547	548	2.8	2.5	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.8
Leisure and hospitality	1,096	640	858	820	708	712	6.6	6.4	7.2	6.5	5.6	5.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	152	105	136	115	53	78	6.2	8.8	9.2	7.3	3.3	4.6
Accommodation and food services	944	534	722	705	655	634	6.7	6.1	6.9	6.4	5.9	5.6
Other services	186	121	199	183	98	175	3.2	2.5	3.9	3.4	1.8	3.2
Government	352	302	243	259	276	332	1.6	1.4	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5
Federal	41	53	42	45	57	88	1.4	1.9	1.5	1.5	1.8	2.8
State and local	311	248	200	214	219	244	1.6	1.4	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.3
State and local education	158	128	70	102	116	129	1.5	1.3	0.7	1.0	1.2	1.3
State and local, excluding education	153	120	130	112	103	115	1.7	1.4	1.5	1.3	1.2	1.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	851	727	841	766	702	649	3.1	3.0	3.3	3.0	2.7	2.5
South	2,296	1,675	1,862	1,915	1,895	1,854	4.1	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.6
Midwest	1,221	900	1,080	1,121	1,055	1,079	3.7	3.1	3.6	3.7	3.4	3.5
West	1,371	933	1,115	1,185	1,037	1,082	3.9	3.0	3.5	3.7	3.2	3.3
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	3,429	2,067	2,605	2,932	2,839	3,018	2.3	1.6	1.9	2.1	2.0	2.1
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,242	1,945	2,492	2,789	2,696	2,868	2.5	1.7	2.1	2.4	2.3	2.4
Mining and logging	11	8	10	11	7	8	1.5	1.2	1.5	1.7	1.2	1.3
Construction	185	104	131	143	103	142	2.5	1.5	1.8	2.0	1.4	2.0
Manufacturing	214	143	186	179	207	212	1.7	1.2	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.7
Durable goods	125	83	101	104	117	109	1.6	1.1	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.4
Nondurable goods	89	60	85	75	90	103	1.9	1.4	1.9	1.7	2.0	2.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	741	484	613	753	722	697	2.7	1.9	2.4	2.9	2.7	2.6
Wholesale trade	81	55	79	90	86	94	1.4	1.0	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.7
Retail trade	525	306	410	524	502	462	3.4	2.2	2.8	3.5	3.3	3.0
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	135	122	123	140	134	141	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.4	2.3	2.4
Information	41	22	28	31	29	29	1.4	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1
Financial activities	132	87	84	87	126	108	1.5	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.5	1.2
Finance and insurance	92	69	60	47	89	67	1.4	1.1	0.9	0.7	1.4	1.0
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	40	18	25	40	37	41	1.7	0.8	1.1	1.8	1.7	1.9
Professional and business services	642	411	441	533	558	610	3.0	2.1	2.2	2.7	2.8	3.0
Education and health services	447	286	394	438	398	418	1.8	1.3	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.8
Educational services	49	23	23	37	32	31	1.3	0.7	0.7	1.1	0.9	0.9
Health care and social assistance	398	262	371	401	366	387	1.9	1.4	1.9	2.1	1.9	2.0
Leisure and hospitality	722	369	487	501	488	521	4.3	3.7	4.1	4.0	3.8	4.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	75	31	29	32	15	32	3.1	2.5	2.0	2.0	0.9	1.9
Accommodation and food services	647	338	457	469	473	488	4.6	3.9	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.3
Other services	106	32	117	113	58	123	1.8	0.7	2.3	2.1	1.1	2.3
Government	187	122	113	143	142	150	0.8	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.7
Federal	18	17	17	19	19	19	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6
State and local	169	105	96	123	124	131	0.9	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.7
State and local education	91	67	31	59	66	71	0.9	0.7	0.3	0.6	0.7	0.7
State and local, excluding education	78	37	66	65	58	61	0.8	0.4	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
REGION(4)
Northeast	453	272	392	410	389	404	1.6	1.1	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6
South	1,354	919	1,054	1,160	1,233	1,287	2.4	1.9	2.1	2.3	2.4	2.5
Midwest	776	443	599	703	633	687	2.4	1.5	2.0	2.3	2.1	2.2
West	846	433	560	658	583	639	2.4	1.4	1.7	2.0	1.8	1.9
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	1,962	1,903	1,995	1,745	1,533	1,333	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.1	0.9
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,860	1,780	1,913	1,690	1,464	1,206	1.4	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.2	1.0
Mining and logging	12	22	17	15	11	12	1.7	3.4	2.6	2.4	1.7	1.9
Construction	223	177	197	192	206	104	3.0	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.9	1.4
Manufacturing	113	121	184	154	102	90	0.9	1.0	1.5	1.3	0.8	0.7
Durable goods	66	85	127	102	60	59	0.8	1.2	1.7	1.4	0.8	0.8
Nondurable goods	47	37	57	52	42	31	1.0	0.8	1.3	1.1	0.9	0.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	386	419	419	317	340	276	1.4	1.7	1.6	1.2	1.3	1.0
Wholesale trade(3)	70	97	80	53	61	21	1.2	1.7	1.4	1.0	1.1	0.4
Retail trade	228	221	203	171	194	165	1.5	1.6	1.4	1.2	1.3	1.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	89	101	135	92	85	90	1.4	1.8	2.4	1.6	1.5	1.5
Information	35	29	21	21	25	25	1.2	1.1	0.8	0.8	1.0	0.9
Financial activities	60	56	67	83	52	59	0.7	0.7	0.8	1.0	0.6	0.7
Finance and insurance	25	23	41	50	21	29	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.8	0.3	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	35	33	25	33	31	30	1.5	1.5	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.4
Professional and business services	441	405	423	390	352	291	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.0	1.8	1.4
Education and health services	178	215	155	165	164	154	0.7	1.0	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
Educational services	32	30	30	31	21	27	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.6	0.8
Health care and social assistance	145	185	126	134	143	127	0.7	1.0	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	345	257	351	293	188	162	2.1	2.6	2.9	2.3	1.5	1.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	74	74	103	81	35	44	3.0	6.1	7.0	5.1	2.1	2.6
Accommodation and food services	272	183	248	213	154	118	1.9	2.1	2.4	1.9	1.4	1.0
Other services	66	80	81	61	23	33	1.1	1.7	1.6	1.1	0.4	0.6
Government	103	123	81	55	69	126	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.6
Federal	10	24	14	12	23	60	0.3	0.8	0.5	0.4	0.7	1.9
State and local	93	100	67	43	46	67	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.4
State and local education	43	39	29	18	26	35	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.4
State and local, excluding education	50	61	38	25	20	32	0.5	0.7	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.4
REGION(4)
Northeast	334	402	395	300	264	194	1.2	1.6	1.6	1.2	1.0	0.7
South	798	664	706	639	540	442	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.0	0.9
Midwest	380	408	416	355	355	331	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.1
West	450	429	478	451	374	365	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.1	1.1
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	May 2020	June 2020	July 2020	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	347	266	300	311	317	314	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	285	209	251	250	253	258	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	1	1	1	3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.5
Construction(3)	22	11	15	11	15	14	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	21	21	22	26	23	22	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	14	12	12	13	13	12	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nondurable goods(3)	8	8	9	13	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	74	34	45	53	41	51	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	10	13	6	0	5	11	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.2
Retail trade	44	3	27	22	23	28	0.3	0.0	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities(3)	20	17	13	31	13	13	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.2	0.2
Information(3)	6	4	5	4	3	7	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3
Financial activities	24	17	26	27	27	21	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
Finance and insurance	19	12	21	23	23	17	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing(3)	6	6	5	4	4	5	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	58	60	62	64	50	51	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Education and health services	36	37	53	29	44	39	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2
Educational services	5	5	2	3	5	5	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health care and social assistance(3)	31	32	52	26	38	34	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	29	14	20	26	32	29	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation(3)	3	1	3	3	4	1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
Accommodation and food services(3)	25	13	17	23	28	28	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other services(3)	15	9	2	9	16	19	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.3
Government	62	57	48	61	64	56	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Federal	13	13	11	14	15	10	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.3
State and local	49	44	37	48	50	46	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2
State and local education	23	22	11	25	25	24	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.2
State and local, excluding education	26	22	26	23	25	22	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2
REGION(4)
Northeast	64	54	55	56	48	50	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
South	144	92	102	116	121	125	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Midwest	65	49	66	63	67	61	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	75	71	78	76	80	78	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted series. (4) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	7,174	6,491	6,608	4.5	4.4	4.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,457	5,763	5,915	4.8	4.6	4.7
Mining and logging	34	15	17	4.4	2.4	2.7
Construction	333	275	229	4.1	3.5	3.0
Manufacturing	441	469	456	3.3	3.7	3.6
Durable goods	269	249	255	3.2	3.2	3.2
Nondurable goods	172	220	201	3.4	4.5	4.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,424	1,254	1,244	4.9	4.5	4.5
Wholesale trade	188	182	182	3.1	3.1	3.1
Retail trade	891	834	784	5.4	5.3	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	345	238	279	5.3	4.0	4.5
Information	169	82	86	5.6	3.1	3.2
Financial activities	346	281	317	3.8	3.1	3.5
Finance and insurance	265	220	252	4.0	3.3	3.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	81	61	65	3.3	2.7	2.9
Professional and business services	1,313	1,230	1,358	5.8	5.7	6.3
Education and health services	1,177	1,168	1,201	4.6	4.9	4.9
Educational services	129	108	108	3.3	3.2	3.0
Health care and social assistance	1,048	1,060	1,093	4.9	5.1	5.3
Leisure and hospitality	980	754	761	5.5	5.4	5.5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	130	75	66	5.0	4.0	3.7
Accommodation and food services	851	679	695	5.6	5.6	5.7
Other services	240	234	245	3.9	4.1	4.3
Government	716	729	693	3.1	3.4	3.1
Federal	112	123	103	3.8	3.7	3.2
State and local	604	606	591	3.0	3.3	3.1
State and local education	224	212	202	2.1	2.4	2.0
State and local, excluding education	380	394	388	3.9	4.2	4.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,213	1,117	1,153	4.2	4.2	4.2
South	2,721	2,547	2,594	4.7	4.7	4.8
Midwest	1,582	1,390	1,406	4.6	4.3	4.4
West	1,657	1,437	1,454	4.5	4.2	4.2
Footnotes (1) Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	6,033	6,528	5,950	4.0	4.6	4.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,575	5,730	5,549	4.3	4.8	4.6
Mining and logging	25	17	20	3.4	2.7	3.2
Construction	439	388	369	5.7	5.2	5.0
Manufacturing	352	421	360	2.7	3.4	2.9
Durable goods	199	220	188	2.5	2.9	2.5
Nondurable goods	153	201	172	3.2	4.3	3.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,217	1,323	1,274	4.4	5.0	4.8
Wholesale trade	161	137	210	2.7	2.4	3.7
Retail trade	788	948	740	5.1	6.3	4.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	267	239	324	4.3	4.2	5.5
Information	89	88	96	3.1	3.4	3.7
Financial activities	210	225	213	2.4	2.6	2.5
Finance and insurance	131	151	144	2.0	2.3	2.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	79	74	69	3.4	3.3	3.1
Professional and business services	1,150	1,181	1,117	5.4	5.8	5.5
Education and health services	801	858	803	3.3	3.8	3.5
Educational services	160	161	127	4.3	5.0	3.7
Health care and social assistance	641	697	676	3.1	3.6	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,127	1,005	1,017	6.7	7.6	7.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	141	97	88	5.7	5.4	5.1
Accommodation and food services	986	907	930	6.9	7.9	8.1
Other services	164	224	280	2.8	4.1	5.2
Government	458	798	401	2.0	3.8	1.8
Federal	43	318	62	1.5	10.0	2.0
State and local	415	480	339	2.1	2.7	1.8
State and local education	265	342	206	2.5	3.9	2.1
State and local, excluding education	150	138	132	1.6	1.5	1.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	954	1,047	1,002	3.4	4.1	3.9
South	2,405	2,549	2,237	4.3	4.9	4.3
Midwest	1,294	1,449	1,225	3.9	4.7	4.0
West	1,380	1,483	1,486	3.9	4.5	4.5
Footnotes (1) Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	6,097	5,629	4,982	4.0	4.0	3.5
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,693	5,224	4,611	4.4	4.4	3.8
Mining and logging	23	21	21	3.1	3.4	3.4
Construction	447	361	283	5.8	4.8	3.8
Manufacturing	366	408	343	2.8	3.3	2.8
Durable goods	211	240	190	2.6	3.2	2.5
Nondurable goods	156	169	153	3.2	3.7	3.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,169	1,268	1,018	4.2	4.8	3.8
Wholesale trade	161	173	129	2.7	3.1	2.3
Retail trade	787	858	668	5.1	5.7	4.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	221	237	220	3.6	4.1	3.7
Information	86	70	64	3.0	2.7	2.5
Financial activities	213	255	183	2.4	2.9	2.1
Finance and insurance	133	180	109	2.1	2.8	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	80	74	75	3.4	3.3	3.4
Professional and business services	1,152	1,035	961	5.4	5.1	4.8
Education and health services	655	700	597	2.7	3.1	2.6
Educational services	85	106	60	2.2	3.3	1.7
Health care and social assistance	570	595	537	2.8	3.0	2.7
Leisure and hospitality	1,367	950	949	8.2	7.2	7.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	250	132	165	10.1	7.4	9.7
Accommodation and food services	1,117	817	784	7.8	7.1	6.9
Other services	215	155	189	3.7	2.9	3.5
Government	404	406	371	1.8	1.9	1.7
Federal	45	63	90	1.6	2.0	2.9
State and local	359	342	281	1.8	1.9	1.5
State and local education	134	182	112	1.3	2.1	1.2
State and local, excluding education	225	160	169	2.4	1.8	1.9
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,029	902	794	3.7	3.5	3.1
South	2,340	2,237	1,916	4.2	4.3	3.7
Midwest	1,293	1,267	1,135	3.9	4.1	3.7
West	1,436	1,223	1,137	4.1	3.7	3.5
Footnotes (1) Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	3,631	3,678	3,275	2.4	2.6	2.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,437	3,456	3,112	2.7	2.9	2.6
Mining and logging	12	10	9	1.7	1.7	1.5
Construction	202	146	169	2.6	2.0	2.3
Manufacturing	223	274	230	1.7	2.2	1.9
Durable goods	130	156	120	1.6	2.0	1.6
Nondurable goods	93	118	110	1.9	2.6	2.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	760	902	743	2.8	3.4	2.8
Wholesale trade	84	106	100	1.4	1.9	1.8
Retail trade	548	646	509	3.5	4.3	3.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	129	150	134	2.1	2.6	2.3
Information	44	43	31	1.5	1.7	1.2
Financial activities	135	157	112	1.5	1.8	1.3
Finance and insurance	95	120	71	1.5	1.9	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	40	37	41	1.7	1.7	1.9
Professional and business services	655	654	631	3.0	3.2	3.1
Education and health services	454	475	421	1.9	2.1	1.8
Educational services	54	61	36	1.4	1.9	1.0
Health care and social assistance	399	414	385	1.9	2.1	2.0
Leisure and hospitality	834	701	637	5.0	5.3	4.9
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	103	71	60	4.2	3.9	3.5
Accommodation and food services	730	630	577	5.1	5.5	5.1
Other services	118	94	129	2.0	1.7	2.4
Government	194	222	163	0.9	1.1	0.7
Federal	19	23	20	0.7	0.7	0.6
State and local	175	198	143	0.9	1.1	0.8
State and local education	82	110	67	0.8	1.3	0.7
State and local, excluding education	93	88	76	1.0	1.0	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	520	531	481	1.9	2.1	1.8
South	1,383	1,535	1,338	2.5	3.0	2.6
Midwest	839	835	760	2.5	2.7	2.5
West	889	777	696	2.5	2.4	2.1
Footnotes (1) Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	2,129	1,616	1,409	1.4	1.1	1.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,977	1,505	1,249	1.5	1.3	1.0
Mining and logging	9	9	9	1.3	1.5	1.4
Construction	223	200	101	2.9	2.7	1.4
Manufacturing	123	113	93	1.0	0.9	0.8
Durable goods	69	73	60	0.8	1.0	0.8
Nondurable goods	55	41	34	1.1	0.9	0.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	336	320	223	1.2	1.2	0.8
Wholesale trade	70	61	21	1.2	1.1	0.4
Retail trade	195	186	128	1.3	1.2	0.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	72	74	74	1.2	1.3	1.2
Information	36	23	26	1.3	0.9	1.0
Financial activities	56	63	54	0.6	0.7	0.6
Finance and insurance	22	30	26	0.3	0.5	0.4
Real estate and rental and leasing	34	34	29	1.5	1.5	1.3
Professional and business services	440	334	282	2.0	1.6	1.4
Education and health services	165	180	137	0.7	0.8	0.6
Educational services	26	38	19	0.7	1.2	0.6
Health care and social assistance	140	142	118	0.7	0.7	0.6
Leisure and hospitality	504	217	283	3.0	1.6	2.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	143	58	103	5.8	3.2	6.1
Accommodation and food services	361	159	179	2.5	1.4	1.6
Other services	83	45	42	1.4	0.8	0.8
Government	152	111	159	0.7	0.5	0.7
Federal	11	25	60	0.4	0.8	1.9
State and local	141	86	100	0.7	0.5	0.5
State and local education	35	42	29	0.3	0.5	0.3
State and local, excluding education	106	44	71	1.1	0.5	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	437	317	259	1.6	1.2	1.0
South	825	573	457	1.5	1.1	0.9
Midwest	389	356	319	1.2	1.2	1.0
West	478	371	374	1.4	1.1	1.1
Footnotes (1) Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary

Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)	Sept. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020(p)
Total	336	336	298	0.2	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	278	263	249	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	3	0.1	0.2	0.5
Construction	22	15	14	0.3	0.2	0.2
Manufacturing	20	21	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Durable goods	12	12	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nondurable goods	8	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	73	46	53	0.3	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	7	6	9	0.1	0.1	0.2
Retail trade	45	26	31	0.3	0.2	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	20	13	13	0.3	0.2	0.2
Information	6	3	7	0.2	0.1	0.3
Financial activities	22	34	17	0.2	0.4	0.2
Finance and insurance	16	31	12	0.2	0.5	0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	6	4	5	0.2	0.2	0.2
Professional and business services	57	47	48	0.3	0.2	0.2
Education and health services	36	46	38	0.1	0.2	0.2
Educational services	4	7	5	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health care and social assistance	31	38	34	0.2	0.2	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	29	32	29	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	3	4	1	0.1	0.2	0.1
Accommodation and food services	25	28	28	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other services	15	16	19	0.3	0.3	0.3
Government	58	73	49	0.3	0.3	0.2
Federal	15	15	11	0.5	0.5	0.3
State and local	43	58	39	0.2	0.3	0.2
State and local education	17	30	16	0.2	0.3	0.2
State and local, excluding education	26	28	22	0.3	0.3	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	71	55	54	0.3	0.2	0.2
South	131	130	121	0.2	0.3	0.2
Midwest	66	76	56	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	69	75	67	0.2	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.